Notes: Chapter Nine Date:Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

I. Intro to Cellular Respirationa. What is the function of Cellular Respiration?b. Types of catabolic pathways.

i. Fermentation –

ii. Cellular respiration –

c. Energy flow in an ecosystemi. ________________ ___________________

________________ __________________

d. Cellular Respiration equation

e. The process of cellular respiration creates

____________ molecules. They are created by

the overall “___________” of electrons.

II. Where does cellular respiration occur? a. Three stages of cellular

respirationi.

ii.

iii.b. Glycolysis occurs in the

___________________ of the cell,

while Krebs and the ETC occur

in the ___________________.

III. Mitochondria reviewa. The mitochondria has _________ layers

of membranes.

b. Endosymbiotic theory –

c. Mitochondria structure i. cristae –

ii. matrix -

d. The inner membrane is highly folded to increase ____________ __________.

e. ____________________ are pumped back and forth across the membrane to create

____________________ which are used to _______________________ ADP molecules.

IV. Quick Review of Cellular Respirationa. Input:

b. Output:

Notes: Cellular Respiration part II Date:Glycolysis

V. Glycolysis – the first step of cellular respirationa. There are three stages of cellular respiration and they occur in different parts of the cell.

Phase of Cellular Respiration

Location in cell

b. Quick overview of Glycolysis

i. Start with:

ii. End with:

c. The word Glycolysis means “___________________________” and that is exactly what

happens during this pathway.

d. Glucose starts as a _________ carbon sugar and is split into two ___________ carbon

sugars. These new sugars are __________________ and __________________ to form

________ molecules of ____________________.

i. NAD+ -

ii. NADH –

e. There are actually ____________ steps in

Glycolysis each with its own _____________.

f. This phase of cellular respiration requires _______________ as the molecule of

_____________.

g. Four ____________ are produced by the end of Glycolysis. We

have also made 2 molecules of _________ and 2 molecules of

____________ as a byproduct.

h. __________________ is not required for Glycolysis. If there is no

oxygen present at all then the cell can not go into the next step of cellular

respiration.

i. The cell is doing something called ________________________.

ii. At the end of fermentation the cell will produce either _________________ or

______________ ____________ (animal cell).

i. If oxygen is present, 2 molecules of _______________ move into the __________________

and begin the _______________ cycle.

i. The _____________ molecules will be saved until the __________

Notes: Cellular Respiration Part III

Date:Krebs Cycle

Quick ReviewGlycolysis

Occurs in the _____________________ of the cell.

Input OutputGlucose2 ATP

2 NAD+

VI. Krebs Cyclea. Begins if _________________ is present in the cell.

b. The two ________________ molecules from Glycolysis move into the

____________________.

c. Pyruvate is immediately converted into _______________________. See diagram below.

d. The Krebs cycle has _____________ steps, each with its own __________________.

i. Two ___________________ enter the cycle and are rearranged.

ii. Output of one turn of the Krebs cycle (remember there are two molecules of pyruvate for each molecule of glucose!!!!!!!!!)

1. two molecules of _____________

2. three molecules of ______________

3. one molecule of _______________

4. one molecule of __________

e. The ___________ and ____________ from Krebs and Glycolysis will move into the third

stage of cellular respiration.

Notes: Cellular Respiration Part IV Date:Electron Transport

Quick ReviewWhat have we made so far?

Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Total____ ATP ____ ATP ____ ATP____ NADH ____ NADH ____ NADH____ H2O ____ H2O

____ FADH2 ____ FADH2____ CO2 ____ CO2

What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2?

VII. Electron Transport

a. So far we have only produced ______ molecules of ATP.

b. The energy released from breaking down glucose is currently stored in ____________

and ____________ (our electron carriers).

c. The electron transport chain

i. Found in the _______________ membrane of the

mitochondria.

ii. The chain itself is made up of _________________.

iii. _______________ will “drop off” its electrons to the

first molecules in the chain called FMN (which

stands for flavin mononucleotide)

iv. The electron continues to be passed from protein

to protein until it reaches cyt a3. The electron is

now passed to _________________ which bonds with a pair of hydrogen ions to

form _________________.

1. for every two NADH, we can produce _____ molecules of water.

v. FADH2 follows a similar patter, but “drops off” its electron at a lower part of

the chain. Because of this, FADH2 transfers 1/3 less energy than NADH.

vi. Each NADH carrier will eventually help to make _____ ATPs while FADH2 will

only make ______ ATPs.

vii. No ________ is made directly by the ETC. Its main function is to move

electrons to oxygen slowly to release ________________ in manageable

amounts. Then how do we make ATP?

CHEMIOSMOSIS!!!

VIII. Chemiosmosis

a. ATP synthase –

b. ATP synthase used the energy of an ion gradient to make

ATP molecules.

c. It uses a __________________ ion gradient on both sides of the inner membrane of the

mitochondria.

d. How does the mitochondrial membrane generate and maintain a hydrogen ion

gradient?

i. Function of the Electron Transport Chain.

ii. As electrons fall down the ETC, ________________ ions are pumped into the

space between the membranes of the mitochondria.

iii. The hydrogen ions want to get back to the matrix of the mitochondria, but

the only way back in is through the ____________________________ protein.

iv. The ATP synthase can use the movement of hydrogen ions to fuel

___________________ _______________________ of ADP.

v. The coupling of the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation is called

___________________________.

e. In general, ______________________ is an energy-coupling mechanism that uses

energy stored in the form of an _________ gradient across a ___________________ to

drive cellular work.

f. Chemiosmosis occurs in other locations!

i. Plants –

ii. Bacteria –

Notes: Cellular Respiration Part V Date:A review

VIII. An overview of cellular respirationa. We start with a molecule of _______________ and six molecules of ________________ in

order to make about 38 molecules of ____________ with six molecules of ________ and six molecules of ____________ as by-products.

b. Glycolysis splits ______________ into to molecules of _________________ and produces two molecules of ________, 2 molecules of ___________, and 2 molecules of __________.

c. The Krebs cycle take the pyruvate and converts it into _______________ before it enters the cycle. During one turn of the Krebs cycle we make 2 molecules of

_______, 3 molecules of ____________, one molecule of ________, and one molecule of _____________. Since one molecule of glucose can cause the Krebs cycle to occur two times, we’ve really made 4 molecules of _______________, 6 molecules of _______________, two molecules of _______________, and two molecules of __________________.

d. The __________ and ______________ molecules from Glycolysis and Krebs transport __________________ to the Electron Transport Chain.

e. NADH and FADH2 give their __________ to the proteins of the ETC. The electrons are then passed between the proteins, causing a gradient of _______________ ions to form outside of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The electrons are finally donated to ______________ which form water with two hydrogen molecules.

f. The final phase of cellular respiration is ____________ ___________________ where a majority of the ATP is made. As ______ ions move down their concentration gradient, they must go through _____ _______________ proteins. These proteins then phosphorylate ADP to make ATP. About _____ molecules of ATP are made ( ____ for each NADH and ____ for each FADH2).

FLIP THE PAPER OVER FOR A DIAGRAM OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION!