Notes

Abbreviations used in citations

Australian Dictionary of Biography ADBBritish Library BLEast Sussex Record Office ESROHouse of Commons Parliamentary Papers HCPPMitchell Library MLNational Library of Australia NLAOxford National Dictionary of Biography ODNBState Library of NSW SLNSWState Library of Victoria SLVUK National Archives UKNAWest Sussex Record Office WSRO

Introduction: Crusoe’s Chains

1. John Nicol, The Life and Adventures of John Nicol Mariner, London: Cassell &Company 1937 (1822), 36; Paul Brunton (ed.), Matthew Flinders: Personal Let-ters from an Extraordinary Life, Sydney: Hordern House, 2002, 4, 26; GeorgeB. Worgan, Journal of a First Fleet Surgeon, Sydney: Library Council of NewSouth Wales, 1978 (1788), 49; John Batman, The Settlement of John Batman inPort Phillip from His Own Journal, Melbourne: George Slater, 1856, 12; EdwardW. Landor, The Bushman; or, Life in a New Country, London: Richard Bentley,1847, 10; Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Epistolaris, Vol 1, London:G. Bell & Sons Ltd, 1911, 12; Thomas Spence, A s’upl’im’int too thæi Hæistæireov Robæinsæin Kruzo, beæing th’i h’ist’ire ‘ov Kruzonea, or R’ob’ins’in Kruzo’zil’ind, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1782, 108; Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Englandand America. A Comparison of the Social and Political State of Both Nations,New York: Harper & Brothers, 1834, 76–79.

2. Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 4; Alan Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: A History.Volume 1 – The Beginning, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1997, 41; JohnTosh, Manliness and Masculinities in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Essays on Gen-der, Family and Empire, Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2005, 1999, 199; JamesJoyce, ‘Daniel Defoe’, Buffalo Studies 1 (1), 1964, 3, 24–25; Martin Green, TheRobinson Crusoe Story, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press,1990, 2, 3; George Borrow, Lavengro, London: JM Dent and Sons Ltd, 1944(1851), 23–24.

3. Daniel Defoe, The Life And Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ofYork, Mariner, London: Printed for John Stockdale, 1790 (1719).

4. Oxford English Dictionary (OED).

176

Notes 177

5. Coleridge, Biographia, 12; Review of Richard Monckton Milnes, Life, Lettersand Literary Remains of John Keats, The Times, 19 September 1848; MichaelSlater, ‘Dickens, Charles John Huffam (1812–1870)’, ODNB; W. E. A. Axon,‘Banks, George Linnaeus (1821–1881)’, ODNB; Borrow, Lavengro, 23–24;Marta Weiss, ‘Price, William Frederick Lake (1810–1896)’, ODNB; WilliamCowper, Poems, New, Phillips, Sampson, & Co: Boston, 1850, 178.

6. The Times, 6 January 1830, 20 December 1838, 24 December 1842,21 September 1843; Charles Rowcroft, Tales of the Colonies; Or, The Adven-tures of an Emigrant, 3rd edition, London: Smith Elder & Co, 1845; CharlesRowcroft, The Australian Crusoes; or The Adventures of an English Settler andHis Family in the Wilds of Australia, from 6th London edition, Philadelphia:Willis P. Hazard, 1853; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile, London: JM Dent, 1974(1762), 147.

7. ‘Robinson Crusoe’ appears in The Times between 1788 and 1850 in 121advertisements, four features, two editorials and 19 news items – the samekeywords return 613 results in Australian newspapers from 1803 to 1850;G. C. Boase, ‘Payne, William Henry Schofield (1803–1878)’, rev. BrendaAssael, ODNB; for a comprehensive survey of ‘Robinsonades’, see Green,Robinson Crusoe Story; NBC website: www.nbc.com/Primetime/Crusoe/index.shtml, accessed 17 December 2009; the endurance of the Crusoe story intothe twenty-first century is also noted by Paul Arthur, Virtual Voyages: TravelWriting and the Antipodes 1605–1837, London and New York: Anthem Press,2010, 16.

8. The consulted Crusoe literature is listed in a separate bibliography at the endof this book.

9. Peter Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 1, Adelaide: LibrariesBoard of South Australia, 1966 (1827), 22; Launceston Examiner, 25 January1845, Colonial Times, 28 January 1845, Courier, 30 January 1845, GeelongAdvertiser, 5 February 1845, Maitland Mercury, 15 February 1845; JohnMorgan, The Life And Adventures of William Buckley, Tasmania: ArchibaldMacdougall, 1852.

10. Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield, London: Groombridge and Sons,1858, 2.

11. John Stuart Mill, ‘Use and Abuse of Political Terms’, in John M. Robson(ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVIII – Essays on Politicsand Society Part I, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977 (1832); ReinhartKoselleck, ‘Linguistic Change and the History of Events’, Journal of ModernHistory, 61 (4), 1989, 657; Blaise Pascal, Pensées, at: www.gutenberg.org/files/18269/18269-h/18269-h.htm#p_125, accessed 12 November 2009.

12. Elizabeth A. Foyster, Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex andMarriage, London: Longman, 1999, 2.

13. Kathleen Canning, Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class and Citizenship,New York: Cornell University Press, 2006, 10; Karen Adler, Ross Blazarettiand Michele Mitchell, ‘Practising Gender History’, Gender & History, 20 (1),2008, 2–3.

14. Jean Starobinski, Blessings in Disguise; or, The Morality of Evil, Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1993, 3–5.

15. Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1989, 3; Edwin Chadwick, Report to Her Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State

178 Notes

for the Home Department from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry intothe Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, Printed byW. Clowes, for HM Stationery Off., 1842.

16. Sean M. Quinlan observes a similar course in France and examines the roleof medical professionals in The Great Nation in Decline: Sex, Modernity, andHealth Crises in Revolutionary France c.1750–1850, Aldershot and Burlington:Ashgate, 2007.

17. Brett Bowden, The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea,Chicago and New York: University of Chicago Press, 2009.

18. Martin Francis, ‘The Domestication of the Male? Recent Research onNineteenth- and Twentieth-Century British Masculinity’, The Historical Jour-nal, 45 (3), 2002, 646; Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities, 71; Leonore Davidoffand Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English MiddleClass, 1780–1850, London: Routledge, 2002, xvi.

19. Philip Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, Britain 1660–1800,Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001, 5; Foyster, Manhood in Early Mod-ern England, 3; Adler et al., ‘Practising Gender History’, 2–3; Toby L. Ditz,‘The New Men’s History and the Peculiar Absence of Gendered Power: SomeRemedies from Early American Gender History’, Gender & History, 16 (1),2004, 1–35.

20. For a discussion of the particular violence in the Australian coloniessee Angela Woollacott, ‘Frontier Violence and Settler Manhood’, HistoryAustralia, 6 (1), 2009, 11.1–11.15.

21. Christopher E. Forth, Masculinity in the Modern West: Gender, Civilization andthe Body, London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, 15; ReinhartKoselleck, ‘Crisis’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 67 (2), 2006, 371, 397–400.

22. On the historiography see Karen Harvey, ‘The Century of Sex? Gender, Bod-ies, and Sexuality in the Long Eighteenth Century’, The Historical Journal, 45(4), 2002, 899–916; for some views on the colonial context see Ann McGrath,‘The White Man’s Looking Glass: Aboriginal Colonial Gender Relations atPort Jackson’, Australian Historical Studies, 95, 1990, 189–206.

23. Linda Colley, ‘Whose Nation? Class and National Consciousness in Britain1750–1830’, Past & Present, 113, 1986, 97–117.

24. Janet Doust, English Migrants to Eastern Australia 1815–1860, PhD thesis,Australian National University, 2004, 26.

25. Thomas Pringle, The Poetical Works of Thomas Pringle, With a Sketch of HisLife, By Leitch Ritchie, London: Edward Moxon, 1837, 8–11; T. D. MacLulich,‘Crusoe in the Backwoods: A Canadian Fable?’, Mosaic, 9 (2), 1976, 116; BrianC. Cooney, ‘Considering Robinson Crusoe’s “Liberty of Conscience” in anAge of Terror’, College English, 69 (3), 2007, 197; I. A. Bell, ‘King Crusoe:Locke’s Political Theory in Robinson Crusoe’, English Studies, 69 (1), 1988,27–36; for the reception of Rousseau’s Emile and the writings of DanielDefoe see Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolutionagainst Patriarchal Authority, 1750–1800, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1982.

26. Forth, Masculinity in the Modern West, 237; Stephen H. Gregg, Defoe’s Writingsand Manliness: Contrary Men, Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate, 2009, 1.

27. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right,Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968 (1762), 49; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democ-racy in America, New York: Harper & Row, 1966, 478; Pliny Fisk, ‘Letter from

Notes 179

Mr. Fisk to the Corresponding Secretary, respecting the sickness and death ofMr. Parsons, dated Alexandria, Feb. 10, 1822’, Religious Intelligencer, VIL (6),6 July 1822, 87–89; The Queen’s Case Stated, quoted in Louise Carter, ‘BritishMasculinities on Trial in the Queen Caroline Affair of 1820’, Gender & His-tory, 20 (2), 2008, 253; Charles Hursthouse, New Zealand, The “Britain of theSouth”, 2nd edition, London: Edward Stanford, 1861, 424.

1 Confined by the Gout – Perceptions of Men’sPhysical Health

1. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 2; William Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 8th edition,London: W. Strahan, T. Cadell, J. Balfour, W. Creech, 1784, 97.

2. William Windham, The Diary of the Right Hon. William Windham 1784–1810,London: Longmans Green and Co., 1866; Ulrich, Signs of Their Times, 55.

3. Arthur Phillip named Manly Cove for the Aboriginal men he met there; PeterTaylor, Australia: The First Twelve Years, Sydney and Boston: Allen & Unwin,1982, 27; Peter Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, Adelaide:Libraries Board of South Australia, 1966 (1827), 46–47.

4. Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience in Australia, London: Smith, Elder & Co,1839, 26.

5. For a survey of this process see Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian SexualAttitudes, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

6. Charles E. Rosenberg (ed.), Right Living: An Anglo-American Traditionof Self-Help Medicine and Hygiene, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, 2003, 1–20; John Brewer and Iain McCalman, ‘Publishing’, in IainMcCalman (ed.), An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture1776–1832, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 197–206; SouthwoodSmith, The Philosophy of Health, London: Charles Knight, 1836; TheOracle of Health, A Penny Journal of Medical Instruction and Amusement,1834–1835.

7. Coined by John Theobald, Every Man His Own Physician, 5th edition, London:W. Griffin, R. Withy, G. Kearsley, 1760.

8. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 97.9. Theobald, Every Man His Own Physician, preface; Thomas John Graham,

Modern Domestic Medicine, London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1826, vii; RobertJames Culverwell, On Consumption, Coughs, Colds, Asthma and Other Diseasesof the Chest, London, 1834;

10. William Pinnock, A Catechism of Medicine; or Golden Rules for the Preservationof Health, and the Attainment of Long Life, London: Pinnock and Maunder,1820, 13, 37–40, 52.

11. Steve Shapin, ‘How to Eat Like a Gentleman: Dietetics and Ethics in EarlyModern England’, Rosenberg, Right Living, 21–58.

12. Noga Arikha, Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours, New York:HarperCollins, 2007, xvii–xxi, 243; Owsei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Declineof Medical Philosophy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973; James CowlesPrichard, A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind.Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & A. Hart, 1837; Thomas Arnold, Observationson the Nature, Kind, Causes, and Prevention, of Insanity, Vol 2, Leicester:G. Robinson and T. Cadell 1782; Thomas Arnold, Observations on the

180 Notes

Nature, Kind, Causes, and Prevention, of Insanity, Vol 1, 2nd edition, London:Richard Phillips, 1806; Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and ObservationsUpon the Diseases of the Mind, 5th edition, Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliot,1835 (1812).

13. Nicholas Culpepper, The English Physician Enlarged, Berwick: H. Richardson1801; Smith, Philosophy of Health; Theobald, Every Man His Own Physician;Pinnock, Catechism; Buchan, Domestic Medicine.

14. Oracle, 22 October 1834, 8; 29 October 1834, 2; 15 April 1835, 209; 18 March1835, 169; 18 February 1835, 143.

15. Lisa Smith, ‘The Relative Duties of a Man: Domestic Medicine in Englandand France, ca. 1685–1740’, Journal of Family History, 31 (3), 2006, 237–256.

16. 15 April 1835, 213–214; 22 April 1835, 221; 22 October 1834, 4.17. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 60; Oracle, 26 November 1834, 43; Maxine Berg,

‘In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in theEighteenth Century’, Past & Present, 182, 2004, 98.

18. For example: Samuel Butler, The Life and Letters . . . 1790–1840, London: JohnMurray, 1896, 311.

19. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 53, 60–64; Oracle, 17 December 1834, 18February 1835.

20. Oracle, 22 October 1834, 19 November 1834, 26 November 1834, 3 December1834, 10 December 1834; Chadwick, Inquiry, 370.

21. Chadwick, Inquiry, 185, 186.22. 18 July 1803.23. Factories Inquiry Commission. Second report of the Central Board of His

Majesty’s commissioners appointed to collect information in the manufac-turing districts, as to the employment of children in factories, and as tothe propriety and means of curtailing the hours of their labour, HCPP, 1833(519), 28.

24. John Sinclair, The Code of Health and Longevity, London: G. and W. Nicol,1818, 345.

25. Thomas Carlyle, The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle, vol. 3,1825–1825, Durham: Duke University Press, 1970, 218–219; Ulrich, Signs ofTheir Times, 37–40, 58; Eustace R. Conder, Josiah Conder. A Memoir, London:John Snow, 1857, 215–216.

26. Stephen Philpott, James Nelson, Lewis Lockee and John Locke quoted inCarter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 73.

27. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 86–87; Chadwick, Inquiry, 275, 277.28. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 90–91.29. Rosenberg, Right Living, 2; John Grainger, Diaries, 1787–1797, WSO, ASS MSS

30721–30728.30. Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, 455; Hutton, The Life of William

Hutton . . . Written by Himself, and Published by His Daughter Catherine Hutton,London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1816, 223, 283–284, 286; Brunton,Matthew Flinders, 162.

31. Butler, Life and Letters, 80, 291.32. Quoted in Norma Clarke, ‘Strenuous Idleness: Thomas Carlyle and the Man

of Letters as Hero’, in Roper and Tosh, Manful Assertions, 36–37.33. Magdalen Goffin (ed.), The Diaries of Absalom Watkin, Stroud: Alan Sutton

1993, 74.

Notes 181

34. Windham, Diary; Windham, William, The Windham Papers: The Life andCorrespondence of the Rt. Hon. William Windham, 1750–1810, London:Herbert Jenkins, 1913; David Wilkinson, ‘Windham, William (1750–1810)’,ODNB 2004.

35. Arthur Ponsonby, English Diaries: A Review of English Diaries From the Six-teenth to the Twentieth Century with an Introduction on Diary Writing, London:Methuen & Co Ltd, 1923, 363; Edward Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative of Res-idence and Exploration in Australia 1832–1839, London: Caliban Books, 1984(1859), 122; Robert Hoddle, Diary, SLV, H12032, Box 53/2 (a) & (b), 12–13.

36. Forth, Masculinity in the Modern West, 86; Porter, Flesh in the Age of Rea-son, 445.

37. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 61; Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 49, 238,464; W. Andre Pearkes, Popular Observations on the Diseases of Literary andSedentary Persons, etc. London: W. Pearman, 1819, 88–89; Sir John SinclairALS to Alexander Macleay re M’s appointment as Colonial Secretary to NSW,ML, DOC 1178, 463; William Godwin, The Enquirer. Reflections on Education,Manners, and Literature, Philadelphia: Robert Campbell & Co, 1797, 198; KarlMarx, The German Ideology, 1845, at: www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.htm#2, accessed 12 December 2009.

38. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 464.39. The New Annual Register, London: Printed for John Stockdale, 1808, 340.40. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 419, 451; Sir John Sinclair ALS to

Alexander Macleay; ‘McLeay, Alexander (1767–1848)’, ADB.41. Letters from D. Southwell, concerning New South Wales, 1787–1790, 27 July

1790, BL, MS ADD 16383, 44; Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience, 26–27, 30; J. C.Byrne, Twelve Years’ Wanderings in the British Colonies. From 1835 to 1847.Volume 1, London: Richard Bentley, 1848, 39.

42. Landor, The Bushman, 9; Bruce Wall, ‘Lawrence, William Effingham(1781–1841)’, ADB; David S. Macmillan, ‘Morehead, Robert ArchibaldAlison (1814?–1885)’, ADB; S. G. Foster, Colonial Improver: Edward DeasThomson 1800–1879, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1978, 17–18;K. F. Russell, ‘Brownless, Sir Anthony Colling (1817–1897)’, ADB; HarleyPreston, ‘Verge, John (1782–1861)’, ADB; ‘Angas, George Fife (1789–1879)’, ADB.

43. B. H. Fletcher, ‘Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)’, ADB; L. A. Gilbert, ‘Considen,Dennis (–1815)’, ADB; B. G. Wright, ‘Saunders, John (1806–1859)’, ADB;Bernard T. Dowd, ‘Alt, Augustus Theodore Henry (1731–1815)’, ADB; H. J.Gibbney, ‘Sturt, Charles (1795–1869)’, ADB; Vivienne Parsons, ‘Throsby,Charles (1777–1828)’, ADB; J. M. Bennett, ‘Bigge, John Thomas (1780–1843)’, ADB; C. H. Currey, ‘Forbes, Sir Francis (1784–1841)’, ADB; ‘Stonor,Alban Charles (1817–1866)’, ADB; ‘Thomson, Sir Edward Deas (1800–1879)’,ADB; Ella K. Mulcahy, ‘Driscoll, Cornelius (1782–1847)’, ADB; MarnieBassett, ‘Gisborne, Henry Fyshe (Fysche) (1813–1841)’, ADB; Edwyn HenryStatham – letters (5), 1833–1846, written from Sydney and Parramatta to hisbrothers in England, ML, MSS 7281.

44. Thomas Henty to Edward Henty, 21 June 1836, Miscellaneous correspon-dence, Henty Family Papers, SLV, MS7739, Box 119/2 (e), Box 119/3; JohnHunter, An Historical Journal of Events at Sydney and at Sea 1787–1792, Sydney:Angus & Robertson, 1793 (1968), 138; Hoddle, Diary, 30–31.

182 Notes

45. Letters from D. Southwell, 1 August 1787, 27 July 1790, 29, 44;Waugh Family Papers, 1834–1859, ML, A827, CY 812, 10 February 1835;Reverend Richard Johnson to Jonathan Stonard, 27 November 1795, GeorgeMackaness, Some Letters of Rev. Richard Johnson, Dubbo: Review Publications,1978 (1954), 11.

46. George Hawke, Journal of an early Cornish settler in NSW, ML, A1938CY1156, 3, 4, 8, 33; ‘Mason’s Remains’ may have been Select Remains: Of theReverend John Mason, M.A. Late Rector of Water-Stratford . . . which had been inprint since at least 1745 and was still in print in the 1850s, or it may havebeen an 1801 edition of Mason’s Select Remains printed with James Janeway’sToken for Children.

47. Correspondence, on the subject of secondary punishment, HCPP 1834 (82),12; Bruce Hindmarsh, ‘Wherever I go I whill right to you’, in Lucy Frostand Hamish Maxwell-Stewart (eds), Chain Letters: Narrating Convict Lives,Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2001, 174–175; Yvonne Cramer,This Beauteous, Wicked Place: Letters and Journals of John Grant, GentlemanConvict, Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2000, 128, 189, 190.

48. http://foundersandsurvivors.org/project49. Dinton-Dalwood letters, 1827–1853; George Wyndham, Diary, ML, MSS

1946/1–2, B1313, CY 859, 13 October 1830.50. George and Robert Dixon, Letters from Tasmania, Letter 1 – 1821, Letter 6 –

1823, ML, B425, CY 2408; Hoddle, Diary, 94; John Webster, Reminiscencesof an Old Settler in Australian and New Zealand, New Zealand: SouthernBookbinding, 1908, 58, 74, 101; Anon, A Month in the Bush of Australia, J.Cross; London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1838, 39.

51. John Brewer, The Common People and Politics 1750–1790, Cambridge:Chadwyck-Healey, 1986; Ludmilla Jordanova, ‘The Art and Science of See-ing in Medicine: Physiognomy 1780–1820’, in W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter(eds), Medicine and the Five Senses, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1993.

52. Tim Flannery (ed.), 1788 Watkin Tench, Comprising a Narrative of the Expe-dition to Botany Bay and a Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson,Melbourne: Text Publishing Company, 1996, 97; Cunningham, Two Years inNew South Wales, Vol 2, 54.

53. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 53–56; J. T. Bigge, Report ofthe Commissioner into the State of the Colony of New South Wales, London, 1822,81; Alexander Marjoribanks, Travels in New South Wales, London: Smith,Elder & Co, 1847, 217.

54. C. E. Carrington, The British Overseas: Exploits of a Nation of Shopkeepers,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950, 357.

55. Pinnock, Catechism, 37–40; Goss, The Aegis of Life, 15th edition, London:Sherwood, Neely and Jones, 1826, x; Copies of all correspondence and com-munications between the Home Office and the Irish government, during theyear 1827, Lunatic asylums (Ireland), HCPP 1828 (234), 19; Oracle, 29 April1835, 239.

56. Marcia Pointin, ‘Pugilism, Painters and National Identity in EarlyNineteenth-Century England’, in John Gill, David Chandler, Tani Guha andGilane Tawadros (eds), Boxer: An Anthology of Writings on Boxing and VisualCulture, London: Institute of International Visual Arts, 1996, 36; British

Notes 183

Museum website, at: www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/w/what_are_the_elgin_marbles.aspx, accessed 28 January 2010.

57. Flannery, Watkin Tench, 97; Eleanor Dark, ‘Bennelong (1764?–1813)’, ADB;Hunter, Historical Journal, 41; Hoddle, Diary, 46–47; G. F. Moore, Diaryof Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia, London:M. Walbrook, 1884, 35.

58. Maria Nugent, Captain Cook Was Here, Port Melbourne: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2009; Ann McGrath, ‘The White Man’s Looking Glass: AboriginalColonial Gender Relations at Port Jackson’, Australian Historical Studies, 24(95), 1990, 189–206; Shino Konishi, The Aboriginal Male in the EnlightenmentWorld, London: Pickering & Chatto, 2012.

59. Sydney Herald, 21 February 1842.60. C. E. Sayers, ‘Wills, Horatio Spencer Howe (1811–1861)’, ADB; sample of

newspaper reports – Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 10 July1823, 26 February 1824, 3 February 1825, 27 April 1830, 20 March 1832,23 June 1832, 31 July 1832, 3 November 1832, 22 July 1834, 25 January1838; Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser, 27 January 1844;Sydney Morning Herald, 28 January 1846; Sydney Herald, 5 February 1838;Sydney Morning Herald, 29 March 1845; Cunningham, Two Years in New SouthWales, Vol 2, 63.

61. Colonial Times, 6 August 1833; Karen Downing, ‘“Behold there Is a NewMan Born”: Understanding the Short-lived Optimism about Australia’s FirstGeneration of “Native-born” White Men’, Men and Masculinities, 17 (2),2014.

62. David Headon, ‘God’s Aristocracy – Daniel Henry Deniehy’s Vision of aGreat Australian Republic’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 28 (4), 1993,136–145.

63. 26 January 1888.64. Elspeth Grant and Paul Senduziuk, ‘“Urban Degeneration and Rural Revi-

talisation”, The South Australian Government’s Youth Migration Scheme,1913–14’, Australian Historical Studies, 41 (1), 2010, 75, 78, 83, 167–168;P. R. Stephenson, The Foundations of Culture in Australia: An Essay TowardsNational Self Respect, Gordon, NSW: W. J. Miles, 1936, 11.

65. As Stephen Garton argues in ‘War and Masculinity’, 88–89.66. Sydney Morning Herald, 8 February 1861.67. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 56; Grace Karskens, The

Colony: A History of Early Sydney, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2009, 324.68. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke’s Attack on the

French Revolution, London: J. S. Jordan 1791.

2 The Ecstasies and Transports of the Soul – EmotionalJourneys of Self-discovery

1. For example, Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 77, 346.2. Langford, A Polite and Commercial People, 477.3. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, chapter 7; Buchan, Domestic Medicine,

124–134; Oracle, 5 November 1834, 22–23, 3 December 1834, 55, 18 February1835, 139–140.

184 Notes

4. James Cowles Prichard, A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting theMind. Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & A. Hart 1837 (1835), 202; see also Arnold,Observations on the Nature, Kind, Causes, and Prevention, of Insanity, Vol 1 &2 and Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases ofthe Mind, Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliot, 1835 (1812).

5. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 325, 327; Oracle, 5 November 1834, 22–23, 3December 1834, 55, 18 February 1835, 139–140.

6. Robert Brown, ‘Psychology’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 362;Sharrona Pearl, About Faces: Physiognomy in Nineteenth-Century Britain,Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.

7. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 81; Jonathan Lamb, Preserving the Self in the SouthSeas, 1680–1840, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2001,18–19; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia. Vol 2, 18, 45–47; Brown, quotedin Andrew Hassam, Sailing to Australia. Shipboard Diaries by Nineteenth-century British Emigrants, Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994, 4.

8. Thomas Watling, Letters From an Exile at Botany Bay, Penrith: Ann Bell, 1794.9. See Alice Bullard, ‘Sympathy and Denial: A Postcolonial Re-reading of Emo-

tions, Race, and Hierarchy’, Historical Reflections, 34 (1), 2008, 122–142; MattK. Matsuda and Alice Bullard, ‘Emotional Latitudes: The Ambiguities of Colo-nial and Post-colonial Sentiment’, Historical Reflections, 34 (1), 2008, 1–3;William M. Reddy, ‘The Logic of Action: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and His-torical Narrative’, History and Theory, 40 (4), 2001, 10–33; Roper, ‘SlippingOut of View’, 57–72.

10. Peter N. Stearns, ‘Social History Update: Sociology of Emotion’, Journal ofSocial History, 22 (3), 1989, 592–599; William M. Reddy, The Navigationof Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions, New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2001, 216, 171.

11. Reddy, Navigation of Feeling, 143, 155, 182, 183; Linda Colley, Britons: Forgingthe Nation 1707–1837, London: Yale University Press, 1992, 152–152.

12. Robert Darnton, ‘Readers Respond to Rousseau: The Fabrication of RomanticSensitivity’, in The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French CulturalHistory, New York: Basic Books, 1984, 242–249; Henry Mackenzie, The Manof Feeling, Berwick: John Taylor, 1800, 231, 238, 178, 171; Edward Spain,Reminiscences, 1774–1802, ML, C266, CY 1403; Cramer, This Beauteous,Wicked Place; Lawry Papers 1810–1825, ML, CY 765, 23 November 1819;Waugh Family Papers, 28 June 1834; Coleridge, Biographia, 12; Defoe quote,Robinson Crusoe, 56.

13. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Aids to Reflection in the Formation of a ManlyCharacter, London: Taylor and Hessey, 1825, p xi.

14. Daniel Defoe, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, London:W. Taylor, 1719, 24; Godwin, Enquirer, vii–viii; Reddy, Navigation of Feeling,216, 122.

15. Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 133; Captain Robert Johnson, Diaries, ESRO,AMS 5848/1, 19 October 1837; Farquhar Mackenzie, Journal, ML, A1291,19 October 1837, CY1808; Hutton, The Life, 13; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe,109–122; Nicol, Life and Adventures, 51; James Backhouse, A Narrative ofA Visit to the Australian Colonies, London: Hamilton, Adams and Co, 1967(1843), 453.

Notes 185

16. Ponsonby, English Diaries, 256; Snowden Dunhill, The Life of Snowden Dunhillof Spaldington, East Riding (1766–1838), Howden: Mr Pye (Books), 1987(c1835), 17; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 98; Letters from D. Southwell, 12 July1788, 27 July 1790; Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 8.

17. A. B. Webster, Joshua Watson: The Story of a Layman 1771–1855, London:SPCK, 1954, 22.

18. Suzanne Rickard, ‘Hymondy’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 552;R. K. Webb, ‘Religion’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 93; lyrics fromCharles Wesley, ‘Love divine, all loves excelling’, ‘Come, thou long expectedJesus’, ‘And can it be that I should gain’ and Anglican Bishop Reginald Heber,‘Forth from the dark and stormy sky’.

19. HCPP 1801 (002), 14–16.20. John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-class Home in Victorian

England, London: Yale University Press, 1999, 112; Davidoff and Hall, FamilyFortunes, 111.

21. Green, Robinson Crusoe Story, 65–72.22. Rousseau, Émile, 158.23. Hannah More to John Sinclair, 20 June 1820, The Correspondence of The Right

Honourable Sir John Sinclair, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley,1831, 46.

24. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol. 1, 175; George Mackaness, Some Lettersof Rev. Richard Johnson, B.A. First Chaplain of New South Wales, Dubbo: ReviewPublications, 1978 (1954), 22–25.

25. Backhouse, Narrative of a Visit, 33, 279, 450, 125, 513; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe,90; Hindmarsh, ‘Wherever I go I whill right to you’, 173–174.

26. Felicity A. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1989, 19.

27. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Aids to Reflection, 6th edition, London: WilliamPickering, 1848, xv–xvi, 5. The ‘poet’ may have been Seneca.

28. Ponsonby, English Diaries, 234–235, 363.29. Byron quoted in Ponsonby, English Diaries, 264; Letters from D.

Southwell.30. Moore, Diary, vi; Johnson, Diaries, 26 May 1821; Ponsonby, English Diaries,

237, 241, 275.31. Ponsonby, English Diaries, 11.32. Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600–1740, Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, 101–105; Christopher Claxton, TheNaval Monitor, 2nd edition, London: A. J. Valpy 1833, 190–195.

33. William Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, London: Henry Frowde, 1906 (1829),81; Dan Doll and Jessica Munns (eds), Recording and Reordering: Essays onthe Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century Diary and Journal, Lewisburg: BucknallUniversity Press, 2006, 14; George Boyle White, Journals, 1827–1845, ML, B600, CY 4723, 14 June 1844, 4 August 1845.

34. Alexander Thomson, Diary at Hobart Town, SLV, MS 9127, MSB 454;Wyndham, Diary; Henty Family Papers, Boxes 118/5(a) and 117/3.

35. James Waugh, Three Years’ Practical Experience of a Settler in New South Wales;Being Extracts from Letters to His Friends in Edinburgh, From 1834 to 1837, 5thedition, Edinburgh: John Johnstone, 1838, 27; Charles Boydell, Journal, ML,A2014, CY 1496, 1 March 1830, 27 April 1831.

186 Notes

36. Daniel Henry Deniehy – letters, 1833–1860, ML, MSS 869, CY 4832,January 1856.

37. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 38–46, 57; Alain Corbin, ‘Cries andWhispers’, in Michelle Perrot (ed.), A History of Private Life: From the Firesof Revolutions to the Great Wars, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1990, 615;Kathleen Wilson (ed.), A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity, and Modernityin Britain and the Empire, 1660–1840, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2004, 4.

38. William Adeney, Diary, SLV, MS 9185, MSB 21; James Henty, Notes made ona trip to France in 1825, Henty Family Papers, Box 118/3; Thomas Henty,Diary, Henty Family Papers, Box 117/1; Samuel Smith, Sailing with Flinders:The Journal of Seaman Samuel Smith, Adelaide: Corkwood Press, 2002 (1813),for example, 27, 53, 28–29, 65–69; Malcolm D. Prentis, ‘Haggis on the HighSeas: Shipboard Experiences of Scottish Emigrants to Australia, 1821–1897’,Australian Historical Studies, 36 (124), 2004, 296; James Hardy Vaux, Memoirsof James Hardy Vaux, A Swindler and Thief, London: Whittaker, Treacher, andArnot, 1830; Averil F. Fink, ‘Vaux, James Hardy (1782–1841+)’, ADB.

39. Edward Snell, Life and Adventures of E. Snell, 1842, SLV, MS 12812, FBox 3575/2; Charles Rowcroft, Tales of the Colonies.

40. Doll and Munns, Recording and Reordering, 13, 14; Brian Hamnett, ‘Ficti-tious Histories: The Dilemma of Fact and Imagination in the Nineteenth-century Historical Novel’, European History Quarterly, 36 (1), 2006, 32–39;Hassam, Sailing to Australia, 83–84; David Vincent, Bread, Knowledge andFreedom: A Study of Nineteenth-century Working Class Autobiography, London:Methuen & Co, 1982, 110.

41. Terry Reilly, ‘Arthur Young’s Travels in France: Historicity and the Use of Lit-erary Forms’, in Doll and Munns (eds), Recording and Reordering, 122–136;Moyle Sherer, Recollections of The Peninsula, 5th edition, London: Longman,Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1827, 126; Spain, Reminiscences, 104.

42. George Sampson, The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953, 839; Martin A. Danahay,A Community of One: Masculine Autobiography and Autonomy in Nineteenth-century Britain, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993, 13–14.

43. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 104; Lamb, Preserving the Self, 75.44. John Mee, ‘Autobiography’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 411;

Samuel Bamford, The Autobiography of Samuel Bamford. Volume One: EarlyDays, London: Frank Cass, 1967 (1849); Dunhill, The Life of SnowdenDunhill, 9.

45. William Wordsworth, The Prelude: Or, Growth of a Poet’s Mind, An Autobio-graphical Poem, New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1850; Samuel TaylorColeridge, Biographia Literaria, Volume I, London: William Pickering, 1847(1817); Webster, Reminiscences, 294; Demarr, Adventures in Australia Fifty YearsAgo, London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co, 1893, iv.

46. Larry Wolff, ‘Then I Imagine a Child: The Idea of Childhood and the Phi-losophy of Memory in the Enlightenment’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 31 (4),1998, 389.

47. For example, William Dale, The Unhappy Transport: Or, The Sufferings ofWilliam Dale, Son of a Farmer and Gardener, printed and sold by J. Catnach,broadside, 183–?, SLNSW, digital order no. a016.

Notes 187

48. Lisa Jenkins, Offending Lives: Subjectivity and Australian Convict Autobiogra-phies, 1788–1899, PhD thesis, Stanford University, 2002, ML, MSS 7107,95, 97.

49. Vaux, Memoirs, vii, 4–5; Croker to Lord Strangford, quoted in Jenkins,Offending Lives, 107.

50. Real Stories: Taken From The Narratives of Various Travellers, Printed for Harveyand Darton, London, 1827, 2.

51. Hutton, The Life, pp v–vi; Bamford, Early Days, 1; William Lovett, The Lifeand Struggles of William Lovett, in the Pursuit of Bread, Knowledge, and Free-dom, London: Trübner & Co, 1876, 1; Mungo Park, Travels in the InteriorDistricts of Africa, London: John Murray, 1816, vii; Eyre, Autobiographical Nar-rative, 216; James T. Ryan, Reminiscences of Australia. Containing 70 Years of HisOwn Knowledge, and 35 Years of His Ancestors, Sydney: George Robertson andCompany, 1894, preface, 1.

52. Haygarth, Recollections of Bush Life, London: John Murray, 1848, 4; GeorgeBennett, Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore,and China, London: R Bentley, 1967 (1834), preface; Flannery, WatkinTench, 15.

53. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 25.54. Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 32, 91.55. Goffin, Absalom Watkin, xi–xii, 172.56. Ludwig Wittgenstein, ‘Notes for Lectures on “Private Experience” and “Sense

Data”’, in James C. Klagge and Alfred Nordmann (eds), Philosophical Occa-sions 1912–1951, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1993, 247, 320;Philip Woodfine, ‘“Nothing but Dust & the most minute Particles”: Histori-ans and the Evidence of Journals and Diaries’, in Doll and Munns, Recordingand Reordering, 189–190.

57. See William Reddy on ‘a coherence theory of intention’ in ‘The Logic ofAction: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and Historical Narrative’, 33.

58. Lamb, Preserving the Self, 281.59. Graeme Bucknall and Lorna McDonald (eds), Letters of an Australian Pioneer

Family 1827–1880: The Generation of Gittins and Sarah Bucknall 1797–1880,Victoria: Association of the Bucknall Family, 1984, 59; John WashingtonPrice, A Journal kept on board the Minerva Transport from Ireland to NewSouth Wales, BL, ADD MS 13880, 30; Hoddle, Diary, 3–4; Moore, Diary of TenYears Eventful Life, 107.

60. Anon, A Voice From The Bush in Australia, Dublin, London and Edinburgh:William Curry, Jun. and Company; Smith, Elder, and Company; JohnJohnstone, 1839, 10.

61. Letters from D. Southwell, 3, 14 April 1790; Letters and Papers of G.P. HarrisVol I, BL, ADD MS 45156, leaf 26.

62. Landor, The Bushman, 260; Dunhill quoted in Jenkins, Offending Lives, 58;Lawry Papers, 5 December 1818.

63. Anon, Voice From The Bush, 25; Nicol, Life and Adventures, 127; R. Therry,Reminiscences of Thirty Years’ Residence in New South Wales and Victoria, etc,2nd edition, London: Sampson Low, 1863, 358–359; T. Horton James, SixMonths in Australia, London: J. Cross, 1838, 52–53.

64. Statham – letters, 8 December 1846; George Suttor, Sketch of Events in NSW,ML, C783, CY 970.

188 Notes

65. Jonathan Swift, The Works of Jonathan Swift, Edinburgh: Archibald Constableand Co, 1814 (1706), 436; David Hume, ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’, ThePhilosophical Works of David Hume. Volume 1, Edinburgh: Adam and CharlesBlack, 1854 (1739–40), 310–320.

66. Hume, ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’, 93.67. Neville Meaney (ed.), Under New Heavens: Cultural Transmission and

the Making of Australia, Melbourne: Heinemann Educational Australia,1989, 2.

3 My Head Filled Early with Rambling Thoughts – RaisingBoys and Making Men

1. Charles Hardwicke ALS to his son Charles Browne Hardwicke 16/12/1803,ML, DOC 2778, CY 4706.

2. James Boswell, Life of Johnson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989;Johnson, Diaries, 628.

3. Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood, London: Jonathan Cape, 1962,398–403.

4. Godwin, Enquirer, 88; John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education,London, 1779 (1693), 1; Peter Jimack, Rousseau: Émile, London: Grant &Cutler, 1983, 27, 33–35, 75–76.

5. Richard A. Barney, Plots of Enlightenment: Education and the Novel inEighteenth-Century England, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999, 110.

6. Rousseau, Émile, 28; Rousseau, Social Contract, 49; Wolff, ‘Then I Imagine aChild’, 391.

7. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 30th edition,London: William Tegg & Co, 1849, 10–51, 53; Wolff, ‘Then I Imagine aChild’, 382; Robert Miln, National Sins the Cause of National Suffering. Carlisle:J Mitchell, 1797, 6–7; Locke, Education, 12, 66.

8. Locke, Human Understanding, 34–191.9. The Times, 3 October 1822, 24 December 1842; Locke, Human Understanding,

299–300.10. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 18 March 1826.11. For example, The Times, 24 July 1800; 10 March 1840.12. Barney, Plots of Enlightenment, 23–24.13. Godwin, Enquirer, 12–13, 115, 114.14. Ibid., 93.15. Statham – letters, 1 April 1841; Locke, Education, 125.16. Jimack, Rousseau: Émile, 9–10, 16, 23–25, 72.17. Godwin, Enquirer, 85–86.18. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 6 March 1830; Courier,

22 August 1846.19. V. Markham Lester, ‘Montagu, Basil (1770–1851)’, ODNB; Jimack, Rousseau:

Émile, 47.20. Jonathan Wordsworth, ‘Introduction’, in Maria Edgeworth and R. L.

Edgeworth, Practical Education Volume 1, Poole: Woodstock Books, 1996 (nopage numbering); Christina Edgeworth Colvin, ‘Edgeworth, Richard Lovell(1744–1817)’, ODNB.

Notes 189

21. Jimack, Rousseau: Émile, 9, 27, 33–35, 75–76; Jean Bloch, Rousseauism andEducation in Eighteenth-century France, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1995,235; Dinton-Dalwood letters, 28 October 1829.

22. Rousseau, Émile, 9.23. A. G. Austin, Australian Education 1788–1900: Church, State and Public

Education in Colonial Australia, Melbourne: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd,1965, 185.

24. Locke, Education, 319.25. A Statement of the Objects of the Committee of the Societies for the Propaga-

tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and for Promoting Christian Knowledge,Sydney: Stephens and Stokes, 1836, 10; Robert Holmes Beck, A Social His-tory of Education, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1965, 72, 74; Jane Nardin,‘Hannah More and the Rhetoric of Educational Reform’, Women’s HistoryReview, 10 (2), 2001, 214; R. Freeman Butts, A Cultural History of Western Edu-cation: Its Social and Intellectual Foundations, New York: McGraw-Hill BookCompany Inc, 1955, 295.

26. Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason, Boston: Josiah P. Mendum, 1852, 43; Locke,Education, 301; Rousseau, Émile, 158; Godwin, Enquirer, 39, 33.

27. Butts, Cultural History of Western Education, 295–296; Donald Read, Press andPeople 1790–1850: Opinion in Three English Cities, London: Edward Arnold,1961, 35–37; Austin, Australian Education, 8–9, 40–41.

28. Henry L Fulton, ‘Private Tutoring in Scotland: The Example of Mure ofCaldwell’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 27 (3), 2003, 53–54; Fourth annual reportof the Poor Law Commissioners for England and Wales, HCPP 1837–38 (147),147; Godwin, Enquirer, 52.

29. The Times, 22 February 1788, 29 May 1792, 11 May 1798, 24 July 1800,9 July 1802, 17 January 1810, 9 March 1816, 24 January 1820, 6 July 1825, 1January 1830, 3 January 1835, 2 January 1838.

30. For example, Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 19 August 1804,10 November 1805, 10 January 1818, 18 December 1819.

31. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, Thursday 29 January 1829; TheTimes, 10 March 1840.

32. Read, Press and People, 36–37; Jonathan Rose, The Intellectual Life of the BritishWorking Classes, London: Yale University Press, 2001, 148–151; RichardJohnson, ‘“Really Useful Knowledge”: Radical Education and Working-classCulture’, in John Clarke, Chas Critcher and Richard Johnson (eds), Working-Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory, London: Hutchinson & Co, 1979,75–102.

33. Butler, Life and Letters, 24–39.34. Archibald Gilchrist (ed.), John Dunmore Lang: Chiefly Autobiographical 1799 to

1878, Melbourne: Jedgram Publications, 1951, 12–13; John Dunmore Lang,Reminiscences of My Life and Times, Melbourne: Heinemann, 1972, 35–36.

35. See Johnson, ‘“Really Useful Knowledge”’ for discussion and furtherexamples.

36. H. N. Dixon, ‘Reminiscences of an Essex Country Practitioner a CenturyAgo’, The Essex Review, 23, 1914, 192; Ethel Mann (ed.), An Englishmanat Home and Abroad 1792–1828 With Some Recollections of Napoleon: BeingExtracts of the Diaries of J. B. Scott of Bungay, Suffolk, London: Heath CrantonLimited, 1930, 23, 29–30, 45, 47, 51, 167–169, 186.

190 Notes

37. William Cobbett, The Autobiography of William Cobbett. The Progress of aPlough-boy to a Seat in Parliament, London: Faber and Faber, 1967 (1933),11–12; Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 1; George Mackaness, AlexanderDalrymple’s “A Serious Admonition to the Public on the Intended Thief Colonyat Botany Bay” With A Memoir, Dubbo: Review Publications, 1979 (1943), 4;Andrew S. Cook, ‘Dalrymple, Alexander (1737–1808)’, ODNB.

38. Austin, Australian Education, 1–5; John F. Cleverley, The First Generation:School and Society in Early Australia, Sydney: Sydney University Press,1971, 73.

39. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 19 August 1804, 6October 1805, 10 November 1805, 16 August 1807, 10 January 1818, 18December 1819.

40. D. W. A. Baker, ‘Lang, John Dunmore (1799–1878)’, ADB.41. Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 1843, 23–26, 226–227, 403, 418.42. Hutton, The Life, 13.43. Memoirs of Alexander Kenneth Mackenzie, Esq., Dochcairne, Bathurst,

N.S.Wales, Written by himself at the age of 68, from memory, ML, DOC2528, 5–6.

44. Advocated by Locke, Education, 312.45. Cohen, ‘The Grand Tour’, 129–141: for accusations of effeminacy see com-

ment to the editor, London Courant and Westminster Chronicle, 14 July 1780,and Aurora and Universal Advertiser, 22 February 1781.

46. C. E. T. Newman, ‘Campbell, Charles (1810–1888)’, ADB.47. For example: G. P. Walsh, ‘Nichols, George Robert (1809–1857)’, ADB; Arthur

McMartin, ‘Nichols, Isaac (1770–1819)’, ADB.48. Mann, An Englishman at Home and Abroad, 51; Hutton, The Life, 9; Beck,

Family Fragments, 16–17, 20.49. Godwin, Enquirer, 14–15; Maria Edgeworth, Tales of Fashionable Life, in Five

Volumes, Volume I, London: Baldwyn & Craddock, 1837, xiii.50. Raymond Williams, ‘The Press and Popular Culture: An Historical Perspec-

tive’, in George Boyce, James Curran and Pauline Wingate (eds), NewspaperHistory from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day, London: Constable,1978, 45–46; Margarette Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy: British SeaPower, 1750–1815, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002, 109.

51. John Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the EighteenthCentury, London: HarperCollins, 1997, 351, 357–383.

52. Quoted in Greg Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatreon the Bounty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, 270.

53. Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 14 April 1787.54. George Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer, A Comedy, Boston: Wells and Lillly,

1822, 4; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 222–223; Shirley StrumKenny, ‘Farquhar, George (1676/7–1707)’, ODNB; Richard Fotheringhamand Angela Turner, Australian Plays for the Colonial Stage, 1834–1899, St Lucia:Queensland University Press, 2006, 41–50.

55. Henry Lemoine, The Wonderful Magazine. Volumes 1–5, London: C. Johnson,1793; Dixon, ‘Reminiscences’, 192.

56. Brewer, Pleasures of the Imagination, 125–167, 172; A. Aspinall, Politics and ThePress c.1780–1850, London: Home & Van Thal Ltd, 1949, 24–26; Williams,‘The Press and Popular Culture’, 43; Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 109.

Notes 191

57. Maria Edgeworth and R. L. Edgeworth, Practical Education 1801. Volume 2,Poole and New York: Woodstock Books, 1996, 110–111.

58. Neil K. Mackintosh, Richard Johnson: Chaplain to the Colony of New SouthWales. His Life and Times 1755–1827, Sydney: Library of Australian History,1978, Appendix 2; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 176.

59. Rose, Intellectual Life, 94–95, 107–108; Pat Rogers, Literature and Popular Cul-ture in Eighteenth-century England, Brighton: Harvester Press, 1985, 177–178;Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 18.

60. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 162.61. Farr Papers Vol 1, BL, MS ADD 37060, L103, 13 Feb 1743; Lawry Papers,

October 1817.62. Godwin, Enquirer, 25; Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 3.63. Hobart Town Courier, 24 May 1833; Rowcroft, Tales of The Colonies, x.64. Conder, A Memoir, 90.65. Vaux, Memoirs, 4; Bamford, Early Days, 89–91, 192–194; Rose, Intellectual

Life, 39.66. G. P. Harris, Vol I, leaf 28–31.67. Judith Iltis, ‘Boston, John (–1804)’, ADB; John Earnshaw, ‘Palmer, Thomas

Fyshe (1747–1802)’, ADB.68. Edmund Burke, Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime

and Beautiful, London: J. Dodsley, 1792, 285–286; Jean-Jacques Rousseau,The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau. Book 1, London: Aldus Society,1903 (1782), 17; Darnton, ‘Readers Respond to Rousseau’, 227; Godwin,Enquirer, 112–113; John Locke, The Conduct of the Understanding, London:Scott, Webster and Geary, 1838 (1706), 55.

69. Everett Zimmerman, The Boundaries of Fiction: History and the Eighteenth-century British Novel, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1996, 20;Hamnett, ‘Fictitious Histories’, 32–39.

70. The Quarterly Review. Vol XXIV. October & January, London: John Murray,1820–1821, 352.

71. Examples include William Robertson’s moving portrayal of Mary Queenof Scots in his History of Scotland, David Hume’s and William Goldsmith’stragic portrayals of the execution of Charles 1 in their histories ofEngland and Tobias Smollett’s affecting account of the fate of theScottish Jacobites after Culloden in his Complete History of England,discussed in Karen O’Brien, ‘History and the Novel in Eighteenth-century Britain’, The Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (1/2), 2005,397–413.

72. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 1; Peter Longueville, The Hermit: Or, The Unparallel’dSufferings and Surprising Adventures of Mr. Philip Quarll, An Englishman, 3rdedition, London: J. Wren, S. Crowder, H. Woodgate, J. Fuller, and J. Warcus,1759, iv; Henry Savery, Quintus Servinton. A Tale Founded Upon Incidents ofReal Occurrence, Brisbane and Melbourne: Jacaranda Press, 1962 (1830–31),xxxiii.

73. Green, Robinson Crusoe Story, 11; Arthur, Virtual Voyages, xxi, 17; Joel H. Baer,‘Dampier, William (1651–1715)’, ODNB; Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 4, 26.

74. Institute of Navy History website, at: www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Shipwrecks, accessed 26 March 2009; E. J. Lea-Scarlett, ‘Rotton, Henry(1814–1881)’, ADB.

192 Notes

75. Julia Kristeva, Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art,New York: Columbia University Press, 1980, 64–91: meaning is not trans-ferred directly from writer to reader but instead is mediated through, orfiltered by, ‘codes’ imparted to the writer and reader by other texts, a view ofintertextuality taken up by Jonathan Rose.

76. Rose, Intellectual Life, 94–96; Defoe’s novels, ‘in spite of much improbabil-ity . . . have been oftener mistaken for true narratives, than any fictions thatever were composed: Quarterly Review XXIV, 361.

77. ‘Sir John Sinclair’, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, vol. XLIL (CCLXI), July1837, 16 (apparently Sinclair had a part in the controversy).

78. Demarr, Adventures in Australia, 119–120.79. Quoted in Hassam, Sailing to Australia, 83–84.80. Savery, Quintus Servinton, xxxiii; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, i.81. Gillian Brown, ‘The Metamorphic Book: Children’s Print Culture in the

Eighteenth Century’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 39 (3), 2006, 351–352.82. Mary Ann Hedge, The Orphan Sailor-Boy; Or, Young Arctic Voyager, London:

Harvey and Darton 1824, 15, 27, 105–108; Real Stories: Taken From TheNarratives of Various Travellers, London: Harvey and Darton, 1827, 1.

83. Godwin, Enquirer, 106–107.84. Quoted in Rose, Intellectual Life, 38–39.85. Anna Letitia Barbauld and John Aikin, Evenings at Home, Volume 1,

Philadelphia: Troutman & Hayes, 1851, 147–149; Michelle Levy, ‘The RadicalEducation of Evenings at Home’, Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 19 (1–2), 2006–7,124–143.

86. Aileen Fyfe, ‘Reading Children’s Books in Late Eighteenth-Century Dissent-ing Families’, The Historical Journal, 43 (2), 2000, 455–456, 463.

87. Edgeworth, Practical Education 1801. Volume 2, 114; R. L. Edgeworth, Essayson Professional Education, London: J. Johnson, 1809, 124.

88. For example: Johnson, Diaries, 12 January 1821 to 7 August 1821; Conder,A Memoir, 47–48; William Hall Archives, WSRO, ADD MSS 39854–858;G. P. Harris, Vol I, leaf 34; Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser,26 August 1825.

89. Hutton, The Life, 60–61; Cobbett, Autobiography, 18–19; Eyre, Autobiograph-ical Narrative, 4; Dixon, ‘Reminiscences’, 192; Hoddle, Diary, 30 November1823; Thomas Alexander Browne, Our family chronicle/My Autobiographyby ‘Rolf Boldrewood’, ML, A2132, CY705, 52.

90. Joseph Gerrald to William Phillips, 1795, Samuel Parr, Letters, ML, DOC1896; J. J. Macintyre Papers Vol I, BL, MS ADD 41742, L164; Mackaness,Alexander Dalrymple’s, 4–5; Therry, Reminiscences, 259; Russel Ward and JohnRobertson (eds), Such Was Life: Select Documents in Australian Social History1788–1850, Sydney: Ure Smith, 1969, 185.

91. Locke, Education, 147; Nicol, Life and Adventures, 31, 36.

4 Satisfied with Nothing but Going to Sea – Seafaring Livesand Island Hopes

1. ‘The Sea! the Sea! the open Sea!’, Five Popular Songs: viz. By the Side ofthe Stream. Beautiful Kate. Draw the Sword, Scotland. Last Rose of Summer,

Notes 193

and The Sea. Glasgow?, 1840?, BL, C.116.h.2.(6.); John R. Gillis, ‘IslandSojourns’, Geographical Review, 97 (2), 2007, 281; John R. Gillis, ‘Islands inthe Making of an Atlantic Oceania, 1500–1800’, in Jerry H. Bentley, RenateBridenthal and Kären Wigen (eds), Seascapes: Maritime Histories, Littoral Cul-tures, and Transoceanic Exchanges, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press,2007, 29.

2. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 250.3. David Lowenthal, ‘Islands, Lovers, and Others’, Geographical Review, 97 (2),

2007, 215.4. Gillis, ‘Island Sojourns’, 277–278; Kenneth R. Olwig, ‘Review: Islands of

the Mind: How the Human Imagination Created the Atlantic World, by JohnR. Gillis’, Geographical Review, 97 (2), 2007, 302; Kenneth R. Olwig, ‘AreIslanders Insular? A Personal View’, Geographical Review, 97 (2), 2007, 179;Godfrey Baldacchino, ‘Islands as Novelty Sites’, Geographical Review, 97 (2),2007, 169–170.

5. Colley, Britons, 8–9.6. Claxton, Naval Monitor, 126.7. Borrow, Lavengro, 23–24; Green, Robinson Crusoe Story, 29.8. William Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 9; Thomas K. Hervey, A Poetical Sketch-

Book, including A Third Edition of Australia, London: Edward Bull, 1829, 187;for the sea as ‘an immediate presence in English life’, see Laura Brown,‘Oceans and Floods: Fables of Global Perspective’, in Felicity A. Nussbaum(ed.), The Global Eighteenth Century, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, 2003.

9. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 5.10. Quoted in Pat Rogers, Robinson Crusoe, London: George Allen & Unwin,

1979, 11. Rogers writes that ‘among all the uses to which Crusoe had beenput by its adaptors this must be the one of which Defoe would havewholeheartedly approved’.

11. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 2–5; Langford, A Polite and CommercialPeople, 629; Adam Nicolson, Men of Honour: Trafalgar and the Making of theEnglish Hero, London: Harper Perennial, 2006, 41–42.

12. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 42, 104–105.13. Gilchrist, John Dunmore Lang, 5; Webster, Reminiscences, 14–15; Arthur

Easton, ‘Nagle, Jacob (1761–1841)’, ADB; Vivienne Parsons, ‘Raven, William(1756–1814)’, ADB; Spain, Reminiscences.

14. Weston Bate, ‘Cole, George Ward (1793–1879)’, ADB; D. Shineberg, ‘Dacre,Ranulph (1797–1884)’, ADB; Michael Roe, ‘Bishop, Charles (1765?–1810?)’,ADB; E. W. Dunlop, ‘Blaxcell, Garnham (1778–1817)’, ADB; Cara Cammilleri,‘Curtis, Anthony (1796–1853)’, ADB.

15. Nicolson, Men of Honour, 146; Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 4–5.16. Claxton, Naval Monitor, 147.17. Sir Frederick Chapman, Governor Phillip in Retirement, Dubbo: Review

Publications, 1979 (1962), 18; ‘Chapman, William Neate (1773?–1837?)’,ADB.

18. Debate at Coachmakers Hall, 24 October 1782, advertised in Gazetteer, 22October 1782, London Debating Societies 1776–1799, record 334, at: www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38846; Foyster, Manhood in EarlyModern England, 38.

194 Notes

19. Quoted in Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 22–23.20. Thomas Scott, ‘Life of Captain Andrew Barclay of Cambock . . . ’ ML, B 193,

5; Thompson quoted in Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 22–23; Claxton,Naval Monitor, 126.

21. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 2–3; Jeannine Surel, ‘John Bull’, inRaphael Samuel (ed.), Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British NationalIdentity. Volume III National Fictions, London: Routledge, 1989, 11; Harvey,‘History of Masculinity’, 308; Harrop’s Manchester Mercury, 17 August 1756quoted in Matthew McCormack, ‘The New Militia: War, Politics and Genderin 1750s Britain’, Gender & History, 19 (3), 2007, 484.

22. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 4, 36.23. Jane Austen, Persuasion, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 (1818), 22.24. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 2–3; Allan Horton, ‘Southwell, Daniel (1764?–

1797)’, ADB; Dixon, ‘Reminiscences’, 193–194; Brunton, Matthew Flinders,38, 116, 124.

25. Claxton, Naval Monitor, 198–199.26. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 31.27. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 148–149.28. Nicolson, Men of Honour, 26, 114, 192–194, 215, 316.29. Quoted in Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 78.30. The Odd Fellow’s Magazine, Number 1, January 1808, 10.31. Michael Roe, ‘Charles Bishop, Pioneer of Pacific Commerce’, Tasmanian His-

torical Research Association Papers and Proceedings, 10 (1), 1962, 13; Nicolson,Men of Honour, 171.

32. For example, Edward Pearce, April 1789, HO 47/8/2 – 56, Petitions forclemency, UKNA, HO 47/8.

33. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 75–77; Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language,20–28.

34. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 70, 140–141, 69; Claxton, Naval Monitor,215.

35. The Times, 7 September 1790.36. Claxton, Naval Monitor, 137, 138, 141, 143, 145, 201, 221, 236; Dening,

Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 140–141.37. Curtin, ‘Gentility Afloat’, 638.38. James Henty, Diary, Henty Family Papers, Box 117/2, Eyre, Autobiographi-

cal Narrative, 30; Margarette Lincoln, ‘Mutinous Behavior on Voyages to theSouth Seas and Its Impact on Eighteenth-Century Civil Society’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 31 (1), 2007, 65.

39. Webster, Reminiscences, 1, 5.40. Hunter, Historical Journal, 369–371.41. Emma Christopher, ‘“Ten Thousand Times Worse than the Convicts”:

Rebellious Sailors, Convict Transportation and the Struggle for Freedom,1781–1800’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 5, 2004, 32–38; MargaretS. Creighton, Rites and Passages: The Experience of American Whaling, 1830–1870, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

42. Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 484; Marnie Bassett, The Hentys: An AustralianColonial Tapestry, London: Oxford University Press, 1954, 421; Statham –letters, 1 December 1833.

Notes 195

43. Byrne, Twelve Years’ Wanderings, 43; Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy,174–175.

44. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 308.45. Baldacchino, ‘Islands as Novelty Sites’, 165–174; Gillis, ‘Island Sojourns’,

276, 279–280; Lowenthal, ‘Islands, Lovers, and Others’, 206; Iain McCalman,Darwin’s Armada: How Four Voyagers to Australasia Won the Battle for Evolu-tion and Changed the World, Camberwell: Penguin Group (Australia), 2009;Eliga H. Gould, ‘Lines of Plunder or Crucible of Modernity? The Legal Geog-raphy of the English-speaking Atlantic, 1660–1825’, Bentley et al. (eds),Seascapes, 112.

46. Byrne, Twelve Years’ Wanderings, 46.47. Lincoln, ‘Mutinous Behavior’, 75.48. Frederick W. Beechey, Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Beering’s Strait,

London: Colburn and Bentley, 1831, 96–136; John Barrow, A Description ofPitcairn’s Island and its Inhabitants with An Authentic Account of the Mutinyof the Ship Bounty, and of the Subsequent Fortunes of the Mutineers, New York:Harper & Brothers, 1845, 250, 254–256, 273, 274, 281.

49. Caledonian Mercury, 17 November 1823; Morning Chronicle, 6 January 1832;The Times, 16 December 1816, 19 September 1822.

50. ‘PITCAIRN’S ISLAND’, Hull Packet and Original Weekly Commercial, Literaryand General Advertiser, 21 October 1817; David Marshall, ‘AutobiographicalActs in Robinson Crusoe’, ELH 71, 2004, 916.

51. ‘INHABITANTS OF PITCAIRN’S ISLAND’, Morning Chronicle, 6 January 1832.52. H. E. Maude, ‘Nobbs, George Hunn (1799–1884)’, ADB. Nobbs married

Fletcher Christian’s granddaughter Sarah in 1831.53. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 11 August 1835.54. Quoted in Alan Frost, ‘First fleeters (act. 1788)’, ODNB.55. Alan Frost, ‘First Fleeters’.56. Frost, ‘First Fleeters’; Taylor, Australia; John B. Hirst, Convict Society and Its

Enemies: A History of Early New South Wales, Sydney: George Allen & Unwin,1983, 193.

57. Ward and Robertson, Such Was Life, 81.58. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 218–219, 274; D. R. Hainsworth,

‘Kable, Henry (1763–1846)’, ADB,.59. B. H. Fletcher, ‘Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)’, ADB; J. J. Auchmuty, ‘Hunter,

John (1737–1821)’, ADB; A. G. L. Shaw, ‘King, Philip Gidley (1758–1808)’,ADB; A. G. L. Shaw, ‘Bligh, William (1754–1817)’, ADB; ‘Hindmarsh, Sir John(1785–1860)’, ADB.

60. N. Gash, ‘After Waterloo: British Society and the Legacy of the NapoleonicWars’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 28, 1978, 147–149.

61. ‘Hindmarsh, Sir John (1785–1860)’; F. K. Crowley, ‘Stirling, Sir James (1791–1865)’, at: www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020448b.htm, ADB, accessed11 March 2009.

62. George Mackaness, Some Proposals for Establishing Colonies in the South Seas,Dubbo: Review Publications, 1943 (1976), 46.

63. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 41; Landor, The Bushman, 10.64. Russel Ward, The Australian Legend, Melbourne: Oxford University Press,

1987 (1958), 79.

196 Notes

65. G. R. Henning, ‘McMeckan, James (1809–1890)’, ADB; K. R. Von Stieglitz,‘Howe, Michael (1787–1818)’, ADB; Nancy Gray, ‘Bingle, John (1796–1882)’,ADB.

66. Five Popular Songs, 1840?; Ward, Australian Legend, 79.67. Statham – letters, 4 September 1839; underlining in original; John Clare,

Selected Poems, London: Penguin Books, 2000, 311.68. Matt K. Matsuda, ‘“This Territory Was Not Empty”: Pacific Possibilities’,

Geographical Review, 97 (2), 2007, 232.69. Louise Meredith, Notes and Sketches of New South Wales; Ward and Robertson,

Such Was Life, 266.70. Benjamin Boyce, Letter 1, 22 July 1842 in Eric Richards, ‘A Voice from

Below: Benjamin Boyce in South Australia, 1839–1846’, Labour History, 27(November), 1974, 71.

5 To Think that This Was all My Own – Land,Independence and Emigration

1. Wakefield, England and America, 76–79.2. Ibid.3. Robert Grant, ‘“The Fit and Unfit”: Suitable Settlers for Britain’s Mid-

Nineteenth-Century Colonial Possessions’, Victorian Literature and Culture,33 (1), 2005, 171; Carol Lansbury describes the loss of ‘Arcady’ as ‘one ofthe most potent myths of the early nineteenth century’, Arcady in Australia:The Evocation of Australia in Nineteenth-Century English Literature, Melbourne:Melbourne University Press, 1970, 154.

4. Chadwick, Inquiry, 275, 277.5. Tosh, A Man’s Place, 111; Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities, 183.6. Jan Bassett, Great Southern Landings: An Anthology of Antipodean Travel,

Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995, xiii.7. John Noble Wilford, The Mapmakers, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981, 138.8. Alghieri Dante, The Divine Comedy, London: Pan Books, 1981, Canto XXXIV,

194; George Mackaness, Some Fictitious Voyages to Australia, Dubbo: ReviewPublications, 1979 (1937), 5; Henry Neville, ‘The Isle of Pines’, in Mackaness,Some Fictitious Voyages, 7; Arthur, Virtual Voyages, xx.

9. Jonathan Swift, Gullliver’s Travels, London: Collector’s Library 2004 (1726),91, 397; Mackaness, Some Fictitious Voyages, 5.

10. Bassett, Great Southern Landings, ix, 10–12.11. Denis Vairasse d’Allais, Histoire des Sevarambes, London: Henry Brome,

1679, publisher’s message (published originally in English in 1675 andsubsequently translated into French).

12. Bassett, Great Southern Landings, xiii, 2–3; Mackaness, Some Fictitious Voyages,6; Captain Samuel Brunt, A Voyage to Cacklogallinia, London: J. Watson, 1727,77–79.

13. Anon, Fragmens du Dernier Voyage de La Perouse, 1797, in Bassett, Great South-ern Landings, 10–12; Spence, A s’upl’im’int, 108; Rose, Intellectual Life, 108;Vairasse d’Allais, Histoire des Sevarambes, publisher’s message.

14. J. G. A. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought andHistory, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1985, 145–148.

Notes 197

15. Joseph Lycett, Views in Australia, London: J. Souter, 1824, 14; Atkinson,Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 17–20; Price, Journal, 9–10, 62.

16. Mackaness, Some Proposals for Establishing Colonies, Dubbo: Review Publica-tions, 1976 (1943), 39, 46, 47, 52, 61.

17. Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present and Chartism, New York: Wiley and Putnam,1847, 382, 385.

18. Valerie Ross, Matthew Everingham: A First Fleeter and His Times, Sydney:Library of Australian History, 1980, 73.

19. Gregory Melleuish, ‘Metahistory Strategies in Nineteenth-Century Australia’,Journal of Australian Colonial History, 1 (2), 1998, 95.

20. Grant, Representations of British Emigration, xiii.21. Anon, Voice From The Bush, frontispiece, 24, 26–27; Marjoribanks, Travels in

New South Wales, title page; Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience, 13, 127–128.22. Morning Chronicle, 26 June 1834, 1 July 1834.23. Letters from Marsden family to Mary and John Stokes, ML, MSS 719, CY175,

[150]; Backhouse, Narrative of a Visit, 398; C. E. Sayers, ‘Wills, HoratioSpencer Howe (1811–1861)’, ADB.

24. Lang, Reminiscences, 52; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 65; Backhouse, Narrative of aVisit, 43; Pringle, Poetical Works, 8–11.

25. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 162, 121; Backhouse, Narrative of a Visit, 222.26. Anon, Voice From The Bush, 15, 25–26 – the monkeys, not indigenous to

Australia, are a clue to the fantasy of this description; Landor, The Bushman,10, 436.

27. Letters from Marsden family, 3 December 1796; George and Robert Dixon,Letters, Letter 1 – 1821.

28. Defoe, Farther Adventures, 13–14; Anonymous diary by a servant of the Scottfamily, 8 Aug. 1821–Mar. 1824, with notes, 1832, ML, MSS 7808, 59–61.

29. Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 63–64.30. Alfred Joyce, A Homestead History: Being the Reminiscences and Letters of Alfred

Joyce of Plaistow and Norwood, Port Phillip, 1834–1864, Brisbane: JacarandaPress, 1963 (1942), 41–42.

31. Rousseau, Émile, 421; Rowcroft, Tales of The Colonies, xii.32. Minutes of the Evidence taken before the Select Committee appointed to

consider of the Poor Laws, Journals of the House of Lords, Appendices, HCPP1830–1831, 591–593.

33. The Times, 13 August 1817, 4 October 1817; see also 26 December 1818,14 August 1819 and 30 January 1830.

34. Letter to the Editor from ‘An Observer’, The Times, 14 December 1830.35. Sarah Lloyd, ‘Poverty’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 122.36. Mackaness, Some Proposals for Establishing Colonies, 46; Atkinson, Europeans

in Australia: Vol 1, 58.37. Worgan, Journal, 36; Letters from D. Southwell, 43.38. Therry, Reminiscences, 57–59.39. ‘What is to be done with our Criminals?’ Edinburgh Review, 86 (173),

1847, 238.40. Richard Waterhouse, ‘The Vision Splendid’, Journal of Popular Culture, 33 (1),

1999, 23; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 95; Van Diemens Land Com-pany. Return to an address of the Honourable House of Commons, dated10th May 1825, HCPP 1825 (303), 95.

198 Notes

41. Hunter, Historical Journal, 351, 363–365; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol1, 203–204, 218; Philip Gidley King Instructions, King Family Papers, ML,A1976.

42. Philip Gidley King Instructions; Colonial grants. Copy of the conditionsunder which lands are granted in the British North American colonies, andin the colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, HCPP, 1830(351), 4; Doust, English Migrants, 60; Goderich to Darling, 9 January 1831,Goderich to Stirling, 28 April 1831, Abstract of the answers and returns madepursuant to an act, passed in the fifty-first year of His Majesty King GeorgeIII, HCPP 1812 (316), 6, 30.

43. Doust, English Migrants, 92–93; Eric Richards, ‘Emigration to the New Worlds:Migration Systems in the Early Nineteenth Century’, Australian Journal ofPolitics and History, 41 (3), 1995, 399; Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 510;William Hilton Hovell Papers, 1811–1921, ML, Safe 1/32a-h, CY 1522; Copiesof papers relative to the claim of William and Andrew Forlong in VanDiemen’s Land, HCPP 1837–38 (61).

44. Bucknall and McDonald, Letters of an Australian Pioneer Family, 2–4, 54.45. Herman Merivale, Introduction to A Course of Lectures on Colonization and

Colonies Begun in March, 1839, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, andLongmans, 1841, 24; Cowper, Poems, 178.

46. Katherine Clark, Daniel Defoe: The Whole Frame of Nature, Time and Providence,New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, 2–3, 139, 140–141; Davidoff and Hall,Family Fortunes, xv; Spain, Reminiscences; Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 41–42;Conder, A Memoir, L164, 173, 180.

47. G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, 88; CatherineHall, ‘Imperial Man: Edward Eyre in Australasia and the West Indies,1833–66’, in Bill Schwarz (ed.), The Expansion of England: Race, Ethnicity andCultural History, London and New York: Routledge, 1996, 134; J. G. A. Pocock,‘Early Modern Capitalism — The Augustan Perception’, in Eugene Kamenkaand R. S. Neale (eds), Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond, London: EdwardArnold, 1975, 62–84.

48. Henry Savery, The Hermit in Van Diemen’s Land, St Lucia: University ofQueensland Press, 1964 (1829), 128.

49. William Hall Archives; Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 61; Eyre, AutobiographicalNarrative, 33.

50. Quoted in Toby L. Ditz, ‘Shipwrecked; or, Masculinity Imperiled: Mercan-tile Representations of Failure and the Gendered Self in Eighteenth-CenturyPhiladelphia’, The Journal of American History, 81 (1), 1994, 51.

51. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 277, 208–210; D. R. Hainsworth,‘Lord, Simeon (1771–1840)’, ADB; Price, Journal, 78, 82; Haygarth, Recollec-tions, 158; Ward and Robertson, Such Was Life, 253.

52. M. F. Lloyd Prichard (ed.), The Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield,Glasgow and London: Collins, 1968: 134; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia:Vol 2, 217.

53. Godwin, Enquirer, 194.54. John Mulvaney and Neville Green (eds), Commandant of Solitude: The Journals

of Captain Collet Barker 1828–1831, Melbourne: Miegunyah Press, 1992, 407(quote is the first stanza of Alexander Pope’s Ode on Solitude).

Notes 199

55. Anon, Voice From The Bush, 26–28; Marjoribanks, Travels in New South Wales,244; Samuel Butler, The Hand-Book for Australian Emigrants, 9th edition,Glasgow: W. R. M’Phun, 1839, 94, 107–108; Byrne, Twelve Year’s Wanderings,9; A Friend to Truth, A True Picture of Australia, Its Merits and Demerits,Glasgow: John Morrison, John M’Leod, 1839, 42, 46.

56. Phillip to Grenville, Sydney Cove, 17th June 1790, General Index to theJournals of the House of Commons, Volume XXXV, A.D. 1774 - Volume LV,A.D. HCPP 1800, 21.

57. Report from the Committee on the State of the Police of the Metropolis;with, the minutes of evidence taken before the committee; and, an appendixof sundry papers, HCPP 1816 (510), 33; Report from the Select Committeeon Emigration from the United Kingdom, HCPP 1826 (404), 92, 96, 172;Evidence of Alexander Riley, Report from the Select Committee on the Stateof Gaols, &c, HCPP 1819 (585), 13.

58. Select Committee on Emigration, HCPP 1826 (404), 105.59. Third report from the Select Committee on Emigration from the United

Kingdom, HCPP 1826–27 (550), 36–37.60. Report from the Select Committee on the Disposal of Lands in the British

Colonies, HCPP 1836 (512), v, 57–58.61. 12 June 1829.62. See criteria and rule of free passage outlined in 1839 by John Marshall,

Australian Emigration Agent quoted in Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience, 61.63. Third report from the Select Committee on Emigration, HCPP 1826–27 (550),

106.64. Clark, History of Australia, Vol 1, 203–204; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia:

Vol 1, 216–217; Therry, Reminiscences, 417; Colonial grants, HCPP 1830 (351).65. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 254.66. Hunter, Historical Journal, 21; Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 381; Hawke,

Journal.67. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 164, 166.68. Hutton, The Life, 108; CR Elrington, ‘Hutton, William (1723–1815)’, ODNB;

David Blewett, ‘The Retirement Myth in Robinson Crusoe: A Reconsideration’,Studies in the Literary Imagination, 15 (2), 1982, 37, 39, 41.

69. Browne, Our family chronicle.70. D. Shineberg, ‘Jones, Richard (1786–1852)’, ADB; Haygarth, Recollections, 3,

117; Anon, Month in the Bush, 35.71. Anon, Month in the Bush, 10; Anon, Voice from the Bush; 12, 18.72. John Street, Letters received 1822–1846, ML, A3013/A3014, CY1572,

17 August 1828; Waugh Family Papers, 18 July 1835; George Mann, Letter toparents, Miscellaneous letters and papers, BL, ADD MS 62943, 26 February1827; Hoddle, Diary, 89; Boyce quoted in Richards, ‘A Voice from Below’, 71.

73. Konishi, The Aboriginal Male, 2012; Nugent, Captain Cook Was Here,2009.

74. For example, Derek Cohen, ‘Fashioning Friday’, Queen’s Quarterly, 115(1), 2008, 9–19; Gary Gautier, ‘Slavery and the Fashioning of Racein Oroonoko, Robinson Crusoe, and Equiano’s Life’, The Eighteenth Cen-tury: Theory and Interpretation, 42 (2), 2001, 161–180; Gerald Gillespie,‘In Search of the Noble Savage: Some Romantic Cases’, Neohelicon, XXIX (1),2002, 89–95.

200 Notes

75. William Hilton Hovell Papers, Safe 1/32g, 3–4; Eyre, Autobiographical Nar-rative, 105; Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 46–47;on the vital role that the Aboriginal guide played in exploration, seeHenry Reynolds, With the White People: The Crucial Role of Aborig-ines in the Exploration and Development of Australia, Melbourne: Penguin,1990, 17.

76. Stephen Papson, ‘Discursive Walkabout, Baz Luhrmann’s Australia Reviewed’,National Museum of Australia, Canberra, 7–8 December 2009.

77. Hoddle, Diary, 77/84, 89.78. Waugh, Three Years’ Practical Experience, x.79. Doust, English Migrants, 305; Bruce Hindmarsh, ‘Wherever I go I whill right

to you’, 174–175.80. Discussed by Martyn Lyons, though he is considering the mass migrations

of the late nineteenth century: ‘New Directions in the History of WrittenCulture’, Culture & History Digital Journal, 1 (2), 2012, 7.

81. Todd R. Flanders, ‘Rousseau’s Adventure with Robinson Crusoe’, Interpreta-tion: A Journal of Political Philosophy, 24 (3), 2007, 333.

82. Haygarth, Recollections, 3.83. Quoted in Frost, No Place for a Nervous Lady, 160.84. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 310–314.85. Hassam, Sailing to Australia, 83–84; Clark, Daniel Defoe, 114–115; Boyce

quoted in Richards, ‘A Voice from Below’, 65, 69; Tosh, Manliness andMasculinities, 177.

86. Paul R. Backscheider, ‘Defoe’s Prodigal Sons’, Studies in the Literary Imagina-tion, 15 (2), 1982, 17–18; Defoe, Farther Adventures, 373.

87. Carlyle, Past and Present and Chartism, 385–386.88. Haygarth, Recollections, 10.

6 The Middle Station of Life – The Anxietiesof Social Mobility

1. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 3–4; Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 537;Conder, A Memoir, 18; Prichard, Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield,355; Asa Briggs, ‘Middle-Class Consciousness in English Politics, 1780–1846’,Past and Present, 9, 1956, 65; Lawrence E. Klein, ‘Politeness for Plebes: Con-sumption and Social Identity in Early Eighteenth-century England’, in AnnBermingham and John Brewer (eds), The Consumption of Culture 1600–1800:Image, Object, Text, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, 365.

2. Discussed by Gregory Dart, ‘“Flash Style”: Pierce Egan and Literary London1820–28’, History Workshop Journal, 51, 2001, 180–205.

3. Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-class Home in VictorianEngland, 111.

4. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 245.5. Norbert Elias, ‘The Genesis of Sport as a Sociological Problem’, in Norbert

Elias and Eric Dunning (eds), Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in theCivilizing Process, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986, 151; Quarterly Review, XXIV,195; Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 165–166.

Notes 201

6. Langford, A Polite and Commercial People, 4; Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a The-ory of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, 94; TerenceBowers, ‘Reconstituting the National Body in Smollett’s Travels through Franceand Italy’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 21 (1), 1–25, 1997, 2; Lord Chesterfield, Let-ters Written by Philip Dormer Earl of Chesterfield to His Son 1737–1768, London:W. W. Gibbings 1890, 230.

7. Richard Lingard, A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman Leaving the Univer-sity, Concerning his Behaviour in the World, London: B. Tooke, 1671; GeorgeChapman, A Treatise of Education, Edinburgh: A. Kincaid & W. Creech, 1773;Jean Gailhard, The Compleat Gentleman, London: John Starkey, 1678; RichardAllestree, The Whole Duty of Man, Laid Down In a Plain and Familiar Way, forthe Use of All, but especially the Meanest Reader, London: John Beecroft, 1774;William Burkitt, An Help and Guide to Christian Families, London: J. F. andC. Rivington, J. Buckland, T. Longman, C. Dilly, G. G. J. and J. Robinsonand S. Bladon 1787; Josiah Woodward, The Young Man’s Monitor; ShewingThe Great Happiness of Early Piety, and the Dreadful Consequences of Indulgingin Youthful Lusts, London: F. C. and J. Rivington 1821; Thomas Gisborne,An Enquiry into the Duties of Men in the Higher and Middle Classes of Society inGreat Britain, Resulting from Their Respective Stations, London: E. and J. White1794; Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 77; Klein, ‘Politeness forPlebes’, 362–382.

8. Godwin, Enquirer; Cobbett, Autobiography, 204–205; Cobbett, Advice to YoungMen, 10, 31–33, 40–41.

9. Chesterfield, Letters to His Son, 1774.10. Pierce Egan, Boxiana. Sketches of Ancient and Modern Pugilism, Leicester: Vance

Harvey Publishing, 1812, 4; John Younger, Autobiography of John Younger,Shoemaker, St. Boswells, Edinburgh and Glasgow: J. & J. H. Rutherford, 1881,xviii–xix.

11. John Cannon, ‘Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773)’, ODNB; Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 79.

12. Samuel Austin Allibone, Dictionary of English Literature and British andAmerican Authors . . . , Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson, 1858, 377.

13. Quoted in Linda Young, Middle-class Culture in the Nineteenth Century:America, Australia and Britain, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, 131.

14. Rev Dr John Trusler, Principles of Politeness, Dublin: G. Walsh, 1790, 42;Wilfrid Hugh Hudspeth, Hudspeth Memorial Volume: And Introduction to theDiaries of The Rev. Robert Knopwood, A. M. and G. T. W. B. Boyes, Hobart: L. G.Shea, Government Printer, 1954, 111.

15. John Cannon, ‘Stanhope’.16. David Hartley, Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations,

4th edition, London: Thomas Tegg and Son 1801, 108–109; Joseph Priestley,Hartley’s Theory of the Human Mind, London: J. Johnson 1775, foreword;Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, 348–360;

17. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 131.18. Bridget Fowler, ‘Reading Pierre Bourdieu’s Masculine Domination: Notes

Towards an Intersectional Analysis of Gender, Culture and Class’, CulturalStudies, 17, (3/4), 2003, 472.

19. Bowers, ‘Reconstituting the National Body’, 7; David Kuchta, The ThreePiece Suit and Modern Masculinity: England, 1550–1850, Berkeley: University

202 Notes

of California Press, 2002, 16, 164; Brewer, The Common People and Politics,30–31; Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 260.

20. The Odd Fellow’s Magazine, London: J. Lee, No 2, February 1808, 70–71.21. The Citizen, No 21, 29 June 1739, 98; Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield, 92–94.22. Sinclair, Correspondence, 56; Egan, Boxiana, 174.23. Klein, ‘Politeness for Plebes’, 374; Emma Floyd, ‘Without Artificial Con-

straint: Gentility and British Gentlewomen in Rural Australia’, in RitaS. Krandis (ed.), Imperial Objects, New York: Twayne, 1998, 87–89.

24. ‘Politeness’, Farrago. Containing essays, moral, philosophical, political, andhistorical: on Shakespeare, truth, boxing, kings, . . ., 1792, 100; Bowers,‘Reconstituting the National Body’, 12; Katrina Navickas, ‘“That sash willhang you”: Political Clothing and Adornment in England, 1780–1840’, Jour-nal of British Studies, 49, 2010, 540–565; Carter, Men and the Emergence ofPolite Society, 32, 79–80, 91, 108, 116; Brewer, Pleasures of the Imagination,114–115.

25. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, London: Penguin Group, 2003 (1813),67, 188.

26. Mann, An Englishman at Home and Abroad, 228; Letters from Marsdenfamily, 82.

27. Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 76; Karen Downing, ‘TheGentleman Boxer: Boxing, Manners, and Masculinity in Eighteenth-CenturyEngland’, Men and Masculinities, 12 (3), 2010, 328–352.

28. Bowers, ‘Reconstituting the National Body’, 14; Stella Cottrell, ‘The Devil onTwo Sticks: Franco-phobia in 1803’, in Samuel, Patriotism, 263.

29. Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 33.30. Young, Middle-Class Culture in the Nineteenth Century, 126.31. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 162; Landor, The Bushman, 119, 121.32. Margaret Maynard, Fashioned from Penury: Dress as Cultural Practice in

Colonial Australia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, 9, 31,50–51.

33. Therry, Reminiscences, 40.34. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 29 April 1826.35. Edward M. Curr, Recollections of Squatting in Victoria, Then Called the Port

Phillip District (From 1841 to 1851), Melbourne: George Robertson, 1968(1883), v.

36. Linda Young, ‘“Extensive, Economical and Elegant”: The Habitus ofGentility in Early Nineteenth Century Sydney’, Australian Historical Stud-ies, 36 (124), 2004, 201–220; Young, Middle-Class Culture in the NineteenthCentury, 37.

37. Maynard, Fashioned from Penury, 6, 10–11, 13, 18–23; Hirst, Convict Society,127.

38. Maynard, Fashioned from Penury, 40, 41, 57; Jane Elliott, ‘Was There a Con-vict Dandy? Convict Consumer Interests in Sydney, 1788–1815’, AustralianHistorical Studies, 26 (104), 1995, 374, 387; Godwin, Enquirer, 200–201;Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 131.

39. Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 55; Landor, The Bushman, 45; Cramer, ThisBeauteous, Wicked Place, 40, 51; Haygarth, Recollections, 20–21, 97.

40. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 55; Hirst, Convict Society,54–55, 89.

Notes 203

41. Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 42.42. Macintyre Papers, L163, L166.43. Christine Wright, ‘“Rogues and Fools”: John Coghill and the Convict Sys-

tem in New South Wales’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 3 (2),2001, 40.

44. A. J. Gray, ‘Brewer, Henry (1739?–1796)’, ADB; Spain, Reminiscences.45. George and Robert Dixon, Letters, Letter 1 – 1821; Letters from D. Southwell,

19 May 1787, 4 June 1787, 14 April 1790.46. Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 46; Dinton-Dalwood letters, 8 April 1831; William

Hilton Hovell Papers, Safe 1/32a-h, 8 August 1827; Doust, English Migrants,162–163; Hirst, Convict Society, 84.

47. Hoddle, Diary, 23; Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 434; William HenryBreton, Excursions in New South Wales, Western Australia, and Van Dieman’sLand, during the years 1830, 1831, 1832 and 1833, London: Richard Bentley,1833, 44; Grant, Representations of British Emigration, 169.

48. Merrick Shawe, Letter to William Browne, ML, DOC 1914, 17 February 1819.49. UKNA, HO 44/18 ff 513–514, 29 September 1829.50. Henry Parkes, Letter to Lord Leigh, at: http://image.sl.nsw.gov.au/Ebind/

mss5366/a1517/a1517000.html, accessed 4 February 2008; David HillRadcliffe, ‘Leigh, Chandos, first Baron Leigh (1791–1850)’, ODNB.

51. UKNA, HO 47/11/51 (1790); HO 17/39/72 (1824); HO 17/11/32 (1827); HO47/19/37 (1795); HO 47/20/5 (1796).

52. Zoë Laidlaw, Colonial Connections, 1815–1845: Patronage, The Information Rev-olution and Colonial Government, Manchester: Manchester University Press,2005, 35, 49, 65–66, 94; see also Christine Wright, Wellington’s Men inAustralia: Peninsular War Veterans and the Making of Empire, c. 1820–40,London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

53. Nicolson, Men of Honour.54. Price, Journal, 7355. Macintyre Papers, L163, L166; Vaux, Memoirs, 133–134, 147; Atkinson,

Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 35; Foster, Colonial Improver, 23; Atkinson,Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 238;

56. John Horne, ‘Masculinities in Politics and War in the Age of Nation-statesand World Wars, 1850–1950’, in Stefan Dudink, Karen Hagemann andJohn Tosh (eds), Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History,Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004, 27; Clark, British Clubs andSocieties; Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 199; Mark Philp (ed.), The FrenchRevolution and British Popular Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1991, 1–2; Kimmel, Manhood in America, 6–9.

57. Savery, The Hermit, 48; Prentis, ‘Haggis on the High Seas’, 310; Eyre,Autobiographical Narrative, 30.

58. Haygarth, Recollections, 22; Macintyre Papers, L200.59. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 138, 145–147; Atkinson, Europeans in

Australia: Vol 1, 238.60. Phillips, A Man’s Country?, 27.61. James, Six Months in Australia, 43, 110; Browne, Our family chroni-

cle, 69–70; John Dunmore Lang, Transportation and Colonization, Londonand Edinburgh: A. J. Valpy, Bell and Bradfute, 1837, 102; Hirst, ConvictSociety, 53.

204 Notes

62. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 118; Hirst, Convict Society,81, 153–157; Young, Middle-class Culture in the Nineteenth Century, 149–150;Margaret Steven, ‘Macarthur, John (1767–1834)’, ADB; R. S. Neale, Class andIdeology in the Nineteenth Century, London and Boston: Routledge & KeganPaul, 1972, 118–120.

63. William Hilton Hovell Papers, Hovell to Henry Goulburn, 1812, (no furtherdate given); Letters and Papers of G. P. Harris Vol II, BL, ADD MS 45157;E. R. Pretyman, ‘Harris, George Prideaux Robert (1775–1810)’, ADB; TheaRienits, ‘Lord, Edward (1781–1859)’, ADB.

64. Cramer, This Beauteous, Wicked Place, 48.65. Bassett, The Hentys, 329, 495–507; Henty Family Papers, Box 119/2 (e),

Box 119/3.66. Henty Family Papers, Box 108/1 (f).67. Henty Papers, ML, C172, CY1572, Thomas Henty to James Street, Christmas

Day 1824.68. Patrick Leslie, 1835, quoted in Joanna Gordan (ed.), Advice to a Young Lady in

the Colonies, Melbourne: Greenhouse, 1979, 3.69. Savery, The Hermit.70. Report of the commissioner of inquiry into the state of the colony of New

South Wales, HCPP 1822 (448), 88–90.71. Return: copy of report, and extract of a letter of Major General Macquarie,

relating to the said colony, HCPP 1828 (477), 9.72. John Ritchie (ed.), The Evidence to the Bigge Reports: New South Wales under

Governor Macquarie. Volume 2, The Written Evidence, Melbourne: Heinemann,1971, viii–xi.

73. David Neal, The Rule of Law in a Penal Colony: Law and Power inEarly New South Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, 20,131–132.

74. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners and State For-mation and Civilization, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994; Bermingham and Brewer,Consum