Notes

Abbreviations used in citations

Australian Dictionary of Biography ADBBritish Library BLEast Sussex Record Office ESROHouse of Commons Parliamentary Papers HCPPMitchell Library MLNational Library of Australia NLAOxford National Dictionary of Biography ODNBState Library of NSW SLNSWState Library of Victoria SLVUK National Archives UKNAWest Sussex Record Office WSRO

Introduction: Crusoe’s Chains

1. John Nicol, The Life and Adventures of John Nicol Mariner, London: Cassell &Company 1937 (1822), 36; Paul Brunton (ed.), Matthew Flinders: Personal Let-ters from an Extraordinary Life, Sydney: Hordern House, 2002, 4, 26; GeorgeB. Worgan, Journal of a First Fleet Surgeon, Sydney: Library Council of NewSouth Wales, 1978 (1788), 49; John Batman, The Settlement of John Batman inPort Phillip from His Own Journal, Melbourne: George Slater, 1856, 12; EdwardW. Landor, The Bushman; or, Life in a New Country, London: Richard Bentley,1847, 10; Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Epistolaris, Vol 1, London:G. Bell & Sons Ltd, 1911, 12; Thomas Spence, A s’upl’im’int too thæi Hæistæireov Robæinsæin Kruzo, beæing th’i h’ist’ire ‘ov Kruzonea, or R’ob’ins’in Kruzo’zil’ind, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1782, 108; Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Englandand America. A Comparison of the Social and Political State of Both Nations,New York: Harper & Brothers, 1834, 76–79.

2. Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 4; Alan Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: A History.Volume 1 – The Beginning, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1997, 41; JohnTosh, Manliness and Masculinities in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Essays on Gen-der, Family and Empire, Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2005, 1999, 199; JamesJoyce, ‘Daniel Defoe’, Buffalo Studies 1 (1), 1964, 3, 24–25; Martin Green, TheRobinson Crusoe Story, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press,1990, 2, 3; George Borrow, Lavengro, London: JM Dent and Sons Ltd, 1944(1851), 23–24.

3. Daniel Defoe, The Life And Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ofYork, Mariner, London: Printed for John Stockdale, 1790 (1719).

4. Oxford English Dictionary (OED).

176

Notes 177

5. Coleridge, Biographia, 12; Review of Richard Monckton Milnes, Life, Lettersand Literary Remains of John Keats, The Times, 19 September 1848; MichaelSlater, ‘Dickens, Charles John Huffam (1812–1870)’, ODNB; W. E. A. Axon,‘Banks, George Linnaeus (1821–1881)’, ODNB; Borrow, Lavengro, 23–24;Marta Weiss, ‘Price, William Frederick Lake (1810–1896)’, ODNB; WilliamCowper, Poems, New, Phillips, Sampson, & Co: Boston, 1850, 178.

6. The Times, 6 January 1830, 20 December 1838, 24 December 1842,21 September 1843; Charles Rowcroft, Tales of the Colonies; Or, The Adven-tures of an Emigrant, 3rd edition, London: Smith Elder & Co, 1845; CharlesRowcroft, The Australian Crusoes; or The Adventures of an English Settler andHis Family in the Wilds of Australia, from 6th London edition, Philadelphia:Willis P. Hazard, 1853; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile, London: JM Dent, 1974(1762), 147.

7. ‘Robinson Crusoe’ appears in The Times between 1788 and 1850 in 121advertisements, four features, two editorials and 19 news items – the samekeywords return 613 results in Australian newspapers from 1803 to 1850;G. C. Boase, ‘Payne, William Henry Schofield (1803–1878)’, rev. BrendaAssael, ODNB; for a comprehensive survey of ‘Robinsonades’, see Green,Robinson Crusoe Story; NBC website: www.nbc.com/Primetime/Crusoe/index.shtml, accessed 17 December 2009; the endurance of the Crusoe story intothe twenty-first century is also noted by Paul Arthur, Virtual Voyages: TravelWriting and the Antipodes 1605–1837, London and New York: Anthem Press,2010, 16.

8. The consulted Crusoe literature is listed in a separate bibliography at the endof this book.

9. Peter Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 1, Adelaide: LibrariesBoard of South Australia, 1966 (1827), 22; Launceston Examiner, 25 January1845, Colonial Times, 28 January 1845, Courier, 30 January 1845, GeelongAdvertiser, 5 February 1845, Maitland Mercury, 15 February 1845; JohnMorgan, The Life And Adventures of William Buckley, Tasmania: ArchibaldMacdougall, 1852.

10. Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield, London: Groombridge and Sons,1858, 2.

11. John Stuart Mill, ‘Use and Abuse of Political Terms’, in John M. Robson(ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVIII – Essays on Politicsand Society Part I, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977 (1832); ReinhartKoselleck, ‘Linguistic Change and the History of Events’, Journal of ModernHistory, 61 (4), 1989, 657; Blaise Pascal, Pensées, at: www.gutenberg.org/files/18269/18269-h/18269-h.htm#p_125, accessed 12 November 2009.

12. Elizabeth A. Foyster, Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex andMarriage, London: Longman, 1999, 2.

13. Kathleen Canning, Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class and Citizenship,New York: Cornell University Press, 2006, 10; Karen Adler, Ross Blazarettiand Michele Mitchell, ‘Practising Gender History’, Gender & History, 20 (1),2008, 2–3.

14. Jean Starobinski, Blessings in Disguise; or, The Morality of Evil, Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1993, 3–5.

15. Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1989, 3; Edwin Chadwick, Report to Her Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State

178 Notes

for the Home Department from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry intothe Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, Printed byW. Clowes, for HM Stationery Off., 1842.

16. Sean M. Quinlan observes a similar course in France and examines the roleof medical professionals in The Great Nation in Decline: Sex, Modernity, andHealth Crises in Revolutionary France c.1750–1850, Aldershot and Burlington:Ashgate, 2007.

17. Brett Bowden, The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea,Chicago and New York: University of Chicago Press, 2009.

18. Martin Francis, ‘The Domestication of the Male? Recent Research onNineteenth- and Twentieth-Century British Masculinity’, The Historical Jour-nal, 45 (3), 2002, 646; Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities, 71; Leonore Davidoffand Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English MiddleClass, 1780–1850, London: Routledge, 2002, xvi.

19. Philip Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, Britain 1660–1800,Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001, 5; Foyster, Manhood in Early Mod-ern England, 3; Adler et al., ‘Practising Gender History’, 2–3; Toby L. Ditz,‘The New Men’s History and the Peculiar Absence of Gendered Power: SomeRemedies from Early American Gender History’, Gender & History, 16 (1),2004, 1–35.

20. For a discussion of the particular violence in the Australian coloniessee Angela Woollacott, ‘Frontier Violence and Settler Manhood’, HistoryAustralia, 6 (1), 2009, 11.1–11.15.

21. Christopher E. Forth, Masculinity in the Modern West: Gender, Civilization andthe Body, London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, 15; ReinhartKoselleck, ‘Crisis’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 67 (2), 2006, 371, 397–400.

22. On the historiography see Karen Harvey, ‘The Century of Sex? Gender, Bod-ies, and Sexuality in the Long Eighteenth Century’, The Historical Journal, 45(4), 2002, 899–916; for some views on the colonial context see Ann McGrath,‘The White Man’s Looking Glass: Aboriginal Colonial Gender Relations atPort Jackson’, Australian Historical Studies, 95, 1990, 189–206.

23. Linda Colley, ‘Whose Nation? Class and National Consciousness in Britain1750–1830’, Past & Present, 113, 1986, 97–117.

24. Janet Doust, English Migrants to Eastern Australia 1815–1860, PhD thesis,Australian National University, 2004, 26.

25. Thomas Pringle, The Poetical Works of Thomas Pringle, With a Sketch of HisLife, By Leitch Ritchie, London: Edward Moxon, 1837, 8–11; T. D. MacLulich,‘Crusoe in the Backwoods: A Canadian Fable?’, Mosaic, 9 (2), 1976, 116; BrianC. Cooney, ‘Considering Robinson Crusoe’s “Liberty of Conscience” in anAge of Terror’, College English, 69 (3), 2007, 197; I. A. Bell, ‘King Crusoe:Locke’s Political Theory in Robinson Crusoe’, English Studies, 69 (1), 1988,27–36; for the reception of Rousseau’s Emile and the writings of DanielDefoe see Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolutionagainst Patriarchal Authority, 1750–1800, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1982.

26. Forth, Masculinity in the Modern West, 237; Stephen H. Gregg, Defoe’s Writingsand Manliness: Contrary Men, Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate, 2009, 1.

27. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right,Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968 (1762), 49; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democ-racy in America, New York: Harper & Row, 1966, 478; Pliny Fisk, ‘Letter from

Notes 179

Mr. Fisk to the Corresponding Secretary, respecting the sickness and death ofMr. Parsons, dated Alexandria, Feb. 10, 1822’, Religious Intelligencer, VIL (6),6 July 1822, 87–89; The Queen’s Case Stated, quoted in Louise Carter, ‘BritishMasculinities on Trial in the Queen Caroline Affair of 1820’, Gender & His-tory, 20 (2), 2008, 253; Charles Hursthouse, New Zealand, The “Britain of theSouth”, 2nd edition, London: Edward Stanford, 1861, 424.

1 Confined by the Gout – Perceptions of Men’sPhysical Health

1. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 2; William Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 8th edition,London: W. Strahan, T. Cadell, J. Balfour, W. Creech, 1784, 97.

2. William Windham, The Diary of the Right Hon. William Windham 1784–1810,London: Longmans Green and Co., 1866; Ulrich, Signs of Their Times, 55.

3. Arthur Phillip named Manly Cove for the Aboriginal men he met there; PeterTaylor, Australia: The First Twelve Years, Sydney and Boston: Allen & Unwin,1982, 27; Peter Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, Adelaide:Libraries Board of South Australia, 1966 (1827), 46–47.

4. Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience in Australia, London: Smith, Elder & Co,1839, 26.

5. For a survey of this process see Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian SexualAttitudes, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

6. Charles E. Rosenberg (ed.), Right Living: An Anglo-American Traditionof Self-Help Medicine and Hygiene, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, 2003, 1–20; John Brewer and Iain McCalman, ‘Publishing’, in IainMcCalman (ed.), An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture1776–1832, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 197–206; SouthwoodSmith, The Philosophy of Health, London: Charles Knight, 1836; TheOracle of Health, A Penny Journal of Medical Instruction and Amusement,1834–1835.

7. Coined by John Theobald, Every Man His Own Physician, 5th edition, London:W. Griffin, R. Withy, G. Kearsley, 1760.

8. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 97.9. Theobald, Every Man His Own Physician, preface; Thomas John Graham,

Modern Domestic Medicine, London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1826, vii; RobertJames Culverwell, On Consumption, Coughs, Colds, Asthma and Other Diseasesof the Chest, London, 1834;

10. William Pinnock, A Catechism of Medicine; or Golden Rules for the Preservationof Health, and the Attainment of Long Life, London: Pinnock and Maunder,1820, 13, 37–40, 52.

11. Steve Shapin, ‘How to Eat Like a Gentleman: Dietetics and Ethics in EarlyModern England’, Rosenberg, Right Living, 21–58.

12. Noga Arikha, Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours, New York:HarperCollins, 2007, xvii–xxi, 243; Owsei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Declineof Medical Philosophy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973; James CowlesPrichard, A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind.Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & A. Hart, 1837; Thomas Arnold, Observationson the Nature, Kind, Causes, and Prevention, of Insanity, Vol 2, Leicester:G. Robinson and T. Cadell 1782; Thomas Arnold, Observations on the

180 Notes

Nature, Kind, Causes, and Prevention, of Insanity, Vol 1, 2nd edition, London:Richard Phillips, 1806; Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and ObservationsUpon the Diseases of the Mind, 5th edition, Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliot,1835 (1812).

13. Nicholas Culpepper, The English Physician Enlarged, Berwick: H. Richardson1801; Smith, Philosophy of Health; Theobald, Every Man His Own Physician;Pinnock, Catechism; Buchan, Domestic Medicine.

14. Oracle, 22 October 1834, 8; 29 October 1834, 2; 15 April 1835, 209; 18 March1835, 169; 18 February 1835, 143.

15. Lisa Smith, ‘The Relative Duties of a Man: Domestic Medicine in Englandand France, ca. 1685–1740’, Journal of Family History, 31 (3), 2006, 237–256.

16. 15 April 1835, 213–214; 22 April 1835, 221; 22 October 1834, 4.17. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 60; Oracle, 26 November 1834, 43; Maxine Berg,

‘In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in theEighteenth Century’, Past & Present, 182, 2004, 98.

18. For example: Samuel Butler, The Life and Letters . . . 1790–1840, London: JohnMurray, 1896, 311.

19. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 53, 60–64; Oracle, 17 December 1834, 18February 1835.

20. Oracle, 22 October 1834, 19 November 1834, 26 November 1834, 3 December1834, 10 December 1834; Chadwick, Inquiry, 370.

21. Chadwick, Inquiry, 185, 186.22. 18 July 1803.23. Factories Inquiry Commission. Second report of the Central Board of His

Majesty’s commissioners appointed to collect information in the manufac-turing districts, as to the employment of children in factories, and as tothe propriety and means of curtailing the hours of their labour, HCPP, 1833(519), 28.

24. John Sinclair, The Code of Health and Longevity, London: G. and W. Nicol,1818, 345.

25. Thomas Carlyle, The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle, vol. 3,1825–1825, Durham: Duke University Press, 1970, 218–219; Ulrich, Signs ofTheir Times, 37–40, 58; Eustace R. Conder, Josiah Conder. A Memoir, London:John Snow, 1857, 215–216.

26. Stephen Philpott, James Nelson, Lewis Lockee and John Locke quoted inCarter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 73.

27. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 86–87; Chadwick, Inquiry, 275, 277.28. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 90–91.29. Rosenberg, Right Living, 2; John Grainger, Diaries, 1787–1797, WSO, ASS MSS

30721–30728.30. Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, 455; Hutton, The Life of William

Hutton . . . Written by Himself, and Published by His Daughter Catherine Hutton,London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1816, 223, 283–284, 286; Brunton,Matthew Flinders, 162.

31. Butler, Life and Letters, 80, 291.32. Quoted in Norma Clarke, ‘Strenuous Idleness: Thomas Carlyle and the Man

of Letters as Hero’, in Roper and Tosh, Manful Assertions, 36–37.33. Magdalen Goffin (ed.), The Diaries of Absalom Watkin, Stroud: Alan Sutton

1993, 74.

Notes 181

34. Windham, Diary; Windham, William, The Windham Papers: The Life andCorrespondence of the Rt. Hon. William Windham, 1750–1810, London:Herbert Jenkins, 1913; David Wilkinson, ‘Windham, William (1750–1810)’,ODNB 2004.

35. Arthur Ponsonby, English Diaries: A Review of English Diaries From the Six-teenth to the Twentieth Century with an Introduction on Diary Writing, London:Methuen & Co Ltd, 1923, 363; Edward Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative of Res-idence and Exploration in Australia 1832–1839, London: Caliban Books, 1984(1859), 122; Robert Hoddle, Diary, SLV, H12032, Box 53/2 (a) & (b), 12–13.

36. Forth, Masculinity in the Modern West, 86; Porter, Flesh in the Age of Rea-son, 445.

37. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 61; Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 49, 238,464; W. Andre Pearkes, Popular Observations on the Diseases of Literary andSedentary Persons, etc. London: W. Pearman, 1819, 88–89; Sir John SinclairALS to Alexander Macleay re M’s appointment as Colonial Secretary to NSW,ML, DOC 1178, 463; William Godwin, The Enquirer. Reflections on Education,Manners, and Literature, Philadelphia: Robert Campbell & Co, 1797, 198; KarlMarx, The German Ideology, 1845, at: www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.htm#2, accessed 12 December 2009.

38. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 464.39. The New Annual Register, London: Printed for John Stockdale, 1808, 340.40. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 419, 451; Sir John Sinclair ALS to

Alexander Macleay; ‘McLeay, Alexander (1767–1848)’, ADB.41. Letters from D. Southwell, concerning New South Wales, 1787–1790, 27 July

1790, BL, MS ADD 16383, 44; Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience, 26–27, 30; J. C.Byrne, Twelve Years’ Wanderings in the British Colonies. From 1835 to 1847.Volume 1, London: Richard Bentley, 1848, 39.

42. Landor, The Bushman, 9; Bruce Wall, ‘Lawrence, William Effingham(1781–1841)’, ADB; David S. Macmillan, ‘Morehead, Robert ArchibaldAlison (1814?–1885)’, ADB; S. G. Foster, Colonial Improver: Edward DeasThomson 1800–1879, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1978, 17–18;K. F. Russell, ‘Brownless, Sir Anthony Colling (1817–1897)’, ADB; HarleyPreston, ‘Verge, John (1782–1861)’, ADB; ‘Angas, George Fife (1789–1879)’, ADB.

43. B. H. Fletcher, ‘Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)’, ADB; L. A. Gilbert, ‘Considen,Dennis (–1815)’, ADB; B. G. Wright, ‘Saunders, John (1806–1859)’, ADB;Bernard T. Dowd, ‘Alt, Augustus Theodore Henry (1731–1815)’, ADB; H. J.Gibbney, ‘Sturt, Charles (1795–1869)’, ADB; Vivienne Parsons, ‘Throsby,Charles (1777–1828)’, ADB; J. M. Bennett, ‘Bigge, John Thomas (1780–1843)’, ADB; C. H. Currey, ‘Forbes, Sir Francis (1784–1841)’, ADB; ‘Stonor,Alban Charles (1817–1866)’, ADB; ‘Thomson, Sir Edward Deas (1800–1879)’,ADB; Ella K. Mulcahy, ‘Driscoll, Cornelius (1782–1847)’, ADB; MarnieBassett, ‘Gisborne, Henry Fyshe (Fysche) (1813–1841)’, ADB; Edwyn HenryStatham – letters (5), 1833–1846, written from Sydney and Parramatta to hisbrothers in England, ML, MSS 7281.

44. Thomas Henty to Edward Henty, 21 June 1836, Miscellaneous correspon-dence, Henty Family Papers, SLV, MS7739, Box 119/2 (e), Box 119/3; JohnHunter, An Historical Journal of Events at Sydney and at Sea 1787–1792, Sydney:Angus & Robertson, 1793 (1968), 138; Hoddle, Diary, 30–31.

182 Notes

45. Letters from D. Southwell, 1 August 1787, 27 July 1790, 29, 44;Waugh Family Papers, 1834–1859, ML, A827, CY 812, 10 February 1835;Reverend Richard Johnson to Jonathan Stonard, 27 November 1795, GeorgeMackaness, Some Letters of Rev. Richard Johnson, Dubbo: Review Publications,1978 (1954), 11.

46. George Hawke, Journal of an early Cornish settler in NSW, ML, A1938CY1156, 3, 4, 8, 33; ‘Mason’s Remains’ may have been Select Remains: Of theReverend John Mason, M.A. Late Rector of Water-Stratford . . . which had been inprint since at least 1745 and was still in print in the 1850s, or it may havebeen an 1801 edition of Mason’s Select Remains printed with James Janeway’sToken for Children.

47. Correspondence, on the subject of secondary punishment, HCPP 1834 (82),12; Bruce Hindmarsh, ‘Wherever I go I whill right to you’, in Lucy Frostand Hamish Maxwell-Stewart (eds), Chain Letters: Narrating Convict Lives,Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2001, 174–175; Yvonne Cramer,This Beauteous, Wicked Place: Letters and Journals of John Grant, GentlemanConvict, Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2000, 128, 189, 190.

48. http://foundersandsurvivors.org/project49. Dinton-Dalwood letters, 1827–1853; George Wyndham, Diary, ML, MSS

1946/1–2, B1313, CY 859, 13 October 1830.50. George and Robert Dixon, Letters from Tasmania, Letter 1 – 1821, Letter 6 –

1823, ML, B425, CY 2408; Hoddle, Diary, 94; John Webster, Reminiscencesof an Old Settler in Australian and New Zealand, New Zealand: SouthernBookbinding, 1908, 58, 74, 101; Anon, A Month in the Bush of Australia, J.Cross; London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1838, 39.

51. John Brewer, The Common People and Politics 1750–1790, Cambridge:Chadwyck-Healey, 1986; Ludmilla Jordanova, ‘The Art and Science of See-ing in Medicine: Physiognomy 1780–1820’, in W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter(eds), Medicine and the Five Senses, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1993.

52. Tim Flannery (ed.), 1788 Watkin Tench, Comprising a Narrative of the Expe-dition to Botany Bay and a Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson,Melbourne: Text Publishing Company, 1996, 97; Cunningham, Two Years inNew South Wales, Vol 2, 54.

53. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 53–56; J. T. Bigge, Report ofthe Commissioner into the State of the Colony of New South Wales, London, 1822,81; Alexander Marjoribanks, Travels in New South Wales, London: Smith,Elder & Co, 1847, 217.

54. C. E. Carrington, The British Overseas: Exploits of a Nation of Shopkeepers,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950, 357.

55. Pinnock, Catechism, 37–40; Goss, The Aegis of Life, 15th edition, London:Sherwood, Neely and Jones, 1826, x; Copies of all correspondence and com-munications between the Home Office and the Irish government, during theyear 1827, Lunatic asylums (Ireland), HCPP 1828 (234), 19; Oracle, 29 April1835, 239.

56. Marcia Pointin, ‘Pugilism, Painters and National Identity in EarlyNineteenth-Century England’, in John Gill, David Chandler, Tani Guha andGilane Tawadros (eds), Boxer: An Anthology of Writings on Boxing and VisualCulture, London: Institute of International Visual Arts, 1996, 36; British

Notes 183

Museum website, at: www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/w/what_are_the_elgin_marbles.aspx, accessed 28 January 2010.

57. Flannery, Watkin Tench, 97; Eleanor Dark, ‘Bennelong (1764?–1813)’, ADB;Hunter, Historical Journal, 41; Hoddle, Diary, 46–47; G. F. Moore, Diaryof Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia, London:M. Walbrook, 1884, 35.

58. Maria Nugent, Captain Cook Was Here, Port Melbourne: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2009; Ann McGrath, ‘The White Man’s Looking Glass: AboriginalColonial Gender Relations at Port Jackson’, Australian Historical Studies, 24(95), 1990, 189–206; Shino Konishi, The Aboriginal Male in the EnlightenmentWorld, London: Pickering & Chatto, 2012.

59. Sydney Herald, 21 February 1842.60. C. E. Sayers, ‘Wills, Horatio Spencer Howe (1811–1861)’, ADB; sample of

newspaper reports – Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 10 July1823, 26 February 1824, 3 February 1825, 27 April 1830, 20 March 1832,23 June 1832, 31 July 1832, 3 November 1832, 22 July 1834, 25 January1838; Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser, 27 January 1844;Sydney Morning Herald, 28 January 1846; Sydney Herald, 5 February 1838;Sydney Morning Herald, 29 March 1845; Cunningham, Two Years in New SouthWales, Vol 2, 63.

61. Colonial Times, 6 August 1833; Karen Downing, ‘“Behold there Is a NewMan Born”: Understanding the Short-lived Optimism about Australia’s FirstGeneration of “Native-born” White Men’, Men and Masculinities, 17 (2),2014.

62. David Headon, ‘God’s Aristocracy – Daniel Henry Deniehy’s Vision of aGreat Australian Republic’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 28 (4), 1993,136–145.

63. 26 January 1888.64. Elspeth Grant and Paul Senduziuk, ‘“Urban Degeneration and Rural Revi-

talisation”, The South Australian Government’s Youth Migration Scheme,1913–14’, Australian Historical Studies, 41 (1), 2010, 75, 78, 83, 167–168;P. R. Stephenson, The Foundations of Culture in Australia: An Essay TowardsNational Self Respect, Gordon, NSW: W. J. Miles, 1936, 11.

65. As Stephen Garton argues in ‘War and Masculinity’, 88–89.66. Sydney Morning Herald, 8 February 1861.67. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 56; Grace Karskens, The

Colony: A History of Early Sydney, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2009, 324.68. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke’s Attack on the

French Revolution, London: J. S. Jordan 1791.

2 The Ecstasies and Transports of the Soul – EmotionalJourneys of Self-discovery

1. For example, Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 77, 346.2. Langford, A Polite and Commercial People, 477.3. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, chapter 7; Buchan, Domestic Medicine,

124–134; Oracle, 5 November 1834, 22–23, 3 December 1834, 55, 18 February1835, 139–140.

184 Notes

4. James Cowles Prichard, A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting theMind. Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & A. Hart 1837 (1835), 202; see also Arnold,Observations on the Nature, Kind, Causes, and Prevention, of Insanity, Vol 1 &2 and Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases ofthe Mind, Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliot, 1835 (1812).

5. Buchan, Domestic Medicine, 325, 327; Oracle, 5 November 1834, 22–23, 3December 1834, 55, 18 February 1835, 139–140.

6. Robert Brown, ‘Psychology’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 362;Sharrona Pearl, About Faces: Physiognomy in Nineteenth-Century Britain,Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.

7. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 81; Jonathan Lamb, Preserving the Self in the SouthSeas, 1680–1840, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2001,18–19; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia. Vol 2, 18, 45–47; Brown, quotedin Andrew Hassam, Sailing to Australia. Shipboard Diaries by Nineteenth-century British Emigrants, Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994, 4.

8. Thomas Watling, Letters From an Exile at Botany Bay, Penrith: Ann Bell, 1794.9. See Alice Bullard, ‘Sympathy and Denial: A Postcolonial Re-reading of Emo-

tions, Race, and Hierarchy’, Historical Reflections, 34 (1), 2008, 122–142; MattK. Matsuda and Alice Bullard, ‘Emotional Latitudes: The Ambiguities of Colo-nial and Post-colonial Sentiment’, Historical Reflections, 34 (1), 2008, 1–3;William M. Reddy, ‘The Logic of Action: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and His-torical Narrative’, History and Theory, 40 (4), 2001, 10–33; Roper, ‘SlippingOut of View’, 57–72.

10. Peter N. Stearns, ‘Social History Update: Sociology of Emotion’, Journal ofSocial History, 22 (3), 1989, 592–599; William M. Reddy, The Navigationof Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions, New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2001, 216, 171.

11. Reddy, Navigation of Feeling, 143, 155, 182, 183; Linda Colley, Britons: Forgingthe Nation 1707–1837, London: Yale University Press, 1992, 152–152.

12. Robert Darnton, ‘Readers Respond to Rousseau: The Fabrication of RomanticSensitivity’, in The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French CulturalHistory, New York: Basic Books, 1984, 242–249; Henry Mackenzie, The Manof Feeling, Berwick: John Taylor, 1800, 231, 238, 178, 171; Edward Spain,Reminiscences, 1774–1802, ML, C266, CY 1403; Cramer, This Beauteous,Wicked Place; Lawry Papers 1810–1825, ML, CY 765, 23 November 1819;Waugh Family Papers, 28 June 1834; Coleridge, Biographia, 12; Defoe quote,Robinson Crusoe, 56.

13. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Aids to Reflection in the Formation of a ManlyCharacter, London: Taylor and Hessey, 1825, p xi.

14. Daniel Defoe, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, London:W. Taylor, 1719, 24; Godwin, Enquirer, vii–viii; Reddy, Navigation of Feeling,216, 122.

15. Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 133; Captain Robert Johnson, Diaries, ESRO,AMS 5848/1, 19 October 1837; Farquhar Mackenzie, Journal, ML, A1291,19 October 1837, CY1808; Hutton, The Life, 13; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe,109–122; Nicol, Life and Adventures, 51; James Backhouse, A Narrative ofA Visit to the Australian Colonies, London: Hamilton, Adams and Co, 1967(1843), 453.

Notes 185

16. Ponsonby, English Diaries, 256; Snowden Dunhill, The Life of Snowden Dunhillof Spaldington, East Riding (1766–1838), Howden: Mr Pye (Books), 1987(c1835), 17; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 98; Letters from D. Southwell, 12 July1788, 27 July 1790; Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 8.

17. A. B. Webster, Joshua Watson: The Story of a Layman 1771–1855, London:SPCK, 1954, 22.

18. Suzanne Rickard, ‘Hymondy’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 552;R. K. Webb, ‘Religion’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 93; lyrics fromCharles Wesley, ‘Love divine, all loves excelling’, ‘Come, thou long expectedJesus’, ‘And can it be that I should gain’ and Anglican Bishop Reginald Heber,‘Forth from the dark and stormy sky’.

19. HCPP 1801 (002), 14–16.20. John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-class Home in Victorian

England, London: Yale University Press, 1999, 112; Davidoff and Hall, FamilyFortunes, 111.

21. Green, Robinson Crusoe Story, 65–72.22. Rousseau, Émile, 158.23. Hannah More to John Sinclair, 20 June 1820, The Correspondence of The Right

Honourable Sir John Sinclair, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley,1831, 46.

24. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol. 1, 175; George Mackaness, Some Lettersof Rev. Richard Johnson, B.A. First Chaplain of New South Wales, Dubbo: ReviewPublications, 1978 (1954), 22–25.

25. Backhouse, Narrative of a Visit, 33, 279, 450, 125, 513; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe,90; Hindmarsh, ‘Wherever I go I whill right to you’, 173–174.

26. Felicity A. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1989, 19.

27. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Aids to Reflection, 6th edition, London: WilliamPickering, 1848, xv–xvi, 5. The ‘poet’ may have been Seneca.

28. Ponsonby, English Diaries, 234–235, 363.29. Byron quoted in Ponsonby, English Diaries, 264; Letters from D.

Southwell.30. Moore, Diary, vi; Johnson, Diaries, 26 May 1821; Ponsonby, English Diaries,

237, 241, 275.31. Ponsonby, English Diaries, 11.32. Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600–1740, Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, 101–105; Christopher Claxton, TheNaval Monitor, 2nd edition, London: A. J. Valpy 1833, 190–195.

33. William Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, London: Henry Frowde, 1906 (1829),81; Dan Doll and Jessica Munns (eds), Recording and Reordering: Essays onthe Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century Diary and Journal, Lewisburg: BucknallUniversity Press, 2006, 14; George Boyle White, Journals, 1827–1845, ML, B600, CY 4723, 14 June 1844, 4 August 1845.

34. Alexander Thomson, Diary at Hobart Town, SLV, MS 9127, MSB 454;Wyndham, Diary; Henty Family Papers, Boxes 118/5(a) and 117/3.

35. James Waugh, Three Years’ Practical Experience of a Settler in New South Wales;Being Extracts from Letters to His Friends in Edinburgh, From 1834 to 1837, 5thedition, Edinburgh: John Johnstone, 1838, 27; Charles Boydell, Journal, ML,A2014, CY 1496, 1 March 1830, 27 April 1831.

186 Notes

36. Daniel Henry Deniehy – letters, 1833–1860, ML, MSS 869, CY 4832,January 1856.

37. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 38–46, 57; Alain Corbin, ‘Cries andWhispers’, in Michelle Perrot (ed.), A History of Private Life: From the Firesof Revolutions to the Great Wars, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1990, 615;Kathleen Wilson (ed.), A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity, and Modernityin Britain and the Empire, 1660–1840, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2004, 4.

38. William Adeney, Diary, SLV, MS 9185, MSB 21; James Henty, Notes made ona trip to France in 1825, Henty Family Papers, Box 118/3; Thomas Henty,Diary, Henty Family Papers, Box 117/1; Samuel Smith, Sailing with Flinders:The Journal of Seaman Samuel Smith, Adelaide: Corkwood Press, 2002 (1813),for example, 27, 53, 28–29, 65–69; Malcolm D. Prentis, ‘Haggis on the HighSeas: Shipboard Experiences of Scottish Emigrants to Australia, 1821–1897’,Australian Historical Studies, 36 (124), 2004, 296; James Hardy Vaux, Memoirsof James Hardy Vaux, A Swindler and Thief, London: Whittaker, Treacher, andArnot, 1830; Averil F. Fink, ‘Vaux, James Hardy (1782–1841+)’, ADB.

39. Edward Snell, Life and Adventures of E. Snell, 1842, SLV, MS 12812, FBox 3575/2; Charles Rowcroft, Tales of the Colonies.

40. Doll and Munns, Recording and Reordering, 13, 14; Brian Hamnett, ‘Ficti-tious Histories: The Dilemma of Fact and Imagination in the Nineteenth-century Historical Novel’, European History Quarterly, 36 (1), 2006, 32–39;Hassam, Sailing to Australia, 83–84; David Vincent, Bread, Knowledge andFreedom: A Study of Nineteenth-century Working Class Autobiography, London:Methuen & Co, 1982, 110.

41. Terry Reilly, ‘Arthur Young’s Travels in France: Historicity and the Use of Lit-erary Forms’, in Doll and Munns (eds), Recording and Reordering, 122–136;Moyle Sherer, Recollections of The Peninsula, 5th edition, London: Longman,Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1827, 126; Spain, Reminiscences, 104.

42. George Sampson, The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953, 839; Martin A. Danahay,A Community of One: Masculine Autobiography and Autonomy in Nineteenth-century Britain, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993, 13–14.

43. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 104; Lamb, Preserving the Self, 75.44. John Mee, ‘Autobiography’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 411;

Samuel Bamford, The Autobiography of Samuel Bamford. Volume One: EarlyDays, London: Frank Cass, 1967 (1849); Dunhill, The Life of SnowdenDunhill, 9.

45. William Wordsworth, The Prelude: Or, Growth of a Poet’s Mind, An Autobio-graphical Poem, New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1850; Samuel TaylorColeridge, Biographia Literaria, Volume I, London: William Pickering, 1847(1817); Webster, Reminiscences, 294; Demarr, Adventures in Australia Fifty YearsAgo, London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co, 1893, iv.

46. Larry Wolff, ‘Then I Imagine a Child: The Idea of Childhood and the Phi-losophy of Memory in the Enlightenment’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 31 (4),1998, 389.

47. For example, William Dale, The Unhappy Transport: Or, The Sufferings ofWilliam Dale, Son of a Farmer and Gardener, printed and sold by J. Catnach,broadside, 183–?, SLNSW, digital order no. a016.

Notes 187

48. Lisa Jenkins, Offending Lives: Subjectivity and Australian Convict Autobiogra-phies, 1788–1899, PhD thesis, Stanford University, 2002, ML, MSS 7107,95, 97.

49. Vaux, Memoirs, vii, 4–5; Croker to Lord Strangford, quoted in Jenkins,Offending Lives, 107.

50. Real Stories: Taken From The Narratives of Various Travellers, Printed for Harveyand Darton, London, 1827, 2.

51. Hutton, The Life, pp v–vi; Bamford, Early Days, 1; William Lovett, The Lifeand Struggles of William Lovett, in the Pursuit of Bread, Knowledge, and Free-dom, London: Trübner & Co, 1876, 1; Mungo Park, Travels in the InteriorDistricts of Africa, London: John Murray, 1816, vii; Eyre, Autobiographical Nar-rative, 216; James T. Ryan, Reminiscences of Australia. Containing 70 Years of HisOwn Knowledge, and 35 Years of His Ancestors, Sydney: George Robertson andCompany, 1894, preface, 1.

52. Haygarth, Recollections of Bush Life, London: John Murray, 1848, 4; GeorgeBennett, Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore,and China, London: R Bentley, 1967 (1834), preface; Flannery, WatkinTench, 15.

53. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 25.54. Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 32, 91.55. Goffin, Absalom Watkin, xi–xii, 172.56. Ludwig Wittgenstein, ‘Notes for Lectures on “Private Experience” and “Sense

Data”’, in James C. Klagge and Alfred Nordmann (eds), Philosophical Occa-sions 1912–1951, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1993, 247, 320;Philip Woodfine, ‘“Nothing but Dust & the most minute Particles”: Histori-ans and the Evidence of Journals and Diaries’, in Doll and Munns, Recordingand Reordering, 189–190.

57. See William Reddy on ‘a coherence theory of intention’ in ‘The Logic ofAction: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and Historical Narrative’, 33.

58. Lamb, Preserving the Self, 281.59. Graeme Bucknall and Lorna McDonald (eds), Letters of an Australian Pioneer

Family 1827–1880: The Generation of Gittins and Sarah Bucknall 1797–1880,Victoria: Association of the Bucknall Family, 1984, 59; John WashingtonPrice, A Journal kept on board the Minerva Transport from Ireland to NewSouth Wales, BL, ADD MS 13880, 30; Hoddle, Diary, 3–4; Moore, Diary of TenYears Eventful Life, 107.

60. Anon, A Voice From The Bush in Australia, Dublin, London and Edinburgh:William Curry, Jun. and Company; Smith, Elder, and Company; JohnJohnstone, 1839, 10.

61. Letters from D. Southwell, 3, 14 April 1790; Letters and Papers of G.P. HarrisVol I, BL, ADD MS 45156, leaf 26.

62. Landor, The Bushman, 260; Dunhill quoted in Jenkins, Offending Lives, 58;Lawry Papers, 5 December 1818.

63. Anon, Voice From The Bush, 25; Nicol, Life and Adventures, 127; R. Therry,Reminiscences of Thirty Years’ Residence in New South Wales and Victoria, etc,2nd edition, London: Sampson Low, 1863, 358–359; T. Horton James, SixMonths in Australia, London: J. Cross, 1838, 52–53.

64. Statham – letters, 8 December 1846; George Suttor, Sketch of Events in NSW,ML, C783, CY 970.

188 Notes

65. Jonathan Swift, The Works of Jonathan Swift, Edinburgh: Archibald Constableand Co, 1814 (1706), 436; David Hume, ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’, ThePhilosophical Works of David Hume. Volume 1, Edinburgh: Adam and CharlesBlack, 1854 (1739–40), 310–320.

66. Hume, ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’, 93.67. Neville Meaney (ed.), Under New Heavens: Cultural Transmission and

the Making of Australia, Melbourne: Heinemann Educational Australia,1989, 2.

3 My Head Filled Early with Rambling Thoughts – RaisingBoys and Making Men

1. Charles Hardwicke ALS to his son Charles Browne Hardwicke 16/12/1803,ML, DOC 2778, CY 4706.

2. James Boswell, Life of Johnson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989;Johnson, Diaries, 628.

3. Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood, London: Jonathan Cape, 1962,398–403.

4. Godwin, Enquirer, 88; John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education,London, 1779 (1693), 1; Peter Jimack, Rousseau: Émile, London: Grant &Cutler, 1983, 27, 33–35, 75–76.

5. Richard A. Barney, Plots of Enlightenment: Education and the Novel inEighteenth-Century England, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999, 110.

6. Rousseau, Émile, 28; Rousseau, Social Contract, 49; Wolff, ‘Then I Imagine aChild’, 391.

7. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 30th edition,London: William Tegg & Co, 1849, 10–51, 53; Wolff, ‘Then I Imagine aChild’, 382; Robert Miln, National Sins the Cause of National Suffering. Carlisle:J Mitchell, 1797, 6–7; Locke, Education, 12, 66.

8. Locke, Human Understanding, 34–191.9. The Times, 3 October 1822, 24 December 1842; Locke, Human Understanding,

299–300.10. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 18 March 1826.11. For example, The Times, 24 July 1800; 10 March 1840.12. Barney, Plots of Enlightenment, 23–24.13. Godwin, Enquirer, 12–13, 115, 114.14. Ibid., 93.15. Statham – letters, 1 April 1841; Locke, Education, 125.16. Jimack, Rousseau: Émile, 9–10, 16, 23–25, 72.17. Godwin, Enquirer, 85–86.18. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 6 March 1830; Courier,

22 August 1846.19. V. Markham Lester, ‘Montagu, Basil (1770–1851)’, ODNB; Jimack, Rousseau:

Émile, 47.20. Jonathan Wordsworth, ‘Introduction’, in Maria Edgeworth and R. L.

Edgeworth, Practical Education Volume 1, Poole: Woodstock Books, 1996 (nopage numbering); Christina Edgeworth Colvin, ‘Edgeworth, Richard Lovell(1744–1817)’, ODNB.

Notes 189

21. Jimack, Rousseau: Émile, 9, 27, 33–35, 75–76; Jean Bloch, Rousseauism andEducation in Eighteenth-century France, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1995,235; Dinton-Dalwood letters, 28 October 1829.

22. Rousseau, Émile, 9.23. A. G. Austin, Australian Education 1788–1900: Church, State and Public

Education in Colonial Australia, Melbourne: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd,1965, 185.

24. Locke, Education, 319.25. A Statement of the Objects of the Committee of the Societies for the Propaga-

tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and for Promoting Christian Knowledge,Sydney: Stephens and Stokes, 1836, 10; Robert Holmes Beck, A Social His-tory of Education, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1965, 72, 74; Jane Nardin,‘Hannah More and the Rhetoric of Educational Reform’, Women’s HistoryReview, 10 (2), 2001, 214; R. Freeman Butts, A Cultural History of Western Edu-cation: Its Social and Intellectual Foundations, New York: McGraw-Hill BookCompany Inc, 1955, 295.

26. Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason, Boston: Josiah P. Mendum, 1852, 43; Locke,Education, 301; Rousseau, Émile, 158; Godwin, Enquirer, 39, 33.

27. Butts, Cultural History of Western Education, 295–296; Donald Read, Press andPeople 1790–1850: Opinion in Three English Cities, London: Edward Arnold,1961, 35–37; Austin, Australian Education, 8–9, 40–41.

28. Henry L Fulton, ‘Private Tutoring in Scotland: The Example of Mure ofCaldwell’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 27 (3), 2003, 53–54; Fourth annual reportof the Poor Law Commissioners for England and Wales, HCPP 1837–38 (147),147; Godwin, Enquirer, 52.

29. The Times, 22 February 1788, 29 May 1792, 11 May 1798, 24 July 1800,9 July 1802, 17 January 1810, 9 March 1816, 24 January 1820, 6 July 1825, 1January 1830, 3 January 1835, 2 January 1838.

30. For example, Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 19 August 1804,10 November 1805, 10 January 1818, 18 December 1819.

31. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, Thursday 29 January 1829; TheTimes, 10 March 1840.

32. Read, Press and People, 36–37; Jonathan Rose, The Intellectual Life of the BritishWorking Classes, London: Yale University Press, 2001, 148–151; RichardJohnson, ‘“Really Useful Knowledge”: Radical Education and Working-classCulture’, in John Clarke, Chas Critcher and Richard Johnson (eds), Working-Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory, London: Hutchinson & Co, 1979,75–102.

33. Butler, Life and Letters, 24–39.34. Archibald Gilchrist (ed.), John Dunmore Lang: Chiefly Autobiographical 1799 to

1878, Melbourne: Jedgram Publications, 1951, 12–13; John Dunmore Lang,Reminiscences of My Life and Times, Melbourne: Heinemann, 1972, 35–36.

35. See Johnson, ‘“Really Useful Knowledge”’ for discussion and furtherexamples.

36. H. N. Dixon, ‘Reminiscences of an Essex Country Practitioner a CenturyAgo’, The Essex Review, 23, 1914, 192; Ethel Mann (ed.), An Englishmanat Home and Abroad 1792–1828 With Some Recollections of Napoleon: BeingExtracts of the Diaries of J. B. Scott of Bungay, Suffolk, London: Heath CrantonLimited, 1930, 23, 29–30, 45, 47, 51, 167–169, 186.

190 Notes

37. William Cobbett, The Autobiography of William Cobbett. The Progress of aPlough-boy to a Seat in Parliament, London: Faber and Faber, 1967 (1933),11–12; Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 1; George Mackaness, AlexanderDalrymple’s “A Serious Admonition to the Public on the Intended Thief Colonyat Botany Bay” With A Memoir, Dubbo: Review Publications, 1979 (1943), 4;Andrew S. Cook, ‘Dalrymple, Alexander (1737–1808)’, ODNB.

38. Austin, Australian Education, 1–5; John F. Cleverley, The First Generation:School and Society in Early Australia, Sydney: Sydney University Press,1971, 73.

39. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 19 August 1804, 6October 1805, 10 November 1805, 16 August 1807, 10 January 1818, 18December 1819.

40. D. W. A. Baker, ‘Lang, John Dunmore (1799–1878)’, ADB.41. Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 1843, 23–26, 226–227, 403, 418.42. Hutton, The Life, 13.43. Memoirs of Alexander Kenneth Mackenzie, Esq., Dochcairne, Bathurst,

N.S.Wales, Written by himself at the age of 68, from memory, ML, DOC2528, 5–6.

44. Advocated by Locke, Education, 312.45. Cohen, ‘The Grand Tour’, 129–141: for accusations of effeminacy see com-

ment to the editor, London Courant and Westminster Chronicle, 14 July 1780,and Aurora and Universal Advertiser, 22 February 1781.

46. C. E. T. Newman, ‘Campbell, Charles (1810–1888)’, ADB.47. For example: G. P. Walsh, ‘Nichols, George Robert (1809–1857)’, ADB; Arthur

McMartin, ‘Nichols, Isaac (1770–1819)’, ADB.48. Mann, An Englishman at Home and Abroad, 51; Hutton, The Life, 9; Beck,

Family Fragments, 16–17, 20.49. Godwin, Enquirer, 14–15; Maria Edgeworth, Tales of Fashionable Life, in Five

Volumes, Volume I, London: Baldwyn & Craddock, 1837, xiii.50. Raymond Williams, ‘The Press and Popular Culture: An Historical Perspec-

tive’, in George Boyce, James Curran and Pauline Wingate (eds), NewspaperHistory from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day, London: Constable,1978, 45–46; Margarette Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy: British SeaPower, 1750–1815, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002, 109.

51. John Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the EighteenthCentury, London: HarperCollins, 1997, 351, 357–383.

52. Quoted in Greg Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatreon the Bounty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, 270.

53. Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 14 April 1787.54. George Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer, A Comedy, Boston: Wells and Lillly,

1822, 4; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 222–223; Shirley StrumKenny, ‘Farquhar, George (1676/7–1707)’, ODNB; Richard Fotheringhamand Angela Turner, Australian Plays for the Colonial Stage, 1834–1899, St Lucia:Queensland University Press, 2006, 41–50.

55. Henry Lemoine, The Wonderful Magazine. Volumes 1–5, London: C. Johnson,1793; Dixon, ‘Reminiscences’, 192.

56. Brewer, Pleasures of the Imagination, 125–167, 172; A. Aspinall, Politics and ThePress c.1780–1850, London: Home & Van Thal Ltd, 1949, 24–26; Williams,‘The Press and Popular Culture’, 43; Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 109.

Notes 191

57. Maria Edgeworth and R. L. Edgeworth, Practical Education 1801. Volume 2,Poole and New York: Woodstock Books, 1996, 110–111.

58. Neil K. Mackintosh, Richard Johnson: Chaplain to the Colony of New SouthWales. His Life and Times 1755–1827, Sydney: Library of Australian History,1978, Appendix 2; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 176.

59. Rose, Intellectual Life, 94–95, 107–108; Pat Rogers, Literature and Popular Cul-ture in Eighteenth-century England, Brighton: Harvester Press, 1985, 177–178;Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 18.

60. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 162.61. Farr Papers Vol 1, BL, MS ADD 37060, L103, 13 Feb 1743; Lawry Papers,

October 1817.62. Godwin, Enquirer, 25; Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 3.63. Hobart Town Courier, 24 May 1833; Rowcroft, Tales of The Colonies, x.64. Conder, A Memoir, 90.65. Vaux, Memoirs, 4; Bamford, Early Days, 89–91, 192–194; Rose, Intellectual

Life, 39.66. G. P. Harris, Vol I, leaf 28–31.67. Judith Iltis, ‘Boston, John (–1804)’, ADB; John Earnshaw, ‘Palmer, Thomas

Fyshe (1747–1802)’, ADB.68. Edmund Burke, Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime

and Beautiful, London: J. Dodsley, 1792, 285–286; Jean-Jacques Rousseau,The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau. Book 1, London: Aldus Society,1903 (1782), 17; Darnton, ‘Readers Respond to Rousseau’, 227; Godwin,Enquirer, 112–113; John Locke, The Conduct of the Understanding, London:Scott, Webster and Geary, 1838 (1706), 55.

69. Everett Zimmerman, The Boundaries of Fiction: History and the Eighteenth-century British Novel, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1996, 20;Hamnett, ‘Fictitious Histories’, 32–39.

70. The Quarterly Review. Vol XXIV. October & January, London: John Murray,1820–1821, 352.

71. Examples include William Robertson’s moving portrayal of Mary Queenof Scots in his History of Scotland, David Hume’s and William Goldsmith’stragic portrayals of the execution of Charles 1 in their histories ofEngland and Tobias Smollett’s affecting account of the fate of theScottish Jacobites after Culloden in his Complete History of England,discussed in Karen O’Brien, ‘History and the Novel in Eighteenth-century Britain’, The Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (1/2), 2005,397–413.

72. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 1; Peter Longueville, The Hermit: Or, The Unparallel’dSufferings and Surprising Adventures of Mr. Philip Quarll, An Englishman, 3rdedition, London: J. Wren, S. Crowder, H. Woodgate, J. Fuller, and J. Warcus,1759, iv; Henry Savery, Quintus Servinton. A Tale Founded Upon Incidents ofReal Occurrence, Brisbane and Melbourne: Jacaranda Press, 1962 (1830–31),xxxiii.

73. Green, Robinson Crusoe Story, 11; Arthur, Virtual Voyages, xxi, 17; Joel H. Baer,‘Dampier, William (1651–1715)’, ODNB; Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 4, 26.

74. Institute of Navy History website, at: www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Shipwrecks, accessed 26 March 2009; E. J. Lea-Scarlett, ‘Rotton, Henry(1814–1881)’, ADB.

192 Notes

75. Julia Kristeva, Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art,New York: Columbia University Press, 1980, 64–91: meaning is not trans-ferred directly from writer to reader but instead is mediated through, orfiltered by, ‘codes’ imparted to the writer and reader by other texts, a view ofintertextuality taken up by Jonathan Rose.

76. Rose, Intellectual Life, 94–96; Defoe’s novels, ‘in spite of much improbabil-ity . . . have been oftener mistaken for true narratives, than any fictions thatever were composed: Quarterly Review XXIV, 361.

77. ‘Sir John Sinclair’, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, vol. XLIL (CCLXI), July1837, 16 (apparently Sinclair had a part in the controversy).

78. Demarr, Adventures in Australia, 119–120.79. Quoted in Hassam, Sailing to Australia, 83–84.80. Savery, Quintus Servinton, xxxiii; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, i.81. Gillian Brown, ‘The Metamorphic Book: Children’s Print Culture in the

Eighteenth Century’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 39 (3), 2006, 351–352.82. Mary Ann Hedge, The Orphan Sailor-Boy; Or, Young Arctic Voyager, London:

Harvey and Darton 1824, 15, 27, 105–108; Real Stories: Taken From TheNarratives of Various Travellers, London: Harvey and Darton, 1827, 1.

83. Godwin, Enquirer, 106–107.84. Quoted in Rose, Intellectual Life, 38–39.85. Anna Letitia Barbauld and John Aikin, Evenings at Home, Volume 1,

Philadelphia: Troutman & Hayes, 1851, 147–149; Michelle Levy, ‘The RadicalEducation of Evenings at Home’, Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 19 (1–2), 2006–7,124–143.

86. Aileen Fyfe, ‘Reading Children’s Books in Late Eighteenth-Century Dissent-ing Families’, The Historical Journal, 43 (2), 2000, 455–456, 463.

87. Edgeworth, Practical Education 1801. Volume 2, 114; R. L. Edgeworth, Essayson Professional Education, London: J. Johnson, 1809, 124.

88. For example: Johnson, Diaries, 12 January 1821 to 7 August 1821; Conder,A Memoir, 47–48; William Hall Archives, WSRO, ADD MSS 39854–858;G. P. Harris, Vol I, leaf 34; Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser,26 August 1825.

89. Hutton, The Life, 60–61; Cobbett, Autobiography, 18–19; Eyre, Autobiograph-ical Narrative, 4; Dixon, ‘Reminiscences’, 192; Hoddle, Diary, 30 November1823; Thomas Alexander Browne, Our family chronicle/My Autobiographyby ‘Rolf Boldrewood’, ML, A2132, CY705, 52.

90. Joseph Gerrald to William Phillips, 1795, Samuel Parr, Letters, ML, DOC1896; J. J. Macintyre Papers Vol I, BL, MS ADD 41742, L164; Mackaness,Alexander Dalrymple’s, 4–5; Therry, Reminiscences, 259; Russel Ward and JohnRobertson (eds), Such Was Life: Select Documents in Australian Social History1788–1850, Sydney: Ure Smith, 1969, 185.

91. Locke, Education, 147; Nicol, Life and Adventures, 31, 36.

4 Satisfied with Nothing but Going to Sea – Seafaring Livesand Island Hopes

1. ‘The Sea! the Sea! the open Sea!’, Five Popular Songs: viz. By the Side ofthe Stream. Beautiful Kate. Draw the Sword, Scotland. Last Rose of Summer,

Notes 193

and The Sea. Glasgow?, 1840?, BL, C.116.h.2.(6.); John R. Gillis, ‘IslandSojourns’, Geographical Review, 97 (2), 2007, 281; John R. Gillis, ‘Islands inthe Making of an Atlantic Oceania, 1500–1800’, in Jerry H. Bentley, RenateBridenthal and Kären Wigen (eds), Seascapes: Maritime Histories, Littoral Cul-tures, and Transoceanic Exchanges, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press,2007, 29.

2. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 250.3. David Lowenthal, ‘Islands, Lovers, and Others’, Geographical Review, 97 (2),

2007, 215.4. Gillis, ‘Island Sojourns’, 277–278; Kenneth R. Olwig, ‘Review: Islands of

the Mind: How the Human Imagination Created the Atlantic World, by JohnR. Gillis’, Geographical Review, 97 (2), 2007, 302; Kenneth R. Olwig, ‘AreIslanders Insular? A Personal View’, Geographical Review, 97 (2), 2007, 179;Godfrey Baldacchino, ‘Islands as Novelty Sites’, Geographical Review, 97 (2),2007, 169–170.

5. Colley, Britons, 8–9.6. Claxton, Naval Monitor, 126.7. Borrow, Lavengro, 23–24; Green, Robinson Crusoe Story, 29.8. William Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 9; Thomas K. Hervey, A Poetical Sketch-

Book, including A Third Edition of Australia, London: Edward Bull, 1829, 187;for the sea as ‘an immediate presence in English life’, see Laura Brown,‘Oceans and Floods: Fables of Global Perspective’, in Felicity A. Nussbaum(ed.), The Global Eighteenth Century, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, 2003.

9. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 5.10. Quoted in Pat Rogers, Robinson Crusoe, London: George Allen & Unwin,

1979, 11. Rogers writes that ‘among all the uses to which Crusoe had beenput by its adaptors this must be the one of which Defoe would havewholeheartedly approved’.

11. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 2–5; Langford, A Polite and CommercialPeople, 629; Adam Nicolson, Men of Honour: Trafalgar and the Making of theEnglish Hero, London: Harper Perennial, 2006, 41–42.

12. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 42, 104–105.13. Gilchrist, John Dunmore Lang, 5; Webster, Reminiscences, 14–15; Arthur

Easton, ‘Nagle, Jacob (1761–1841)’, ADB; Vivienne Parsons, ‘Raven, William(1756–1814)’, ADB; Spain, Reminiscences.

14. Weston Bate, ‘Cole, George Ward (1793–1879)’, ADB; D. Shineberg, ‘Dacre,Ranulph (1797–1884)’, ADB; Michael Roe, ‘Bishop, Charles (1765?–1810?)’,ADB; E. W. Dunlop, ‘Blaxcell, Garnham (1778–1817)’, ADB; Cara Cammilleri,‘Curtis, Anthony (1796–1853)’, ADB.

15. Nicolson, Men of Honour, 146; Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 4–5.16. Claxton, Naval Monitor, 147.17. Sir Frederick Chapman, Governor Phillip in Retirement, Dubbo: Review

Publications, 1979 (1962), 18; ‘Chapman, William Neate (1773?–1837?)’,ADB.

18. Debate at Coachmakers Hall, 24 October 1782, advertised in Gazetteer, 22October 1782, London Debating Societies 1776–1799, record 334, at: www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38846; Foyster, Manhood in EarlyModern England, 38.

194 Notes

19. Quoted in Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 22–23.20. Thomas Scott, ‘Life of Captain Andrew Barclay of Cambock . . . ’ ML, B 193,

5; Thompson quoted in Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 22–23; Claxton,Naval Monitor, 126.

21. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 2–3; Jeannine Surel, ‘John Bull’, inRaphael Samuel (ed.), Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British NationalIdentity. Volume III National Fictions, London: Routledge, 1989, 11; Harvey,‘History of Masculinity’, 308; Harrop’s Manchester Mercury, 17 August 1756quoted in Matthew McCormack, ‘The New Militia: War, Politics and Genderin 1750s Britain’, Gender & History, 19 (3), 2007, 484.

22. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 4, 36.23. Jane Austen, Persuasion, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 (1818), 22.24. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 2–3; Allan Horton, ‘Southwell, Daniel (1764?–

1797)’, ADB; Dixon, ‘Reminiscences’, 193–194; Brunton, Matthew Flinders,38, 116, 124.

25. Claxton, Naval Monitor, 198–199.26. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 31.27. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 148–149.28. Nicolson, Men of Honour, 26, 114, 192–194, 215, 316.29. Quoted in Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 78.30. The Odd Fellow’s Magazine, Number 1, January 1808, 10.31. Michael Roe, ‘Charles Bishop, Pioneer of Pacific Commerce’, Tasmanian His-

torical Research Association Papers and Proceedings, 10 (1), 1962, 13; Nicolson,Men of Honour, 171.

32. For example, Edward Pearce, April 1789, HO 47/8/2 – 56, Petitions forclemency, UKNA, HO 47/8.

33. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 75–77; Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language,20–28.

34. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 70, 140–141, 69; Claxton, Naval Monitor,215.

35. The Times, 7 September 1790.36. Claxton, Naval Monitor, 137, 138, 141, 143, 145, 201, 221, 236; Dening,

Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 140–141.37. Curtin, ‘Gentility Afloat’, 638.38. James Henty, Diary, Henty Family Papers, Box 117/2, Eyre, Autobiographi-

cal Narrative, 30; Margarette Lincoln, ‘Mutinous Behavior on Voyages to theSouth Seas and Its Impact on Eighteenth-Century Civil Society’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 31 (1), 2007, 65.

39. Webster, Reminiscences, 1, 5.40. Hunter, Historical Journal, 369–371.41. Emma Christopher, ‘“Ten Thousand Times Worse than the Convicts”:

Rebellious Sailors, Convict Transportation and the Struggle for Freedom,1781–1800’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 5, 2004, 32–38; MargaretS. Creighton, Rites and Passages: The Experience of American Whaling, 1830–1870, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

42. Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 484; Marnie Bassett, The Hentys: An AustralianColonial Tapestry, London: Oxford University Press, 1954, 421; Statham –letters, 1 December 1833.

Notes 195

43. Byrne, Twelve Years’ Wanderings, 43; Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy,174–175.

44. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 308.45. Baldacchino, ‘Islands as Novelty Sites’, 165–174; Gillis, ‘Island Sojourns’,

276, 279–280; Lowenthal, ‘Islands, Lovers, and Others’, 206; Iain McCalman,Darwin’s Armada: How Four Voyagers to Australasia Won the Battle for Evolu-tion and Changed the World, Camberwell: Penguin Group (Australia), 2009;Eliga H. Gould, ‘Lines of Plunder or Crucible of Modernity? The Legal Geog-raphy of the English-speaking Atlantic, 1660–1825’, Bentley et al. (eds),Seascapes, 112.

46. Byrne, Twelve Years’ Wanderings, 46.47. Lincoln, ‘Mutinous Behavior’, 75.48. Frederick W. Beechey, Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Beering’s Strait,

London: Colburn and Bentley, 1831, 96–136; John Barrow, A Description ofPitcairn’s Island and its Inhabitants with An Authentic Account of the Mutinyof the Ship Bounty, and of the Subsequent Fortunes of the Mutineers, New York:Harper & Brothers, 1845, 250, 254–256, 273, 274, 281.

49. Caledonian Mercury, 17 November 1823; Morning Chronicle, 6 January 1832;The Times, 16 December 1816, 19 September 1822.

50. ‘PITCAIRN’S ISLAND’, Hull Packet and Original Weekly Commercial, Literaryand General Advertiser, 21 October 1817; David Marshall, ‘AutobiographicalActs in Robinson Crusoe’, ELH 71, 2004, 916.

51. ‘INHABITANTS OF PITCAIRN’S ISLAND’, Morning Chronicle, 6 January 1832.52. H. E. Maude, ‘Nobbs, George Hunn (1799–1884)’, ADB. Nobbs married

Fletcher Christian’s granddaughter Sarah in 1831.53. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 11 August 1835.54. Quoted in Alan Frost, ‘First fleeters (act. 1788)’, ODNB.55. Alan Frost, ‘First Fleeters’.56. Frost, ‘First Fleeters’; Taylor, Australia; John B. Hirst, Convict Society and Its

Enemies: A History of Early New South Wales, Sydney: George Allen & Unwin,1983, 193.

57. Ward and Robertson, Such Was Life, 81.58. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 218–219, 274; D. R. Hainsworth,

‘Kable, Henry (1763–1846)’, ADB,.59. B. H. Fletcher, ‘Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)’, ADB; J. J. Auchmuty, ‘Hunter,

John (1737–1821)’, ADB; A. G. L. Shaw, ‘King, Philip Gidley (1758–1808)’,ADB; A. G. L. Shaw, ‘Bligh, William (1754–1817)’, ADB; ‘Hindmarsh, Sir John(1785–1860)’, ADB.

60. N. Gash, ‘After Waterloo: British Society and the Legacy of the NapoleonicWars’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 28, 1978, 147–149.

61. ‘Hindmarsh, Sir John (1785–1860)’; F. K. Crowley, ‘Stirling, Sir James (1791–1865)’, at: www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020448b.htm, ADB, accessed11 March 2009.

62. George Mackaness, Some Proposals for Establishing Colonies in the South Seas,Dubbo: Review Publications, 1943 (1976), 46.

63. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 41; Landor, The Bushman, 10.64. Russel Ward, The Australian Legend, Melbourne: Oxford University Press,

1987 (1958), 79.

196 Notes

65. G. R. Henning, ‘McMeckan, James (1809–1890)’, ADB; K. R. Von Stieglitz,‘Howe, Michael (1787–1818)’, ADB; Nancy Gray, ‘Bingle, John (1796–1882)’,ADB.

66. Five Popular Songs, 1840?; Ward, Australian Legend, 79.67. Statham – letters, 4 September 1839; underlining in original; John Clare,

Selected Poems, London: Penguin Books, 2000, 311.68. Matt K. Matsuda, ‘“This Territory Was Not Empty”: Pacific Possibilities’,

Geographical Review, 97 (2), 2007, 232.69. Louise Meredith, Notes and Sketches of New South Wales; Ward and Robertson,

Such Was Life, 266.70. Benjamin Boyce, Letter 1, 22 July 1842 in Eric Richards, ‘A Voice from

Below: Benjamin Boyce in South Australia, 1839–1846’, Labour History, 27(November), 1974, 71.

5 To Think that This Was all My Own – Land,Independence and Emigration

1. Wakefield, England and America, 76–79.2. Ibid.3. Robert Grant, ‘“The Fit and Unfit”: Suitable Settlers for Britain’s Mid-

Nineteenth-Century Colonial Possessions’, Victorian Literature and Culture,33 (1), 2005, 171; Carol Lansbury describes the loss of ‘Arcady’ as ‘one ofthe most potent myths of the early nineteenth century’, Arcady in Australia:The Evocation of Australia in Nineteenth-Century English Literature, Melbourne:Melbourne University Press, 1970, 154.

4. Chadwick, Inquiry, 275, 277.5. Tosh, A Man’s Place, 111; Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities, 183.6. Jan Bassett, Great Southern Landings: An Anthology of Antipodean Travel,

Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995, xiii.7. John Noble Wilford, The Mapmakers, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981, 138.8. Alghieri Dante, The Divine Comedy, London: Pan Books, 1981, Canto XXXIV,

194; George Mackaness, Some Fictitious Voyages to Australia, Dubbo: ReviewPublications, 1979 (1937), 5; Henry Neville, ‘The Isle of Pines’, in Mackaness,Some Fictitious Voyages, 7; Arthur, Virtual Voyages, xx.

9. Jonathan Swift, Gullliver’s Travels, London: Collector’s Library 2004 (1726),91, 397; Mackaness, Some Fictitious Voyages, 5.

10. Bassett, Great Southern Landings, ix, 10–12.11. Denis Vairasse d’Allais, Histoire des Sevarambes, London: Henry Brome,

1679, publisher’s message (published originally in English in 1675 andsubsequently translated into French).

12. Bassett, Great Southern Landings, xiii, 2–3; Mackaness, Some Fictitious Voyages,6; Captain Samuel Brunt, A Voyage to Cacklogallinia, London: J. Watson, 1727,77–79.

13. Anon, Fragmens du Dernier Voyage de La Perouse, 1797, in Bassett, Great South-ern Landings, 10–12; Spence, A s’upl’im’int, 108; Rose, Intellectual Life, 108;Vairasse d’Allais, Histoire des Sevarambes, publisher’s message.

14. J. G. A. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought andHistory, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1985, 145–148.

Notes 197

15. Joseph Lycett, Views in Australia, London: J. Souter, 1824, 14; Atkinson,Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 17–20; Price, Journal, 9–10, 62.

16. Mackaness, Some Proposals for Establishing Colonies, Dubbo: Review Publica-tions, 1976 (1943), 39, 46, 47, 52, 61.

17. Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present and Chartism, New York: Wiley and Putnam,1847, 382, 385.

18. Valerie Ross, Matthew Everingham: A First Fleeter and His Times, Sydney:Library of Australian History, 1980, 73.

19. Gregory Melleuish, ‘Metahistory Strategies in Nineteenth-Century Australia’,Journal of Australian Colonial History, 1 (2), 1998, 95.

20. Grant, Representations of British Emigration, xiii.21. Anon, Voice From The Bush, frontispiece, 24, 26–27; Marjoribanks, Travels in

New South Wales, title page; Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience, 13, 127–128.22. Morning Chronicle, 26 June 1834, 1 July 1834.23. Letters from Marsden family to Mary and John Stokes, ML, MSS 719, CY175,

[150]; Backhouse, Narrative of a Visit, 398; C. E. Sayers, ‘Wills, HoratioSpencer Howe (1811–1861)’, ADB.

24. Lang, Reminiscences, 52; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 65; Backhouse, Narrative of aVisit, 43; Pringle, Poetical Works, 8–11.

25. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 162, 121; Backhouse, Narrative of a Visit, 222.26. Anon, Voice From The Bush, 15, 25–26 – the monkeys, not indigenous to

Australia, are a clue to the fantasy of this description; Landor, The Bushman,10, 436.

27. Letters from Marsden family, 3 December 1796; George and Robert Dixon,Letters, Letter 1 – 1821.

28. Defoe, Farther Adventures, 13–14; Anonymous diary by a servant of the Scottfamily, 8 Aug. 1821–Mar. 1824, with notes, 1832, ML, MSS 7808, 59–61.

29. Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 63–64.30. Alfred Joyce, A Homestead History: Being the Reminiscences and Letters of Alfred

Joyce of Plaistow and Norwood, Port Phillip, 1834–1864, Brisbane: JacarandaPress, 1963 (1942), 41–42.

31. Rousseau, Émile, 421; Rowcroft, Tales of The Colonies, xii.32. Minutes of the Evidence taken before the Select Committee appointed to

consider of the Poor Laws, Journals of the House of Lords, Appendices, HCPP1830–1831, 591–593.

33. The Times, 13 August 1817, 4 October 1817; see also 26 December 1818,14 August 1819 and 30 January 1830.

34. Letter to the Editor from ‘An Observer’, The Times, 14 December 1830.35. Sarah Lloyd, ‘Poverty’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 122.36. Mackaness, Some Proposals for Establishing Colonies, 46; Atkinson, Europeans

in Australia: Vol 1, 58.37. Worgan, Journal, 36; Letters from D. Southwell, 43.38. Therry, Reminiscences, 57–59.39. ‘What is to be done with our Criminals?’ Edinburgh Review, 86 (173),

1847, 238.40. Richard Waterhouse, ‘The Vision Splendid’, Journal of Popular Culture, 33 (1),

1999, 23; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 95; Van Diemens Land Com-pany. Return to an address of the Honourable House of Commons, dated10th May 1825, HCPP 1825 (303), 95.

198 Notes

41. Hunter, Historical Journal, 351, 363–365; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol1, 203–204, 218; Philip Gidley King Instructions, King Family Papers, ML,A1976.

42. Philip Gidley King Instructions; Colonial grants. Copy of the conditionsunder which lands are granted in the British North American colonies, andin the colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, HCPP, 1830(351), 4; Doust, English Migrants, 60; Goderich to Darling, 9 January 1831,Goderich to Stirling, 28 April 1831, Abstract of the answers and returns madepursuant to an act, passed in the fifty-first year of His Majesty King GeorgeIII, HCPP 1812 (316), 6, 30.

43. Doust, English Migrants, 92–93; Eric Richards, ‘Emigration to the New Worlds:Migration Systems in the Early Nineteenth Century’, Australian Journal ofPolitics and History, 41 (3), 1995, 399; Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 510;William Hilton Hovell Papers, 1811–1921, ML, Safe 1/32a-h, CY 1522; Copiesof papers relative to the claim of William and Andrew Forlong in VanDiemen’s Land, HCPP 1837–38 (61).

44. Bucknall and McDonald, Letters of an Australian Pioneer Family, 2–4, 54.45. Herman Merivale, Introduction to A Course of Lectures on Colonization and

Colonies Begun in March, 1839, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, andLongmans, 1841, 24; Cowper, Poems, 178.

46. Katherine Clark, Daniel Defoe: The Whole Frame of Nature, Time and Providence,New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, 2–3, 139, 140–141; Davidoff and Hall,Family Fortunes, xv; Spain, Reminiscences; Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 41–42;Conder, A Memoir, L164, 173, 180.

47. G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, 88; CatherineHall, ‘Imperial Man: Edward Eyre in Australasia and the West Indies,1833–66’, in Bill Schwarz (ed.), The Expansion of England: Race, Ethnicity andCultural History, London and New York: Routledge, 1996, 134; J. G. A. Pocock,‘Early Modern Capitalism — The Augustan Perception’, in Eugene Kamenkaand R. S. Neale (eds), Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond, London: EdwardArnold, 1975, 62–84.

48. Henry Savery, The Hermit in Van Diemen’s Land, St Lucia: University ofQueensland Press, 1964 (1829), 128.

49. William Hall Archives; Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 61; Eyre, AutobiographicalNarrative, 33.

50. Quoted in Toby L. Ditz, ‘Shipwrecked; or, Masculinity Imperiled: Mercan-tile Representations of Failure and the Gendered Self in Eighteenth-CenturyPhiladelphia’, The Journal of American History, 81 (1), 1994, 51.

51. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 277, 208–210; D. R. Hainsworth,‘Lord, Simeon (1771–1840)’, ADB; Price, Journal, 78, 82; Haygarth, Recollec-tions, 158; Ward and Robertson, Such Was Life, 253.

52. M. F. Lloyd Prichard (ed.), The Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield,Glasgow and London: Collins, 1968: 134; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia:Vol 2, 217.

53. Godwin, Enquirer, 194.54. John Mulvaney and Neville Green (eds), Commandant of Solitude: The Journals

of Captain Collet Barker 1828–1831, Melbourne: Miegunyah Press, 1992, 407(quote is the first stanza of Alexander Pope’s Ode on Solitude).

Notes 199

55. Anon, Voice From The Bush, 26–28; Marjoribanks, Travels in New South Wales,244; Samuel Butler, The Hand-Book for Australian Emigrants, 9th edition,Glasgow: W. R. M’Phun, 1839, 94, 107–108; Byrne, Twelve Year’s Wanderings,9; A Friend to Truth, A True Picture of Australia, Its Merits and Demerits,Glasgow: John Morrison, John M’Leod, 1839, 42, 46.

56. Phillip to Grenville, Sydney Cove, 17th June 1790, General Index to theJournals of the House of Commons, Volume XXXV, A.D. 1774 - Volume LV,A.D. HCPP 1800, 21.

57. Report from the Committee on the State of the Police of the Metropolis;with, the minutes of evidence taken before the committee; and, an appendixof sundry papers, HCPP 1816 (510), 33; Report from the Select Committeeon Emigration from the United Kingdom, HCPP 1826 (404), 92, 96, 172;Evidence of Alexander Riley, Report from the Select Committee on the Stateof Gaols, &c, HCPP 1819 (585), 13.

58. Select Committee on Emigration, HCPP 1826 (404), 105.59. Third report from the Select Committee on Emigration from the United

Kingdom, HCPP 1826–27 (550), 36–37.60. Report from the Select Committee on the Disposal of Lands in the British

Colonies, HCPP 1836 (512), v, 57–58.61. 12 June 1829.62. See criteria and rule of free passage outlined in 1839 by John Marshall,

Australian Emigration Agent quoted in Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience, 61.63. Third report from the Select Committee on Emigration, HCPP 1826–27 (550),

106.64. Clark, History of Australia, Vol 1, 203–204; Atkinson, Europeans in Australia:

Vol 1, 216–217; Therry, Reminiscences, 417; Colonial grants, HCPP 1830 (351).65. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 254.66. Hunter, Historical Journal, 21; Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 381; Hawke,

Journal.67. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 164, 166.68. Hutton, The Life, 108; CR Elrington, ‘Hutton, William (1723–1815)’, ODNB;

David Blewett, ‘The Retirement Myth in Robinson Crusoe: A Reconsideration’,Studies in the Literary Imagination, 15 (2), 1982, 37, 39, 41.

69. Browne, Our family chronicle.70. D. Shineberg, ‘Jones, Richard (1786–1852)’, ADB; Haygarth, Recollections, 3,

117; Anon, Month in the Bush, 35.71. Anon, Month in the Bush, 10; Anon, Voice from the Bush; 12, 18.72. John Street, Letters received 1822–1846, ML, A3013/A3014, CY1572,

17 August 1828; Waugh Family Papers, 18 July 1835; George Mann, Letter toparents, Miscellaneous letters and papers, BL, ADD MS 62943, 26 February1827; Hoddle, Diary, 89; Boyce quoted in Richards, ‘A Voice from Below’, 71.

73. Konishi, The Aboriginal Male, 2012; Nugent, Captain Cook Was Here,2009.

74. For example, Derek Cohen, ‘Fashioning Friday’, Queen’s Quarterly, 115(1), 2008, 9–19; Gary Gautier, ‘Slavery and the Fashioning of Racein Oroonoko, Robinson Crusoe, and Equiano’s Life’, The Eighteenth Cen-tury: Theory and Interpretation, 42 (2), 2001, 161–180; Gerald Gillespie,‘In Search of the Noble Savage: Some Romantic Cases’, Neohelicon, XXIX (1),2002, 89–95.

200 Notes

75. William Hilton Hovell Papers, Safe 1/32g, 3–4; Eyre, Autobiographical Nar-rative, 105; Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 46–47;on the vital role that the Aboriginal guide played in exploration, seeHenry Reynolds, With the White People: The Crucial Role of Aborig-ines in the Exploration and Development of Australia, Melbourne: Penguin,1990, 17.

76. Stephen Papson, ‘Discursive Walkabout, Baz Luhrmann’s Australia Reviewed’,National Museum of Australia, Canberra, 7–8 December 2009.

77. Hoddle, Diary, 77/84, 89.78. Waugh, Three Years’ Practical Experience, x.79. Doust, English Migrants, 305; Bruce Hindmarsh, ‘Wherever I go I whill right

to you’, 174–175.80. Discussed by Martyn Lyons, though he is considering the mass migrations

of the late nineteenth century: ‘New Directions in the History of WrittenCulture’, Culture & History Digital Journal, 1 (2), 2012, 7.

81. Todd R. Flanders, ‘Rousseau’s Adventure with Robinson Crusoe’, Interpreta-tion: A Journal of Political Philosophy, 24 (3), 2007, 333.

82. Haygarth, Recollections, 3.83. Quoted in Frost, No Place for a Nervous Lady, 160.84. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 310–314.85. Hassam, Sailing to Australia, 83–84; Clark, Daniel Defoe, 114–115; Boyce

quoted in Richards, ‘A Voice from Below’, 65, 69; Tosh, Manliness andMasculinities, 177.

86. Paul R. Backscheider, ‘Defoe’s Prodigal Sons’, Studies in the Literary Imagina-tion, 15 (2), 1982, 17–18; Defoe, Farther Adventures, 373.

87. Carlyle, Past and Present and Chartism, 385–386.88. Haygarth, Recollections, 10.

6 The Middle Station of Life – The Anxietiesof Social Mobility

1. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 3–4; Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 537;Conder, A Memoir, 18; Prichard, Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield,355; Asa Briggs, ‘Middle-Class Consciousness in English Politics, 1780–1846’,Past and Present, 9, 1956, 65; Lawrence E. Klein, ‘Politeness for Plebes: Con-sumption and Social Identity in Early Eighteenth-century England’, in AnnBermingham and John Brewer (eds), The Consumption of Culture 1600–1800:Image, Object, Text, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, 365.

2. Discussed by Gregory Dart, ‘“Flash Style”: Pierce Egan and Literary London1820–28’, History Workshop Journal, 51, 2001, 180–205.

3. Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-class Home in VictorianEngland, 111.

4. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 245.5. Norbert Elias, ‘The Genesis of Sport as a Sociological Problem’, in Norbert

Elias and Eric Dunning (eds), Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in theCivilizing Process, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986, 151; Quarterly Review, XXIV,195; Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 165–166.

Notes 201

6. Langford, A Polite and Commercial People, 4; Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a The-ory of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, 94; TerenceBowers, ‘Reconstituting the National Body in Smollett’s Travels through Franceand Italy’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 21 (1), 1–25, 1997, 2; Lord Chesterfield, Let-ters Written by Philip Dormer Earl of Chesterfield to His Son 1737–1768, London:W. W. Gibbings 1890, 230.

7. Richard Lingard, A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman Leaving the Univer-sity, Concerning his Behaviour in the World, London: B. Tooke, 1671; GeorgeChapman, A Treatise of Education, Edinburgh: A. Kincaid & W. Creech, 1773;Jean Gailhard, The Compleat Gentleman, London: John Starkey, 1678; RichardAllestree, The Whole Duty of Man, Laid Down In a Plain and Familiar Way, forthe Use of All, but especially the Meanest Reader, London: John Beecroft, 1774;William Burkitt, An Help and Guide to Christian Families, London: J. F. andC. Rivington, J. Buckland, T. Longman, C. Dilly, G. G. J. and J. Robinsonand S. Bladon 1787; Josiah Woodward, The Young Man’s Monitor; ShewingThe Great Happiness of Early Piety, and the Dreadful Consequences of Indulgingin Youthful Lusts, London: F. C. and J. Rivington 1821; Thomas Gisborne,An Enquiry into the Duties of Men in the Higher and Middle Classes of Society inGreat Britain, Resulting from Their Respective Stations, London: E. and J. White1794; Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 77; Klein, ‘Politeness forPlebes’, 362–382.

8. Godwin, Enquirer; Cobbett, Autobiography, 204–205; Cobbett, Advice to YoungMen, 10, 31–33, 40–41.

9. Chesterfield, Letters to His Son, 1774.10. Pierce Egan, Boxiana. Sketches of Ancient and Modern Pugilism, Leicester: Vance

Harvey Publishing, 1812, 4; John Younger, Autobiography of John Younger,Shoemaker, St. Boswells, Edinburgh and Glasgow: J. & J. H. Rutherford, 1881,xviii–xix.

11. John Cannon, ‘Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773)’, ODNB; Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 79.

12. Samuel Austin Allibone, Dictionary of English Literature and British andAmerican Authors . . . , Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson, 1858, 377.

13. Quoted in Linda Young, Middle-class Culture in the Nineteenth Century:America, Australia and Britain, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, 131.

14. Rev Dr John Trusler, Principles of Politeness, Dublin: G. Walsh, 1790, 42;Wilfrid Hugh Hudspeth, Hudspeth Memorial Volume: And Introduction to theDiaries of The Rev. Robert Knopwood, A. M. and G. T. W. B. Boyes, Hobart: L. G.Shea, Government Printer, 1954, 111.

15. John Cannon, ‘Stanhope’.16. David Hartley, Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations,

4th edition, London: Thomas Tegg and Son 1801, 108–109; Joseph Priestley,Hartley’s Theory of the Human Mind, London: J. Johnson 1775, foreword;Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, 348–360;

17. Dening, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language, 131.18. Bridget Fowler, ‘Reading Pierre Bourdieu’s Masculine Domination: Notes

Towards an Intersectional Analysis of Gender, Culture and Class’, CulturalStudies, 17, (3/4), 2003, 472.

19. Bowers, ‘Reconstituting the National Body’, 7; David Kuchta, The ThreePiece Suit and Modern Masculinity: England, 1550–1850, Berkeley: University

202 Notes

of California Press, 2002, 16, 164; Brewer, The Common People and Politics,30–31; Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 260.

20. The Odd Fellow’s Magazine, London: J. Lee, No 2, February 1808, 70–71.21. The Citizen, No 21, 29 June 1739, 98; Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield, 92–94.22. Sinclair, Correspondence, 56; Egan, Boxiana, 174.23. Klein, ‘Politeness for Plebes’, 374; Emma Floyd, ‘Without Artificial Con-

straint: Gentility and British Gentlewomen in Rural Australia’, in RitaS. Krandis (ed.), Imperial Objects, New York: Twayne, 1998, 87–89.

24. ‘Politeness’, Farrago. Containing essays, moral, philosophical, political, andhistorical: on Shakespeare, truth, boxing, kings, . . ., 1792, 100; Bowers,‘Reconstituting the National Body’, 12; Katrina Navickas, ‘“That sash willhang you”: Political Clothing and Adornment in England, 1780–1840’, Jour-nal of British Studies, 49, 2010, 540–565; Carter, Men and the Emergence ofPolite Society, 32, 79–80, 91, 108, 116; Brewer, Pleasures of the Imagination,114–115.

25. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, London: Penguin Group, 2003 (1813),67, 188.

26. Mann, An Englishman at Home and Abroad, 228; Letters from Marsdenfamily, 82.

27. Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 76; Karen Downing, ‘TheGentleman Boxer: Boxing, Manners, and Masculinity in Eighteenth-CenturyEngland’, Men and Masculinities, 12 (3), 2010, 328–352.

28. Bowers, ‘Reconstituting the National Body’, 14; Stella Cottrell, ‘The Devil onTwo Sticks: Franco-phobia in 1803’, in Samuel, Patriotism, 263.

29. Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 33.30. Young, Middle-Class Culture in the Nineteenth Century, 126.31. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 162; Landor, The Bushman, 119, 121.32. Margaret Maynard, Fashioned from Penury: Dress as Cultural Practice in

Colonial Australia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, 9, 31,50–51.

33. Therry, Reminiscences, 40.34. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 29 April 1826.35. Edward M. Curr, Recollections of Squatting in Victoria, Then Called the Port

Phillip District (From 1841 to 1851), Melbourne: George Robertson, 1968(1883), v.

36. Linda Young, ‘“Extensive, Economical and Elegant”: The Habitus ofGentility in Early Nineteenth Century Sydney’, Australian Historical Stud-ies, 36 (124), 2004, 201–220; Young, Middle-Class Culture in the NineteenthCentury, 37.

37. Maynard, Fashioned from Penury, 6, 10–11, 13, 18–23; Hirst, Convict Society,127.

38. Maynard, Fashioned from Penury, 40, 41, 57; Jane Elliott, ‘Was There a Con-vict Dandy? Convict Consumer Interests in Sydney, 1788–1815’, AustralianHistorical Studies, 26 (104), 1995, 374, 387; Godwin, Enquirer, 200–201;Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 131.

39. Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 55; Landor, The Bushman, 45; Cramer, ThisBeauteous, Wicked Place, 40, 51; Haygarth, Recollections, 20–21, 97.

40. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 55; Hirst, Convict Society,54–55, 89.

Notes 203

41. Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 42.42. Macintyre Papers, L163, L166.43. Christine Wright, ‘“Rogues and Fools”: John Coghill and the Convict Sys-

tem in New South Wales’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 3 (2),2001, 40.

44. A. J. Gray, ‘Brewer, Henry (1739?–1796)’, ADB; Spain, Reminiscences.45. George and Robert Dixon, Letters, Letter 1 – 1821; Letters from D. Southwell,

19 May 1787, 4 June 1787, 14 April 1790.46. Brunton, Matthew Flinders, 46; Dinton-Dalwood letters, 8 April 1831; William

Hilton Hovell Papers, Safe 1/32a-h, 8 August 1827; Doust, English Migrants,162–163; Hirst, Convict Society, 84.

47. Hoddle, Diary, 23; Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 434; William HenryBreton, Excursions in New South Wales, Western Australia, and Van Dieman’sLand, during the years 1830, 1831, 1832 and 1833, London: Richard Bentley,1833, 44; Grant, Representations of British Emigration, 169.

48. Merrick Shawe, Letter to William Browne, ML, DOC 1914, 17 February 1819.49. UKNA, HO 44/18 ff 513–514, 29 September 1829.50. Henry Parkes, Letter to Lord Leigh, at: http://image.sl.nsw.gov.au/Ebind/

mss5366/a1517/a1517000.html, accessed 4 February 2008; David HillRadcliffe, ‘Leigh, Chandos, first Baron Leigh (1791–1850)’, ODNB.

51. UKNA, HO 47/11/51 (1790); HO 17/39/72 (1824); HO 17/11/32 (1827); HO47/19/37 (1795); HO 47/20/5 (1796).

52. Zoë Laidlaw, Colonial Connections, 1815–1845: Patronage, The Information Rev-olution and Colonial Government, Manchester: Manchester University Press,2005, 35, 49, 65–66, 94; see also Christine Wright, Wellington’s Men inAustralia: Peninsular War Veterans and the Making of Empire, c. 1820–40,London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

53. Nicolson, Men of Honour.54. Price, Journal, 7355. Macintyre Papers, L163, L166; Vaux, Memoirs, 133–134, 147; Atkinson,

Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 35; Foster, Colonial Improver, 23; Atkinson,Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 238;

56. John Horne, ‘Masculinities in Politics and War in the Age of Nation-statesand World Wars, 1850–1950’, in Stefan Dudink, Karen Hagemann andJohn Tosh (eds), Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History,Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004, 27; Clark, British Clubs andSocieties; Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 199; Mark Philp (ed.), The FrenchRevolution and British Popular Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1991, 1–2; Kimmel, Manhood in America, 6–9.

57. Savery, The Hermit, 48; Prentis, ‘Haggis on the High Seas’, 310; Eyre,Autobiographical Narrative, 30.

58. Haygarth, Recollections, 22; Macintyre Papers, L200.59. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 138, 145–147; Atkinson, Europeans in

Australia: Vol 1, 238.60. Phillips, A Man’s Country?, 27.61. James, Six Months in Australia, 43, 110; Browne, Our family chroni-

cle, 69–70; John Dunmore Lang, Transportation and Colonization, Londonand Edinburgh: A. J. Valpy, Bell and Bradfute, 1837, 102; Hirst, ConvictSociety, 53.

204 Notes

62. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 118; Hirst, Convict Society,81, 153–157; Young, Middle-class Culture in the Nineteenth Century, 149–150;Margaret Steven, ‘Macarthur, John (1767–1834)’, ADB; R. S. Neale, Class andIdeology in the Nineteenth Century, London and Boston: Routledge & KeganPaul, 1972, 118–120.

63. William Hilton Hovell Papers, Hovell to Henry Goulburn, 1812, (no furtherdate given); Letters and Papers of G. P. Harris Vol II, BL, ADD MS 45157;E. R. Pretyman, ‘Harris, George Prideaux Robert (1775–1810)’, ADB; TheaRienits, ‘Lord, Edward (1781–1859)’, ADB.

64. Cramer, This Beauteous, Wicked Place, 48.65. Bassett, The Hentys, 329, 495–507; Henty Family Papers, Box 119/2 (e),

Box 119/3.66. Henty Family Papers, Box 108/1 (f).67. Henty Papers, ML, C172, CY1572, Thomas Henty to James Street, Christmas

Day 1824.68. Patrick Leslie, 1835, quoted in Joanna Gordan (ed.), Advice to a Young Lady in

the Colonies, Melbourne: Greenhouse, 1979, 3.69. Savery, The Hermit.70. Report of the commissioner of inquiry into the state of the colony of New

South Wales, HCPP 1822 (448), 88–90.71. Return: copy of report, and extract of a letter of Major General Macquarie,

relating to the said colony, HCPP 1828 (477), 9.72. John Ritchie (ed.), The Evidence to the Bigge Reports: New South Wales under

Governor Macquarie. Volume 2, The Written Evidence, Melbourne: Heinemann,1971, viii–xi.

73. David Neal, The Rule of Law in a Penal Colony: Law and Power inEarly New South Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, 20,131–132.

74. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners and State For-mation and Civilization, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994; Bermingham and Brewer,Consumption of Culture, 13; Klein, ‘Politeness for Plebes’, 373.

75. Pierre Bourdieu, ‘Marriage Strategies as Strategies of Social Repro-duction’, in Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (eds), Family andSociety: Selections from the Annales Economies, Sociétiés, Civilisations,Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976, 117–118; Greg Nobleand Megan Watkins, ‘So, How Did Bourdieu Learn to Play Ten-nis? Habitus, Consciousness and Habituation’, Cultural Studies, 17(3/4), 2003, 522; Stephen Engler, ‘Modern Times: Religion, Conse-cration and the State in Bourdieu’, Cultural Studies, 17 (3/4), 2003,446, 450.

76. Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 1, 3–4, 33, 36–40; Geoffrey Dutton, ‘Eyre,Edward John (1815–1901)’, ADB.

77. Rousseau, Confessions, 65; Patrick J. Deneen, The Odyssey of Political Theory:The Politics of Departure and Return, Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003,155–156;

78. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 4, 383.79. Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, 214.80. Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 277.

Notes 205

7 A Surprising Change of Circumstances – Men’sAmbivalent Relationship with Authority

1. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 20–21; Defoe, Farther Adventures, 252–259.2. Ian Dyck, ‘Cobbett, William (1763–1835)’, ODNB; Donald Read, Peterloo.

The ‘Massacre’ and its Background, Manchester: Manchester University Press,1958, 147; Joyce Marlow, The Peterloo Massacre, London: Rapp and Whit-ing, 1969, 13; George Rudé, Protest and Punishment: The Story of the Socialand Political Protesters Transported to Australia 1788–1868, Oxford: ClarendonPress, 1978, 126–127; Marnie Bassett, ‘Henty, Thomas (1775–1839)’, ADB;‘Botany Bay’, The Times, 21 June 1792, referring to assistant surgeon gen-eral D’Arcy Wentworth on Norfolk Island; D. R. Hainsworth, ‘Lord, Simeon(1771–1840)’, ADB.

3. Quarterly Review XXIV, 195.4. David Lemmings, ‘Law’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 74.5. Dialogues on the Rights of Britons, between a Farmer, a Sailor, and a Manufacturer,

London: T. Longman, etc, 1792, 20–21.6. Webster, Reminiscences, 55–56.7. Daniel Defoe, Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprising Adventures of

Robinson Crusoe: With His Vision of the Angelick World. Written by Himself,London: W. Taylor, 1720, 68.

8. Quoted in Lemmings, ‘Law’, 749. John E. Eardley-Wilmot, Reminiscences of the Late Thomas Assheton Smith,

Esq. Or, The Pursuits of An English Gentleman, London: Routledge, Warne &Routledge, 1862, 2.

10. Dinton-Dalwood letters, 20 December 1844.11. Backhouse, Narrative of A Visit, 2.12. Price, Journal, 9–10.13. Review of Three Years’ Practical Experience of a Settler in New South Wales, in the

Caledonian Mercury, 27 August 1838; Anon, Month in the Bush, 19; Haygarth,Recollections, 21; Marjoribanks, Travels in New South Wales, 36.

14. W. C. Wentworth, Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of The Colonyof New South Wales, London: G. and W. B. Whittacker, 1978 (1819), 88.

15. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History, 147–148; Jimack, Rousseau: Émile, 72.16. Martin J. Wiener, ‘The Victorian Criminalization of Men’, in Peter

Spierenburg (ed.), Men and Violence: Gender, Honor, and Rituals in ModernEurope and America, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1998, 206, 209.

17. ‘An Englishman’s House Is To Be Considered as His Castle’, The Times,4 August 1788; ‘On the subject of Mr. PEEL’S Police Bill’, The Times, 23 April1829; Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility, 80; T. A. Critchley, A Historyof Police in England and Wales, Montclair: Patterson Smith, 1972, 46; DavidPhilips, ‘Policing’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, 69.

18. Letter to the Editor, The Times, 7 September 1795.19. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 19 July 1834.20. Critchley, A History of Police, 38, 45, 49–51, 52, 54; Elias, The Civilizing Process;

‘Policing in London’, The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913, at: www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Policing.jsp, accessed 28 May 2010.

21. ‘Policing in London’.

206 Notes

22. Appeals, Scotland. Report of the commissioners appointed by His Majesty’swarrant of the 29th July 1823, for inquiring into the forms of process in thecourts of law in Scotland . . . , HCPP 1824 (241) 141.

23. Neal, The Rule of Law, 21–22.24. Lemmings, ‘Law’, 79.25. Mackaness, Alexander Dalrymple’s, 24; Twenty-Eighth Report from the Select

Committee on Finance, &c. Police, including convict establishments, HCPP1810 (348), 351–352; New South Wales. Report of the commissioner ofinquiry into the state of the colony of New South Wales’, HCPP 1822(448), 103.

26. Jeremy Bentham, ‘Panopticon versus New South Wales: Or, The PanopticonPenitentiary System, and the Penal Colonization System, Compared’, TheWorks of Jeremy Bentham, Published Under the Superintendence of His Execu-tor, John Bowring, Edinburgh: William Tait, 1843 (1802), 174–175, 183, 194,201–204; Report from the Select Committee on Transportation, HCPP 1812(341), 11–12, 13; Thomas Fowell Buxton, An Inquiry, Whether Crime and Mis-ery are Produced or Prevented, By Our Present System of Prison Discipline, London:John and Arthur Arch, 1818, 6–7, 127, 141; ‘State of the Prisons’, The Times,23 March 1818.

27. Arthur to Viscount Howick, 18 February 1832, Arthur to R. W. Hay, 25 July1832, Arthur to Viscount Goderich, 8 February 1833, Secretary Stanley toArthur, 26 August 1833, Report from the Select Committee on Transporta-tion; together with the minutes of evidence, appendix, and index, HCPP1837 (518), 3, 8, 17–18, 22–24.

28. Report from His Majesty’s commissioners for inquiring into the admin-istration and practical operation of the Poor Laws, HCPP 1834 (44),Appendix C, 449c; ‘What is to be done with our Criminals?’, 232;Dunhill, The Life of Snowden Dunhill, 22; Hirst, Convict Society, 20; Atkinson,Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 57; Patrick O’Farrell, Letters from IrishAustralia 1825–1929, Sydney: New South Wales University Press, 1984,10–18.

29. James Mudie, The Felonry of New South Wales, London: Whaley and Co,1837, 329–220; Prichard, Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, 355;The Times, 28 August 1849; Jenkins, Offending Lives, 302; Roberts, ‘The Valleyof Swells’, 11.2; Jenkins, Offending Lives, 303.

30. Vic Gatrell, City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London,New York: Walker & Company, 2006, 483, 487.

31. Read, Press and People, 46–47; Jeffrey D. Glasco, ‘The Seaman Feels Him-self a Man’, International Labour and Working-Class History, 66 (Fall), 2004,40–60.

32. Appendix to the Second Report from the Committee of Secrecy. Corre-sponding Societies, Defence &c, HCPP 1794, 10; Report from His Majesty’scommissioners for inquiring into the administration and practical opera-tion of the Poor Laws, HCPP 1834 (44), 192e, 334c, 494c, 498c, 503c, 506e;Jenkins, Offending Lives, 240.

33. Spence, A s’upl’im’int; Rose, Intellectual Life, 108; Goffin, Absalom Watkin,xi–xii, 204.

34. Rudé, Protest and Punishment, 9–10; John Earnshaw, ‘Muir, Thomas (1765–1799)’, ADB; Edward Ford, ‘Redfern, William (1774–1833)’, ADB; G. Rudé,

Notes 207

‘Loveless, George (1797–1874)’, ADB; G. Rudé, ‘Frost, John (1784–1877)’,ADB; Ian Dyck, ‘Mason, Joseph (b. 1799?)’, ODNB.

35. Therry, Reminiscences, 24; Earnshaw, ‘Palmer’; Earnshaw, ‘Skirving’; Ford,‘Redfern’; Rudé, ‘Loveless’; Rudé, ‘Frost’; Dyck, ‘Mason’; Jenkins, OffendingLives, 264.

36. Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins quoted in John Earnshaw, ‘Grove, James(1769–1810)’, ADB; D. R. Hainsworth, ‘Lord, Simeon (1771–1840)’, ADB;D. R. Hainsworth, ‘Kable, Henry (1763–1846)’, ADB; D. R. Hainsworth,‘Underwood, James (1771–1844)’, ADB; Morton Herman, ‘Greenway, Francis(1777–1837)’, ADB; Cecil Hadgraft, ‘Savery, Henry (1791–1842)’, ADB.

37. J. T. Bigge quoted in Roberts, ‘The Valley of Swells’, 11.3.38. Quoted in Jenkins, Offending Lives, 307.39. See Jenkins, Offending Lives, 303; Roberts, ‘The Valley of Swells’, 11.1.40. James F. O’Connell, A Residence of Eleven Years in New Holland and the Caroline

Islands, Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972, 76; Roberts,‘The Valley of Swells’, 11.3, 11.15.

41. Quoted in ‘Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales’, at: www.law.mq.edu.au/scnsw, accessed 31 May 2010.

42. Jenkins, Offending Lives, 334.43. Price, Journal, 44.44. The Modern Songster . . . , Huddersfield: Brook and Lancashire, 1804, 72–73;

Sydney Monitor, 10 September 1834, quoted in Erin Ihde, ‘“Bold, Manly-Minded Men” and “Sly, Cunning Base Convicts”: The Double Standard ofEscape’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 7, 2005, 137.

45. Quoted in Jenkins, Offending Lives, 58.46. Sydney Herald, 5 September 1833; Jason Haslam and Julia M. Wright (eds),

Captivating Subjects: Writing Confinement, Citizenship, and Nationhood in theNineteenth Century, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, 8; Atkinson,Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 258; Ihde, ‘“Bold, Manly-Minded Men”’, 124.

47. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 10 June 1815; Hobart TownGazette and Van Diemen’s Land Advertiser, 14 January 1825.

48. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 261; Therry,Reminiscences, 50.

49. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 1 June 1827; Jenkins, OffendingLives, 196.

50. Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 82–83; Wright, ‘Rogues and Fools’, 45.51. David Andrew Roberts, ‘A “Change of Place”: Illegal Movement on the

Bathurst Frontier, 1822–1825’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 7,2005, 97.

52. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 192–193.53. J. E. Cookson, ‘Early Nineteenth-Century Scottish Military Pensioners as

Homecoming Soldiers’, The Historical Journal, 52 (2), 2009, 334, 337.54. M. B. Schedvin and C. B. Schedvin, ‘The Nomadic Tribes of Urban Britain:

A Prelude to Botany Bay’, Historical Studies, 18 (71), October 1978, 263–264.55. Lynnette Peel (ed.), The Henty Journals: A Record of Farming, Whaling and Ship-

ping at Portland Bay 1834–1839, Melbourne: The Miegunhah Press, 1996,60–61, 178, 253–254; Henty Family Papers, Box 118/5(a), 11 November1836, 10 January 1838, 11 January 1838, 18 April 1839, 20 April 1839,23 April 1839.

208 Notes

56. Letter to the Editor, ‘Prevention Better than Cure’, The Times, 26February 1847.

57. John V. Barry, ‘Maconochie, Alexander (1787–1860)’, ADB.58. The Times, 26 February 1847.59. Memorandum on the formation of a Library at Norfolk Island, encl no 4, Sir

George Gipps to Lord John Russell, 25 Feb 1840, quoted in Jenkins, OffendingLives, 170–171.

60. ‘What is to be done with our Criminals?’, 241.61. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 11 August 1835.62. Byrne, Twelve Years’ Wanderings, 47.63. 28 August 1849.64. The Times, 11 November 1819 and advertised regularly until 6 December

1819 and again 17 & 18 & 21 May 1836; and at Davis’s Royal Amphitheatre,11 June 1822; Royal Coburg Theatre, 14 June 1825, 26 & 27 & 30 Octoberand 5 November 1830; Derek Barlow, ‘Turpin, Richard [Dick] (ba1705,d. 1739)’, ODNB.

65. Royal Coburg Theatre, The Times, 13 & 26 & 28 and 4 April March 1832.66. The Times, 6 September 1786.67. The Times, 18 August 1837, 28 October 1833, 25 January 1834, 16 March

1813, 16 September 1814, 20 December 1821, 7 April 1829.68. The Times, 17 November 1841, 7 October 1794.69. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 194–195.70. The Times, 13 April 1787, 7 October 1788; Sydney Gazette and New South Wales

Advertiser, 11 November 1824, 30 December 1824, 12 July 1834; Ward andRobertson, Such Was Life, 223.

71. For example, The Times, 13 April 1787, 12 January 1788, 4 October 1786,5 April 1787.

72. Jenkins, Offending Lives, 181; Martha Rutledge, ‘Westwood, William [JackeyJackey] (1820–1846)’, ADB.

73. Letter to the Editor, Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 27 January1831; Wiener, ‘The Victorian Criminalization of Men’, 202–203.

74. Marjoribanks, Travels in New South Wales, 158–167; Ward and Robertson,Such Was Life, 231–231.

75. The Times, 3 September 1788, 28 February 1848.76. Augustine, City of God, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, 139; Peter

Hayes, ‘Pirates, Privateers and the Contract Theories of Hobbes and Locke’,History of Political Thought, XXIX (3), 2008, 461, 478; Northrop Frye, Anatomyof Criticism: Four Essays, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973, 157.

77. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 2, 197; The Times, 1February 1838.

78. The Times, 11 January 1828; George Colman the Younger, The Iron Chest;A Play, In Three Acts, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1808.

79. Therry, Reminiscences, 241; Anon, Voice From The Bush, 18; Atkinson,Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 302–303; Grant, ‘The Fit and Unfit’, 170.

80. New South Wales. Return: copy of report, and extract of a letter of MajorGeneral Macquarie, relating to the said colony, HCPP 1828 (477), 8; Hoddle,Diary, 35; Foster, Colonial Improver, 87.

81. Therry, Reminiscences, 266–269; examples include Martin v Munn 22 and23 October 1832, Payne v Ashby 19 September 1834, Williams v Campbell

Notes 209

19 March 1838, Scott v Dight 22 March 1839, Hallen v King 8 July1839, Cobcroft v Pringle 6 July 1840, Hall v Scougal 16 October 1840,Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, Division of Law,Macquarie University, 1788–1899, at: www.law.mq.edu.au/scnsw, accessed20 May 2010.

82. Byrne, Twelve Year’s Wanderings, 186, 190–191.83. Henty Family Papers, Box 119/2 (e), Thomas Henty to Edward Henty,

11 April 1838.84. New South Wales, &c. (Crown lands and emigration.) Return to an address

to His Majesty, dated 14 September 1831 . . . , HCPP 1831 (328), 13.85. Hirst, Convict Society, 80–81; Roberts, ‘A Change of Place’, 121.86. ‘Collits, Pierce (1769?–1848)’, ADB; D. R. Hainsworth, ‘Kable, Henry (1763–

1846)’, ADB.87. Paul Edwin Le Roy, ‘Hutchinson, William (1772–1846)’, ADB; Evidence of

Alexander Riley, HCPP 1819 (579).88. W. M. Robbins, ‘Spatial Escape and The Hyde Park Convict Barracks’, Journal

of Australian Colonial History, 7, 2005, 81; Roberts, ‘A Change of Place’, 122.89. Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, Vol 1, 22, 181; Hunter, Histori-

cal Journal, 372–374; Sydney Gazette, 26 March 1803; Grace Karskens, ‘“ThisSpirit of Emigration”: The Nature and Meanings of Escape in Early NewSouth Wales’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 7, 2005, 1; Robbins, ‘Spa-tial Escape’, 81–87; Lynette Ross, ‘The Final Escape: An Analysis of Suicide atthe Penal Settlement of Port Arthur’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 7,2005, 199.

90. Price, Journal, 49–50.91. Robert Southey, Poetical Works of Robert Southey. In Ten Volumes. Volume

II, 1864, 84; Anon, ‘New South Wales’, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine,XLIII (CCLXXVII), 1838, 690–717; Hoddle, Diary, 35.

8 The Centre of all My Enterprises – The Paradoxof Families

1. Discussed in Christopher Flint, ‘Orphaning the Family: The Role of Kinshipin Robinson Crusoe’, ELH, 55 (2), 1988, 381.

2. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 386–387.3. Francis, ‘The Domestication of the Male?’, 646; Forth, Masculinity in the Mod-

ern West, 168; Garton, ‘War and Masculinity’, 93; Penny Russell (ed.), ForRicher, For Poorer: Early Colonial Marriages, Melbourne: Melbourne UniversityPress, 1994, 6.

4. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, xvi.5. Daniel Defoe, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, London: W. Taylor,

1719, 8–9.6. See Michael Belcher, ‘Demographic Influences on Children and the Family

in New South Wales, 1820–1841’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, 1 (2),1999, 16.

7. G. P. Harris, Vol I, leaf 28–31.8. Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 137, 194; William Cobbett, Cottage Economy,

New York: Stephen Gould and Son, 1824, 84–85; Vicesimus Knox, Essays,

210 Notes

Moral and Literary, London: J. Richardson and Co, 1821, 224; Davidoff andHall, Family Fortunes, 355; see also Chris Roulston, ‘Space and the Represen-tation of Marriage in Eighteenth-century Advice Literature’, The EighteenthCentury, 49 (1), 2008, 25–41.

9. Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities, 181.10. Quoted in Carter, ‘British Masculinities on Trial’, 258, 261; see also Davidoff

and Hall, Family Fortunes, 150–155.11. Tosh, A Man’s Place, 139; see also Carter, ‘British Masculinities on Trial’, 261.12. The Spectator, London, 7 (522), 1775, 374; ‘Proposals for a Tax on Celibacy’,

The Edinburgh Magazine, 4, 1762, 640; George Arden, With Regard to AustraliaFelix, the Finest Province of the Great Territory of New South Wales, Carlton:Queensbury Hill Press, 1977 (1840), 101.

13. Edward Barry, Theological, Philosophical, and Moral Essays, on the Follow-ing Subjects: Celibacy, Wedlock, Seduction, Pride, Duelling, Self Murder, Lying,London: H. D. Symonds, 1799, 22.

14. Samuel Stennett, Discourses on Domestick Duties, London: R. Buckland andT. Cadell, 1783; Daniel Defoe, Religious Courtship, 8th edition, Glasgow:David Niven, 1797; Adam Fitz-Adam, The World, Edinburgh, 1774, for exam-ple, vol 1, 80 and vol 2, 306; Patricia Demers, ‘Moore, Edward (1712–1757)’,ODNB.

15. The Spectator, London, 1775, 1 (73), 441; 2 (149), 147–149; 7 (490), 91;7 (499), 143; 7 (500), 7 (506), 144–148; 7 (525), 293–294; 8 (607), 261;180–181.

16. Richard Allestree, The New Whole Duty of Man, Containing the faith as well aspractice of a Christian: made easy for the practice of the present age, as the old,London, 1798, 202.

17. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 222–225.18. Webster, Joshua Watson, 23–28.19. Johnson, Diaries, 1834; Cobbett, Autobiography, 230; G. P. Harris, Vol I,

leaf 28–31, 32; Mackenzie, Journal, 4 August 1846; Brunton, MatthewFlinders, 89.

20. Hutton, The Life, 12–13, 97, 99, 106; C. R. Elrington, ‘Hutton, William (1723–1815)’, ODNB.

21. Quoted in William C. Lowe, ‘Lennox, Charles, third duke of Richmond, thirdduke of Lennox, and duke of Aubigny in the French nobility (1735–1806)’,ODNB.

22. Goodwood Collection, WSRO, MSS 228 – 16 April 1793, MSS 224 –5 June 1806.

23. Dunhill, The Life of Snowden Dunhill, 1–6; ‘Hobart Town Police Report –Snowden Dunhill’, Colonial Times, 11 February 1834.

24. William Hall Archives, John Hoath to William Hall, 14 September 1812;Goffin, Absalom Watkin; White, Journals, January 1843, 11 February1843, 14 March 1843, 17 March 1844; Grainger, Diaries, 13 January1787.

25. David Fordyce, The New and Complete British Letter-Writer; Or, Young Secretary’sInstructor in Polite Modern Letter-Writing, London: C. Cooke, 1790.

26. See Hindmarsh, ‘Wherever I go I whill right to you’, 173.27. J. R. Foster, Letters to Thomas Pennant, ML, DOC 489, CY 4588, 5 March

1787; Macarthur quoted in Hazel King, ‘Lives in Exile: Elizabeth and John

Notes 211

Macarthur’, in Russell, For Richer, For Poorer, 46; Macintyre Papers, L156,L187, L203.

28. Hutton, The Life, 109; Letters from Marsden family, Elizabeth Marsden toCaptain Piper, 15 August 1809; Johnson, Diaries, 16 July 1828; Davidoff andHall, Family Fortunes, 356.

29. Younger, Autobiography, 35.30. Johnson, Diaries, 22 April 1821; Paul G. Fidlon and R. J. Ryan (eds), The

Journal and Letters of Lt. Ralph Clark 1787–1792, Sydney: Australian Docu-ments Library in association with the Library of Australian History Pty Ltd,1981, 19.

31. UKNA, HO 47/8/5 190; see also HO 47/8/3 98, HO 47/8/3 131, HO 47/11/3189, HO 47/8/5 206.

32. Dinton-Dalwood letters, Mary Ann Wyndham to George Wyndham,23 July 1830.

33. William Hall Archives; Goodwood Collection, Charlotte (Gordon) Duchessof Richmond, 1768–1842, for example, MSS 354, MSS 353, MSS 363, MSS365; Waugh Family Papers, 10 February 1835; Richard Taylor to GeorgeTaylor, 4 May 1840, quoted in Hindmarsh, ‘Wherever I go I whill right toyou’, 175–176.

34. Kevin Binfield (ed.), Writings of the Luddites, Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 2004, 155–156.

35. Hamish Maxwell-Stewart, Paul Donnelly and Timothy Millett, ‘Dr Martinand the Forty Thieves’, in Frost and Maxwell-Stewart, Chain Letters, 187;Hamish Maxwell-Stewart and James Bradley, ‘“Behold the Man”: Power,Observation and the Tattooed Convict’, Australian Studies, 12 (1) 1997,71–97.

36. Tina Picton Phillipps, ‘These Are But Items in the Sad Ledger of Despair’, inFrost and Maxwell-Stewart, Chain Letters, 147.

37. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 2, 262.38. Discussed in Michèle Cohen, ‘“Manners” Make the Man: Politeness,

Chivalry, and the Construction of Masculinity, 1750–1830’, Journal of BritishStudies, 44 (April), 2005, 320.

39. Angela Woollacott, ‘Gender and Sexuality’, in Deryck M. Schreuder andStuart Ward (eds), Australia’s Empire, New York: Oxford University Press,2008, 315; Katrina Alford, Production or Reproduction? An Economic Historyof Women in Australia, 1788–1850, Melbourne: Oxford University Press,1984, 16.

40. For overview on current research into these relationships see Esme Cleall,Laura Ishiguro and Emily J. Manktelow, ‘Imperial Relations: Histories of Fam-ily in the British Empire’, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 14 (1),2013.

41. Price, Journal, 72–73; Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 39, 27–28, 84, 113;William Smillie, ‘The Great South Land:’ Four Papers on Emigration, London:Simpkin & Marshall and J. C. Hailes, 1838, 20.

42. Eyre, Autobiographical Narrative, 39; see also Landor, The Bushman, 247.43. Young, Middle-class Culture in the Nineteenth Century, 188.44. Anon, Twenty Years’ Experience, 49.45. Charles Boydell, Journal, 123a-124a; Hawke, Journal, 55–64; Russell, For

Richer, For Poorer, 6.

212 Notes

46. Vairasse d’Allais, Histoire des Sevarambes, 44–50; Price, Journal, 37.47. G. P. Harris, Vol 1, leaf 28–31; Price, Journal, 77; Nicol, Life and Adventures,

27–144, 210.48. Report from the Select Committee on Transportation, HCPP 1812 (341),

Appendices, 32; Marian Aveling, ‘Imagining New South Wales as a GenderedSociety 1783–1821’, Australian Historical Studies, 25 (98), 1992, 7; Tina PictonPhillipps, ‘Family Matters: Bastards, Orphans and Baptisms – New SouthWales, 1810–1825’, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 90 (2),2004, 123–124.

49. Atkinson, Europeans in Australia: Vol 1, 326–329.50. Dianne Snowdon, ‘Convict Marriage: “the Best Instrument of Reform”’,

Tasmanian Historical Studies, 9, 2004, 64–66.51. Ginger Frost, ‘Bigamy and Cohabitation in Victorian England’, Journal of

Family History, 22 (3), 1997, 286–306.52. Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 7 February 1829.53. Landor, The Bushman, 244.54. Diane Snow, ‘Family Policy and Orphan Schools in Early Colonial Australia’,

Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (2), 1991, 255.55. Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 212; Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities,

138, 129.56. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 333.57. Snow, ‘Family Policy and Orphan Schools in Early Colonial Australia’,

256–267.58. Belcher, ‘Demographic Influences’, 23, 28.59. Ibid., 261–263.60. Russel Ward, The Australian Legend, Melbourne: Oxford University Press,

1987 (1958), 95; Snow, ‘Family Policy and Orphan Schools’, 257–268; Doust,English Migrants, 78.

61. Snow, ‘Family Policy and Orphan Schools’, 268.62. Ibid., 264.63. Picton Phillipps, ‘Family Matters’, 125–131.64. Snowdon, ‘Convict Marriage’, 68.65. 21 October 1822, Robert Howe, Diary 1 August 1822–4 April 1823, ML, CY

2117; Snow, ‘Family Policy and Orphan Schools’, 268; A. G. L. Shaw, ‘King,Philip Gidley (1758 –1808)’, ADB.

66. Clive Moore, ‘Colonial Manhood and Masculinities’, Journal of AustralianStudies, 22 (56), 1998, 36.

67. Tosh, A Man’s Place, 170–194; Martin Francis, ‘The Domestication of theMale? Recent Research on Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century British Mas-culinity’, The Historical Journal, 45 (3), 2002, 637–652; Stephen Heathorn,‘How Stiff Were Their Upper Lips? Research on Late-Victorian and EdwardianMasculinity’, History Compass, 2 (1), 2004, 1–7.

68. Judith Wright McKinney, ‘Wyndham, George (1801–1870)’, ADB.69. Laetitia Wyndham to Margaret Wyndham, 12 August 1828; Mary Ann

Wyndham to Margaret Wyndham, undated; William Wyndham to GeorgeWyndham, 12 August 1828, 7 July 1829; Charlotte Wyndham to MargaretWyndham, 29 October 1829; Laetitia Wyndham to George Wyndham,15 July 1829; 1 January 1830; Charlotte Wyndham to Margaret Wyndham14 November 1830.

Notes 213

70. H. A. Wyndham, A Family History 1688–1837. The Wyndhams of Somerset,Sussex and Wiltshire, London: Oxford University Press, 1950, 358.

71. McKinney, ‘Wyndham, George (1801–1870)’.72. Charlotte Wyndham to George Wyndham, 30 May 1845, 29 November

1845, 8 October 1830; John Wyndham to George Wyndham, 9 April 1846.73. Wyndham, A Family History, 367. The spelling change of the name is

unexplained.74. Thomas Henty to James Street, 23 February 1825, Henty Papers, ML, C172,

CY1572; Marnie Bassett, ‘Henty, Thomas (1775–1839)’, ADB.75. Bassett, ‘Henty, Thomas (1775–1839)’.76. Extracts of letters from Swan River, Henty Family Papers, SLV, MS7739,

Box 117/6; Eight letters to son Edward Henty, Henty Family Papers, SLV,MS7739, Box 119/1 (a)-(h); Miscellaneous correspondence, Henty FamilyPapers, SLV, MS7739, Box 119/2 (e), Box 119/3.

77. Thomas Henty to John Street, 26 December 1835, Henty Papers.78. Bassett, ‘Henty, Thomas (1775–1839)’.79. James Henty to Thomas Henty, 15 November 1829, Extracts of letters from

Swan River.80. Price, Journal, 37.81. Fairburn’s Naval Songster, Or Jack Tar’s Chest of Conviviality, For 1806, London:

John Fairburn, 1806, 39–40.82. Belcher, ‘Demographic Influences’, 12, 14.83. Alford, Production or Reproduction?, 26.84. Pat Jalland, Australian Ways of Death: A Social and Cultural History 1840–1918,

Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2002, 204.85. Michael Roper, ‘Slipping Out of View: Subjectivity and Emotion in Gender

History’, History Workshop Journal, 59, 2005, 67–68; Michael Roper, ‘MaternalRelations: Moral Manliness and Emotional Survival in Letters Home Duringthe First World War’, in Dudink et al. (eds), Masculinities in Politics and War,308.

86. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 207.87. Belcher, ‘Demographic Influences’, 22.88. The Queen’s Case Stated, London, 1820, quoted in Carter, ‘British

Masculinities on Trial’, 253.89. Elizabeth Beard, Letter, ESRO, AMS 5774/4/10.90. Defoe, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 250.91. Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities, 2005.

Conclusion: ‘Robinson Crusoe Untravelled . . . ’

1. Clarke, ‘Strenuous Idleness’, 36–37.2. Sinclair, Code of Health and Longevity, 495.3. Godwin, Enquirer, 93.4. Locke, Education, 158–168.5. Anon, Month in the Bush, 39.6. Snowdon, quoted in Jenkins, Offending Lives, 58.7. Landor, The Bushman, 244.

214 Notes

8. Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield, 2; Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 143; PeterTurner, ‘A brief account of myself, from my birth to the time when I becamea Wesleyan missionary in 1829. Autobiography’, ML, B 323, CY 782; Beck,Family Fragments, 16–17; Conder, A Memoir, 22; Edward Humphrey, Diary,WSRO, ADD MSS 32668.

9. Macintyre Papers, L77, L155–156; Thomas Freeman to William Henty, HentyFamily Papers; Dinton-Dalwood letters, 1 August 1840, 27 December 1844,30 December 1845; Davenport, quoted in Frost, No Place for a Nervous Lady,247; Goffin, Absalom Watkin, 64.

10. Cobbett, Advice to Young Men, 159–160; Beck, Family Fragments, 16–17;Conder, A Memoir, 21, 24; Bamford, Early Days, 2–3; John Aikin, Letters froma Father to His Son . . . , Vol II, London: J. Johnson and T. Bensley 1800, 329,339–340.

11. Thomas Seccombe, ‘Younger, John (1785–1860)’, ODNB 2004; Younger,Autobiography, xii, xvi, xviii, xxii, xxiv, 17, 53; Eric Hobsbawm, ‘PoliticalShoemakers’, Uncommon People: Resistance, Rebellion, and Jazz, New York: TheNew Press, 1998, 18–43.

12. Boyce, quoted in Richards, ‘A Voice From Below’, 65, 69; Eyre, Autobiograph-ical Narrative, 122.

13. Defoe, Farther Adventures, 248–249.14. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 450.15. Quoted in Aspinall, Politics and The Press, 4; for discussion on the power of

metanarratives see Miguel A. Cabrera, Anna Fagan and Marie MacMahon,‘On Language, Culture, and Social Action’, History and Theory, 40 (4), 2001,86–87, 90, 96.

16. Michel de Montaigne, The Works of Michael De Montaigne; Compris-ing His Essays, Letters, And Journey Through Germany and Italy, London:C. Templeman, 1865, 73; Wittgenstein, ‘Notes for Lectures’, 237, 247, 320;Ron Ben-Tovim, ‘Robinson Crusoe, Wittgenstein, and the Return to Society’,Philosophy and Literature, 32 (2), 2008, 286; John Ruskin, Sesame and Lilies.Two Lectures Delivered at Manchester in 1864, London: Smith, Elder & Co,1865, 31–33.

17. Lynne Segal, ‘Changing Men: Masculinities in Context’, Theory and Society,22 (5), 1993, 630; Claxton, Naval Monitor, 218.

A Select Crusoe Bibliography

Note: full references to all works cited in the text are given in the Notes for eachchapter

Backscheider, Paul R. (1982) ‘Defoe’s Prodigal Sons’, Studies in the LiteraryImagination, 15 (2), 3–18.

Bell, I. A. (1988) ‘King Crusoe: Locke’s Political Theory in Robinson Crusoe’, EnglishStudies, 69 (1), 27–36.

Ben-Tovim, Ron (2008) ‘Robinson Crusoe, Wittgenstein, and the Return toSociety’, Philosophy and Literature, 32 (2), 278–292.

Blackburn, Timothy C. (1985) ‘Friday’s Religion: Its Nature and Importance inRobinson Crusoe’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 18 (3), 360–382.

Blewett, David (1982) ‘The Retirement Myth in Robinson Crusoe: A Reconsidera-tion’, Studies in the Literary Imagination, 15 (2), 37–50.

Bloom, Harold (ed.) (1988) Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. New York: ChelseaHouse Publishers.

Braverman, Richard (1986) ‘Crusoe’s Legacy’, Studies in the Novel, 18 (1), 1–26.Chakraborty, Chandrima (2003) ‘Interrupting the Canon: Samuel Selvon’s

Postcolonial Revision of Robinson Crusoe’, ARIEL: A Review of InternationalEnglish Literature, 34 (4), 51–72.

Chiu, Monica (2000) ‘Being Human in the Wor(l)d: Chinese Men and MaxineHong Kingston’s Reworking of Robinson Crusoe’, Journal of American Studies, 34(2), 187–206.

Cohen, Derek (2008) ‘Fashioning Friday’, Queen’s Quarterly, 115 (1), 9–19.Cooney, Brian C. (2007) ‘Considering Robinson Crusoe’s “Liberty of Conscience”

in an Age of Terror’, College English, 69 (3), 197–215.Cope, Kevin L. (1998) ‘All Aboard the Ark of Possibility; or, Robinson

Crusoe Returns from Mars as a Small-footprint, Multi-channel IndeterminacyMachine’, Studies in the Novel, 30 (2), 150–163.

de Avila-Pires, Fernando Dias (2008) ‘Robinson Crusoe’s Illness: Literature andMedicine’, The European Legacy, 13 (6), 715–724.

Donoghue, Frank (1995) ‘Inevitable Politics: Rulership and Identity in RobinsonCrusoe’, Studies in the Novel, 27 (1), 1–11.

Erickson, Robert A. (1982) ‘Starting Over with Robinson Crusoe’, Studies in theLiterary Imagination, 15 (2), 51–73.

Faller, Lincoln (2002) ‘Captain Mission’s Failed Utopia, Crusoe’s Failed Colony:Race and Identity in New, Not Quite Imaginable Worlds’, The EighteenthCentury: Theory and Interpretation, 43 (1), 1–18.

Fan, Kit (2005) ‘Imagined Places: Robinson Crusoe and Elizabeth Bishop’, Biogra-phy, 28 (1), 43–53.

Fausett, David (1994) The Strange Surprizing Sources of Robinson Crusoe. Amsterdamand Atlanta: Rodopi.

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Fisette, Jean (2007) ‘Literary Practice on the Immediate Horizon of the Elabora-tion of Semiotics: Peirce’s Meetings with a Few Great Authors’, Semiotica, 165(1–4), 67–89.

Fishelov, David (2008) ‘Dialogues with/and Great Books: With Some SeriousReflections on Robinson Crusoe’, New Literary History, 39 (2), 335–353.

Flanders, Todd R. (2007) ‘Rousseau’s Adventure with Robinson Crusoe’, Interpre-tation: A Journal of Political Philosophy, 24 (3), 319–338.

Flint, Christopher (1988) ‘Orphaning the Family: The Role of Kinship inRobinson Crusoe’, ELH, 55 (2), 381–419.

Garrett, Leah (2002) ‘The Jewish Robinson Crusoe’, Comparative Literature, 54 (3),215–228.

Gautier, Gary (2001) ‘Slavery and the Fashioning of Race in Oroonoko, RobinsonCrusoe, and Equiano’s Life’, The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation, 42(2), 161–180.

Gillespie, Gerald (2002) ‘In Search of the Noble Savage: Some Romantic Cases’,Neohelicon, XXIX (1), 89–95.

Hardy, Barbara (1977) ‘Robinson Crusoe’, Children’s Literature in Education, 8 (1),3–11.

Hewitson, Gillian (1994) ‘Deconstructing Robinson Crusoe: A Feminist Inter-rogation of “Rational Economic Man”’, Australian Feminist Studies, 9 (20),131–147.

Hill, Christopher (1980) ‘Robinson Crusoe’, History Workshop Journal, 10 (1), 7–24.Hudson, Nicholas (1988) ‘“Why God No Kill the Devil?” The Diabolical Disrup-

tion of Order in Robinson Crusoe’, The Review of English Studies, 39 (156), 1988,494–501.

Hulme, Peter (1986) ‘Robinson Crusoe and Friday’, in Peter Hulme, ColonialEncounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492–1797. London: Methuen,175–224.

Jager, Eric (1988) ‘The Parrot’s Voice: Language and the Self in Robinson Crusoe’,Eighteenth-Century Studies, 21 (3), 316–333.

Jenkins, Hugh (1997) ‘Crusoe’s Country House(s)’, The Eighteenth Century: Theoryand Interpretation, 38 (2), 118–133.

Kavanagh, Thomas M. (1978) ‘Unraveling Robinson: The Divided Self in Defoe’s“Robinson Crusoe”’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 20 (3), 416–432.

Kim, Sharon (2003) ‘Puritan Realism: The Wide, Wide World and Robinson Crusoe’,American Literature, 75 (4), 783–811.

Liu, Lydia H. (1999) ‘Crusoe’s Earthenware Pot’, Critical Enquiry, 35 (4), 728–757.Ma, Ning (2009) ‘When Robinson Crusoe Meets Ximen Qing: Material Egoism

in the First Chinese and English Novels’, Comparative Literature Studies, 46 (3),443–466.

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MacLulich, T. D. (1976) ‘Crusoe in the Backwoods: A Canadian Fable?’, Mosaic, 9(2), 115–126.

Maddox Jr, James H. (1984) ‘Interpreter Crusoe’. ELH, 51 (1), 33–52.Manguel, Alberto (2001) ‘The Library of Robinson Crusoe’, The American Scholar,

70 (1), 61–70.Marshall, David (2004) ‘Autobiographical Acts in Robinson Crusoe’, ELH, 71 (4),

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Martiny, Erik (2006) ‘Multiplying Footprints: Alienation and Integration in DerekWalcott’s Reworkings of the Robinson Crusoe Myth’, English Studies, 87 (6),669–678.

Marzec, Robert (2002) ‘Enclosures, Colonization, and the Robinson Crusoe Syn-drome: A Genealogy of Land in a Global Context’, boundary 2, 29 (2),129–156.

Neill, Anna (1997) ‘Crusoe’s Farther Adventures: Discovery, Trade, and the Lawof Nations’, The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation, 38 (3), 213–230.

Rogers, Pat (1979) Robinson Crusoe. London: George Allen & Unwin.Schonhorn, Manuel (1991) Defoe’s Politics: Parliament, Power, Kingship, and

Robinson Crusoe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Spaas, Lieve and Brian Stimpson (eds) (1996) Robinson Crusoe: Myths and

Metamorphoses. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.Van Sant, Ann (2008) ‘Crusoe’s Hands’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 32 (2), 120–137.Vickers, Ilse (1996) Defoe and the New Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.Watt, Ian (1951) ‘Robinson Crusoe as a Myth’, Essays in Criticism: A Quarterly

Journal of Literary Criticism, 1 (2), 95–119.

Index

Adam (and Eve) 72, 150Adams, Jack 71, 84Addison, Joseph 23Adelaide 86Adeney, William 44adulthood

successful male 108, 147family as marker of male 8, 151,

157, 162, 169adventure

and marriage/family 150–151,164–165, 169, 173

armchair 171–172as solution to anxiety 35, 49, 51as solution to ill-health 8, 15associated with land and

independence 8, 119, 173at sea 7, 79, 83, 87, 169convict escape as 140Crusoe’s 2–5, 6, 7, 108, 129,

149, 173fiction (tales, stories) 2, 4, 63–69,

108, 112, 142in the Australian colonies 4, 6–7,

33, 51, 150, 164–165men’s apparent need for 9, 50, 108men motivated by 70–75, 82non–fiction 90–91transportation as 133use of tropes 45–49

agricultureagricultural labour, workers 21, 31,

90–91, 127, 137, 145agricultural farming journals

42–43agricultural skills required in the

colonies 103changing knowledge and practice

69, 90gardening as substitute 21, 61, 171societies 122

Aikin, John 69, 172

Alt, Augustus, Theodore Henry 26ambition 14, 25, 77, 80, 110America

Alexis de Tocqueville on 128American Civil War 16American Revolution 33, 36, 74,

93, 136, 139as a real Crusoe’s island 12as fictional 92comparisons with Britain and

Australia 16, 101, 117, 139,161, 170

emigrants choosing Australiainstead of 12

republicanism in 92, 115Angas, George 26aristocrats 23, 131

and dress 115and education 57–58, 62and family 153–154, 163–164as convicts 135–136as naval leaders 76–78excess emotion among 36health consequences of

industrialization for10, 21

in the colonies 124patronage 120, 169see also class

Armstrong, John 43Army 23, 25, 59, 61, 64, 70, 75,

79, 145Arthur, George 28, 134–135,

137, 139Arthur, Paul 91Atkinson, Alan 2, 34, 40, 93,

123, 139Augustine 144Austen, Jane 77, 111

Mr Collins 116Mr Darcy 116Persuasion 77

218

Index 219

Sense and Sensibility 141Sir Walter Elliot 77

authoritymen’s ambivalent relationship with

6, 8, 125, 128, 130on the Bounty 80in colonial administration 122diminishing respect for 129–130escape from 145see also law

autobiography 4, 34, 46–47see also memoirs

autonomyand class 81expressions of 108, 119, 133, 140in men’s relationships with each

other 9, 111, 119–120loss of 8, 130, 142, 145pursuit of 8promised by emigration 90

Backhouse, James 28, 40, 61, 82, 95Bacon, Francis 90, 92

New Atlantis (1627) 90, 92balance 54

ambiguity of 24golden mean, the 17in competing expectations of

manliness 150–151, 158, 166,168–170, 172

in education 53–55, 59, 62in health 15–18, 27, 33in social relationships 78–81, 117in work and leisure 15of the sexes in the Australian

colonies 150, 157, 159,166, 170

Bamford, Samuel 47, 66, 172Early Days (1849) 47

Banks, George 3barbarism 10, 157–158

see also savageryBarbauld, Anna Laetitia 69Barclay, Andrew 76Barker, Collet 101–102Barker, Joseph 68Barney, Richard A. 53, 55Bass, George 120Bathurst, Lord 86, 120

Batman, John 2Beck, Richard 62, 171,Bell, Andrew 58Bennett, George 48Bentham, Jeremy 134, 142

Panopticon 134Bermingham, Ann 127Bible 39, 45, 67, 72, 90, 108

biblical geography 72biblical references and allusions 7,

68, 91, 94–95Bigge, John Thomas 26, 29, 126–127Bingle, John 87Bird, Ann 163Bishop, Charles 74Blaxcell, Graham 74Blaxland, Gregory 98Blewett, David 105Bligh, William 80–83, 86, 160books

comfort derived from 3, 65–66chapbooks 64, 65, 67–68, 70, 142convict use of 40, 66, 141first in Australian colonies 126influence of 65–70, 73, 143see also children; fiction; medical

literature; novelsBoorman, Charley 9Borrow, George 2, 3, 72, 79–85,

123, 169Boston, John 66Botany Bay 45, 48, 92, 133Bounty 4, 7, 71, 72Bourdieu, Pierre 112, 114, 127Bowden, Brett 10Bowes, Wyndham 79Boyce, Benjamin 88, 106, 108, 173Boydell, Charles 43, 158Boyes, G. T. W. B. 114Brewer, Henry ‘Harry’ 120Brown, John 34Brown, Simon 28Browne, Thomas Alexander 124Browne, William 121Brownless, Anthony 26Bruce, Lady Mary 153–154Bruce, Robert 153Bruce, Thomas (7th Earl of Elgin) 30

220 Index

Buchan, William 14–22, 24, 33Domestic Medicine (1769) 14, 16

Buckley, William 5Bucknall, Edward Gittins 49, 99–100Bulwer, Edward 142, 143Bunyan 39, 68

Pilgrim’s Progress 45, 67Burke, Edmund 36, 66Burkitt, William

Help and Guide to ChristianFamilies 112

Burnett, James 34bushrangers 130, 132, 142, 144–145

see also highwaymenbusiness

as cause of anxiety, ill-health andthreat to morality 26–27, 39,100–101

and family life 120, 167and the middle classes 152–153in the Australian colonies 66, 74,

104–105, 118, 120, 137,147, 158

vs agricultural activity 90–91see also commerce; trade

Butler, Joseph 44Buxton, Thomas Fowell 134Byng, John 77, 78Byron, George 22, 24, 41

Cambridge University 60, 62,137, 145

Campbell, Robert, John andCharles 62

Canada 12, 26cannibals 3, 173Carlyle, Thomas 21, 22, 63, 93, 94,

108, 168Carrington, C. E. 29Castaway 4, 7, 71, 174Chadwick, Edwin 10, 19– 21, 31, 90chains 12

convict 12, 40, 130, 139imaginary 7, 53, 175metaphorical 12, 39, 51, 54, 111,

128, 139Rousseau’s 13slave 13, 139

Channing, John Howard 143

Chapman, Henry 75Chapman, William 75Chartists 47, 69, 123, 135–137Chatham, Earl of 36Chesterfield, Lord (Philip Dormer

Stanhope, fourth Earl ofChesterfield) 112–116, 172

childrenCrusoe’s 3, 149conceptions of childhood 7, 161deaths of 155education of 57–63, 152, 168effects of culture on 63–65effects of books on 65–70, 171theories of raising 53–57, 168men’s hopes for 94, 100men’s attachment to 153, 156,

161, 166men nurturing and providing for

87, 104, 152–153, 160–163of convicts 124, 154, 163orphans 162

China 70, 92, 147, 171Chisholm, Caroline 157Chivalry 151Christian, Fletcher 80–81Christian, Thursday October 84Christianity 37–39, 72, 94, 112, 151

see also religious denominationsClare, John 87class 172–173

and civilization or ‘civilizingprocess’ 10, 32, 127

and crime 124, 130–131, 135,137–138, 143

and dress and manners 111–119and emigration 22and education 58–62in the Australian colonies 40, 99,

119, 124–125, 146, 158, 162see also aristocrats; middle class;

social mobility; working classClaxton, Christopher

Naval Monitor 42, 76, 78, 81, 175climate 12

consolation of 51degenerative effects of tropical 12effect on health 17, 25–29, 31, 34,

75, 85

Index 221

effect on morality 133salubrious 26–27

Clinton, Henry Fynes 42Cobbett, William 15, 21, 42, 60, 73,

90, 117, 128, 136, 151, 153, 171Address to the Journeymen and

Labourers 64Advice to Young Men (1829) 113Weekly Political Register 161

Codrington, Charles, Alexander andJohn 165

Coghill, John 120Cole, George Ward 74Coleridge, Francis 2, 3, 36Coleridge, Samuel 2, 3, 36, 63

Aids to Reflection (1825) 41Biographia Literaria (1817) 46

Colley, Linda 11, 36Collins, Anthony 44Collins, David 45, 125Collits, Pierce 146Colonial Office 86, 122, 125, 127colonization 6, 7, 90, 91, 93, 100,

108, 145, 166systematic 2, 94, 173

Colquhoun, Patrick 102–103commerce

as aspect of civilization 10, 93, 112association with military activity

and empire building 72–75,79, 110

opportunities provided by 5in the Australian colonies 98, 101,

147, 170, 172potential to undermine manliness

100–101, 116see also business; trade

commercialization, seeindustrialization

communityvs individualism 5, 56, 128utopian 7, 71, 83Australian colonies as 85men’s place in 120–122,

130–133, 169Condor, Josiah 21, 100conduct manuals 8, 11, 48, 52, 53,

76, 111, 112–118, 125, 127, 169Considen, Dennis 26

consumerismand class 73, 112, 127effects on men 15, 17, 115in the Australian colonies 117–119see also luxury

convictsand commerce 101and class 124–125, 130,

135–139, 146and dress 118–119, 138and homesickness 50and homosociality 123and patronage 120–121and religion 40and republicanism 93as Crusoe-like characters 5assigned 27autobiographies 47escapes 82, 147female 159–160health of 28, 30, 137labour 139–140marriage and family 160–163, 166punishment of 133–135, 138, 139,

141–142political prisoners 136–137rehabilitation of 85–86, 97–98,

133–134, 172see also emancipists; First Fleet;

slaveryCook, James 4, 45, 63, 67, 80Cooke, Edwards 4Cooper, Thomas 69Copperfield, David 3Corbin, Alain 44Cowper, William 4, 50, 95, 105Cox, William 98crime

debates about 8, 103, 135and class 124, 138increasing criminalization of men

131–132further crimes committed by

convicts 141changing nature of 142

crisis of masculinity 11Croker, John Wilson 174Croker, Thomas Crofton 47

222 Index

Crusoe, Robinson (see RobinsonCrusoe)

Culpepper, Nicholas 18English Physician Enlarged, The

(1801) 18Cunningham, Peter 5, 29, 106, 124,

140, 147Currency lads 16, 29–32, 43, 124Curtis, Anthony 74–75Cuthbertson, Reverend W. 31

Dacre, Ranulph 74Dalrymple, Alexander 60, 70Dampier, William 4, 67, 92Dante’s Divine Comedy 91Darling, Ralph 99, 120, 122Darnton, Robert 36Darwin, Charles 83

Origin of Species, The 67Davenport, Sarah 171Davidoff, Leonore 65, 149, 151,

152, 161De Foigny, Gabriel 91

La Terre Australe Connue (1693) 91de Tocqueville, Alexis 13, 128,

173, 174death

as final escape 147–148at sea 75sentence 79, 143, 156

Defoe, Daniel 9, 12, 23, 36, 46, 67,100, 110, 130

Conjugal Lewdness (1727) 149Family Instructor, The (1715) 149Moll Flanders 64Religious Courtship (1722) 149, 152Robinson Crusoe (1719) 1–8, 12–13,

14, 33, 39, 60, 65, 67–68, 72–73,84, 90, 95, 106–108, 171,173–174

degeneration 12, 20, 31, 158Demarr, James 46Demerara 26Deniehy, Daniel Henry 31, 43–44Dening, Greg 78, 82, 114Denmark 26diaries

and authenticity 48emigrant 107

fictive quality of 34, 45for self-regulation 41–44, 171recording health 15, 22–23, 28reflecting on family 153–156, 166travel 44–46see also journals

Dickens, Charles 3, 69Nicholas Nickleby 68

diet 17, 19, 25, 28, 48, 66, 83Dixon, George and Robert 28,

96, 120Dixon, Henry 60, 64Don Quixote 46, 47Driscoll, Cornelius 26Dunhill, Snowden 38, 50, 135, 154duty

domestic 151–152, 156, 167jury 146to work 23self–reflection as a 41

Dyer, Henry Moreton 103

Eden (Garden of) 72, 98Edgeworth, Maria 57, 64, 69, 141

Practical Education 57Edgeworth, Richard Lovell 57, 63,

64, 69Practical Education 57

education 6, 10, 18, 41, 73, 76, 100,112, 117

compulsory 57experiences of 59–63grammar schools 58Grand Tour 62in the Australian colonies 61–62,

123, 163monitorial system 58pedagogical intent of literature 7,

53, 68private vs public 58–59Sunday Schools 59travel as 43, 61–62see also children

effeminacyof aristocrats 77of civilization 10, 115–116, 157of emotions 151, 169, 170association with luxury and nation

10, 14

Index 223

caused by lack of physical exercise19–20

influence of women anddomesticity 62, 150–151,161, 171

preventing 54–55, 79egalitarianism 119, 123, 131Egan, Pierce 116

Boxiana (1812) 113Tom and Jerry, Life in London

(play) 63Life in London (1820) 111

Egypt 70Elias, Norbert 111, 127–128, 132Elliott, Jane 119emancipists 87, 124, 126, 146–147

see also convictsemigrants 7, 87–88, 166, 171

assisted 98, 103, 120at sea 72, 81, 123, 169diaries 45, 107homesickness 49suitable 103–104to Australia 12

emigrationand demographic changes 141as act of manliness 108as adventure 6, 133as opportunity to be a Crusoe 5as solution to health problems 15,

22, 27as solution to poverty and

crime 103disruption caused by 46, 150, 170transportation as 133–134

emigration literature 6, 7, 27, 90–91,94–97, 102, 108, 121, 131, 150,158, 166

emotion 1, 6–7, 33–37, 46, 79, 108and health 52, 53excessive emotions and effeminacy

151, 169, 170in families 155–160, 164lack of 43mixed 49–51‘navigation of’ 35, 37, 40religious 37–40vs reason 48

emotionscompassion 38despair 33fear 40, 41, 79, 82, 155grief 2, 36, 40, 65happiness 3, 8, 14, 23, 26, 37, 39,

49, 61, 77, 99, 102, 110, 113,150, 152, 153, 155, 159

homesickness 7, 35, 49, 50, 170unhappiness 19, 171joy 2, 12, 33, 36, 37melancholy 15, 49rapture 35–36, 39regret 7, 35, 37, 47, 50, 70, 166sorrow 33, 37tears 6, 33, 36, 50, 166temper 19, 32, 37, 116

empireand the need for robust men

18, 20opportunities created by

5, 174precariousness of 92–93Australia as new 93, 101networks of 121–122

enclosures 21, 90, 130, 169equilibrium see balanceescape

adventure as 7, 35, 49convict 5, 140, 147death as 148from patronage and obligation

127–128from authority 145from family 8, 150, 155, 164from gaze of other men 78from irreconcilable tensions 169from temptation 159metaphorical 12–13, 49

essentialism (of masculinesubjectivity) 1, 5, 6, 9, 15, 87,104, 150, 168

etiquette manuals, see conductmanuals

excess, excessivebehaviour 41, 130civilization 92–93, 100control or avoidance of 22, 24,

36–37, 41

224 Index

excess, excessive – continueddrinking 82emotion 33, 35, 169labour 17, 82thinking 19see also vices

explorers 1, 7, 23Indigenous people’s assistance

to 106Eyre, Edward 23, 47, 60, 81, 96, 101,

106, 111, 123, 128, 157, 173

factories 15, 20, 29, 118,145, 167

Factories Inquiry Commission 20family

and class 152–154, 161and independence 9, 85, 120, 127,

150, 151, 169, 174as criteria for emigration 103as marker of successful manhood

8, 102, 151, 157, 161–162, 169comfort of 51, 151, 166connections and patronage 80,

120–121, 152convict and ex–convict 107, 135,

150, 171Crusoe’s 149–150, 167de facto 160Defoe and 8education of children within 57experience of 154–157in the Australian colonies

157–163, 166, 170–171leaving (flight from domesticity) 1,

149, 163men’s role in 18, 104obligations 3, 98, 120, 149Swiss Family Robinson (1812) 39wealthy 56, 60see also fatherhood; marriage

Farquhar, GeorgeRecruiting Officer, The (play) 63

fatherhood 8, 161, 169–170fencing 22, 55, 60, 61fiction 1, 34

adventure 2, 82ambiguity of fact and 65–68,

91–92, 142

and introspection 34as model for autobiographies

45, 47often read 46, 64pedagogical intent of 7, 53, 68tropes of 7, 34–35, 44see also books; novels; utopian

fictionFielding, Henry 67First Fleet 85

and farming 104and first land grants in Australian

colonies 99journals of 45, 48children in the 60theatre on the 63books carried by the 65

Flanders, Todd R. 107Flinders, Ann 153Flinders, Matthew 1, 2, 4, 22, 45, 67,

77, 101, 119–120, 153Flinders, Samuel 22, 77Forbes, Francis 26, 139Forsythe, Robert 133Forth, Christopher E. 11, 12Foster, George 155Fox, Charles James 36, 115Foyster, Elizabeth A. 9France 14, 20, 35, 44, 46, 57, 62,

178 n16Francis, Martin 10freedom

conferred by working the land105, 131

convict 135, 137, 140from anxiety 43from civilization 12from patronage 90, 111hopes for in the Australian colonies

93, 131in homosociality 122promised at sea 82–84promised in the Australian bush

108–109, 131religious 92see also liberty

Freeman, Thomas 171Frost, Ginger 160Frost, John 137

Index 225

Froude, Richard Hurrell 23, 41Fyans, Foster 82

Gall, Franz Joseph 34gentlemen

and honour 78clubs 122bushrangers 142education for 59, 61–62farmers 23in the Australian colonies 99, 128,

135, 161on the Bounty 80training to become 54, 113

Gerrald, Joseph 70, 136Gibbon, Edward 93

History of the Decline and Fall of theRoman Empire, The(1776–1788) 93

Gibbon, Edward Wakefield 2, 94,101, 103, 110, 135, 173

Sketch of a Proposal for ColonisingAustralasia (1829) 89

Gipps, George 125–126Gisborne, Henry Fyshe 27Gisborne, Thomas 113Goderich, Viscount 99Godwin, William 24, 37, 53, 55–56,

58–59, 63, 66, 69, 119, 161Enquirer. Reflections on Education,

Manners, and Literature, The(1797) 113

Goffin, Magdalen 48Goldsmith, Oliver 8, 60, 67

Vicar of Wakefield 115Gordon, Frances 156gout 6, 14, 19, 22, 27, 28, 29Graham, Thomas John 17Grainger, John 22, 155Grand Tour, the 62Grant, Elspeth 31Grant, John 28, 36, 119, 125Grant, Robert D. 94Greece (ancient) 30, 90Green, Martin 2, 36, 39Gregg, Stephen H. 12Greville, Charles 42Grove, James 137

habitscriminal 134, 158establishment of 52–54nomadic 106–107of self–reflection 41–42theory of development of 114

Hall, Catherine 65, 149, 151,152, 161

Hall, Edward Smith 139Hall, Joseph 92

Mundus Alter et Idem 92Hall, William 101, 156Halloway, John 143Hardwicke, Charles 52–53, 75Harris, Alexander 68

Martin Beck: or, The Story of anAustralian Settler 68

Harris, George Prideaux 49, 125, 150,153, 159

Harris, James 41Hartley, David 34, 114Haslam, Jason 139Hassall, Mary 36Hassall, Reverend Thomas 104Hassall, Thomas 27Hawke, George 27, 104, 159Hay, Robert 122Haydon, Benjamin Robert 38Haygarth, Henry William 48, 108,

107, 108, 119Hazlitt, William 128Headon, David 31health, men’s physical 6, 49, 90,

152, 156activities recommended for

55, 170and ‘balance’ 53, 158, 169and climate 25–26and class 110as portrayed in popular medical

literature 14–22in the Australian colonies 26–29,

87, 97, 104, 158, 165in their journals 69longevity 17, 25, 27, 110men’s own comments on 22–25,

87, 101obesity 28, 29on Pitcairn Island 83

226 Index

health, men’s physical – continuedseen in ‘Currency lads’ 29–32self–control necessary for 44see also ill-health

Hedge, Mary Ann 68Orphan Sailor-Boy; Or, Young Arctic

Voyager, The 68Henty, Charles 165Henty, Edward 140–141, 146, 165Henty, Frances, Jane, John,

Stephen 165Henty, Francis 43, 140–141, 165Henty, James 43, 44, 81, 165Henty, Thomas 27, 44, 125–126,

146, 164, 165, 166Henty, William 125–126, 127,

165, 171Hervey, Thomas Kibble 73highwaymen 130, 135, 142–145

see also bushrangersHindmarsh, Bruce 40, 156Hindmarsh, John 86Hoath, John 154Hobsbawm, Eric 172Hoddle, Robert 24, 27, 30, 49, 105,

106, 107, 148Holt, Joseph 47home

Australian colonies as 28, 87,105, 108

‘balance’ between work and home158

Britain as 8, 11, 16, 26, 28, 29, 40,41, 96, 100, 105, 107, 118, 134,135, 161

creating 66, 147Crusoe and 1, 3, 7, 108, 149education at 58–59, 60leaving 49–50, 75, 171letters to and from 40, 49–50, 82,

137, 164, 170, 171returning 50, 83, 86, 155tension between work and home

167, 171utopian 83

Homer 9, 69see also Iliad

honour 71–77, 78–80, 92, 126, 130Horne, John 122

House of Commons 23, 36,39, 126

House of Lords 36Hovell, William Hilton 120–121, 125Howard, John 69Howe, Michael 87Howe, Robert 163Hume, David 44, 51, 172

‘Of Refinement in the Arts andSciences’ (1752) 116

Hume, Hamilton 106humors, humoral theory 17–18Humphrey, Edward 171Hunter, John 27, 30, 40, 45, 86, 99,

104, 157Hutchinson, William 147Hutton, Catherine 153Hutton, William 22, 37, 47, 62, 100,

105, 153Hythloday, Raphael 82

Iliad 9, 60, 69, 171ill-health 38

causes of 19, 26consumption 19, 22, 25, 27gout 6, 14, 19, 22, 27, 28, 29in men’s writings 16, 165remedies for 26rheumatism 19, 28

imperialism 2, 10impressment 24, 74imprisonment 8, 85, 129, 138, 140independence

and adventure 8and emigration 7and happiness 113and land 7, 8, 21, 90, 97, 103, 104,

108, 111, 170, 173and political participation 30, 169and successful manhood 72, 97,

147, 151, 169, 174ambiguity of 8, 82, 102, 111, 117,

119–120, 127, 128, 147,171, 173

as autonomy/freedom/liberty 9,90, 108, 111, 128, 131

as liberty 9economic/financial 119, 147,

150, 170

Index 227

loss of 66, 101, 132pursuit of 79, 82, 90–91, 93, 99,

104, 105, 108–109, 111, 126,128, 134, 169, 172–173

India 117, 118, 171Indigenous Australians 16, 29, 30,

91, 104, 106–107individualism 4, 5, 57, 71industrialization

as facet of civilization 10as threat to men’s physical nature

and moral health 6, 10, 14,21, 168

disruption caused by 46, 161, 167insanity 17, 33–34

see also madness; nervousnessintertextuality 67, 174Ireland 11, 38, 40islands

regenerative nature of 7, 72represented in Western culture 72sites for social experimentation,

utopias and insight 71,83, 92

see also South Pacific

Jack Tar 77Jackson, John (boxer) 116Jackson, John (joiner) 121James, T. Horton 124Janszoon, Willem 91Jenkins, Lisa 139Jerusalem 91John Bull 77, 115, 116Johnson, John 95Johnson, Reverend Richard 27,

40, 65Johnson, Robert 37, 41, 52,

153, 156Johnson, Samuel 3, 52,

113, 172Jones, Richard 105Jonson, Ben 23journals and journal writing

Crusoe’s 6, 33emigrant/settler 34, 37, 43–44,

125–126, 158farming 42–43, 44James Cook’s 67

men’s health in 6, 15see also diaries

journeys 34, 118, 164as trope 73educational 46in books 67of self-discovery 6, 45see also voyages

Joyce, Alfred 96Joyce, James 2

Kable, Henry 85–86, 137, 147Keats, John 3Kenny, John and James 61Kimmel, Michael 123King Charles II 115King, Philip Gidley 75, 86, 99, 163Knox, Alexander 38Knox, Vicesimus 60, 151Konishi, Shino 30, 106Koselleck, Reinhart 9, 11Kuchta, David 115

labour 61agricultural, farm, manual 21, 24,

27, 28, 31, 97, 99, 145, 169British labour force 73convict labour force in the

Australian colonies 40, 85,101, 103–104, 124, 130,138–140

effects seen on the body 29excessive 17, 82, 168in Edwin Chadwick’s report 10,

20, 90in urban environments 15, 20regenerative effects of 28, 31,

134, 158Laidlaw, Zoë 121Lamb, Jonathan 34, 46, 49Lancaster, Joseph 58land 77

and economics 2, 86, 98, 103, 136and independence 7, 8, 90–91, 93,

97, 99, 103– 105, 108, 111,170, 173

and language 88, 173and physical health 8, 15, 21, 31

228 Index

land – continuedin the Australian colonies 85, 91,

93–94, 98–99, 104–105, 107,108, 119, 125–126, 134, 165,162, 170

loss of/enclosures 21–22, 89–90,130, 169

men’s responses to/commentary on28, 32, 50, 87, 88, 93, 97,100, 159

regenerative potential of 8, 72,97–98, 102

see also squattersLandor, Edward 1, 26, 50, 108,

117, 119Bushman; or, Life in a New Country,

The 96Lang, John Dunmore 60, 94, 95Langford, Paul 10, 33, 112language 34, 47, 50

class 153, 172–173colonial 140convict 147religious 40role in creating apparent

continuities of manliness 9,31, 39, 46, 87, 90, 166, 174–175

Wittgenstein on public vs private48, 174

Lavater, Johann Kaspar 34law 25, 92, 93, 119

and marriage/families 160–162and order 132–133men’s ambiguous relationship with

6, 8–9, 105, 129–130, 133,136–138, 144–148

Poor Laws 11, 59, 97, 135, 136‘rule of law’ 131see also authority

Lawrence, William 26Lawry, Reverend Walter 36, 50Lawson, William 98leisure 15, 21, 142, 158, 169

see also recreationLennox, Charles (Third Duke of

Richmond) 153–154Lennox, Charles (Fourth Duke of

Richmond) 156Leonard, John 139

Leslie, Patrick 126letters

convict 28, 40, 131, 135for clemency 156in colonial administration 122letter writing 107Lord Chesterfield’s 113–114, 116of advice 52, 75, 76, 155of introduction 120–121, 128‘to the editor’ 132, 144, 152see also home

liberty 8, 9, 100, 105, 129–135, 139in republicanism 92–93see also freedom

librariesaristocratic 143circulating 64First Fleet 65prison 141–142school 60subscription 16, 70

Life and Adventures of E. Snell, The 45literature 5, 35–36, 44, 58, 70,

91, 143advice on fatherhood 151, 161children’s 68educational 62, 65on Robinson Crusoe 4, 12, 14religious 112travel 45see also books; conduct manuals;

emigration literature; medicalliterature; utopian fiction

litigation 133Locke, John 4, 12, 34, 53–58, 66, 68,

70, 90, 161, 168, 172, 174An Essay Concerning Human

Understanding 44Thoughts on Education 53

Londonhomsociality in 122–123theatres 4, 63and industrialization 21, 31London Missionary Society

39, 122longevity, see healthLord, Simeon 85–86, 101, 137Lord, Edward 125Loveless, George 136–137

Index 229

Lovett, William 47Lowenthal, David 71Luddites 136, 156

see also machine-breakersluxury, luxuries

and class 115and men’s health 19, 24, 29, 33,

100, 168and republicanism 93as aspect of civilization 10,

15, 25as part of city life 19association with effeminacy and

nation 10, 14, 20, 77

Macarthur, Elizabeth 119Macarthur, John 25, 124, 155Macdonald, John 121machine-breakers 129, 135,

136, 137Macintyre, J. J. 70, 120, 122,

155, 171Mackenzie, Alexander 61Mackenzie, Farquhar 37, 153Mackenzie, Henry 46

Man of Feeling 36Macleay, Alexander 24, 25, 120Maconochie, Alexander 98, 141–142Macquarie, Lachlan 98, 120, 124,

126, 146, 160Macqueen, Thomas Potter 103madness 17, 33

see also insanity, nervousnessMan Friday 1, 3, 65, 84, 89, 173manliness

as promised by Robinson Crusoe 8,12, 95, 171

behaviour required for 37, 39, 41,90, 97, 108, 112–113, 171, 168

behaviour that undermined 33,50, 82, 101, 116, 132, 142, 145,151, 157, 158, 169, 171

conferred by dancing 21conferred by the English

Constitution 130domestic 87, 151, 157of Indigenous Australians 16, 30of missionaries 39performances of 72, 76, 169

potential for in the Australiancolonies 102, 123

role of language and stories increating 5, 9, 172–174

Mann, George 106manners

and civilization and ‘civilizingprocess’ 10, 127

and effeminacy 66and class 111–117, 142learning 54, 62, 76

Margarot, Maurice 136Marjoribanks, Alexander 29, 94, 144marriage 8, 13, 92, 150–155, 167,

169, 170–171bigamy 154, 160–161de facto relationships 160, 163divorce 160in the Australian colonies

159–162, 165Marsden, Reverend Samuel 95, 96,

116, 119Marten, Maria 64Marx, Karl 24Mason, Joseph and Robert 136–137Matra, James Mario 86, 93

‘Proposal for Establishing aSettlement in New South Wales’(1783) 98

Maynard, Margaret 118–119McGrath, Ann 30McGregor, Ewan 9McMeckan, James 87McQueen, Thomas 61medical literature 6, 15, 16–25, 28,

29–30, 39, 48, 52–53, 112,170, 172

Melville, Thomas 82memoirs 6, 9, 34, 44–47, 61, 135

see also autobiographymerchant navy 72, 74, 169Meredith, Louise 88Merivale, Herman 100Mesmer, Frantz Anton 34metanarratives 173–174Metropolitan Police 123, 132

see also Peel, Robert

230 Index

middle or middling classadvice for 113and ambivalence about trade 105and family 151–153, 161and dress 115and civilization 15, 21, 168as consumers 73Crusoe and 3, 8in the Australian colonies 125,

146, 162–164uneasiness of 77–78, 81, 110–112

Mill, John Stuart 9Milne, Reverend Robert 54Milton 23, 66miracles 38, 40missionaries 39–40, 41Mitchell, Thomas 122mobility 25, 140

see also social mobilityMontagu, Basil 57Montaigne 174Moore, Clive 163Moore, G. F. 30, 41, 49morality 151, 152

conferred by land and labour 86,98–99, 134

criteria for emigration 103–104Defoe’s treatises on 149of Chesterfield’s letters 113of society and the nation 20,

100, 152of the Pitcairn Islanders 84language of 39, 151moral health 15, 17, 19, 21, 29,

59, 97More, Hannah 39More, Thomas 82–83, 92Morehead, Robert 26Morgan, John 5Mudie, James 135Muir, Thomas 136Munro, James 5Murray, George 122

Nagle, Jacob 74Napoleonic Wars 11, 75

nationAustralia as 2, 31, 93building 18, 57, 58nexus of luxury, effeminacy and

10, 14, 20‘state of the’ 31, 39, 143, 151

national identity, nationalism 11,44, 62, 79

see also patriotismnature

men’s essential 5, 6, 9, 15, 16, 18,24, 34, 87, 139, 168

the natural world 38, 50, 83vs civilization/culture 5, 10,

57, 158navy, see merchant navy; Royal NavyNeal, David 127Neate, Christina 75Nelson, Horatio 77– 79, 122nervousness and nervous diseases

17, 27, 33see also insanity; madness

Neville, Henry 91New South Wales

Bigge’s report on 126, 134irony in choice as penal colony

84–85Jeremy Bentham’s view of 134proposals for settlement in 93, 98Robinson Crusoe and 2

newspapers, see print cultureNewton, John 38Nicol, John 1, 37, 70, 159Nicolson, Adam 78–79Nieuhoff, Johan 70Nobbs, George Hunn 84Norfolk Island 66, 71, 75, 84, 98, 99,

107, 137, 141–142novels

influence of 66–68, 70, 174men’s comments on 65sentimental and romantic 33–34,

36, 46, 67, 69, 92see also books; Austen, Jane; Defoe,

Daniel; Robinson Crusoe; Savery,Henry; Scott, Walter

Nugent, Maria 30Nussbaum, Felicity 44

Index 231

occupations, see workO’Connell, James F. 138Odysseus, Odyssey 1, 2, 82, 150Onslow, Arthur 106

pain 49, 55, 89, 168Paine, Thomas 32, 58, 64, 94, 136

Rights of Man 32Palmer, Thomas Fyshe 66, 136–137Papson, Stephen 106–107paradise 72, 84, 142Park, Mungo 47Parkes, Henry 121Pascal, Blaise 9passions

and health 17, 23and the law 133and marriage 151and manliness 33, 39, 169regulation of 35, 36–37, 54, 170religious 38–39, 58

patriotism 1, 33, 69, 76–79, 151Australian Patriotic

Association 147see also national identity

patronage 80, 111, 169in the Australian colonies 90, 97,

120, 125, 127–128Pearke, W. Andre 17Pearson, Charles 142Peel, Robert 121, 123, 132Pelsaert, Francois 91Peterloo 131, 136, 137philanthropy, philanthropists 39,

97–98, 134, 143, 157Phillip, Arthur 26, 30, 45, 60, 75, 85,

86, 93, 98, 102, 120, 160Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany

Bay, The 45Phillips, Jock 124Phillips, Baker 77, 78philosophy, philosophers 5, 16, 34,

35, 58Picton Phillipps, Tina 157, 163Pinnock, William 17–18

A Catechism of Medicine 17pirates 1, 44, 46, 78, 79, 129,

143–145Pitcairn Island 4–5, 71, 83–85

Pitt, William 23Plato’s Commonwealth 92pleasure

as obstacle to happiness 39domestic 151–152, 157–159in the South Seas 83of working the land 28, 87, 105of reading 65–66

Pocock, J. G. A. 92–93poetry 34, 50politeness

as aspect of civilization 10concerns about 48, 93, 115–116teaching 112–113

politics 4, 35, 51, 58, 67, 74, 92, 167radical 66, 90, 123, 129, 131,

135–136poor, the 31, 58, 59, 97

working/labouring 15, 29, 78, 110urban 31, 140see also poverty

Pope, Alexander 23, 102, 171popular culture

debates over 65influence of 5, 7, 9, 53, 70

poverty 8, 103, 129see also poor, the

powerimperial 44, 122men’s over women 11of words 53, 66, 174political 32, 92–93, 127religious 58

Prentis, Malcolm D. 123press gangs, see impressmentPrice, John Washington 49, 93, 101,

157, 159, 166Price, William Lake 4Priestley, Joseph 44, 114Pringle, Thomas 12, 95print culture, influence of 53,

64, 143prosperity, see wealthProsser, Reverend Richard 39psychology 17, 34, 54, 55,

107, 114punishment 130–135

of children 54–55of convicts 140, 141

232 Index

punishment – continueddebates about 8, 138of educated convicts 138

Queen Caroline 151, 166

radicals, radicalism 2, 7, 47, 58, 66,90, 113, 135, 136, 153

Raven, William 74reason 58

vs emotion 35, 36, 39–40, 48, 54reception of texts 22, 65recreation 21, 59, 90, 112, 140

see also leisureReddy, William 35–37redemption 7, 8, 72, 138Redfern, William 126, 136, 137Reform Acts 1832 and 1867

11, 152regeneration, potential for 141,

158, 166in the Australian colonies 28–29,

31–32, 97–98, 133, 141, 166on islands 7, 71–72, 84through labour and land 97–98 ,

134, 158Reid, William 99Reilly, Terry 46religion

in the Australian colonies 40religious faith 23, 37–38, 95, 173religious feeling/sentiment 33, 37,

38, 39–40, 58religious

practice/observance/guidance35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 105, 112,152, 169

religious worldview 38, 94religious denominations

Baptists 38, 41Catholics 38, 40, 92, 162Church of England 38, 153Congregationalists 38Dissenters 37, 58, 70Evangelicals 38, 39, 46, 113, 122Latitudinarians 38Methodists 3, 41, 46Nonconformists 38, 58, 59nostalgia 21, 49, 90, 142, 161

Presbyterians 38, 60, 61, 94Protestant 40Quakers 38, 40, 41, 59, 82, 122Wesleyans 38

republicanism 30, 31, 92, 93,115, 131

responsibilityand free will 16, 34family 154, 163, 167for community law and order

130–133, 145, 169for men’s own bodies 18

revolution 8, 93French 11, 33, 35, 36, 37, 58, 75,

92, 136, 139American 33, 74, 136, 139

rhetoric 44, 78, 94, 111, 151emotional 36medical 15, 32of opportunity 91of regeneration 97–98, 141of responsibility 18of restlessness 7public 14

Richardson, Samuel 36Richmond, Duke of 125, 153, 156Riley, Alexander 103, 147Ritchie, John 126–127Robbins, W. M. 147Roberts, David 140, 147Robinson Crusoe (as character and

novel)and class 77, 110, 128, 173and colonization 89–90, 95–97,

108, 173and emotions 33–34, 36and family 149–150, 167and raising boys 53, 60,

69–70, 173and religious faith 4, 5, 6,

37–40, 95and physical health 14–16and utopias 136as model for men’s self-writings

45–47, 172as inspiration for adventure 72–73,

82–83, 107as Puritan tale 4, 174

Index 233

conflation of fact and fiction 4–5,53, 67–68

enduring popularity of the novel3–5, 65

in Australian colonial sources andhistoriography 1–2, 5, 95–97,105, 111, 147

role in perpetuating ideals ofmanliness 9, 72, 88,173–174

Robinsonades 4, 12, 39Rogers, Woodes 4romance see novelsRome (ancient) 30, 90, 92Roper, Michael 166–167Rose, John William 121Rosenberg, Charles E. 16, 22Ross, Valerie 94Rotton, Henry 67Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 4, 13, 39, 53,

58, 66, 71, 83, 84, 97, 131, 172Confessions 47La Nouvelle Hélöise 36Émile 4, 53–54, 56–58, 128Social Contract, The (1762)

53, 128Rowcroft, Charles

Tales of the Colonies or The AustralianCrusoes; or The Adventures of anEnglish Settler and His Family inthe Wilds of Australia 4, 45, 97

Royal Navy 67, 72, 74, 77, 85, 169Royal Society 42, 45Rudé, George 136Ruse, James 85, 99Ruskin, John 174Russell, Penny 159

Saunders, John 26savagery, savages 10, 157, 171

see also barbarismSavery, Henry 123, 137

Hermit, The 67Quintus Servinton. A Tale Founded

Upon Incidents of Real Occurrence67, 68

Schaffer, Philip 99

sciences 5, 10, 116natural 58, 69penal 141

Scott, Ernest 92Scott, J. B. 60, 62, 116Scott, Robert and Helenus 96Scott, Walter 4, 45, 66–67, 141, 172Scottish Martyrs 136sealing 72, 81–82, 85–87, 118,

137, 169sedentary

ill-effects of being 8, 15, 19, 22,26–27, 29, 32, 33, 145, 168, 170

remedies for 21–22, 158Sedgewick, Thomas 31Segal, Lynne 174Selby, Penelope 107self, the 4, 5, 34, 41, 44, 51

self–awareness 43self–control/discipline/

management/regulation 8, 18,22, 35, 37, 41, 44, 45, 48, 49,50, 52, 57, 78, 112, 116, 131,132, 144, 145, 169, 170

self-discovery 6, 65, 42, 45, 65self-definition 65, 168self-doubt 16, 23, 48, 170self-enamelling 34–35self-examination/scrutiny 35,

41–42self-image 15self-improvement/education

111, 117self-knowledge 47, 48self-interest 44, 78–80self-preservation 46, 140self-reflection 35, 41, 43, 44, 170self-representations/writings 9, 11,

34, 35, 45, 47, 49, 51, 155, 170self-sacrifice 39self-sufficiency/reliance 96, 98,

99, 108public vs private 35, 48

Selkirk, Alexander 4, 50, 67Senduziuk, Paul 31sensibility 38, 42, 48–49, 79,

116, 151

234 Index

sentimentsentimental novels 33, 46sentimentalism 35–36, 143see also emotion; emotions; religion

separate spheres 10settlers 87, 93–94, 97, 99–100,

102–103, 107–108, 130, 171and independence 90, 106,

119–121and religion 40debates over suitable 8, 103–104,

124, 134–135relationship with convicts

139–140Robinson Crusoe as 173self-reflection among 35, 43women 158–159see also systematic colonization

sexuality 11Shakespeare 23, 66, 69, 172Shapin, Steve 17Sharkett, James 163Shawe, Merrick 121Shelley, Percy 131Shepherd, Isaac 40Shepherd, John 142Sherer, Moyle

Recollections of the Peninsula 46shipwreck 38, 45, 46, 64, 67, 69, 75,

89, 91Crusoe’s 1, 3, 65metaphorical 24, 8

Sinclair, John 26, 115Code of Health and Longevity, The

(1818) 20, 24, 25Skirving, William 136–137slavery 13, 171

Robinson Crusoe and 4, 8, 106,129, 173

convicts as 130, 139debates about 138–139slaves to temptation 119Slavery Abolition Act 1833 11

Smillie, William 157–158Smith, Adam 90Smith, Alexander 84Smith, Joe 120Smith, Robert 138Smith, Samuel 45

Smith, SouthwoodThe Philosophy of Health 18

Smollett, Tobias 4, 46, 67Roderick Random 70, 108

social mobility 6, 8, 44, 72, 77, 79,81, 100–101, 110–111, 128, 153,169, 170

socialism 143see also Chartists

Sorrell, William 103soul, the 6, 13, 16, 34–35, 37, 39,

41, 44, 48, 51, 54, 84,112, 148

South Australia 12, 34, 86, 88,94, 157

South Australian Association 98South Pacific 49, 63, 83Southey, Robert 46, 148Southwell, Daniel 26, 27, 38, 41, 49,

77, 120Spain, Edward 36, 46, 74, 100Spence, Thomas

A Supplement to the History ofRobinson Crusoe (1782) 2,92, 136

Spurzheim, Johann Caspar 34squatters 129, 130, 145–146Stanhope, Philip 114Stanhope, Philip Dormer, see

Chesterfield, LordStanley, Edward 135Starobinski, Jean 10Statham, Edwyn Henry 26–27, 50,

56, 82, 87Stearns, Peter J. 35Stennett, Samuel

Discourses on Domestick Duties(1783) 152

Stephenson, Percy Reginald 31Stirling, James 86, 99Stokes, John 95Stonor, Alban Charles 26Sturt, Charles 26Strickland, Catherine Parr – Canadian

Crusoes, The 12Strother 41–42Surrey, Lord 125Suttor, George 50

Index 235

Swift, Jonathan 23, 46, 51, 69, 172Gulliver’s Travels 64, 67, 90,

91–92Swing protesters 136Sydney 118–119

as beginning of a new nation 93University of 51, 62

Sydney, Lord 93, 98systematic colonization 2, 94, 173

Taber, Thomas 61Tahiti 39, 83–84

see also South PacificTaylor, George 156Taylor, Richard 28, 156Taylor, Robert and Sarah 154Taylor, William 46Tench, Watkin 30, 48

A Narrative of the Expedition toBotany Bay (1789) 45

theatre 63–64, 70, 77, 92,142–143, 145

Robinson Crusoe in 4Theobald, John 17, 18Therry, Roger 98, 137, 145Thomas, George 135Thompson, Edward 76Thomson, Alexander 42Thomson, Edward Deas 26Thrale, Hester 44Threlkeld, Lancelot 104Throsby, Charles 26Tillbrook, Reverend S. 22Tolpuddle Martyrs 136Tom Jones 108Tooke, John Horne 34Tosh, John 2, 10, 108, 151–152,

161, 167trade

as cause of ill-health 19and empire building 7, 72–74, 79,

169–170and homosociality 122–123educating boys for 55, 59–61, 70in the Australian colonies 86, 93,

101, 105–106, 119, 131,146–147, 165

see also business; commerceTrafalgar, Battle of 78, 79, 86, 122

transportationas new beginning 98, 103,

146–147providing labour force in the

colonies 139questions over effectiveness of

130, 133–136, 138, 141Transportation Act 1718 133

Trimmer, Sarah 69Tristram Shandy 108Trusler, John 114

Principles of Politeness 60Turner, Catherin Cockburn 44Turner, J. M. W. 72Turner, Peter 171Turpin, Richard (Dick) 142

Ulysses 2see also Odysseus

Underwood, James 85–86, 137unemployment 11, 31, 98Unitarians 38, 69, 137United States 12, 26, 57

see also Americaurban

environments 15, 19, 21, 31, 63,90, 101, 168

life 44, 99, 122poor 31, 140populations 21, 63, 123urbanization 46, 101, 161,

168, 170urbanization and crime 103

utopian fiction 7, 83, 90–94, 97,142, 159

Van Diemen’s Landin Australia’s first book 126Van Diemen’s Land Company

98, 138Vairasse D’Allais, Denis 159

History of the Sevarambes (1675)91, 92

Vaux, James Hardy 45, 122Memoirs of James Hardy Vaux, a

Swindler and Thief 47Verge, John 26Vernon, Admiral Edward 76

236 Index

vices 19, 21, 29, 39, 107, 134artifice 35, 48, 115drinking, drunkenness 17, 22, 25,

28, 29, 52, 113, 131, 154, 156,166, 171

ennui 22, 28, 158indolence 19, 28, 29, 77, 83indulgence 17, 18–19, 20, 33,

81, 83intemperance 17, 19, 23, 37pride 3, 110, 112, 117recklessness 19, 55, 82, 144voluptuousness 24, 168

violence 11, 36, 38, 78, 85, 112, 116,142, 144

decrease in interpersonal 131–132state monopolization of 132

virtue 14, 29, 39, 84, 93, 113,virtues 31, 59, 65, 102, 116, 142,

152, 153abstemiousness/abstinence 24,

30, 168asceticism 22authenticity 35, 48cleanliness 17, 31, 52courage 30, 39, 65, 77, 78, 79, 85,

116, 151fortitude 38, 65honesty 29, 32, 52, 130industriousness 52, 58, 59, 94,

102, 104, 121, 134, 159, 165integrity 52, 80, see also honourmoderation 17, 22, 23resourcefulness 39sobriety 102, 104temperance 14, 17, 52, 112

Voltaire 56voyages

as trope 73for treating nervous disorders

33–34James Cook’s 45, 63of discovery 4, 68, 70, 174personal records of 44–45, 123see also journeys

‘walkabout’ 91, 106–107Walker, George Washington 28Wallace, Alfred Russel 83

Wallace, John 155Walpole, Horace 153Ward, Edward 4Washington, George 32Waterloo, Battle of 86, 129Watkin, Absalom 23, 37, 38, 48, 100,

136, 154, 171Watling, Thomas 35, 138Waugh, David 27, 36, 106, 156Waugh, Emily 156Waugh, James 43wealth

and education 60, 62as aspect of civilization 17, 172as cause of ill-health 19, 105as threat to the nation 20, 93, 131convict displays of 50, 118–119in the Australian colonies 85–86,

97, 99, 118, 124, 145, 146, 166Webb, Robert 99Webster, John 29, 46, 81–82Webster, William 60Wentworth, William Charles 93, 98

Statistical, Historical, and PoliticalDescription of The Colony of NewSouth Wales (1819) 93

Wesley, John 38Westwood, William

‘Jackey–Jackey’ 144whaling 72, 75, 81–85, 87, 118,

137, 169White, Edmund 120White, George Boyle 42, 154White, John 45Whitehead, Charles

Lives of the English Highwaymen,Pirates, and Robbers 143

Whitelam, Sarah 159Whittingham, Henry 68Whole Duty of Man, The 112

New Whole Duty of Man, The 152Whytt, Robert 34Wiener, Martin 131–132Wilberforce, William 153Wills, Horatio 95Wilson, Kathleen 44Windham, William 15, 23, 164Wittgenstein, Ludwig 48, 174

Index 237

women 11, 32, 62, 122,151–152, 157

in the Australian colonies 85, 150,156, 157–161, 166

Aboriginal and Pacific Islander83–84

Woodward, Josiah 112–113Wordsworth, William 172

The Prelude 46Wordsworth, Dorothy 56Worgan, George 1work

apprentices, apprenticeships 31,61, 96, 143, 166

attorneys 104, 135bakers 19barristers 94bricklayers 39, 102butchers 39, 96carpenters 39, 96, 102, 106chimney sweepers 19clergy 17, 23, 40, 58, 64, 94, 104,

135, 173clerks 115, 119, 124, 135doctors 16, 34, 104drapers 39economists 89estate agents 104farmers 21, 23, 27, 70, 87, 96, 99,

102–105, 115, 129, 132,158, 164

footmen 19hatter 39house painters 19hydrographers 73lawyers 78, 92, 133, 138, 146mariners 24, 74, 168marines 60, 85, 93, 99, 118mechanics 56, 61, 63, 96, 102, 110merchants 14, 59, 61, 74–75, 78,

85, 101, 105, 128, 135, 165, 166merchant seamen 67, 73, 74plumbers 19poet 34, 46politician 23, 74, 115public (or civil) servants 122,

123, 166

publicans 60, 101, 118sailors 7, 40, 41, 68, 69, 73, 76–79,

82, 85–88, 99, 115, 122, 140,159–160, 162

sawyers 96, 102servants 17, 19, 36, 40, 73, 77, 96,

112, 113, 119, 124, 131,139, 159

shepherds 95, 137, 143shoemakers 96, 102, 104, 118, 172soldiers 7, 36, 40, 46, 57, 69, 86,

99, 112, 115, 132, 140, 154,160, 162, 166

spinners 19, 104stone-cutters 102surgeons 126, 129, 135, 136, 137surveyors 26, 104, 125, 135, 166tailors 19, 39, 61, 96, 102, 115,

118, 119, 155weavers 7, 20, 39, 104, 129wheelrights 96

working or labouring classes 19, 78,110, 140,

and books 45and civilization 15, 158, 168,and education 58, 59and family 154, 160–161, 162and health 21, 29, 172and independence 119Edwin Chadwick on 10, 20, 90regeneration of 97–98,

Wright, Julia M. 139Wyndham, Charles 171Wyndham, Charlotte and Margaret

164Wyndham, George 28, 43, 120, 156,

163, 164, 166Wyndham, Laetitia 57, 120Wyndham, Mary Ann 156Wyss, Johan David

Swiss Family Robinson 39

Young, Arthur 45–46Young, George 93Young, Linda 117–118, 158Younger, John 113, 172