notes: 2.3, part 1 - macromolecules, carbs & lipids
TRANSCRIPT
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NOTES: 2.3, part 1 - Macromolecules, Carbs &
Lipids
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The Chemistry of Carbon• Why is CARBON so important to life?• Living things are made up of molecules
that contain CARBON and other elements (H, O, P, S, and N)
• Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements
• Carbon has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures!
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Carbon’s 4 valence electrons:
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Polymer Principles
• POLYMER: large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together
• MONOMER: subunit or building block molecule of a polymer
• MACROMOLECULE: large organic polymer *Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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• POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS: chemical reactions that link 2 or more small molecules (monomers) to form larger molecules (polymers)
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS (or CONDENSATION): reactions during which monomers are linked together; an –H and and –OH are removed, producing net removal of a water molecule for each covalent linkage
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OH HO
O
H2O
Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose C6H12O6
Sucrose C12H22O11 Water
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• HYDROLYSIS: process that breaks the covalent bonds between monomers by the addition of water molecules
*Example: DIGESTION
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OH2O
Sucrose C12H22O11Water
OH HO
Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose C6H12O6
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Monosaccharides = single sugars
• are major nutrients for cells
• glucose is most common
*examples: glucose, ribose, galactose, fructose
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Disaccharides = double sugars
• Also a source of energy• Formed when 2 monosaccharides
combine in a dehydration reaction;• Examples:
lactose (milk sugar): glucose + galactose sucrose (table sugar): glucose + fructose
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Polysaccharides = hundreds or thousands of
monosaccharides
• formed by linking monomers in DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS.
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Disaccharide
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Examples of energy storage polysaccharides:
• starch = glucose polymer in plants used for energy storage (in roots, tubers, etc.)
• glycogen = glucose polymer in animals stored in skeletal muscles and liver of humans & other vertebrates
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Examples of structural support polysaccharides:
• cellulose = structural component of plant cell walls that cannot be digested by most organisms
• chitin = forms exoskeletons of arthropods
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LIPIDS
insoluble in water (because they are NONPOLAR, or HYDROPHOBIC)
include: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
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1. FATS
• Composed of:
A large proportion of C-H bonds and less oxygen than carbohydrates
(the nonpolar C-H bonds make the chain hydrophobic and insoluble in water)
Example: C57H110O6
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• during formation of a fat, dehydration synthesis reactions link fatty acids to glycerol
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• Fatty acids may vary in # of carbon atoms (usually even #)
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
SATURATED FAT UNSATURATED FAT
no C-C double bonds in fatty acid tail usually solid at room temp. most animal fats e.g., bacon grease, lard, butter
one or more C-C double bonds in fatty acid tail usually a liquid at room temp. most plant fats e.g., corn, peanut, olive oils
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Functions of FatsFunctions of Fats • energy storage (1 g of fat stores 2x as
much energy as 1 g of carbohydrate)• cushions vital organs in mammals (e.g.
kidney)
• insulates against heat loss (e.g. whales, seals)
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2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Important component of cell membranes
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3. STEROIDS
• Important component of some hormones
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Cholesterol …Cholesterol …
• is used to make many other steroids (including sex hormones in vertebrates)
• common
component
of cell
membranes
• can cause atherosclerosis (if have too much)