macromolecules a little more on carbon, carbohydrates & lipids
TRANSCRIPT
Macromolecules Macromolecules A Little More on A Little More on
Carbon,Carbon,Carbohydrates & Carbohydrates &
LipidsLipids
Organic and Inorganic compoundsOrganic and Inorganic compounds
Organic compounds-Organic compounds- consist of Carbon, consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and sometimes OxygenHydrogen and sometimes Oxygen
Inorganic compounds- Inorganic compounds- do not contain do not contain Carbon (exception COCarbon (exception CO22 ) )
The uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can bond to itself. Carbon atoms can form long straight chains:
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm
Or as branched chains:
Or as rings:
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/carbon-compounds/saturated-unsaturated.php
A carbon-carbon single bond
A carbon-carbon double bond
A carbon-carbon triple bond
Neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds Each carbon atom forms 4 bonds. As you increase the number of bonds between carbon atoms, the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule decreases
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm
What are carbohydrates?• Sugars and starches
• Used for:•Energy storage•Structural materials
• Made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)x
• 3 types• Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides
Question 1Question 1
Give 2 examples of carbohydratesGive 2 examples of carbohydrates1. 1.
2. 2.
Simple sugars – one
_________?
Function – major source of quick energy
Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose
Monosaccharides
main source of energy
• Formula: C6H12O6
• Sources: ripe fruits,
nectar, sap, blood
Glucose vs. Fructose vs. Galactose
•Formula:
C6H12O6
•Sources: Fruits
• Formula: C6H12O6
• Sources: Milk
Question 2Question 2What do you notice about the chemical What do you notice about the chemical
formulas for glucose, fructose and formulas for glucose, fructose and galactose?galactose?
All C6H12O6 – they are isomers
Question 3Question 3What about their names???What about their names???
They all end in ose
IsomerIsomer
Let’s make a definition for isomer……Let’s make a definition for isomer……
Ideas?Ideas?
Disaccharides• 2 monosaccharides joined by
covalent bond
How does this happen?
Dehydration synthesis (aka)
Condensation reaction – water molecule released
when bond is formed between two monomers
Animation
Example?
How are sugars broken down?
Hydrolysis reaction – Opposite of dehydration reaction: water added to break apart bonds between 2 or more monomers
Examples:1. Maltose (used in
brewing beer)glucose + glucose maltose +
H2O
2. Sucrose (table sugar)glucose + fructose sucrose
+H2O
3. Lactose (sugar in milk)glucose + galactose lactose
+ H2O
Polysaccharides • Polymer – large chains of
monosaccharides
Examples:1. Starch – storage polymer in plants2. Glycogen – storage polymer in animals3. Cellulose – part of cell wall in plants4. Chitin – used by insects, crustaceans, fungi
Glycogen stores in liver cells
Exit CarbohydratesExit Carbohydrates
On a separate sheet of paper write On a separate sheet of paper write down:down:
1.1. 3 things you learned about 3 things you learned about carbohydratescarbohydrates
1.1. 1 thing that is confusing to you1 thing that is confusing to you
Please answer the followingPlease answer the following
1. What are the elements in 1. What are the elements in carbohydrates and lipids?carbohydrates and lipids?
2.What types of carbohydrates are 2.What types of carbohydrates are there?there?
3. Give an example of a polysaccharide 3. Give an example of a polysaccharide and what is it used for?and what is it used for?
4. What are two types of lipids? 4. What are two types of lipids?
LIPIDS!LIPIDS!• Used for energy
storage, protective structures
• Non-polar (NOT water soluble)
• Higher ratio of C to H than carbs(Ex: C57H110O6)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The common categories of lipids are:The common categories of lipids are:
Fats (triglycerides) - Fats (triglycerides) - saturated or saturated or unsaturated unsaturated
Oils- Oils- liquid fatliquid fat
Waxes- Waxes- protective/waterproof coveringprotective/waterproof covering
Steroids- Example: Steroids- Example: cholesterol and cholesterol and hormoneshormones
Common Lipids Common Lipids Fats – Fats – triglycerides and triglycerides and
phospholipidsphospholipids Oils, butterOils, butter
Steroids (sterols)- Steroids (sterols)- Steroids have a four Steroids have a four carbon ring structure carbon ring structure and a high hydrogen to and a high hydrogen to carbon ratio.carbon ratio.
Waxes- Waxes- one long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol group
ear wax Leaf protective from
water loss
Hydrophilic, “water-loving” head
Hydrophobic, “water-fearing” tail
C-H bonds nonpol
ar
Structure - Fatty Fatty AcidsAcids
What makes the C-H bonds nonpolar?
Triglycerides (Triglycerides (most fat we most fat we consume is from triglycerides)consume is from triglycerides)
3 fatty acids
1 glycerol
Used as energy storage. When you lose weight you want to lose triglycerides.
Question Question
1. What type of bonds 1. What type of bonds are formed when are formed when Carbon is bonded to Carbon is bonded to Hydrogen in the fatty Hydrogen in the fatty acid chains? acid chains? (Left side)(Left side)
2. What type of bonds 2. What type of bonds are formed when are formed when Carbon is attached to Carbon is attached to Carbon in the fatty Carbon in the fatty acid chain? acid chain? (right side)(right side)
2 Types of fatty acids2 Types of fatty acids
SaturatedSaturated
ALLALL carbons carbons bonded to 4 bonded to 4
atomsatoms
UnsaturatedUnsaturated
Carbons Carbons NOTNOT bonded to 4 bonded to 4
atomsatoms
Single bonds
Double bonds
Straight chain
Kinks
Saturated – solid at room temperature
Examples: lard, butter, fats in red meat
Unsaturated – soft or liquid at room temperature
Examples: fish fats, corn oil
QuestionQuestion
Is this a saturated or unsaturated fat? Why?
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Structural fat used to build cell
membranes
EXIT QUESTIONEXIT QUESTION
On the same paper you used for On the same paper you used for carbohydrates answer the following:carbohydrates answer the following:
1.1. What is the major difference between What is the major difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
2.2. Many people say fats are not good for Many people say fats are not good for you, so why not give them up? Explain.you, so why not give them up? Explain.