notes #10 reconstruction and life after the civil war
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Notes #10 Reconstruction and
Life after the Civil War
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Reconstruction
• After the Civil War ended in 1865, the South faced the challenge of building a new society not based on slavery.
• The process the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states into the Union is know as Reconstruction.
• It lasted from 1865-1877.1
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• To assist former slaves, the president established the Freeman’s Bureau.
• This federal agency set up schools and hospitals for African Americans and distributed clothes, food, and supplies throughout the South.
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• When Lincoln was killed, Vice-President Andrew Johnson became president.
• Johnson was a former slave holder and, unlike Lincoln, was a stubborn, unyielding man.
• Johnson believed that Reconstruction was the job of the president, not Congress.
• During Reconstruction, there were many conflicts between Congress and President. These conflicts eventually led to a vote for impeachment. He got out of impeachment by one vote.3, 4, 5
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• As the Southern states rebuilt, they set up new state governments that seemed very much like the old ones.
• The Southern states passed laws, known as black codes, which limited the freedom of former slaves.
Examples included African Americans were forbidden to meet in groups or carry guns.
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Slavery Slavery Officially Officially Ended!Ended!
On December 18, 1865, the 13th
Amendment was added to the US Constitution and officially ended
slavery. 7
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• To make sure equality was protected by the constitution, Congress proposed the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866.
• It stated that all people born in the United States were citizens and had the same rights.
• All citizens were to be granted “equal protection of the laws.” However, it did not establish black suffrage (voting rights).
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Sharecropping• Under the sharecropping system, a worker
rented a plot of land to farm. • The landowner provided the tools, seed, and
housing. • At harvest time, the sharecropper gave the
landowner a share of the crop. This system gave families without land a place to farm. In return, landowners got cheap labor.
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• Problems with sharecropping –– Farmers and landowners
had opposite goals. • Farmers wanted to grow
food to feed their families.• Landowners forced them to
grow cash crops like cotton.
- Farmers had to buy their food but could not afford to do so. They then had to borrow money and were always in debt.
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• During Reconstruction, African Americans in the South faced violent racism.
• Such feelings spurred the rise in 1866 of the Ku Klux Klan.
• The members of this secret society wanted to keep former slaves powerless.
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• Gave African American Men the right to vote
• This amendment stated that citizens could not be stopped from voting “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
• This amendment became law in 1870.
• Because states still controlled elections, they implemented a series of “dirty tricks” to prevent blacks from voting, these included literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses that many poor black could not afford to pay.
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Reconstruction Ends• The final blow to Reconstruction
came in the 1876 presidential election.
• The race was between Democrat Samuel Tilden and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and ended in dispute.
• Congress appointed a special committee to decide the election.
Rutherford B. Hayes
Samuel J. Tilden
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• This group made a deal known as the Compromise of 1877.
• Under this agreement, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes became president. In return, Republicans granted Southern Democrats several requests. -They would remove federal troops from the South.- They would provide federal funds for construction and improvement projects.
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• Historians still argue about the success of Reconstruction.
• The nation did rebuild and reunite.
• However, Reconstruction did not achieve equality for African Americans.
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