Note to selffirst day of review• location, • place, • scale, week or day before the test tying it all

together with the following• pattern, • regionalization, • and globalization.

AP Human Course OutlineI Geography: Its Nature and Perspective 4%

II Population 16%

III Culture Patterns and Processes 16%

IV Political Organization of Space 16%

V Agricultural and Rural Land Use 16%

VI Industrialization and Economic Development 16%

VII Cities and Urban Land Use 16%

I Geography: Its Nature and Perspective

• The course introduces students to the importance of spatial organization—the location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes—in the understanding of human life on Earth.

• Students learn how to use and interpret maps.

Reading Maps

• First look at Title, which describes the purpose of the map

• Next look at the legend. This is where the content is explained.

• Orient yourself by identifying principal features (major roads, cities, etc)

Types of Distortion

The Winkel tripel projection with Tissot's Indicatrix of deformation (National Geographic)

The Mercator projection with Tissot's Indicatrix of deformation. (The distortion increases without limit at higher latitudes)

Lambert's normal cylindrical equal-area projection with Tissot's Indicatrix of deformation

Isoline: a line that connects places of equal data value

(air pollution or religion)

Isoline maps: show changes in the variable being mapped across a surface by lines that connect points of equal value

Cartogram: space is distorted to emphasize a particular attribute

Dot maps: use a dot to

represent the occurrence of some variable

in order to depict

variation in density in a given area

Cloropleth Map: ranked classes of some variable are depicted with colors for predefined zones (counties, states, countries)

Percent over 25 with a Bachelor’s Degree

Percent over 25 with a Bachelor’s Degree

• They also learn to apply mathematical formulas, models, and qualitative data to geographical concepts.

• Natural increase

• Dependency ratio

• Net migration

• Von thunen and Weber graphs

small scale maps: the place being mapped looks small on the map (i.e. a world map) but has a large denominator (making it a

small number)

Large scale maps: local area(the place being mapped looks fairly large

compared to what is shown on a world map for example a stadium)

Just as ½ is larger than 1/10, 1:10,000 is larger than 1:10,000,000

• Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are:

• location, • place, • scale, • pattern, (Created from a process)• regionalization, • and globalization

These concepts are basic to students’ understanding of •spatial interaction and spatial behavior, •the dynamics of human population growth and movement, •patterns of culture, •economic activities, •political organization of space, •and human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization.

Space or location is the where

Place: meaningful human associations

with a location.

Human nature has a need to identify with a place and to differentiate

ourselves through that place. Place suggests qualities of distinctiveness

and identity with a location.

sense of place: feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories that they associate with a place

Flam, NorwayNew Orleans

Places exert a strong influence on people’s physical wellbeing,

and their opportunities.

Living in a small town dominated by petrochemical industries, for example, means a higher probability than elsewhere of being exposed to air and water pollution.

Do the following section just before the test

• Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are:

• pattern, (Created from a process)

• regionalization, • and globalization.

• the dynamics of human population growth and movement, • Countries move through stages with modernization• Decline birthrate follows death rate• Declining birthrate follows improved women rights • Aging population follows

Birth Rate - Death Rate = Natural Increase or Annual Percentage Increase

Correlating economic, demographic and social indicators show that different

indicators of development are associated with each other TQ

Gender Empowerment Index

• Migration is affected by stage of DTM

First Major Era

Second Major Era

Migration to richer regions

Where does the UK receive

most of its immigrants

from?

Chain Migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same

nationality previously migrated therereduces level of uncertainty

ties to family and friends at the destination

Step Migration

• patterns of culture, • more regionalization• loss of folk cultures, religions, language • The language of industry dominates over local

languages. English, Mandarin, Spanish etc.• Ethnicities tend to congregate• Ethnicities tend to assimilate after migrating

• economic activities,• Percentage of sectors change as countries

develop.

Economic structure

structure of a population

Von Thunen’s Agricultural Von Thunen’s Agricultural ModelModel

A land use model used to A land use model used to explain the importance of explain the importance of proximity to the market in proximity to the market in

the choice of crops on the choice of crops on commercial farms(this commercial farms(this created a concentric created a concentric

pattern: circles sharing pattern: circles sharing the same centersthe same centers)

Regional Growth

Many of these topics overlap: development, urbanization, migration etc.

agglomeration is used to describe the benefits that firms obtain when locating near each other.

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agglomeration is central to the explanation of how cities increase in

size and population;

This concentration of economic activity in cities is the reason for the

existence of them and they can persist and grow throughout time,

only if their advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

Excessive agglomeration leads to diseconomies:

• crowding • Traffic/circulation problems (resulting in

increased transport costs and loss of efficiency)

• high rents• rising wages• inflation (perhaps driven by strong demand

for scarce housing)• a general decay of infrastructure because of

intense use• Etc.

Deglomeration occurs when companies and services leave because of increased costs of excessive concentration. (diseconomies)

It is this tension between agglomeration and diseconomies

that allows cities to grow, but keeps them from becoming too large.

• political organization of space, • States are devolving by ethnicity• Supranationalism is occurring: states are

working together economically

• human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization.

• As agriculture improves, people move to cities

In LDCs interregional migration is often from rural areas to squatter settlements outside large urban

areas.

• US cities are less dense as distance increases from city center.

• In the US the middle class moves out of the inner city to suburbs,

• the older interior becomes blighted

• Some blighted areas decrease in value so middle class move in and gentrify.

Gentrification is huge in Europe too

Notting Hill London

Walter Christaller formulated theCentral place theory: A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services.

• larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements

• larger settlements provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

• towns and cities (central places) tend to be arranged in clear, orderly hierarchies

Under ideal circumstances (on flat

plains, with good transportation in every

direction),with hexagonal-shaped market areas of

different sizes

arranged around different-sized

places

rank-size rule: a statistical regularity in city-size distributions of cities and regions.

The relationship is such that the nth largest city in a country or region is 1/n the size of the largest city in

that country or region.

• Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are:

• regionalization,

Realms

• the dynamics of human population growth and movement,

Death Rate

• patterns of culture, • loss of folk culture regionalization more in

Culture section of review

• economic activities, primary sector: economic activities that are concerned directly with natural resources of any kind (agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry)

Subsistence Agriculture: food produced for direct consumption of the growers and families (periphery)

Shifting cultivation is globally distributed in the tropics and subtropics, especially in the rainforests

of :

Inequality in economic development often has a regional dimension

• political organization of space,

• human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization.

• Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are:

• and globalization.

• the dynamics of human population growth and movement, medical revolution, birth control, international migration

• patterns of culture, English as a lingua franca, diffusion of Christianity and Islam

• economic activities, green revolution, JIT, call centers, outsourcing,

• political organization of space, UN, WTO, trading blocs, federalism, NGO

• and human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization. LDCs continued urbanization, increase in shanty towns (not in MDCs)

• A significant outcome of the course is students’ awareness of the relevance of academic geography to everyday life and decision making. This combination of the academic and the applied gives students a sophisticated view of the world.