North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

The Causes

• Conflict on the frontier in N. America controlling the fur trade

• European dynastic challenges

• Race for colonies throughout the world

• Sugar Wars

The Spark

• George Washington (21 year old Colonial colonel)

• Fort Necessity

Defeat on the Frontier• British defeated at Ft.

Duquesne1755• Western Pennsylvania

(present-day Pittsburgh)

• Gen. Braddock's force of 1450 men surrounded and defeated by Indian and French-Canadian forces

The Albany Plan

• A plan to unite the colonies to meet the threat of the French.

• Failed to unite the colonies.

• Franklin had plan to use the Iroquois Confederacy as a blueprint

The Seven Years War

• May 8-9, 1756: Declarations of War Great Britain declares war on France. France declares war on Great Britain.

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

American colonists refuse to serve under British commander (1757)

• New British commander (Lord Loudoun) closely managed the war effort, demanding exact numbers of recruits and money from colonies. Colonial assemblies began to refuse to cooperate.

Massacre at Ft. William Henry• Upstate New York 1757

• Following surrender of British and colonial garrison to Montcalm (who promised safe passage back to England), Indians killed 185 and took 310 British captive (take scalps, and make slaves of captives) .

William Pitt guides British war effort1758-1761

• As Secretary of State, Pitt sought to reduce tension with colonists by promising payment in proportion to support of war effort

• Giving colonial assemblies control of recruitment

• Sending thousands more British soldiers, • Replacing Lord Loudoun with a more

reasonable commander

Louisbourg and Ft. Duquesne captured by British

• British-American-Indian forces overwhelm French who abandon Louisbourg

• The French burn Ft. Duquesne before retreating north.

• The British rename the area Ft. Pittsburg

Battle of Quebec 1759

• Through British commander Gen. Wolfe is killed (along with French commander Montcalm), British forces seize Quebec in dramatic uphill attack.

Iroquois join British-American alliance (1760)

• Balance of power tips towards British with this addition

• Iroquois will use as an advantage to take revenge against their old enemies

Spain Joins the Fight 1762

• Spain enters the war as a French ally, it suffers defeats from British naval forces in Cuba and the Philippine Islands .

• Spain is very little help to France

End of the War• February 10, 1763: Treaty

of Paris All French possessions east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, are given to the British. All French possessions west of the Mississippi are given to the Spanish. France regains Martinique, Guadeloupe and St. Lucia. In exchange for Florida the British give Spain the Philippines and Cuba back.

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

The Pontiac Conspiracy

• April 27, 1763: Indian Wars Pontiac, the Ottowa Chief, proposes a coalition of Ottowas, Potawatomies and Hurons for the purpose of attacking Detroit.

• May 9, 1763: Battle of Detroit Pontiac's forces lay siege to Detroit. That summer, his allies destroy forts at Venango, Le Boeuf and Presque Isle.

The Pontiac Conspiracy

• July 1763: Smallpox at Ft. Pitt

• October 31, 1763: Pontiac capitulates at Detroit

The Proclamation of 1763

• King George orders no settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains