nordic flagbook what next in finland? - nucleus documents... · 2016. 6. 17. · nordic flagbook...

SÄTEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRÅLSÄKERHETSCENTRALEN

RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

Nordic Flagbook

–

What next in Finland?

Tarja K. Ikäheimonen

Radiation and Nuclear Safety

Authority – STUK

FINLAND



Our terminology (1) Early phase (an emergency exposure situation)

A threat or urgent phase of an emergency; includes

– release and dispersion of radioactive material into environment or

deterioration of shielding of a radioactive source or threat of such

events

– continues up to the moment when radiation levels in the environment

are not longer increasing and there is no threat o new releases, or in

case of accident with radiation source, a successful recovery of the

source

Intermediate phase (an emergency exposure situation)

A situation when radiation levels are stabilised and there is no longer a

threat of deterioration of situation

– a need to consider if protective actions implemented during early

phase can be lifted or modified

– activation of longer term actions to reduce exposure and to remove

radioactive substances from environment

– includes transition to recovery



Terminology (2)

Recovery phase (an existing exposure situation)

• radiation situation in inhabited areas is permanently acceptable

from a point of view of the society

• activities of the public and society are adjusted to remaining

radiation situation

• actions for reducing exposure during this phase are typically

those made by people themselves (based on advice and guides

given by experts)

• decontamination of environment may continue together with

management of contaminated waste

• if needed, long term restrictions of use of land and water areas

are given, or use of areas / production in areas is redirected



Background

• The first Nordic Flag Book was completed in 2001.

• Using the Finnish VAL Guides (STUK) for early and intermediate

phases of nuclear or radiological emergencies and further developed

through Nordic cooperation since 2010, the Nordic Flag Book 2014

was developed.

• The new Nordic Flag Book was approved by the heads of Nordic

regulatory bodies in September 2013.

Nordic

Approach



Joint Nordic Guidelines and Recommendations

The Nordic Flag Book:

Protective Measures in

Early and Intermediate

Phases of a Nuclear or

Radiological Emergency;

published in 2014 by all

Nordic radiation protection

and nuclear safety

authorities



The Nordic Flag Book

• Each Nordic country will implement the Flag Book, e.g. by

preparing a national version in its own language specifying for

example the reference levels which may deviate from each

other. BUT the triggers and the operational intervention

levels will stay the same in all the Nordic countries.

• The Nordic Flag Book 2014 is comprehensive, practical, generic

and covers all types of RN-events.

• The Flag Book covers the early (including urgent) and

intermediate phases.

• The Nordic Flag Book 2014 provides a common starting point

for the of the Nordic countries' national plans.

Nordic

Approach



Protective actions in an

early/urgent phase



Protective actions in an

intermediate phase



Contains criteria for implementing … and lifting … protective measures

– Dose during certain period of time; Note! projected dose, not

averted!!

– Triggers (e.g. plant conditions, emergency action levels,

anticipated duration of an action) which are expected to be

promptly available and can be used directly to initiate

appropriate protective measures

– Operational intervention levels, quantities which can be

directly measured (external dose rate, magnitude of surface

contamination, concentration level) expressed in orders of

magnitude.



Examples of triggers

A domestic NPP event:

A planning basis for emergency planning zone (about 20 km) is that

protective actions can be completed in about 4 hours after respective

decisions.

– Operator announces site area emergency (= safety may

deteriorate significantly): intensifying capabilities for protective

actions incl. instructions to the public

– Operator announces general emergency (= significant threat of

releases): at latest evacuation of 5 km zone; shelter indoors + ITB

elsewhere in the EPZ where releases might disperse

NOTE: If there are reasons to assume that the reactor can be

damaged rapidly, evacuation of 5 km zone shall be implemented

immediately irrespective of the on-site emergency class.



Examples of OILs (early phase)

Dose rate Protective action

1 microSv/h – Protection of food production

10 microSv/h – Partial sheltering indoors

– ITB for children under 18 years and pregnant

women

– Temporary banning of foodstuffs and other

natural goods

– Protection of commodities and products

– Protection of indoor areas of factories and

production facilities

100 microSv/h – Sheltering indoors

– ITB for adults

– Access control



Examples of OILs (intermediate phase)

Dose rate Protective action

1 microSv/h – Decontamination of indoor areas

– Decontamination of vehicles, machinery and tools

– Restrictions of built-up recreational areas

10 microSv/h – Partial sheltering indoors

– Actions to reduce doses to workers

– Thorough cleaning of all indoor surfaces

– Urgent decontamination of built-up environment

– Restriction of recreational use of natural areas

100 microSv/h – Sheltering indoors; BUT if a need for sheltering is

longer than for two days => evacuation

– Restrictions on entering contaminated area

NOTE: There are calculation examples as the basis

of OILs in an annex.



Example of waste categories



The Flag Book is

available on web

– www.stuk.fi

– www.ssm.se

– www.nrpa.no

– www.sis.dk

– www.gr.is

http://www.stuk.fi/

http://www.ssm.se/

http://www.nrpa.no/

http://www.sis.dk/

http://www.gr.is/



What next?

In Finland



”How much is much? ”

We saw a need in developing our strategy and

operational criteria to define e.g.

• What is a level of dose received by the public due to

contaminated environment which should be taken into

account and minimised ?

• What is a level of contamination which can be

categorised as a severely/moderately/slightly

contaminated area?

• How clean is clean enough?

• How contaminated is contaminated waste and what kind

of categories do we need for handling taking into

account both radiation protection and environmental

aspects?



Protective actions are interlinked

Although in our guidance each protective action is

individual they have implications to other actions and to

other decision making bodies e.g.

– Access control to logistics, businesses

– Evacuation to social services

– Close of ventilation during sheltering indoors also apply

among other to public buildings and factories

– Continuation of production in even slightly contaminated

areas

Efficient co-operation and coordination is needed!



About acceptability…

A central tool is continuous and efficient communication,

counselling, support and dialogue between decision makers

and stakeholders throughout the emergency, and this

should continue during recovery phase, too

• the public in Finland is generally active and wants to participate

in improving the situation

• active involvement of private sector is essential for ensuring

restoration of public services, critical infrastructure and

economics

NOTE ! Private sector is categorised as decision makers;

many resources needed in implementing protection strategy in

Finland belong – e.g. due to outsourcing – to private

companies.



“From dose criteria to practical arrangements…”

• Processes for lowering annual reference level during an

ongoing emergency needs to be planned describing

– Decision making arrangements concerning possible modifications

in overall protection strategy and setting new goals for residual

doses

– Involvement of stakeholders; communication and dialogue

arrangements

• Processes for transition from emergency to existing exposure

situation needs to be planned describing

– Decision making arrangements, involvement of stakeholders and

acceptance by the society; communication and dialogue

arrangements

• Processes needs to be tested in exercises involving long term

issues.

We have still much to do!



Thank you for

your attention!

nordic flagbook what next in finland? - nucleus documents... · 2016. 6. 17. · nordic flagbook...

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