Non-proliferation and Growth of

Nuclear Fuels

By :

Mr Manas Orpe

Mr Kapil Sathe

(TE Chemical Engineering)

Under the supervision of:

Prof A V Mohod

Department of Chemical Engineering,

AISSMS College of Engineering, Pune-1

Introduction

• What is Non-Proliferation (NP) ?

•Proliferation of Weapons or Fuels?

• Why there is need to focus on NP?

Types of Proliferation

Horizontal proliferation Vertical proliferation

• Nation-states or non-state

entities that do not have, but

are acquiring, nuclear

weapons or developing the

capability and materials for

producing them.

• Nation-states that do

possess nuclear weapons

and are increasing their

stockpiles of these weapons,

improving the technical

sophistication or reliability of

their weapons, or developing

new weapons.

Nuclear Activities in CountriesCountries No. of Warheads (Active/Total) Year of First Test

United States 2150/7700 1945 ("Trinity")

Russia 1740/8500 1949 ("RDS-1")

United Kingdom 160/225 1952 ("Hurricane")

France 290/300 1960 ("Gerboise Bleue")

China NA/240 1964 ("596")

India NA/80-100 1974 ("Smiling Buddha")

Pakistan NA/90-110 1998 ("Chagai-I")

North Korea NA/<10 2006

Israel NA/80-200 Unknown (possibly 1979)

Ref. FAS, 2010.

India

Non-proliferation Efforts

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

• This treaty includes the five Nuclear Weapons States (NWS):

1. the People's Republic of China

2. France

3. Russian Federation

4. UK

5. United States.

• Notable non-signatories to the NPT are Israel, Pakistan, and India.

• India and Pakistan have acknowledged their nuclear capabilities

and have tested weapons.

• Israel has not acknowledged.

• North Korea was once a signatory but withdrew in January 2003.

International Cooperation

1. Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Treaty

•It obligates the 5 original NWS not to transfer

nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive

devices, or their technology to any non–nuclear-

weapons state.

2. Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems Treaty

• In 1972, the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic

Missile Systems (ABM Treaty) between the United States

and Soviet Union was signed in Moscow.

• The United States withdrew from the treaty in 2002 in

order to permit work on a national missile defence

system, work that had been prohibited by the treaty.

3. Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

•To control the testing of nuclear weapons.

•To prohibit nuclear test explosions in the atmosphere, in

space, or underseas.

•Still tests conducted underground or by simulation.

Nuclear Fuels• Nuclear fuel is a material that can be 'burned' by nuclear fission or

fusion to derive nuclear energy.

• Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable

of nuclear fission.

• The most common fissile nuclear fuels are uranium-235 (235U) and

plutonium-239 (239Pu).

Types of Nuclear Fuels

India

• Current contribution of nuclear power : 2.9%

• Plans to increase contribution to 9% in next 25 years.

• As of 2009, India stands at 9th in the world in terms of

no. of operational nuclear power reactors.

• By 2020, India's installed nuclear power generation

capacity will increase to 20,000 MW.

• U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement

• When the agreement goes through, India is expected

to generate an additional 25,000 MW of nuclear

power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear

power generation to 45,000 MW.

Indian Nuclear Power Program:

Current Status

Established Comprehensive Indigenous Capabilities

For PHWRs

Development, construction

Commissioning, of & 540MWe

PHWRs

Developed Ageing Mgmnt. , R & M, Safety

upgrades

Fast Breeder Test Reactor already

generating electricity

Construction of 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor

In progress

FIRST STAGESECOND STAGE

THIRD STAGE

Experimental reactorusing U233 fuel

in operation

Set up LWR’s withImported technology

IMPORTED ROUTE

Design of 700 MWe PHWRcompleted

Potential 10,000 MWe Potential 53,000 MWe Very large Potential

India's Nuclear Power Programme

• First Stage :Uranium (Natural, Imported Enriched)(PHWRs & LWRs)

• Second Stage :Plutonium (Reprocessed Spent Fuel)(FBRs)

• Third Stage :Uranium 233 (Converted from Th-232)(AHWR)

Future Plans

• DAE/NPCIL vision : 20,000 MWe by the year 2020.

• 8 indigenously designed 700 MWe PHWRs and 10 Light water Reactors of about 1000 MWe each, based on imports.

• In addition, preproject activities for setting up of 4 FBRs and an Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR).

Future Forecast

Integrated Energy Policy projections for next 25 years.

To meet 7-9 % GDP growth

To raise per capita consumption to 1000 KWh

Total installed capacity 0f 700 GWe by 2032

Ref. “A Strategy for Growth of Electrical Energy in India, document 10, August 2010, DAE

•In energy terms, the Integrated Energy Policy of India estimates share of nuclear power between 4.0 to 8.6% in the year 2031-32. •Estimates the nuclear share to be about 8.6% by the year 2032 and 16.6% by the year 2052.

Ref. WNA, 2012

State, District Mine Operating From tU per year

Jharkhand Jadugudu 1968 200 total

Bhatin 1967

Narwapahar 1995

Bagjata 1908

Jharkhand, East Singhbum dist.

Turamdih 2008 190 total

Banduhurang 2007

Mohuldih 2012*

Andhra Pradesh, Kadapa dist.

Tummalapalle 2012 220

Andhra Pradesh, Nalgonda dist.

Lambapur-Peddagattu 2016(under construction)

130

Karnataka, Gulbarga dist.

Gogi 2014(under construction)

130

Meghalaya Kylleng-Pyndeng-Sohiong- Mawthabah (KPM), (Domiasiat), Wakhyn

2017(under construction)

340

Ref. WNA, 2012

Uranium Purification Plant

• The final product of this plant is Yellow cake.

• According to Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) , the ore from this mine is of 0.065 grade.

• 1,000 kg of ore to extract 65 grams of usable uranium.

• The plant processes 2,190 tonnes uranium ore per day.

Smuggling of uranium

On February 18, 2008 :•Police of Supaul district in Bihar seized 4 kg of low-quality uranium.

•Arrested one Indian and five Nepali smugglers.

•The market value of the seized uranium was estimated at Rs.5,00,00,000 (US$910,000) on the international market

Asia’s Nuclear Energy Growth

• In East and South Asia there are :1.117 operable nuclear power reactors2.44 under construction and firm plans to build

a further 923.Many more are proposed.

• The greatest growth in nuclear generation is expected in China, South Korea and India.

CountryPower Reactors operable or in

Operation

Power Reactors Under

Construction

Power Reactors Planned Research Reactors

Australia 1

Bangla 2 1

China 15 26 51 13

India 20 7 18 5

Indonesia 2 3

Japan 50 3 10 18

S. Korea 23 4 5 2

N. Korea 1

Malaysia 1

Pakistan 3 2 0 1

Ref. WNA, 2012

Country Power Reactors operable or in

Operation

Power Reactors Under

Construction

Power Reactors Planned Research

Reactors

Philippines 1

Thailand 2

Vietnam 4 1

117 44 92 56

Ref. WNA, 2012

Worldwide scenario

• France : 63258MWe• Pakistan : 2782MWe• Poland : 1640MWe• Russia : 31639MWe• Spain : 7519MWe• Sweden : 9328MWe• United Kingdom : 13193MWe• United States of America : 806TW

Role of Chemical Engineer in Nuclear Industry

• Chemical engineers routinely work with nuclear engineers to design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear power plants in the safest, most efficient manner possible.

• These scientists are also involved with the production, handling, use, and safe disposal of nuclear fuels.

Challenges And Strategies

• Cannot afford to plan on the basis of large scale import.

• Domestic fuel resources should be a priority for us.

• Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of the total electric power required 50 years from now.

• The nuclear power has come of age with comprehensive capabilities.

• Pursue the three-stage program, develop and commercially deploy technologies.

• The fruition of international cooperation will open up opportunities.

• The Indian nuclear power sector and industry needs to evolve faster to meet the associated challenges.

Conclusions

• More focus on increasing nuclear power

generators.

• Substitute for non-renewable energy sources.

• Disarmament of Nuclear weapons.

• Safe and peaceful environment.

References• Verma N., "Westinghouse, Areva eye India nuclear

plants-paper”, Reuters, (2009).• Srivastava S., "India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns“,

Asia Sentinel, (2011).• Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, "Global

nuclear stockpiles, 1945-2006," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Issue 62(4)(2008)64-66.

• Lewis, Jeffery. "The ambiguous arsenal," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Issue 61(3)(2009)52-59

• IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Energy and Nuclear Power Estimates”, Reference Data Series, No. 1, 1988 through 2008 Editions.

• “Pursuit and Promotion of Science”, IISC, (2010), ch29, p. 294-303.

• Inc., Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc., p. 25.

• Brian Alexander and Alistair Millar,”Tactical nuclear weapons : emergent threats in an evolving security environment”, (1. ed. ed.), (2006), Washington DC:Brassey's, p. 7.

Contd. References