noble progress report 2014 2015
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The direct and indirect mechanisms of facilitation by shrubs play a
central role in maintaining leopard lizard populations.
Progress Report
Taylor Noble
M.Sc. Candidate
Supervisor: Dr. Christopher Lortie
Committee Member: Dr. Bridget Stutchbury
![Page 2: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Positive Interactions: Facilitation
High abiotic stress environments
Many examples plant-plant interactions
Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve,http://www.ddcr.org/en/conservation/research/
(Bertness et al. 1997, Bruno et al. 2003, Holzapfel et al. 1999, Liu et al. 2014)
![Page 3: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Animals too!
Amanda Liczner
B.Peterson, http://www.arkive.org/giant-kangaroo-rat/dipodomys-ingens/
(Holzapfel et al. 1999, Hughes 2012)
![Page 4: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Direct and Indirect Interactions
Moon, D. C., Moon, J. & Keagy, A. (2010) Direct and Indirect Interactions. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):50
Direct Interaction
Indirect Interaction
![Page 5: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Direct and indirect effects of shrubs on lizards.
![Page 6: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Blunt-nosed leopard lizardGambelia sila
Photo by Gary Nafis. http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/images/gsilaslo6084.jpg
![Page 7: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
USFWS 2010. 5-Year Review, Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard
![Page 8: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Karin Jeske
![Page 9: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Study SiteCarrizo Plains National Monument
![Page 10: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
https://www.flickr.com/photos/darthjenni/4683874516/
![Page 11: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Panoche Hills
Photo by Andrew Alden. http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/
![Page 12: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
UC Davis arboretum
![Page 13: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dennis Stevensen
![Page 14: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chris Lortie
![Page 16: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hypothesis
Desert shrubs provide direct benefits to small animals such as shelter, indirect benefits in the form of resources such as prey.
![Page 17: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chapter 1: A systematic review of the effects of indirect plant-animal interactions.
![Page 18: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Moon, D. C., Moon, J. & Keagy, A. (2010) Direct and Indirect Interactions. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):50
Indirect Interaction
Direct Interaction
Direct Interaction
![Page 19: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Menge 1995
![Page 20: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Predictions
Keystone predation and habitat facilitation.
Intermediate species will most often be a plant species.
Animal abundance or survival will increase.
![Page 21: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Search Terms
Plant
AND
Animal
AND
Indirect
![Page 22: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Initial Search
N = 349
![Page 23: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Preliminary Findings
46%
33%
18%
3%
Trophic Environmental Behavioral Chemical
Categories of Indirect Interactions Study
![Page 24: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
31%
15%
15%
8%
4%
27%Habitat Facilitation
Trophic Cascade
Exploitation Competition
Keystone Predation
Apparent Predation
Other
What types of indirect effect sequences are studied?
![Page 25: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Were interactions positive or negative?
56%35%
9%
Positive Negative Neutral
![Page 26: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Was an intermediate species discussed?
Yes No
![Page 27: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Was the intermediate species plant or animal?
Plant Animal
![Page 28: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Was animal survival or abundance discussed?
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Abundance Survival
![Page 29: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Chapter 2: A field survey of the effects of Ephedra californica on leopard lizard activity patterns.
![Page 30: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hypothesis: Desert shrubs provide direct benefits to small animals such as shelter, indirect benefits in the form of resources such as prey, and indirect benefits by increasing annual-plant density within the canopy thereby providing additional protection.
![Page 32: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Predictions
Lizard activity will be highest under shrubs.
Larger shrubs will have higher lizard activity.
Insect density will be greater under shrubs.
![Page 34: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Experimental Design
![Page 35: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
5 shrub size gradients x 4 trap arrays x 10 days
New Shrubs for each day.
![Page 36: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Track Trap Array
Open vs. Shrub vs. Open Trail
![Page 37: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Timeline of study
Jan.-Feb. Feb.-March March- April April- June
Large Shrub Survey
Planning and Systematic
Review
Pick Sites, Pilot Study, Set up
Survey
Conduct Survey
![Page 38: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Chapter 3: An experimental manipulation of the shelter and resource effects of Ephedra californicaon leopard lizard foraging.
![Page 39: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Long-nosed Leopard Lizard (juvenile), Cochise
Couny, AZ. Photo by Jim Rorabaugh
![Page 40: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Hypothesis: Desert shrubs provide direct benefits to small animals such as shelter, indirect benefits in the form of resources such as prey, and indirect benefits by increasing annual-plant density within the canopy thereby providing additional protection, making them safer and more desirable for animals to forage at.
>
>
![Page 41: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Predictions
Lizards will forage more frequently under shrubs and other shelters.
Lower giving-up densities (GUD) at shrubs.
Lizards will prefer stations with annuals removed.
![Page 42: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Experimental Design
![Page 43: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
3 site treatments x 2 food densities x 2 annual treatments x 4 repeats x 5-10 days
![Page 44: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Timeline of study
Large Shrub Survey
Continue to Research Foraging
Pilot Food Choices, Prep
Full Study
Conduct Feeding Trials
![Page 45: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Acknowledgements
Thanks to:
Dr. Christopher Lortie
Dr. Bridget Stutchbury
Dr. Mike Westphal
Dr. Tim Bean
The Lortie Lab
![Page 46: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
ReferencesAhlborn G. 2000. California Wildlife Habitat Relationship System: Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard. California Department of Fish and Game, California Interagency Wildlife Tak Group. Sacramento, CA.
Bertness M and Leonard G. 1997. The role of positive interactions in communities: Lessons from intertidal habitats. Ecology 78(7):1976-89.
Bertness M., Callaway R. 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends Ecol Evol 9(5):191-3.
Bortolus A, Schwindt E, Iribarne O. 2002. Positive plant-animal interactions in the high marsh of an Argentinean coastal lagoon. Ecology 83(3):733-742.
Brooker, R. W., F. T. Maestre, R. M. Callaway, C. L. Lortie, L. A. Cavieres, G. Kunstler, P. Liancourt, K. Tielborger, J. M. J. Travis, F. Anthelme, C. Armas, L. Coll, E. Corcket, S. Delzon, E. Forey, Z. Kikvidze, J. Olofsson, F. I. Pugnaire, C. L. Quiroz, P. Saccone, K. Schiffers, M. Seifan, B. Touzard, and R. Michalet. 2008. Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future. Journal of Ecology 96:18-34.
Bruno J, Stachowicz J, Bertness M. 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends Ecol Evol 18(3):119-25.
Callaway, R. M., and L. R. Walker. 1997. Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities. Ecology 78:1958-1965.
Callaway R.M. 2007.Positive interactions and interdependence in plant communities. Springer. Dordrecht, Netherlands. 411 p.
Ellison, Aaron M.; Bank, Michael S.; Clinton, Barton D.; Colburn, Elizabeth A.; Elliott, Katherine; Ford, Chelcy R.; Foster, David R.; Kloeppel, Brian D.; Knoepp, Jennifer D. 2005. Loss of foundation species: Consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3 (9): 479.
Filazzola A, Lortie C. J. 2014. A systematic review and conceptual framework for the mechanistic pathways of nurse plants. Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12202
Fisher, D. O. 2000. Effects of vegetation structure, food and shelter on the home range and habitat use of an endangered wallaby. Journal of Applied Ecology 37:660-671.
Forbes, A. R., and J. L. Craig. 2013. Assessing the role of revegetation in achieving restoration goals on Tiritiri Matangi Island. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37:343-352.
Fukui, A. 2001. Indirect interactions mediated by leaf shelters in animal-plant communities. Population Ecology 43:31-40.
Galloway D., Riley F.S. U.S. Geological Survey. 1993. San Joaquin Valley, California, Largest Human Alteration of the Earth’s Surface. Menlo Park, CA.
![Page 47: Noble progress report 2014 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042817/55a6560f1a28ab51308b465d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Germano D.J. 2009. The number of census days needed to detect Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizards, Gambelia sila. California Fish and Game. 95(2): 106-109.
Hansen DM, Kiesbuy HC, Jones CG, Muller CB. 2007. Positive indirect interactions between neighboring plant species via a lizard pollinator. American Naturalist 169(4):534-542.
Holzapfel C, Mahall BE. 1999. Bidirectional facilitation and interference between shrubs and annuals in the Mojave Desert. Ecology 80(5):1747-1761.
Hughes AR. 2012. A neighboring plant species creates associational refuge for consumer and host. Ecology 93(6):1411-1420.
Liu N, Zhu WX, Sun ZY, Yang L, Yuan SF, Ren H. 2014. Canopy Size Dependent Facilitations from the Native Shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa to the Early Establishment of Native Trees Castanopsis fissa and Syzygium hancei in Tropical China. Restoration Ecology 22(4):509-516.
McIntire, E. J. B., and A. Fajardo. 2014. Facilitation as a ubiquitous driver of biodiversity. New Phytologist 201:403-416.
Menge B.A. 1995. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal webs: patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs. 65(1):21-74.
Peterson BJ, Heck KL. 2001. Positive interactions between suspension-feeding bivalves and seagrass - a facultative mutualism. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213:143-155.
Schiffman P.M. 1994. Promotion of exotic weed establishment by endangered giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens) in a California grassland. Biodiversity and Conservation. 3:524-537.
Smit, C., C. Vandenberghe, J. den Ouden, and H. Muller-Scharer. 2007. Nurse plants, tree saplings and grazing pressure: changes in facilitation along a biotic environmental gradient. Oecologia 152:265-273.
Stachowicz, J. J. 2001. Mutualism, facilitation, and the structure of ecological communities. BioScience 51: 235-246.
Stoutjesdijk P., Barkman J.J. 1992. Microclimate, Vegetation, and Fauna. Opulus Press. Grangýrde, Sweden. 216 p.
Strauss S and Irwin R. 2004. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of multispecies plant-animal interactions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:435-66.
Suding K.N., Gross K.L., Houseman G.R. 2004. Alternate states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 19(1): 46-53.
Templeton A.R., Brazeal H., Neuwald J.L. 2011. The transition from isolated patches to a metapopulation in the eastern collared lizard in response to prescribed fires. Ecology. 92(9): 1736- 1747.
Tilman D. 1994. Competition and Biodiversity in Spatially Structured Habitats. Ecology. 75(1):2-16.
Wiiliams D.F., Cypher E.A., Kelly P.A., Miller K.J., Norwell N., Philips S.E., Johnson C.D., Colliver G.W. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Recovery plan for upland species of the San Joaquin Valley, California. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1, Portland, Oregon.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. Blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila) 5-year review: summary and evaluation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office, Sacramento, California.
van Heezik Y., Ludwig K. 2012. Proximity to source populations and untidy gardens predict occurrence of a small lizard in an urban area.