[noam chomsky] all about chomsky

8/9/2019 [Noam Chomsky] All About Chomsky

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1991 entry in Major Twentieth Century Writers

NAME: Avram Noam CHOMSKY

PERSONAL: Born December 7, 192, !n P"!#a$e#%"!a, Pa&' (on o) *!##!am +a Hebre

(c"o#aran$ E#(!e +S!mono)(./- C"om(./' marr!e$ Caro# Sc"a0 +a #!n3!(0 an$ (%ec!a#!(0!n e$3ca0!ona# 0ec"no#o/-, December 24, 1949' c"!#$ren: Av!va, D!ane, Harr/ A#an&

ADDRESSES: Home5516 S3anne R$&, Le!n0on, Ma((& 8217& O))!ce55De%ar0men0 o)

L!n3!(0!c( an$ P"!#o(o%"/, Ma((ac"3(e00( n(0!030e o) ;ec"no#o/, Room 28D5219, 77Ma((ac"3(e00( Ave&, Cambr!$e, Ma((& 8219&

ED


2/12

C3rren0 ((3e( !n L!n3!(0!c ;"eor/, Mo30on Co&, 19=4&

A(%ec0( o) 0"e ;"eor/ o) S/n0a, M&&;& Pre((, 19=6, re%r!n0e$, 19=&

Car0e(!an L!n3!(0!c(: A C"a%0er !n 0"e H!(0or/ o) Ra0!ona#!(0 ;"o3"0, Har%er, 19==&

;o%!c( !n 0"e ;"eor/ o) enera0!ve rammar, Mo30on Co&, 19==, re%r!n0e$, 197&

+*!0" Morr!( Ha##e- So3n$ Pa00ern( o) En#!(", Har%er, 19=&

Lan3ae an$ M!n$, Harco3r0, 19=, en#are$ e$!0!on, 1972&

Amer!can Poer an$ 0"e Ne Man$ar!n(, Pan0"eon, 19=9&

A0 *ar !0" A(!a, Pan0"eon, 1978&

Prob#em( o) Kno#e$e an$ >ree$om: ;"e R3((e## Lec03re(, Pan0"eon, 1971&

+*!0" eore A& M!##er- Ana#/(e )orme##e $e( #an3e( na03re##e(, Mo30on Co&, 1971&

S03$!e( on Seman0!c( !n enera0!ve rammar, Mo30on Co&, 1972&

+E$!0or !0" Hoar$ !nn- ;"e Pen0aon Pa%er(, ?o#3me 6: Cr!0!ca# E((a/(, BeaconPre((, 1972&

+*!0" E$ar$ Herman- Co3n0errevo#30!onar/ ?!o#ence, *arner Mo$3#ar, nc&, 1974&

Peace !n 0"e M!$$#e Ea(0, Pan0"eon, 1976&

;"e Lo!ca# S0r3c03re o) L!n3!(0!c ;"eor/, P#en3m, 1976&

Re)#ec0!on( on Lan3ae, Pan0"eon, 1976&

E((a/( on >orm an$ n0er%re0a0!on, Nor0"5Ho##an$, 1977&

D!a#o3e( avec M!0(o3 Rona0, >#ammar!on, 1977, 0ran(#a0!on %3b#!("e$ a( Lan3ae an$Re(%on(!b!#!0/, Pan0"eon, 1979&

H3man R!"0( an$ Amer!can >ore!n Po#!c/, S%o.e(man, 197&

+*!0" Herman- ;"e Po#!0!ca# Econom/ o) H3man R!"0(, So30" En$, 1979, ?o#3me :

;"e *a("!n0on Connec0!on an$ ;"!r$ *or#$ >a(c!(m, ?o#3me : A)0er 0"e Ca0ac#/(m:Po(0ar n$oc"!na an$ 0"e Con(0r3c0!on o) m%er!a# $eo#o/&

R3#e( an$ Re%re(en0a0!on(, Co#3mb!a


3/12

Lan3ae an$ Learn!n: ;"e Deba0e be0een @ean P!ae0 an$ Noam C"om(./, e$!0e$ b/

Ma((!mo P!a00e##!5Pa#mar!n!, Harvar$ or!(, 191&

Ra$!ca# Pr!or!0!e(, B#ac. Ro(e Boo.(, 191&

;oar$( a Ne Co#$ *ar: E((a/( on 0"e C3rren0 Cr!(!( an$ Ho *e o0 ;"ere,

Pan0"eon, 192&

Noam C"om(./ on 0"e enera0!ve En0er%r!(e: A D!(c3((!on !0" R!n/ H3/bre0( an$

Hen. van R!em($!F., >or!(, 192&

+*!0" @ona0"an S0ee#e an$ @o"n !00!n(- S3%er%oer( !n Co##!(!on: ;"e Co#$ *ar No,Pen3!n Boo.(, 192&

Some Conce%0( an$ Con(eG3ence( o) 0"e ;"eor/ o) overnmen0 an$ B!n$!n, M&&;&Pre((, 192&

;"e >a0e)3# ;r!an#e: ;"e


4/12

Nece((ar/ ##3(!on(: ;"o3"0 Con0ro# !n a Democra0!c Soc!e0/, So30" En$, 199&

Lan3ae an$ Po#!0!c(, e$!0e$ b/ Car#o( P& O0ero, B#ac. Ro(e Boo.(, 199&

Con0r!b30or o) n3mero3( ar0!c#e( 0o (c"o#ar#/ an$ enera# %er!o$!ca#(&

SDEL;ES: @3$e$ !n 0erm( o) 0"e %oer, rane, nove#0/ an$ !n)#3ence o) "!( 0"o3"0,Noam C"om(./ !( ar3ab#/ 0"e mo(0 !m%or0an0 !n0e##ec03a# a#!ve 0o$a/, r!0e( Pa3#

Rob!n(on !n 0"e Ne Yor. ;!me( Boo. Rev!e& C"om(./, a %ro)e((or o) #!n3!(0!c( a0

0"e Ma((ac"3(e00( n(0!030e o) ;ec"no#o/, "a( a00rac0e$ or#$!$e a00en0!on !0" "!(

ro3n$5brea.!n re(earc" !n0o 0"e na03re o) "3man #an3ae an$ comm3n!ca0!on& A( 0"e)o3n$er o) 0"e C"om(./an Revo#30!on, 0"e (c"o#ar "a( become 0"e cen0er o) a $eba0e

0"a0 0ran(cen$( )orma# #!n3!(0!c( 0o embrace %(/c"o#o/, %"!#o(o%"/, an$ even ene0!c(&

Ne Yor. ;!me( Maa!ne con0r!b30or Dan!e# Yer!n ma!n0a!n( 0"a0 C"om(./()orm3#a0!on o) 0ran()orma0!ona# rammar "a( been acc#a!me$ a( one o) 0"e maFor

ac"!evemen0( o) 0"e cen03r/& *"ere o0"er( "ear$ on#/ a Babe# o) )ramen0(, "e )o3n$ a

#!n3!(0!c or$er& H!( or. "a( been com%are$ 0o 0"e 3nrave#!n o) 0"e ene0!c co$e o) 0"eDNA mo#ec3#e& Yer!n )3r0"er con0en$( 0"a0 C"om(./( $!(cover!e( "ave "a$ an !m%ac0

on ever/0"!n )rom 0"e a/ c"!#$ren are 0a3"0 )ore!n #an3ae( 0o "a0 !0 mean( "en

e (a/ 0"a0 e are "3man& C"om(./ !( a#(o an !m%a((!one$ cr!0!c o) Amer!can )ore!n

%o#!c/, e(%ec!a##/ a( !0 a))ec0( or$!nar/ c!0!en( o) ;"!r$ *or#$ na0!on(& Man/ o) "!(boo.( (!nce 19=9 concern 0"em(e#ve( !0" 0"e %er)!$/ o) Amer!can !n)#3ence over(ea(,

0o G3o0e A0#an0!c e((a/!(0 @ame( >a##o(& n Amer!ca, Kenne0" @& av!n )!n$( a 3n!)/!n

(0ra!n !n a## o) C"om(./( var!o3( r!0!n(& ;"e a30"or( oa#, (a/( av!n, !( 0o "!"#!"0%r!nc!%#e( o) "3man .no#e$e an$ !n$!ca0e 0"e %r!or!0/ o) 0"e(e %r!nc!%#e( !n 0"e

recon(0r3c0!on o) a (oc!e0/& H!( e))or0( #eave 3( !0" more 0"an eno3" 0o 0"!n. abo30&

C"om(./ a( born !n P"!#a$e#%"!a on December 7, 192& H!( )a0"er a( a Hebre(c"o#ar o) con(!$erab#e re%30e, (o even a( a /o3n(0er C"om(./ %!c.e$ 3% a bo$/ o)!n)orma# .no#e$e abo30 0"e (0r3c03re an$ "!(0or/ o) 0"e Sem!0!c #an3ae(, accor$!n

0o Dav!$ Co"en !n P(/c"o#o!(0( on P(/c"o#o/& *"!#e (0!## !n "!" (c"oo# C"om(./

%roo)rea$ 0"e man3(cr!%0 o) "!( )a0"er( e$!0!on o) a me$!eva# Hebre rammar& Yer!nno0e(: ;"!( bac.$oor !n0ro$3c0!on 0o "!(0or!ca# #!n3!(0!c( "a$ con(!$erab#e !m%ac0 !n

0"e )303re' !0 "e#%e$ )3e# "!( #a0er conv!c0!on 0"a0 0"e e%#ana0!on o) "o #an3ae

or.e$, ra0"er 0"an ca0eor!e( an$ $e(cr!%0!on, a( 0"e b3(!ne(( o) #!n3!(0!c (03$/& ;"e/o3n C"om(./ a( more !n0ere(0e$ !n %o#!0!c( 0"an rammar, "oever& He a(

e(%ec!a##/ %a((!ona0e abo30 0"e reb!r0" o) a @e!(" c3#03re an$ (oc!e0/ !n "a0 #a0er

became 0"e (0a0e o) (rae#, an$ )or a 0!me "e en0er0a!ne$ 0"e !$ea o) mov!n 0"ere& n 1946

"e enro##e$ a0 0"e


5/12

mean!n55or (eman0!c(55o) 300erance(& L/on( e#abora0e(: Seman0!c con(!$era0!on( ere

(0r!c0#/ (3bor$!na0e$ 0o 0"e 0a(. o) !$en0!)/!n 0"e 3n!0( o) %"ono#o/ an$ (/n0a an$ ere

no0 !nvo#ve$ a0 a## !n 0"e (%ec!)!ca0!on o) 0"e r3#e( or %r!nc!%#e( overn!n 0"e!r%erm!((!b#e comb!na0!on(& ;"!( %ar0 o) 0"e rammar a( 0o be a %3re#/ )orma# (03$/,

!n$e%en$en0 o) (eman0!c(& C"om(./ G3e(0!one$ 0"!( a%%roac" !n "!( ear#/ or. !n

enera0!ve rammar a( a (03$en0 a0 0"e


6/12

;"e %roo)( C"om(./ 3(e( )or "!( 0"eor!e( are com%#e, b30 "!( conc#3(!on( are rea$!#/

acce((!b#e& Rob!n(on ob(erve( 0"a0, %30 a( (!m%#/ a( %o((!b#e, C"om(./( v!e "o#$( 0"a0

0"e ab!#!0/ 0o (%ea. an$ 3n$er(0an$ a #an3ae canno0 be e%#a!ne$ !n %3re#/ em%!r!ca#0erm(550"a0 !(, %3re#/ b/ !n$3c0!on& *"en e #earn a #an3ae, "e (a/(, e are ab#e 0o

)orm3#a0e an$ 3n$er(0an$ a## (or0( o) (en0ence( 0"a0 eve never "ear$ be)ore& *"a0 e

.no, 0"ere)ore, m3(0 be (ome0"!n $ee%er55a rammar550"a0 ma.e( an !n)!n!0e var!e0/ o)(en0ence( %o((!b#e& C"om(./ be#!eve( 0"a0 0"e ca%ac!0/ 0o ma(0er ramma0!ca# (0r3c03re(

!( !nna0e: 0 !( ene0!ca##/ $e0erm!ne$, a %ro$3c0 o) 0"e evo#30!onar/ %roce((, F3(0 a( 0"e

oran!c (0r3c03re( o) o3r bo$!e( are& A (0r!c0 (0!m3#3(5re(%on(e mec"an!(m canno0a$eG3a0e#/ acco3n0 )or 0"e a/ /o3n c"!#$ren ma(0er #an3ae $3r!n 0"e )!r(0 )o3r

/ear( o) #!)e' 0"e c"!#$, 0o G3o0e Co"en, #earn( &&& 0o e0rac0 0"e more com%#e r3#e( o)

rammar nee$e$ )or (%eec"& Le!ber e%#a!n( 0"a0 )or C"om(./, 0"en, 0"e %r!mar/ !n0ere(0

o) 0"e #!n3!(0 ("o3#$ be !0" (%ec!)/!n 0"e $ev!ce o) (ome (or0 0"a0 enera0e( an!n)!n!0e var!e0/ o) ramma0!ca##/5correc0 (en0ence(& ;"!( $ev!ce !## (%ec!)/ "a0 !(

(ome"o !n0erna#!e$ !n 0"e com%e0en0 (%ea.er5"earer o) 0"e #an3ae, Le!ber r!0e(&

;"o3" 0"e mo(0 3(3a# #abe# )or C"om(./( enera# (or0 o) #!n3!(0!c( !(

0ran()orma0!ona#5enera0!ve #!n3!(0!c(, 0"e mo(0 cr3c!a# or$ !( enera0!ve55a( o%%o(e$0o 0aonom!ca#55(!nce 0"e %r!mar/ concern !( !0" 0"e %r!nc!%#e( an$ %roce((e( b/ "!c"

(en0ence( are con(0r3c0e$ !n %ar0!c3#ar #an3ae(, no0 !0" 0"e !$en0!)!ca0!on an$c#a((!)!ca0!on o) !0em( )o3n$ !n 0"e (3r)ace en$ %ro$3c0 o) 0"e(e %r!nc!%#e( an$

%roce((e(&

One o) 0"e mec"an!(m( C"om(./ %ro%o(e( )or (en0ence enera0!on !( 0"e $ee% (0r3c03re5

(3r)ace (0r3c03re (cenar!o& Accor$!n 0o Yer!n, 0"e (3r)ace (0r3c03re )ace( o30 on 0"eor#$ an$, b/ cer0a!n %"ono#o!ca# r3#e(, !( conver0e$ !n0o 0"e (o3n$( e "ear' !0

corre(%on$( 0o 0"e %ar(!n o) (en0ence( "!c" e a## #earne$ )rom o3r !n$e)a0!ab#e

F3n!or "!" En#!(" 0eac"er(& ;"e $ee% (0r3c03re )ace( !nar$ 0oar$ 0"e "a/ re!on o)

conce%03a#!a0!on, !( more ab(0rac0 an$ re#a0e$ 0o mean!n& 0 e%re((e( 0"e ba(!c #o!ca#re#a0!on( be0een no3n( an$ verb(& ;ran()orma0!ona# rammar 0"ere)ore con(!(0( o) a

#!m!0e$ (er!e( o) r3#e(, e%re((e$ !n ma0"ema0!ca# no0a0!on, "!c" 0ran()orm $ee%

(0r3c03re( !n0o e##5)orme$ (3r)ace (0r3c03re(& ;"e 0ran()orma0!ona# rammar 0"3( re#a0e(mean!n an$ (o3n$& Co"en $!(c3((e( 0"e a%%#!ca0!on( o) 0"!( conce%0& C"om(./ "a(

ana#/(e$ 0"e nece((ar/ con(0!03en0( o) 0"e $ee% (0r3c03re an$ 0"e 0ran()orma0!on( 0"ro3"

"!c" 0"!( $ee% (0r3c03re !( 03rne$ !n0o 0"e (3r)ace (0r3c03re e recon!e an$ 3(e a((en0ence(& He "a(, o) co3r(e, e0en$e$ "!( 0"eor/ )rom 0"!( %o!n0 !n0o 0"e !m%#!ca0!on( )or

o3r .no#e$e o) man 0"a0 come( )rom 0"e )ac0 0"a0 o3r .no#e$e o) #an3ae !( ba(e$

3%on 0"!( $ee% (0r3c03re, a (0r3c03re 0"a0 e canno0 3e(( or $!v!ne F3(0 )rom (%ea.!n,an$ 3%on 0"e nece((ar/ 0ran()orma0!on(&

C"om(./ "a( ar3e$ 0"a0 a## na03ra# "3man #an3ae( %o((e(( $ee% an$ (3r)ace (0r3c03re(

an$ c/c#e( o) 0ran()orma0!on( be0een 0"em& n 0"e Na0!on, !#ber0 Harman r!0e(:

;"e(e b3!#05!n a(%ec0( o) rammar !## be %ar0( o) 0"e rammar o) ever/ #an3ae& ;"e/are, !n o0"er or$(, a(%ec0( o) 3n!ver(a# rammar& *e m3(0 0"ere)ore (3%%o(e 0"a0

%eo%#e "ave a (%ec!)!c )ac3#0/ o) #an3ae, a .!n$ o) men0a# oran "!c" $eve#o%( !n 0"e

a%%ro%r!a0e a/, !ven a%%ro%r!a0e e%er!ence, /!e#$!n a .no#e$e o) "a0ever#an3ae !( (%o.en !n 0"e!r comm3n!0/& @o"n S03rroc. e#abora0e( !n 0"e Ne Yor. ;!me(


7/12

Boo. Rev!e: C"om(./!(m (0ar0( !0" rammar an$ )!n!("e( !n ene0!c(& Dr!## $ee%

eno3" !n0o 0"e (0r3c03re o) o3r (en0ence(, "e ma!n0a!n(, an$ /o3 !## come 0o 0"o(e

3#0!ma0e ab(0rac0!on( !0" "!c" e ere born, 0"e rammar o) an/ !ven #an3ae be!nor!!na##/ $e0erm!ne$ b/ 0"e )a!r#/ re(0r!c0e$ ramma0!ca# %o((!b!#!0!e( %roramme$ !n 0"e

bra!n&&&& DNA (e0( 3% 0o ma(0er a (/n0a, 0"e acc!$en0 o) b!r0" $e0erm!ne( "!c" one&

Nee$#e(( 0o (a/, no0 ever/one aree( !0" C"om(./( v!e& P(/c"o#o/ ;o$a/con0r!b30or Hoar$ ar$ner ca##( 0"e "3man be!n !n C"om(./( )orm3#a0!on a 0o0a##/

%re%roramme$ com%30er, one 0"a0 nee$( mere#/ 0o be %#3e$ !n0o 0"e a%%ro%r!a0e

o30#e0& L/on(, conver(e#/, (0a0e( 0"a0 C"om(./ a( (3re#/ r!"0 0o c"a##ene 0"e be#!e)0"a0 0"e m!n$ m3(0 be (!m%#er !n !0( (0r3c03re 0"an an/ .non %"/(!ca# oran an$ 0"a0 0"e

mo(0 %r!m!0!ve o) a((3m%0!on( m3(0 be a$eG3a0e 0o e%#a!n "a0ever %"enomena can be

ob(erve$&

Obv!o3(#/, C"om(./( 0"eor/ "a( a( m3c" 0o $o !0" %(/c"o#o/ an$ %"!#o(o%"/ a( !0$oe( !0" #!n3!(0!c(& >or !n(0ance, 0"e ver/ %rem!(e( o) 0"e (c"o#ar( or. "ave ma$e

"!m one o) 0"e mo(0 $eva(0a0!n cr!0!c( o) be"av!or!(m, 0"e v!e 0"a0 (3e(0( a## "3man

re(%on(e( are #earne$ 0"ro3" con$!0!on!n& S03rroc. no0e(: C"om(./( ca(e !( 0"a0 &&&0"a0 )ana0!ca# core .non a( be"av!or!(m, "a( a 0"eor/ o) #earn!n, a## ro0e an$ Pav#ov!an

re!n)orcemen0, "!c" !( $e)!c!en0 an$, !n 0"e en$, $era$!n&&&& +Be"av!or!(0(-, !ven 0"e!r

(!n!(0er 0"eor/ o) #earn!n, m3(0 be %ro%onen0( o) 0"e v!e 0"a0 "3man na03re !( no0

na03re a0 a##, b30 a (oc!a# %ro$3c0 con$!0!one$ )rom o30(!$e& C"om(./ )!n$( "o%e an$ a$ec!(!ve 3aran0ee o) !n0e##ec03a# )ree$om !n 0"e con!0!ve (0r3c03re( "!c" (!0

!ncorr3%0!b#/ !n 0"e )a(0ne(( o) o3r bra!n(& C"om(./( or. re!n)orce( 0"e %"!#o(o%"!ca#

0ra$!0!on o) ra0!ona#!(m, 0"e con0en0!on 0"a0 0"e m!n$, or rea(on, con0r!b30e( 0o "3man.no#e$e be/on$ "a0 !( a!ne$ b/ e%er!ence& He !( o%%o(e$ b/ 0"e em%!r!c!(0(, "o

c#a!m 0"a0 a## .no#e$e $er!ve( )rom e0erna# (0!m3#!, !nc#3$!n #an3ae& n 0"e Na0!on,

E$ar$ Marco00e $ec#are(: *"a0 (0ar0e$ a( %3re#/ #!n3!(0!c re(earc" &&& "a( #e$, 0"ro3"

!nvo#vemen0 !n %o#!0!ca# ca3(e( an$ an !$en0!)!ca0!on !0" an o#$er %"!#o(o%"!c 0ra$!0!on,0o no #e(( 0"an an a00em%0 0o )orm3#a0e an overa## 0"eor/ o) man& ;"e roo0( o) 0"!( are

man!)e(0 !n 0"e #!n3!(0!c 0"eor/&&&& ;"e $!(cover/ o) con!0!ve (0r3c03re( common 0o 0"e

"3man race b30 on#/ 0o "3man( +(%ec!e( (%ec!)!c-, #ea$( G3!0e ea(!#/ 0o 0"!n.!n o)3na#!enab#e "3man a00r!b30e(& Le!ber conc#3$e(: M!n$ !( 0"e (o)0are o) "3man

%(/c"o#o/, an$ 0"o3"0 !( !n$!v!$3a0e$ a( !n(0ance( o) 0"e m!n$( o%era0!on(& ;"e

be"av!or!(0 !( (een 0o be !n(!(0!n &&& on a ver/ m!n!ma# (or0 o) (o)0are' 0"e ra0!ona#!(0 !(o30 0o ("o 0"a0 m3c" more %oer)3# an$ ab(0rac0, %er"a%( !n oo$ mea(3re !nna0e,

(o)0are "a( 0o be !nvo#ve$& One can )ee# 3n"a%%/ !0" C"om(./( %ar0!c3#ar a/ o)

%300!n, or %ro$3c0!ve#/ narro!n, 0"e !((3e, b30 !0 !( no0 an 3nrea(onab#e v!e%o!n0&C"om(./ "a( an !n0ere(0!n an$ !m%or0an0 (en(e o) .no a0 "an$& He !( #oo.!n a0 men !n

a a/ 0"a0 "a( an e(0ab#!("e$ an$ e##5$e)!ne$ (en(e "en a%%#!e$ 0o 0"!n.!n $ev!ce(&

*"!#e e(0ab#!("!n "!( aca$em!c re%30a0!on, C"om(./ con0!n3e$ 0o be concerne$ abo30

0"e $!rec0!on o) Amer!can %o#!0!c( an$ !$eo#o/& H!( mora# !n$!na0!on ro(e !n 0"e 19=8(3n0!# "e became one o) 0"e mo(0 ar0!c3#a0e (%o.e(men o) 0"e re(!(0ance aa!n(0 0"e

?!e0nam ar, 0o G3o0e @an & De30(c"e !n 0"e Ne Yor. ;!me( Boo. Rev!e& C"om(./

a00ac.e$ 0"e ar !n ar0!c#e(, !n boo.(, an$ )rom 0"e %o$!3m' !n 0"e %roce(( "e becamebe00er .non )or "!( %o#!0!ca# v!e( 0"an )or "!( #!n3!(0!c (c"o#ar("!%& n a Ne Yor.


8/12

;!me( %!ece r!00en $3r!n 0"a0 era, ;"oma( La(. ob(erve(:


9/12

G3o0e Be(c"#o((& n 0"e Ne Yor. ;!me( Boo. Rev!e, S"e#$on S& *o#!n (3e(0( 0"a0

0"e a30"or !( re#en0#e(( !n 0rac.!n $on o))!c!a# #!e( an$ e%o(!n "/%ocr!(/ an$ mora#

!n$!))erence !n 0"e "!" %#ace(&&&& Ye0 0"e %a((!on o) C"om(./( !n$!c0men0 !( a#a/(con0ro##e$, an$ "!#e "e !( "ar(" 0oar$ "!( o%%onen0(, "e !( never 3n)a!r or arroan0&

O0"er cr!0!c( "ave been #e(( (an3!ne abo30 C"om(./( %o#!0!ca# v!e(' !n )ac0, (ome "aveac03a##/ #abe#e$ "!m a %ar!a" an$ a00em%0e$ 0o $!(cre$!0 "!m on a n3mber o) ro3n$(& 0

"a( been C"om(./( (!n3#ar )a0e 0o "ave been ban!("e$ 0o 0"e mar!n( o) %o#!0!ca#$eba0e, r!0e( S0eve *a((erman !n 0"e Lo( Ane#e( ;!me( Boo. Rev!e& H!( o%!n!on(

"ave been $eeme$ (o .oo./55an$ "!( %er(ona#!0/ (o cran./550"a0 "!( r!0!n( no #oner

a%%ear !n 0"e )or3m( &&& !n "!c" "e a( once (o e#come& *o#!n o))er( one $!((en0!nv!e: C"om(./( %o#!0!ca# r!0!n( are c3r!o3(#/ 3n0"eore0!ca#, "!c" !( (3r%r!(!n !n a

r!0er renone$ )or "!( con0r!b30!on( 0o #!n3!(0!c 0"eor/& H!( a%%aren0 a((3m%0!on !( 0"a0

%o#!0!c( !( no0 a 0"eore0!ca# (3bFec0&&&& One e0( 0"e !m%re((!on )rom rea$!n C"om(./ 0"a0!) !0 ere no0 3ren0#/ nece((ar/ 0o e%o(e #!e(, !mmora#!0/ an$ 0"e ab3(e o) %oer,

%o#!0!c( o3#$ "ave no (er!o3( c#a!m 3%on 0"e 0"eore0!ca# m!n$& Ne Yor. ;!me( Boo.

Rev!e con0r!b30or Pa3# Rob!n(on no0e( 0"a0 !n C"om(./( ca(e, 0"e %o%3#ar oracce((!b#e +%o#!0!ca#- or.( o)0en (eem 0o be#!e 0"e !n0e##ec03a# %oer( 3namb!3o3(#/

e(0ab#!("e$ !n 0"e %ro)e((!ona# or.(&&&& n$ee$, one m!"0 ar3e 0"a0 0"e $!(cre%anc/ !(

more e0reme !n "!( or. 0"an !n 0"a0 o) an/ o0"er !m%or0an0 !n0e##ec03a#& Mor0on )ee#(

0"a0 0"e a00ac.( on C"om(./( "!(0or!ca#I%o#!0!ca# (c"o#ar("!%55an$ more recen0#/ 0"e0en$enc/ 0o !nore "!( or.55"ave a))ec0e$ "!( #eve# o) (0r!$enc/& ;"e cr!0!c ob(erve(, )or

!n(0ance, 0"a0 "!( #a0er 0one !( 0"a0 o) a man "o $oe(n0 e%ec0 an/0"!n 0o c"ane&&&&

C"om(./ !( (avae#/ !n$!nan0 beca3(e 0"e va#3e( "e c"er!("e( are be!n (0ran#e$& B30!ncrea(!n#/, 0"e rea(on( )or "!( !n$!na0!on550"e va#3e( "e c"er!("e(55are "ar$ 0o (ee !n

"!( or.& On#/ 0"e !n$!na0!on !( c#ear&

C"om(./ "a( "!( c"am%!on(, "oever& Le!ber, )or one, )!n$( an overr!$!n comm!0men00o )ree$om !n 0"e a30"or( or.550"e )ree$om o) 0"e !n$!v!$3a# 0o %ro$3ce an$ crea0e a("e !## !0"o30 0"e oa$ o) e0erna# )orce, econom!c com%e0!0!on )or (3rv!va#, or #ea#

an$ econom!c re(0ra!n0 on (oc!a#, !n0e##ec03a#, or ar0!(0!c e%er!men0' an$ 0"e )ree$om o)

e0"n!c an$ na0!ona# ro3%( 0o or. o30 0"e!r on $e(0!n!e( !0"o30 0"e !n0erven0!on o) oneor ano0"er B! Bro0"er& >rom "!( ear#!e(0 r!0!n( 0o "!( #a0e(0, C"om(./ "a( #oo.e$

!0" a(0on!("men0 a0 "a0 0"e %oer)3# $o 0o 0"e %oer#e((, Mor0on $ec#are(& He "a(

never #e0 "!( (en(e o) o30rae become $3##e$& ) "!( vo!ce "a( ron "oar(e over 0en0//ear(, "o can b#ame "!m An$ "o can )ee# (3%er!or No one "a( !ven "!m(e#) more

$ee%#/ 0o 0"e (0r3#e aa!n(0 0"e "orror( o) o3r 0!me& H!( "oar(ene(( !( a be00er 0"!n 0"an

o3r (3av!0/& De30(c" r!0e(: ;"e mo(0 conv!nc!n !n$!ca0!on o) 0"e e0en0 0o "!c"

C"om(./( !$e ran!n !n$!c0men0 o)


10/12

n 1978, 0"e Lon$on ;!me( name$ C"om(./ one o) 0"e 0"o3(an$ ma.er( o) 0"e

0en0!e0" cen03r/& Accor$!n 0o Yer!n, "!( 0"eor/ rema!n( 0"e )o3n$a0!on o) #!n3!(0!c(

0o$a/, an$ "!( v!(!on o) a com%#e 3n!ver(e !0"!n 0"e m!n$, overne$ b/ m/r!a$ r3#e(an$ %ro"!b!0!on( an$ /e0 !n)!n!0e !n !0( crea0!ve %o0en0!a#, o%en( 3% v!(0a( %o((!b#/ a(

!m%or0an0 a( E!n(0e!n( 0"eor!e(& Yer!n a$$(: ;"e !m%ac0 o) C"om(./( or. ma/ no0

be )e#0 )or /ear(&&&& Ye0 0"!( be!nn!n "a( revo#30!on!e$ 0"e (03$/ o) #an3ae an$ "a(re$!rec0e$ an$ re$e)!ne$ 0"e broa$ !nG3!r/ !n0o !n0e##!ence an$ "o !0 or.(& Rob!n(on

ca##( 0"e (c"o#ar( or. a %ro#one$ ce#ebra0!on o) 0"e enormo3( 3#) 0"a0 (e%ara0e( man

)rom 0"e re(0 o) na03re& He (eem( over"e#me$ b/ 0"e !n0e##ec03a# %oer( 0"a0 mancon0a!n( !0"!n "!m(e#)& Cer0a!n#/ nobo$/ ever (0a0e$ 0"e ca(e )or 0"o(e %oer( more

em%"a0!ca##/, nor eem%#!)!e$ 0"em more !m%re((!ve#/ !n "!( on or.& Rea$!n

C"om(./ on #!n3!(0!c(, one re%ea0e$#/ "a( 0"e !m%re((!on o) a00en$!n 0o one o) 0"e

more %oer)3# 0"!n.er( "o ever #!ve$&

C"om(./ "a( a#(o earne$ a %#ace !n "!(0or/ )or "!( %o#!0!ca# r!0!n(& Accor$!n 0o

C"r!(0o%"er Le"mann5Ha3%0 !n 0"e Ne Yor. ;!me(, C"om(./ con0!n3e( 0o c"a##ene

o3r a((3m%0!on( #on a)0er o0"er cr!0!c( "ave one 0o be$& He "a( become 0"e )oremo(0a$)#/ o) o3r na0!ona# con(c!ence& Ne S0a0e(man corre(%on$en0 >ranc!( Ho%e %ra!(e(

C"om(./ )or a %ro3$ $e)en(!ve !n$e%en$ence, a oo$ %#a!n r!0er( "a0re$ o) e%er0

m/(0!)!ca0!on, a $oc0r!ne o) re(!(0ance "!c" r3n( aa!n(0 0"e me#!or!(0!c an$ %ar0!c!%a0or/

c3rren0 o) mo(0 con0em%orar/ !n0e##ec03a# #!)e& Ho%e conc#3$e(: S3c" men are$anero3(' 0"e #ac. o) 0"em !( $!(a(0ro3(&

SO


11/12

R!eber, Rober0 *&, e$!0or, D!a#o3e( on 0"e P(/c"o#o/ o) Lan3ae an$ ;"o3"0:

Conver(a0!on( !0" Noam C"om(./, C"ar#e( O(oo$, @ean P!ae0, ebr3ar/, 1978&

Econom!(0, November 29, 19=9&

#obe an$ Ma!# +;oron0o-, @3ne 1=, 194, @3#/ 6, 19=&

Harvar$ E$3ca0!on Rev!e, !n0er, 19=9&

Hor!on, (%r!n, 1971&

n0erna0!ona# A))a!r(, @an3ar/, 1971&

Lo( Ane#e( ;!me( Boo. Rev!e, December 27, 191, @3ne , 19=, A33(0 8, 197&

Mac#ean(, A33(0 1, 198&

Na0!on, Se%0ember 9, 19=, Marc" 24, 19=9, Ma/ 17, 1971, Ma/ , 197=, Marc" 1,

1979, >ebr3ar/ 1=, 198, December 22, 194, December 2=, 1975@an3ar/ 2, 19, Ma/7, 19&

Na0!ona# Rev!e, @3ne 17, 19=9&


12/12

Ne Re%3b#!c, A%r!# 19, 19=9, Oc0ober 2=, 1974, Marc" 1, 197=, >ebr3ar/ 17, 1979,

Se%0ember =51, 198, Marc" 24, 192, Marc" 2, 197&

Ne S0a0e(man, November 2, 19=9, A33(0 17, 1979, A%r!# 26, 198, @3#/ 17, 191,A33(0 14, 191, Se%0ember 11, 191, @an3ar/ 21, 19&

Ne(ee., Marc" 24, 19=9&

Ne Yor.er, November 11, 19=9, Ma/ , 1971&

Ne Yor. Rev!e o) Boo.(, A33(0 9, 197, @an3ar/ 2, 1976, November 11, 197=,

Oc0ober 2, 198&

Ne Yor. ;!me(, Marc" 1, 19=9, A33(0 2, 197, >ebr3ar/ 6, 1979, Marc" , 192&

Ne Yor. ;!me( Boo. Rev!e, Marc" 1=, 19=9, @an3ar/ 17, 1971, @an3ar/ 9, 1972,

Se%0ember 8, 197, Oc0ober =, 1974, >ebr3ar/ 16, 197=, >ebr3ar/ 26, 1979, Oc0ober 19,198, Marc" 21, 192, A%r!# 1, 19=&

Ne Yor. ;!me( Maa!ne, Ma/ =, 19=, December , 1972&

Prore((!ve, December, 192&

P(/c"o#o/ ;o$a/, @3#/, 1979&

Sa03r$a/ Rev!e, Ma/ 1, 19=9&

Sc!ence an$ Soc!e0/, (%r!n, 1978&

Seanee Rev!e, !n0er, 1977&

;!me( L!0erar/ S3%%#emen0, Marc" 27, 19=9, Marc" 1, 1972, December 21, 197,

December 12, 1976, Se%0ember 18, 197=, November 21, 198, >ebr3ar/ 27, 191, @3#/2, 192, @3#/ 16521, 19&

?!##ae ?o!ce, @3ne 1, 198, @3ne 2, 198, @3#/ 1, 192&

?!r!n!a J3ar0er#/ Rev!e, (3mmer, 19=9&

*a("!n0on Po(0 Boo. *or#$, Marc" 11, 1979, Marc" 7, 192, >ebr3ar/ 21, 19&

[noam chomsky] all about chomsky

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