no. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · spatial variability analysis of soil properties in a hilly...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
���������� ������
� � � � *
Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field
Junichi KASHIWAGI*
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University,
Kita 3 Nishi 3, Kita-ku, Sapporo, *0*�2/23, Japan
Abstract
Spatial variability of soil properties was studied by using correlation analysis with landscape
and geostatistical concepts on a +.,-ha upland field in a hilly area. Soil properties of Ap horizon
were examined on a square grid at +.-m intervals and on three transects at 1-m intervals. The CV
values suggested that the variabilities of most soil properties were higher than the results
reported at any topographical conditions. These large variables depend on the result of soil
erosion and sedimentation in response to the landscape. At the eroded area, the thickness of Ap
horizon had been kept constant with subsoil by tillage, as a result Ap horizon was composed of
di#erent soil materials from sedimentation and erosion e#ects. The spatial variability of pH,
total carbon content, phosphate absorption coe$cient, bulk density, stone, sand, silt and clay
content could be explained with topographical features ; however, available water content was
di$cult to explain. Moreover, former properties were distinguished at landscape model units,
these contribute to the rational soil sampling system to realize regional soil management. The
multiple regression models of total carbon and stone content, using only topographic attributes
calculated from a digital elevation model (DEM), matched reasonably well with the observed data.
Key words : soil properties of Ap horizon, spatial variability, terrain analysis, geostatistics, spatial
distribution
+� � � � �
�������� ������������������� Miller et al. �+322 �! "#������$%&��'()*+,�-�./! �01�203��45�67�&.,8�'9�� :( Timlin
et al. �+332 �! ��;��<=>�?��@ABC�DE9FG�����H! I������01�J�KJ��1L�6/MNOPQ,R�S'9�� Q�6T�?U��VWXY�! �Z��0[\��-]�^_`7�&./! *���ab! 0[c�&�?U��VWXYRd `Q,��ef&.�g�,'9�hfR�i�j�`(k��! lm��
0[n��o�g�p�c�qr�st���,��I�(k��! 0[����Ruv'�Pw�xy! z��{|o}�~���R��`Q,������,��9������R�A,'9���0[��R��`��
,'9! ��=��>�>�qr����.�! ��f�Z��A,`0[\���&��R�� :(����4��0[\��=�R�(k�! ������0[�>�>���`�� ¡7¢kxP9�/! Imade et al. �,**+ �J£0[���90[J�,�h�3��¤N��¥¦§�>¨��i&.Q,R©'9�� QPx�qr��ª«�0[\��¬(�9D��ef,�Pw! 0[����R®&��
*�¯°�±�±²g±��³ ´*0*�2/23 µ�¶�)� 3 B· 3 ¸����� : �0�\�! ����! �$�¹! �º»¼±! ���
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
0[����No. 30, p. 1+2+ �,**.�
�
![Page 2: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
��������������� �������������������� ������� ������������������� ����������� ���� ����� Kriging��� �!"����������#���� $Regionalized Variable% ���&'� (!�"���� )�*+��#,���$%�-��� $Geostatistics% ��� Burgess and Webster$+32* a, b%� Webster and Burgess $+32*% �.&�/01�!�23� Kriging��'������ (4������&'��)*�+5�,6�����7-��8� � ���� ����"����%�-������9� ���./:; � 8����&'� *0��<1=> �?���"� )��@A2���B34� B����C�&'(!�"����D!E��� ����1��� ��"F56GD���������9� )����H/"�H2�7$; I'�8�*0�� ����JK�!� 9:���HI'���� ;<2�LM�L **:NMOPQRST ***�U=>8���?@�5AV�W�; $Van Oostet al., ,***% ��� ':�������"� �H�BC�DE:FG�HE<1�XYZ��I:J�; [\�]^���:� K_�L`:Ma�ba� 8�a�cd�e���NOfg�h�P[\�]^����Qi�!� �!��I'�_j���H/k!�Rl�����$���m �"� 5AQ�nS:�H�HT�JU������ )!���V�"���Y�o�p��W�*qk!� � $Woods and Schu-man, +322, King et al., +333, Pennock and Corre, ,**+,
rs� +32-% k�Moore et al. $+33+% "� DEM$Digital Elevation Model% �' ��HHT��P�Xt����m �uY��G9� Z[v: pHm �w\:x]^��H�VP�' �_�?���`y�� $Moore et al., +33-% �� Park et al. $,**+%"� F5�GD���7$; �JU�� x]�azAE�����H��� $Terrain Characterization
Index : TCI% �`y����[v��GD����m �b{� � ��R�H���V��P|������ F5�GD����&'���Xt� �?��m �uY�����7-�� ������}1:34~c^�d�29� ef����|:7$; *0���HI'�g����:;h�"����JK�!� ���8�� �1���34�cdd�
�"���Q�� �����&'����T��H�|�*&>D�"�������;h��� ijk29�bIP�l���mn�}1d��� �H�|o��'p��q�������6�G �� �����&'��*��*q"�� k�� �H��P|��)�&'���Xt��r�"�!����!� � ��<s���)��� t�'��9UIk!�Y��H�|o�F56��1���� I�[GD�c|-��&'� ���T�"�����@u���8� `v��8�"� ��HHT:5AQ��nS*&��hw�' ����� &'� ��T�"������� )�� �H/*���HI'm �J��� )�����&'� �JU��#�����~c:�����x��� A��������������@���u��:����`v��m �� �H)*����*��uy��
,� ���������
,�+ ������������u�34"z{ $,**-% ��1��� +.,ha�F56�|{��� $} +%��r~���"� +.m'�����@��� -���Z�PT�Q�Q� 1m'���� � +//�G �Ap[���r~������v��"� 7c��������� 7�I�P� ��w�P� ?�g/� |-���� pH, MT���+�����������7�I�P���" /* cm-��
¡������r~�' � ¢��2� ..3 kPa��E�I� $34,IP% �£¤��2� +,.1* kPa
��E�I� $¥¦�G!% �§�7�I�P $�%��� ��w�P" CN �¨2������29�v��© ?��v"�ª��{�«��� ¬�P"����� ¢� R��� ���P"®¯°��29���� �G� ,mm±V�?��v"�PT�Q�Q� 1,��r~m ����8�pH"���I� +N-KClF² $+ : ,./% 29����³� ´Pp�µ pH¶���' ����� ���MT���+�"MT�¡T?·¸¹²�29����
,�, �����H`vm �"� Zevenbergen and Thorne
$+321% 28���k!� DEM�' ��H�VP
** K_�L`:mn����º9��28�� Y�@�»:�H����V�; ��<1***I���k!���7$�5A�Q���V�W»:�a ��<1
���7c� 30¼ $,**.%72
![Page 3: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
����� ������� ������Dalrymple et al. �+302� ���������������� �!" #$�%� &'() �()�� &'()�*+�,�()��-� �PROFC�� ./+0�,�()��-� �PLANC�� 121345 �LAPLACIAN�� �6�Specific Catchment Areas� �" #$�� 1 m-DEM
��78� �9� ,**-�!:������;<=>%9 �,**-� ;�=� �? �INTERFLUVE ; Inf�� @ A B C D 2 � ��CONVEX CREEP SLOPE ; Ccs�� EF�G���TRANSPORTATIONAL MIDSLOPE ; Tms�� �HIJ�� �COLLUVIAL FOOTSLOPE ; Cfs�� KHIJ�� �ALLUVIAL TOESLOPE ; Ats� ;����!
,�- �������������#I��LMN" #$����M;<=>� OPQPRS��DTU��� �!�VW�L�X� �Y�Z� �[� ��\�W���! :�]��^��#I��>_`����ab^�c,cd;ef� �!
�g��LOPQP���#IM�" #$��h;i=>g��\�W��� �g�;<=> tcd�� �!��[�LOPQP���#IM;j�>� ������k
Y���lm)n��[�L�� �! oiOPQP�kYh��XM�Z;<=>%� &p�qZ���=>cd��!�rst�L��#IM;<=>� " #$��u��\;�=>� �\�vfwxieyz{� FM� ,.*����\|}�;efrst�L�� � �~��+31-�!�Geostatistics
�15�B��;i�0�dM;<=>���C��1� �g̀ �h�� �W��� OPQP���#I��h��������!
-� �������
-�+ �������������52C5�"���L�DT;<=>� �-�I��;VW�����O����� +;*+! &�'�o��*���%���\� /-�������� �=���\� -*��^������� C5�� �\� ¡¢k��� £�� 3���¤f� ��\� +*��^� pH� ¥¦�^� §�of� iieO -<���D2;��¨P�! l�;��#I��%j��6 ��52C5�h©� �|';ª >'�«of� O��^%��#I��� ¤0=%��¬��;®o0¯��Bekkett and Webster �+31+� NWebster �+32/� %*�>=0! ��#I��;<=>c°��±²��³;eP´� ¥¦�^;<=>%� *.*/ ha�µ�¶�j�
��+ ·¸ ¹�º!���»�·¸"�Fig. + Surface elevation map and the soil profile investigation sites.
"# : µ�¶;i�0��#I��h��¼L 73
![Page 4: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
������ �+31+� ������ � /���������� *...ha���������� �+320� ������������ � ...�� ������� ! � �pF +./"!�#pF -.*"!�� �$���,3������%& '�� ()��*��+���,�-���.�/� �+31/� �012� ����1.+� �3ha, 3 ha� +-����� � ! �pF +.2
"!�#pF -.*"!�� � ++.2� �3ha� 3 ha�,*�45� ���� ,6���%& ��78��9�),:���;� ��-�<��1��*=���+�>%���?@A! ����+� B��!"C1�& ��� �*�DE�$F%�+��$�����<#�G$D"� ,/H-*��% �&IF%�<,�9���J�0KLMN� +*����� ,6�� Bekkett and Webster �+31+� ����'O�� (P�QRS���1�T1U1���� �V�W:�0X; BY� V1���*���+�$��; BZ��7�[���&\) *��+ +�6F0]� pH �H,O� 4^��*�+�_��� �` *>%��� �` *�aZFV�7B�& �*�,b�$���� c,d >%ef� J"��� �` *>%������ g,d �LMN� -�"�� ��` *�hZ8���& ��@A! ��_��;� �` *�.i7/j�1�& T1U1��*��k+���+7 B�V��lm�� � �` *�aZn%�+�7o��+ �0!� Zp� 4^����/j�1%V�;� qr1���s%�2�Z�S�:m�1%&�*"3�-���Apt�45� Ct�Z%
Ap�C�tu?Ap�Ab �B��C�tu7��vw��x�� *���%V�7\/C1� �56� ,**-�& �P�Apt�,y>XT��z�{�7�8�7|�
V�ZpS�� Ct�E9,:Y"}=~C1��%;���;C1�& _�X��������<��7Z�=�0XApt�'>��C,��C1%�j� �*���0X+�7�?C1�<i�p5t�7�@F%�i7A F%�>%& ��78��*��k+� BZ���� ���B��0%�*�y�o��lm�� �CZp���7ZSYD�0X�~C1��:m%V�7B%&
-�, ���������-�,�+ ���� ��������� ���N����N���qr�4�F%���>j�N����N� V��"3������+3���7���� InfHAts�'E���Mr37EF���%& V�N����N����k+����� � ,�6F0]�������x����7Z��7/j�1%& _�X� V�"3G��Z8��%H �Inf�Ccs� �p{�7� pH, J"�� ef"�� @A! �7 BY�I��¡��Z8��%H �Cfs�Ats� �� G$D"�� ¢�£¤¥� � LMN�-�"�� ���7 B���8�q�>%& V�JZ��7Z����@A! ��??K8L�ZX� G$D"�� X¦�A F%�� �M§� ��S8��7AlF%��8�J�� T1U1�+y����T��2��¨�7/j�1�& VV� T1U1�©ª��+,N«F%�j� g̀ �h� ,¬�� � -�6��& g̀ �h� �� ���Ne�®,"}�%<i?��7Z���_���T1����=�,I¯���°�Z%V�7O�1��% �Jounel and Huijbregts, +312�& @A! �4^��*�+������ PQ7 /0H1*m �lag±2H+*� �����,6F g̀ �h� �ZX� R|� g̀ �h� �>+7�S²���%V�S�� V1��©ª������I�$E���%;��!"��& Z�� G$D"��0
��+ �*�+��T³ ´��Table + Statistical analysis for soil properties
�*�+ pH�H,O� pH�KCl�G$D"����
¢�£¤¥� �P,O/mg�
+**g���
ef"����
����Mgm#-�
@A! ����
-�"����
LMN"����
J"����
UµR¶V· ¸��� R�
\) **
04+.
*4-0
*4+-
/43
+//
¹
/4,*
*4-1
*4+-
14*
+//
�` *
,4/*
*432
*43/
-34*
+//
�` *
/2*43
+1+4,
,3,3-43
,34/
+//
�` *
14+
-42
+.4-
/-4+
+//
� �` *
+4*.
*4+*
*4*+
342
+//
�` *
-,42
+*4.
+*24.
-+42
+//
� �` *
+,4,
.4+
+041
--4/
1,
�` *
+24-
/4/
-*4-
-*4*
1,
�` *
034/
142
0+4*
++4,
1,
� �` *
* ; c,º>�0X�»!¶ /��»·>X
�*���+ W 30¼ �,**.�74
![Page 5: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
��, ������ ������ ��������Fig. , Soil properties along the transect I.
��- ����� ������ ����������������Fig. - Experimental semi-variograms for soil properties along the transect I.
� : !"#���������$%���&' 75
![Page 6: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
�������� g̀ h � nugget effect� ������� ����������������� ���!"#$% &'� ()*+��,�-�� nugget effect�./0� 1$2�34�5�67�8$9:��5�;<�� ����� =>��?�@ABC����� D���+E��FGHIJKLMN ���OP�34�5�� �QRMN$%
-�,�, ����������S�34�5�������T�UV�FGWX�K
Y#-� ��J"���Z $7� F[\�]�&S;+�[^�8 _`abS;+�� _`��]cPLOFC, PLANC d�FG�e��D8f8�34�5�ghi�,�-jK+kJlm$% [ ,�n#$op��� qrst�()*+�uv�34�5�,�-�� =�wT�FG�e��xy�jKKL�67�8$% ��_`��]c PLOFC, PLANC zU�{|}�~0�34�5�xy�jK���8� 1$Ap���K#-�jK�67�8��m$_` ��� ,**-
�, FG�e��34�5�jKL�Table , Correlation coe$cient for topographic attributes and soil properties
_` PROFC PLANC LAPLACIAN {|} ��
pH H,OpH KCl������A���L�qrst()*+��3��������������
*4,20**
*4,+/*
�*4-32**
�*4,-0**
*4**0
*4+/+
�*4++2
�*4.,0**
*4-02**
*4-+3**
*4--.**
*4,1/**
�*4-.0**
�*4,11**
�*4++3
*4*3/
�*4-++*
�*4-+1*
*4-3-**
*4-.2**
*4-12**
*4-3+**
�*4-/.**
�*4+03
�*4,23**
*4*13
�*4/*3**
�*4.2,**
*40+1**
*4/..**
�*4-22**
�*4-00**
*4-2***
*4,-1**
*4,,3*
�*4*3-
*4./3**
*4../**
�*4/0/**
�*4.3-**
�*4-,-**
�*4+21*
*4/+-**
*4,22**
*4+,2
�*4*,2
*4.*3**
*4-02**
�*4.1,**
�*4.0/**
�*4*-*
�*4+30*
�*4*33
�*4-03**
�*4**2
�*4*-1
�*4-,0**
�*4,32*
*4-2***
*4,,+*
* ; /�xy*���jK����8��** ; +�xy*���jK����8��
��. ����\���+EFig. . Spatial distribution of landsurface model units at the investigation area.
34���5 � 30� ,**.76
![Page 7: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
� pH� ������ ���� � ����� ��������������������� � !� pH"KCl#� ���� �$�%&���'(�����)*���� ������!���+,-�� ./+01��2(� 3�4�56�(�78�����!9��: ";�# � <(��=>>�� �?�=8�@ABC���*D(E-�� >FG��������!� �HIEJK�LMNOP�QD(� �R+SF�BT�UVWX�Y��9OZ[\�]=NA7���^_*��� E��`a����b� 7��U����� ! *./+�c�def� gab��7��Qh�i��jk��l�EBC���D-�� ������QD(9O�m��'(n7�����)*���`�b!� $�%��+,-�� ��� ���� o���pXq !��������+!,B���� ��� �rst!u��`�b\Kv-8�G� w+�PLANC��'+!Qx *./*yK\z=�� C�C��G�b��!9OZ[� �(;��s{=� ga|�J+!}�~��`�� �(�a|�J+!o� ������d=w�~�`���ABC�(EB�
-�,�- ��������� ����� ���9O�m�!� OPIE�m\���� t:
=���+,B� ���9O+!9O�m�'(�78�����b�)7���8�G� Dalrymple et al.
"+302# ���=��2(�p�J�=8��ABC��� +,B "� .#� E�C���(!�-8!�Park et al. ",**+# ��2(9O�m�("t\��8#$=���+!E7�� �p�J\9O�m�D*��ABC��+eB "%&� ,**-#� '_�� Ats!�sI(��(+� ;|�OP��?�EG��U�def��(��ABJ��m��BC��+eB�$�p�J'+��`�b���(>78����\�7�)=�� -������ +!� �¡a���y¢�b~+!a£'(�¤¥��¦*�B� C���!3§¨+�¦*��©@�ª«=8�G� Inf¬+deEt\�B�`�b�=8! pH, ����+,G� �s(J�*(��ABAts(@D-8t��dAB�b!� ������ ���� � ®¯ ++,-� "� /#��,b �cd�E-�����(>78!� �p�J'�����-+,-�� �`¨OP�G°±��=� Inf, Ccs "%&� ,**-# +!��./²!Qx +*�yK�deEt\�G� J�*(@D-8t�³´=� µk�� CfsNAts+! /�y�t�EB� �=
��- �`�b(�AB�p�J'+������ Table - Analysis of variance for soil properties at each landsurface models
�`�b 0 ¶ �¥/*1 ·2+ /²/* Ft
pH "H,O# �p�J'�p�J3� ?
,41-
+14-.
,*4*2
.
+/*
+/.
*402
*4+,
** /43+.¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)
����� �p�J'�p�J3� ?
//4+*
3+4-/
+.04./
.
+/*
+/.
+-412
*40+
** ,,40,*¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)
���� �p�J'�p�J3� ?
+-.3/*04/
-+0+1.24.
./++,/.43
.
+/*
+/.
--1-1040
,+*124-
** +04**0¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)
���� �p�J'�p�J3� ?
23-43
+-*14.
,,*+4-
.
+/*
+/.
,,-4/
241
** ,/40.+¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)
®¯ + �p�J'�p�J3� ?
*4+/
+4./
+40*
.
+/*
+/.
*4*.
*4*+
** -4121¸-4..1¹F".,+/*# (*4*+)
�¡a�� �p�J'�p�J3� ?
01+41
+0*+140
+00234-
.
+/*
+/.
+0143
+*042
+4/1-º,4.-,¹F".,+/*# (*4*/)
** ; +��¤a£(�78�¤¥,G
45 : ©J6(��B�`�b�»'�,�¼� 77
![Page 8: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
�� ����� Inf, Ccs������ Cfs, Ats��� � /�������������� �� ����� �!"#$ C%���&��'(���)�* �+$� Ap%,+-( C%,�./01�23�456(� 7��8���9�:�&� Inf; Ccs
�Ap%�� ,<=>#(�?7�,<@�%,#$AB���CD* ��E F(����G(� HI� JKLM� +*�N��JKO�P*5QRSTU7�V� pHWV�&� ��XY�Z[R��#$�\]�G�� ����I^_`�a!bc7�+$� pH dH, Oe �� Inf� TmsfAts� Ats� TmsfInf
dpH dKCle �� Inf�Ats��ge �� � � /�������������� �� � �hOi��jkRlmF(noO�pV���Cq�&��rs (� F5st Inf; Ccs�Ap%��� pHuvw�x�7jkRl#$ pH��y@z�7;F{�
Ats�Ap%��|}~�A%� B%��@�{��7�+$� pHuvw��{jkR@l7�& pH��y7{V���'(���* (� �j�9��7��� ���I��:8����5�������� �� Ats�� Inf� ,�N��3���@�7� Tms
#$�I� Cts#$�I�� � �Z[R��+V�������� �� ����� Inf, Ccs����%,�./#(���� ����������;�������#$,<�1��y� �� (������X� 1�¡V���� Z[R�����¢GV£¤�7�¥¦� (� §¨h©ªLMWV������I�:8�`��¢F(��@�7�V��Cfs;Ats��Ap%@«DF(��7�¬�X��{� ���]�®g§¨h¯�w@�F,<�°±²���¥¦� (� ³Z[R���´µ@¶8���·� Tms� Ccs, Cfs�N¸����������
��/ ,<¹O�Z[R���ºpFig. / Soil properties at the each landsurface model units.
,<���O » 30¼ d,**.e78
![Page 9: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
����� ������� 3.2�������� ���������� � ��� ���!"#$%&'� ���(�) ������ *+,'�-� Inf. Ccs��"#Ats���/� 012�3#4,� '�5����� 607�8�9:"#;��
-�- ��������� ��-�-�+ ���������<'�������=>?@ 012� ��� ���!"#AB C2!�"#;�� "� 3#�����D�E9�����FGHIGJ�KL� ABMN9O�7�8��P�Q RS+��� �8�T�� U+31+V � ��� ��BWX��:"���FGH&��*;#�OY 9�;#Z[7�� 8������\���9]^���_�"`� e U�V� ab� a
U�V ���/�cd�������ef�9g��h����� �"#� �����!7�h��"#�i�Cj U+31+V � kl�mk�������*;#�
nopqr�� �s�"��K �t��u���() ����� !vw>Gxyefz,hw"ef9{| ���7�FGH&� }�;8�9#~"#;�� �8�8�OY 9����K���7�� *+, e�/�� a�/��!vw>Gxyef��$%&'��z�w"ef9��"�KL���FGH&��*;#��7����� -*��IG�������!vw>Gxyef� +-0��"#� w"ef� 3/��}7�� +���� +*����������!"#h� +1r� +0����ef�� }�2�� U�/V� �i�Cj� ���t�u��9$"7�8� �1�;��� pq��!vw>Gxyef9���f"���9 ���7� %9��"#;� � <'�K�KL� AB�&�z3#'�$%&'���(�������9)�7�8� �1�� "� 3#�K���D�E9ef7�KL� AB�#9�;�8��`���-�P�Q�*� ������"r"*A�"#�������+ ,���¡¢
��. ef %"����d����Table . Necessary sampling numbers of di#erent sampling designs
pH UH,OV pH UKClV �£¤m& IG����� ¥@m& ���� ¦§k�&
>Gxyef¨���ef
2
1
+*
3
,-0
+.2
+-0
3/
.-0
,-+
+1
+0
+/2
+-1
ab� UaV�/�`� UeV�/�
��/ AB�©&9ª-����;������«¬$%&Table / Multiple regression models of soil properties by topographic attributes
�£¤m& ®d�� *4.*+1 ¯]°®d�� *4-2+0
ª-�� .¬�� ±.¬�� /²ª�Zd UtEV
�0³PROFC
´�µd�¶
*4**1,
·-*430
·/4+-
*4*,+
·,4-*
*4-2/*
·*4,0-.
·*4,0-3
*4+.,3
**.403+¸t U*4*+V�,40+2
**-4.01¸t U*4*+V�,40+3
**-4,0.¸t U*4*+V�,40,*
+4211¹t U*4*/V�+432*
*4012¹t U*4*/V�+432+
¥@m& ®d�� *4.+/* ¯]°®d�� *4.*/.
ª-�� .¬�� ±.¬�� /²ª�Zd UtEV
PLANC
´�d�¶
,++4*+
,14.0
*422
*4/,00
*4-./-
**14/0.¸t U*4*+V�,40+2
**.430*¸t U*4*+V�,40+2
*40/.¹t U*4*/V�+432+
** ; +��(k±�/²ª º»���;
12 : <'��4¼������� ��no 79
![Page 10: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
������������������ ��������������� �������������������������� �!���"�#� $�%���&� /' 3�()�� pH *H, O+�� ,�-��� ./01���23�� InfAts� � !4� *./*�5�"67�� *# .+" 7�89:$���� ���;<� Inf=7Ats�>=?��%��@&A�! �'(:$�)BC�D=7 E*F+�,-�GHI.�./01�����JK�?�J�� �����" ���?� -�/0(L1�MNO0�()P��23�Q� ����7����� R45S���T5(UVC�;<�����(�6C�D ����" ,�UW��6� XY����PF+�,-��! ./01��Z[����73\\?�8]9� ��(^6�_����"
-�-�, ��������� ���MNO`Na:3���J ;�/bc�<�de ��=*���(fgC�23 >hC�" �=� ���>� i�?@(-C��6 Aj�kB��7����=7��=*���(��C�CD(lEC�D m6��n���" ,D�o� �p=F$(GH��C�qrs./0����tuC�" �vv&�HI��'(:$89:$���� �p=F$(GH���J�� ���w!xy�;z{|� F�(,.*����)}D�;!qrs�>(~?�" ,����qrs./0 � /�)C;<� �'(:$� .��GH�� 89:$� ,��GH��(��./0��?�" �'(:$�./0� GH���K�v� ���v&�"67��=?��Q�L?��! ,�rs&� M���K�v&��N�O%���� ���vC��P ,�de��J�J ��h./0�23(Q6��6��J����L#7��" D�./0�W�&� *..* \�89:$� *.., Moore et al. *+33-+ ���qrs./0�W�&� ��4:$� *..2, pH��Q*`N����0�� *..+�*.0-R73��?�" �=�GH�����J���p=F$ \�,��P�73�v������7��" ,��� =��/�q-*��! S7�%�������p���Aj�GP=��?�D���C�����" �p�3�73��� T�P��U�RJ���JK��D� �p(J��VJ��qrs./0��W(�X�����" �<��� DD� �p�pY��=*�����p=F$(J��D� ��=*��(<\J�����D(�u��"
.� � � �
+., ha��1Z����Z �� +. m�T���/[�� +//��=7MNO`Na(~� �p�v&=7Ap\���=*�-���*����U>(~?�"�;/bc����� =7 =��'(:$P&¡]^�e����(¢=*��v�� �%��������D�"67��" D�7���� �p��=7����./01�£���5�"67� 1�h_� InfP Ccs� �%���'(:$�%J`&A�����! 1�¤_� CfsPAts��� *����JK�?���" pH, �'(:$ `NE¥¦&� §a:3P89 � �0� b�:$���=*� DEM=7�¨���p=F$����vv&�"67� ,�7�-����v���p�©JvP����������" ���p=F$� �/;!�ªc��%��q-���D�"67��"D�d���=*�-��� �p�%«������! ./01�(J��8](¬�C�D� XY��(ef����=*� ���g¨PMNO`Na�@3��h���" \�GH����p=F$(J����=*��(��C�qrs�>(®y �p��v*�Q��'(:$89:$�������� (��"
� �
¯°���i±�7z/bcU>�v�\�� £²j��³�\��´µ�klm¶n�·op¸¹�º»q�h¼\C"
� � � �
Burgess, T.M. and Webster, R. (+32* a) : Optimal
Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil
Properties, I The Semi-Variogram and Punctual
Kriging. J. Soil Science, -+ : -+/�--+.
Burgess, T.M. and Webster, R. (+32* b) : Optimal
Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil
Properties, II Block Kriging. J. Soil Science, -+ :
---�-.+.
Beckett, P.H.T. and Webster, R. (+31+) : Soil Variabili-
ty, Soils and Fertilizers. -. : +�+/.
Dalrymple, J.B., Blong, R.J. and Conacher, A.J. (+302) :
An Hypothetical Nine Unit Landsurface Model.
Zeitchrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. Bd., +, : 0*�10.
���4�* r 30� *,**.+80
![Page 11: No. 30,p.1+2+ - js-soilphysics.com · Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022610/5b983ae109d3f2210c8bc7df/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Imade, A.S.W., Shibusawa, S., Sasao, A. and Hirako, S.
(,**+) : Soil Parameters Maps in Paddy Field
Using the Real Time Soil Spectrophotometer.
Journal of JSAM, 0- (-) : /+�/2.
Journal AG. and Ch. J. Huijberegts (+312) : Mining
Geostatistics. Academic Press.
King, D., Bourennane, H., Isambert, M. and Macaire, J.
J. (+333) : Relationship of the Presence of a Non-
Calcareous Clay-Loam Horizon to DEM Attri-
butes in a Gently Sloping Area. Geoderma, 23 :
3/�+++.
Miller, M.P., Singer, M.J. and Nielsen, D.R. (+322) :
Spatial Variability of Wheat Yield and Soil
Properties on Complex Hills. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,
/, : ++--�++.+.
Moore, I.D., Grayson, R.B. and Ladson, A.R. (+33+) :
Digital Terrain Modelling : A Review of Hydro-
logical, Geomorphological and Biological Appli-
cations. Hydrological Processes, / : -�-*.
Moore, I.D., Gessler, P.E., Nielsen, G.A. and Peterson,
G.A. (+33-) : Soil Attribute Prediction Using Ter-
rain Analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /1 : ..-�./,.
Park, S.J., McSweeney, K. and Lowery, B. (,**+) :
Identification of the Spatial Distribution of Soils
Using a Process-based Terrain Characterization.
Geoderma, +*- : ,.3�,1,.
Pennock, D.J. and Corre, M.D. (,**+) : Development
and Application of Landform Segmentation Pro-
cedures. Soil and Tillage Res., /2 : +/+�+0,.
Timlin, D.J., Ya. Pachepsky, Snyder, V.A. and Bryant,
R.B. (+332) : Spatial Temporal Variability of Corn
Grain Yield on a Hillslope. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,
0, : 10.�11-.
Van Oost, K., Govers, G., Van Muysen, W. and Quine,
T.A. (,***) : Modeling Translocation and Disper-
sion of Soil Constituents by Tillage on Sloping
Land. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0. : +1--�+1-3.
Webster, R. and Burgess, T.M. (+32*) : Optimal
Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil
Properties, III Changing Drift and Universal
Kriging. J. Soil Science, -+ : /*/�/,..
Woods, L.E. and Schuman, G.E. (+322) : Cultivation
and Slope Position E#ects on Soil Organic
Matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /, : +-1+�+-10.
Zevenbergen, L.W. and Thorne, C.R. (+321) : Quantita-
tive Analysis of Land Surface Topography.
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, +, : .1�/0.
���� �+320� : ���� ������������ ������� /- : /2�0..
���� �,**-� : � ! �����"#$%���&!$'(�)*�� ������� 3/ : ,+�-,.
+,-. �+31-� : /�0'(12�� pp. ,2�-*� 3456� 78�
9:;��<=�> �+31+� : ?7@ABCD�ECF&GHIJ�KLM NOPQR!���STUVTW ?X�YZ[\ ���Q� R]��^_`ab� -0 : .+�.0.
9:;��cdef �+31/� : ghR! ���������ij�� NOPQSTUVTWM�YZ[\ ���Q� R]��^_`ab� // : +�2.
klmn �+31+� : opqrs!CD�ECF&GHIJ�tu��QR!���STUVTW ?X�YZ[\ ���Q� R]��^_`ab� -0 : +�1.
vD w�xyz{�|D}{ �+31+� : 4~���=���!���Ci0&GHIJ�tu��QR!���STUVTW ?X�YZ[\ ���Q�R]��^_`ab� -0 : .1�/-.
���� �+32-� : !$��&������� ������� .1 : 2�+..
����� : ,**-� 2 � ,,������ : ,**.� + � ,-�
`a : �� �������������'( 81