nitrate leaching from turf fertilization- a summary of ... · education unit, citra ft. lauderdale...
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Nitrate Leaching From Turf Fertilization- A
Summary of FDEP-Funded Research
Laurie E. Trenholm
Urban Turfgrass BMP Specialist
UF-IFAS
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Master Gardener Turfgrass Field Day – May 31st
Contact Crystal in the Statewide MG office to register
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UF West Florida
Research and
Education Center, Jay UF Plant Science
Research and
Education Unit, Citra
Ft. Lauderdale
Research and
Education Center
DEP Nutrient Leaching Study
2004-2011
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DEP Research – Nutrient Leaching
• Part of a FDEP $4.5 million grant to study nutrient leaching in lawn grasses
• Statewide project
• Apply nitrogen and phosphorus to lawngrasses under a wide variety of circumstances
• Measure visual quality, physiological responses, and nitrate and phosphate concentration in leachate
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As nitrate percolates downward through the column, it
collects in reservoir filled with gravel. At bottom of lysimeter
is a portal for tubing that runs to collection device
aboveground. To collect leachate, a vacuum pump is attached
the the tubing and water evacuated from base. A sub-sample
is collected for analysis.
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Research Projects
1. Nitrate Leaching from Newly Sodded Turf
2. Nitrate Leaching Due to N Rate
3. Nitrate Leaching Due to N Source
4. Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months
5. Phosphorus Leaching
6. Nitrate Leaching Due to Mowing Height
7. Nitrate Leaching Due to Clipping Management
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Nitrate Leaching from Newly Sodded Turf
• Floratam and Empire were planted as sod and nitrogen treatments applied same day
• Half of the plots received 2nd nitrogen application 30 days after planting
• N applied as water soluble urea 2 irrigation regimes
Treatments
N Rate Frequency
1. 0.5 lb N DOP
2. 1.0 lb N DOP
3. 2.0 lb N DOP
4. 0.5 lb N DOP + 30 DAP
5. 1.0 lb N DOP + 30 DAP
6. 2.0 lb N DOP + 30 DAP
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Nitrate-N Leached Over 60 Day Study Period
Total NO3-N Leached
(kg N ha-1)
Empire Floratam
Source of Variation
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 1 Yr 2
Nitrogen Treatment (NT)
NS NS ** NS
Irrigation (IR) NS NS NS NS
NT * IR NS NS NS NS
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NO3-N Leached From Newly Sodded Floratam
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
5/4/
2006
5/11
/2006
5/18
/2006
5/25
/2006
6/1/
2006
6/8/
2006
6/15
/2006
6/22
/2006
F1 N 0.5
F1 N 1.0
F1 N 2.0
F2 N 0.5
F2 N 1.0
F2 N 2.0
Nit
rate
-N L
ea
ch
ed
(kg
ha
-1)
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Nitrate Leaching From Newly Sodded Floratam
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0.5 1 2
FT DOP
FT 30 DAP
NO
3-
N L
each
ed
(kg
ha
-1)
N Rate (lbs 1,000 ft-2)
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Percent of Applied N Leached From Newly Sodded Floratam
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.5 1 2
DOP
30 DAP
NO
3-
N L
each
ed
(kg
ha
-1)
N Rate (lbs 1,000 ft-2)
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NO3-N Leached From Empire
Nit
rate
-N L
ea
ch
ed
(kg
ha
-1)
05
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
08
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Conclusions
• Important to note that these rates of leaching are MUCH higher than from established turf
• Do not fertilize newly planted sod for 30-60 days after planting
• No pre-plant fertilizer incorporation, even with biosolid products
• Without an established root system, more N likely to leach
• Turf quality and establishment time not compromised by lack of fertilization
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Nitrate Leaching Due to N Rate
• 3-yr study 2005-2007
• Established Floratam and Empire
• N applied in 4 applications throughout the year at rates of 1, 4, 7, or 10 lbs N 1,000 ft-2
• N applied as water soluble urea
• 2 irrigation regimes (1” @ 1x wkly, 0.5” @ 2x wkly)
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Source of Variation Cumulative NO3-N Leached Cumulative NO3-N Leached
kg ha-1 kg ha-1
2006 2007
NR ** ***
Grass *** ***
IR NS *
NR*Grass NS ***
NR*IR * ***
Grass*IR NS NS
NR*Grass*IR NS *
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Nitrogen Rate Study - Nitrate-N Leaching from Floratam
0
1
2
3
4
5Y
r 1 F
C1
Yr1
FC
2
Yr2
FC
1
Yr2
FC
2
Yr2
FC
3
Yr2
FC
4
Yr3
FC
1
Yr3
FC
2
Yr3
FC
3
Yr4
FC
4
1 lb N
4 lb N
7 lb N
10 lb N
Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea
NO
3-
N L
each
ed
(kg
ha
-1)
Trenholm et al. 2009
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Nitrogen Rate Study -Percent of Applied N Leached from Floratam
0123456789
10
Yr 1 F
C1
Yr1 F
C2
Yr2 F
C1
Yr2 F
C2
Yr2 F
C3
Yr2 F
C4
Yr3 F
C1
Yr3 F
C2
Yr3 F
C3
Yr3 F
C4
SA 1 lb N
SA 4 lb N
SA 7 lb N
SA 10 lb N
Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea
Perc
en
t o
f A
pp
lied
N L
each
ed
Trenholm et al. 2009
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Nitrogen Rate Study- Nitrate-N Leaching from Empire
0
10
20
30
40
50
Yr 1 F
C1
Yr2 F
C1
Yr2 F
C3
Yr3 F
C1
Yr3 F
C3
1 lb N
4 lb N
7 lb N
10 lb N
Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea
NO
3-
N L
each
ed
(kg
ha
-1)
Trenholm et al. 2009
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Nitrogen Rate Study - Percent of Applied N Leached from Empire
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Yr 1 F
C1
Yr1 F
C2
Yr2 F
C1
Yr2 F
C2
Yr2 F
C3
Yr2 F
C4
Yr3 F
C1
Yr3 F
C2
Yr3 F
C3
Yr3 F
C4
Zoy 1 lb N
Zoy 4 lb N
Zoy 7 lb N
Zoy 10 lb N
Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea
NO
3-
N L
each
ed
(kg
ha
-1)
Trenholm et al. 2009
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Conclusions
• A healthy turf cover mitigated N leaching loads
• Importance of BMPs in maintaining a healthy turf cover (fertilization, mowing, irrigation)
• As SA matured after first year, nitrate leaching was minimized, regardless of N rate
• When turf cover was eroded, N leaching losses increased
• Current N recommendations for SA are good
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Conclusions
• Zoysia more prone to increased leaching as applied N increased – Greater disease at higher N rates
• Zoysia N recommendations being revised downwards to reduce disease and potential for greater N losses
• Empire needs for N lower than in SA – quality and color good with less N
• Highest tendency for increased leaching occurred in spring and fall, not in summer
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Nitrate Leaching Due to Nitrogen Source
• 8 nitrogen sources applied @ 1 lb N 1,000 ft-2 4x yr
• Established Floratam and Empire
• 4 yr study
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Nitrogen Sources
N Sources –applied at 1 lb N every 60 days 1. Control
2. Water soluble ammonium nitrate
3. Water soluble urea
4. 30% Sulfur coated urea
5. 50% Sulfur coated urea
6. Polymer sulfur coated urea (Duration)
7. Polymer sulfur coated urea applied at 2 lbs N every 120 days
8. Milorganite
24
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NO3-N Leaching Due to Nitrogen Source
Source of
Variation
2008 2009 2010 2011
Grass NS NS NS NS
Nitrogen
Source (NS)
*** NS NS *
G * NS *** NS NS NS
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NO3-N Loads 2009-2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
2009
2010
2011
*
*
*
27
NO
3-N
Le
ach
ing
Load
K
g h
a-1
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NO3-N Loading By Fertilizer Cycle, 2011
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Winter FC1 FC2 FC3 FC4
NO
3-N
Lo
ad
ing
K
g h
a-1
Control
AN
Urea
30%SCU
50%SCU
PSCU
PSCU2lb
Mil
28
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Conclusions • No significant differences in NO3-N loading between grasses
• Differences due to N source in 2 of 4 yrs
• Where differences occurred, greatest loading from AN (2008) and AN, PSCU at 2 lb twice a year, and Milorganite (2011)
• What about ordinances banning use of water soluble N sources?
• Should DACS allow Fertilizer Label Rule to change to allow application of 2 lb PSCU products?
• Should DACS allow Fertilizer Label Rule to change to allow application of up to 1 lb water soluble N?
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months
• Apply N at different rates monthly throughout winter to Floratam and Ultimate zoysiagrass
• Control, .125, .25, .50, 1.0 and 2.0 lbs N 1,000 ft-2 mo.
• N applied as water soluble urea
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months
Cumulative NO3-N Leached
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Nitrogen Rate ** * *
Grass *** *** ***
NR x Grass ** NS **
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months (Yr 1 Nov-March Cumulative)
N Rate, lbs. 1,000 ft-2
2006-07
Nit
rate
-N L
eac
he
d (
kg h
a-1
)
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months Yr 2 (Dec-Mar Cumulative)
N Rate, lbs. 1,000 ft-2
2007-08
Nit
rate
-N L
eac
he
d (
kg h
a-1
)
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months Yr 3 (Nov-March Cumulative)
N Rate, lbs. 1,000 ft-2
2008-09
Nit
rate
-N L
eac
he
d (
kg h
a-1
)
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Analysis of Variance by Month
ANOVA by
Month
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3
Grass (G) ** * *
Nitrogen (N) *** *** ***
Month (M) *** *** ***
G*N ** NS **
G*M *** NS **
N*M *** *** ***
G*N*M *** NS **
35
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Conclusions
• While there were few differences in leaching at the lower N rates, these loading rates exceed what occurs during the growing season
• Leaching higher in zoysia and at two highest N rates
• Turf quality/color not improved by fertilization
• Trend towards greater leaching in winter/spring than in fall months
• If additional N applications to be done due to summer bans or contractual obligations, they should be done in fall rather than spring
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UF-IFAS Recommended Annual N Rates
*Empire zoysiagrass needs lower N rates than our official recommendations to reduce disease and nutrient loading – these are not “official IFAS recommendations” yet
North Central South
lbs. N 1000 ft-2
St.
Augustinegrass
2-4 2-5 4-6
Zoysiagrass 2-4 2-5 4-6
Empire* 2-3 3 3-4
Bahiagrass 2-3 2-4 2-4
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Other Factors to Reduce Nutrient Movement
• Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer at excessive rates – stick to the UF-IFAS recommendations
• Remove fertilizer granules from impervious surfaces
• Remove leaf clippings from impervious surfaces
• Use deflector shields around water bodies
• Maintain a buffer zone around water bodies
• All of these will likely have more impact on reducing pollution than nitrogen source used
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We thank the Florida Department of
Environmental Protection for funding
this research