niken sakuntaladewi , meine van noordwijk , fahmuddin agus , elok mulyoutami
DESCRIPTION
The 2 nd World Congress of Agroforestry Nairobi, 24 – 28 August 2009 “Agroforestry – The Future of Global Land Use”. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Department of Forestry Indonesia. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Niken Sakuntaladewi, Meine van Noordwijk, Niken Sakuntaladewi, Meine van Noordwijk,
Fahmuddin Agus, Elok MulyoutamiFahmuddin Agus, Elok Mulyoutami
The 2nd World Congress of Agroforestry Nairobi, 24 – 28 August 2009 “Agroforestry – The Future of Global Land Use”
Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
Department of ForestryIndonesia
Total land area: 190 million haState forest area: 120 million ha POPULATION
Total: 220 million people (2005)48.8 million people (12%) live in & around forest
area, mostly farming ~ swiddening.10.2 million people are in a poor econ. condition
INDONESIA – GENERAL PICTURE
120 million ha State Forest
Protection forest (26%): HKm, Village Forest Production forest (53%): HKm, Village Forest, People Plantations Conservation forest (21%)
SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE
1. Land preparation 2. Planting paddy rice, corn 3. Planting rubber/rattan
6. Rubber Agroforest
4. Harvesting
7. Fallow period
5. Planting paddy rice, corn,leave rubber/rattan grow
Intensive tree crops
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SWIDDEN CULTIVATION
Definition: land that is cleared of woody vegetation for temporary production of staple food crops mixed w/ other annual trees and or perennials useful for local use and/or markets.
Characteristics: alternate food crops and perennial/annual vegetation, temporary production of staple food crops, fallow period.
Length cycle: varies, 30 – 50 yrs (intensive tree crops - rubber)
SWIDDEN CULTIVATION
A. ‘Swidden Cultivation’ is changed voluntarily into ‘intensive tree crops - rubber/coffee etc or rice field (Jambi, Central Kalimantan)
B. ‘Swidden Cultivation’ is being stopped with government policy before other alternative is ready (Halimun, West Java)
C. ‘Swidden Cultivation’ is still important for local economy and is accepted by the local government (Papua)
C. ‘Swidden Cultivation’ is still important for local economy and is accepted by the local government (Papua)
Three Policy Domain with regard to swidden systems and their transformations
SWIDDEN CULTIVATIONResearch findings
Source: Tomich at al.1999; Palm et al.2005
STRATUM
PARAMETER
LAND USE TYPESECONDFOREST
RUBBERAF
RUBBERMONO
Tree d: >= 10cm
# individu 12.4 12.7 ns 12.3 ns# sp 9.6 6.0 1.5
# fam 8.0 5.3 1.4Saplings h: > 1.5m d: < 10cm
# individu 18.2 18 ns 5.3# sp 11.2 10.6 ns 2.0# fam 8.8 8.0 ns 1.8
Seedlings h: <1.5 m
# individu 45.6 60.9 ns 52.2 ns# sp 15.4 15.7 ns 8.5# fam 11.3 11.9 6.8
Plot size 0.32 ha 0.32 ha 0.2 ha
LAND USE CARBON
(t/ha)
PLANT SP/plot
Primary forest 254 120Rubber forest 116 90Monoculture oil palm
91 25
Shrub (+8 yr fallow)
74 45
Vegetable 2 16Cassava 4 15Imperata fallow
2 15
d: diameter; h:heighSource: Made Hesti Lestari Tata, 2008
SWIDDEN CULTIVATIONResearch findings
• Dynamic system• Has continued technological innovation and further adaption• Has economic rational in returns to labor• Provides/can be environmentally sound• Culturally accepted
(Fox. 2000, Mertz. 2000, Noordwijk et al. 2008, Nugraha. 2005, Palm et al. 2005, Tomich et al. 1999)
Tembawang Oil Palm
Paddy rice
Oil palm & paddy rice
Tembawang
SWIDDEN CULTIVATION IN REDD SCHEME
Decreasing C-Stock(Increasing C-emission)
Neutral for C-Stock Increasing C-Stock (Reduced Emission)
State Forest Swidden
Forest (international defn.)
REDD
REDD +
Shorter cycleLonger cycle infallow rotation AFPermanent AF
Forest (International Definition for Kyoto protocol under UNFCCC): 1) Tree crown cover (10-30%), tree height (2-5 m), 2) but this is potential rather than actual, 3) ‘temporarily unstocked forest’ is still forest as long as trees are expected to grow
Swidden agriculture & its dynamics in scheme REDD
THE CONCERN ~ SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE
GOVERNMENTDriver of deforestationBackward agricultural practice &
cultureNo support for economic growthSmoke (from burning) affect health,
hinders sosec. actv., affect relationship w/ neigboring countries
No adm. boundary difficult for the GoI to plan for national development
Not suitable for current condition
permanent cultivation
SWIDDENERS• Fallow improve soil fertility• Burning cheap techn. for land preparation. • Fulfill (part of) the family needs• Involved local knowledge/wisdom• Customary boundary
Smoke was never a problem, before, why now?
Is there any agric. practice that brings the soil fertility back at a low cost?
Swidden Cultivation ~ Timber Plantation
Not natural and not permanent forest Tree cover Deforestation and degradation ~ qualitative
term
INDONESIA FORESTRY & REDDAn Overview
Adm.required HKm/PP
Customary forest
Private Forest
Village Forest
Copy of Ministerial Decree (permit for HKm/PP or a manager for Cust.Forest)
V V
Recom. from loc. govt. to implement REDD
V V V V
Land certificate or paper from local govt. indicating land ownership/manager
V Offc. paper ~ manager VF
Fulfill govt. criteria for REDD location**) V V V V
Have a plan to implement REDD V V V V
• Forest defn: an ecosystem within a landscape dominated by trees•Location for REDD (~ swidden): HKm area; people plantations area; customary forest; private forest; village forest•REDD implementer: managers /owners/permit holders of the above REDD locations
Ministerial Decree no. 30 year 2009 on REDD
**) data and information of forest area & C-stock; bio-physic & ecology; threat to forest resources; socio-econ & culture; economic feasibility; governance
SWIDDEN IN REDD SCHEME:SOME CHALLENGES
• Swiddening is not a driver of deforestation (~International forest definition & scope of REDD), but forest institutions do not interpret it this way
• It is important not only to concentrates on sustainable forest
management but also sustainable livelihood side
• It requires a landscape-scale assessment rather than focus on ‘forest’ for intensifying agriculture and short-cycle tree plantations in one part of the landscape and increasing management cycle lengths (extensifying forest management) elsewhere can contribute to overall emission reduction
SWIDDEN IN REDD SCHEME:SOME CHALLENGES
• The voice and perceptions of local stakeholders involved in swiddens and its alternatives need to be heard. The strong perceptions and values of dominant ‘public/policy ecological knowledge’ prevent a fact-based approach
• Current implementation procedures for REDD in Indonesia focus on forest management and planning procedures that are difficult to achieve for local stakeholders. A stronger focus on outcome-base approaches and less reliance on input-planning is needed to bring local stakeholders on board.