nhtsa vehicle safety research efforts - umtri · helmet use • airbags ... control system...

NHTSA Vehicle Safety Research Efforts

2011 UMTRI Automotive Safety ConferenceFebruary 16, 2011

NHTSA’s Missions

Safety Save lives, prevent injuries and reduce economic costs due to road traffic and non-traffic crashes through education, research, safety standards and enforcement activity.

Consumer ProgramsIncrease fuel economy, damageability protection, and theft protection, reduce odometer tampering, and provide consumer information.

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2009 Data - Fatalities and Fatality Rate, by Year

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1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Fatalities Fatality Rate per 100M VMT

33,186Fatality Fatality Rate

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2009 Data - People Injured and Injury Rate, by Year

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50

100

150

200

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008Persons Injured

2009

Persons Injured Injury Rate

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2009 Data - VMT and Fatality and Injury Rates

Estimated VMT increased

Fatality and Injury Rates per 100M VMT

Measure 2008 2009 Change % Change

Fatality Rate 1.26 1.13 -0.13 -10%

Injury Rate 79 74 -5 -6.3%

Source: FARS, GES, and FHWA VMT

Vehicle Miles Traveled (in Millions)

Measure 2008 2009 Change % Change

VMT 2,973,509 2,979,321 +5,812 +0.2%

Source: FHWA, 2009 is an estimate from FHWA’s April 2010 TVTFHWA will update VMT later in 2011

Fatality and injury rates declined

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2009 Data - Overall Statistics FatalitiesMotorists and Non-occupants Killed in Traffic Crashes

Description 2008 2009 Change % ChangeTotal* 37,423 33,808 -3,615 -9.7%

Motorists Killed in

Passenger Vehicles 25,462 23,382 -2,080 -8.2%

Passenger Cars 14,646 13,095 -1,551 -11%

Light Trucks 10,816 10,287 -529 -4.9%

Large Trucks 682 503 -179 -26%

Motorcycles 5,312 4,462 -850 -16%

Non-occupants Killed

Pedestrians 4,414 4,092 -322 -7.3%

Pedalcyclists 718 630 -88 -12%

Other/Unknown 188 150 -38 ---Source: FARS 2008 [Final], 2009 Annual Report File [ARF]* Total includes occupants of buses and other/unknown vehicles not shown in table

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Fatalities in Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes 2009

Single Vehicle

Non-Rollover

24%

Single Vehicle Rollover

22%Non-Occupant

14%

Multi-Vehicle

40%

Front 24%Side 12%Rear 3%Other 1%

Front 15%Side 5%Rear <1%Other 3%

Passenger Car 8%Light Truck 12%Large Truck 1%All Other Vehicles 1%

Pedestrian 12%Pedalcyclist 2%

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Strategic Planning Process

Data Drives Priorities

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•Develop 3 year NVSPriority Plan

-And-

•Develop 3-5 year& longer- termResearch Plans

Crash Avoidance CrashworthinessPRE - CRASH

CRASH EVENT

POST-CRASH

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Crash Avoidance CrashworthinessNORMAL DRIVING

CRASH IMMINENT

CRASH EVENT

POST-CRASH

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CRASH IMMINENT

CRASH EVENT

POST-CRASH

PASSENGER CARS/TRUCKS

• Driver Distraction• Driver Support Systems• Blind Spot Detection• Alcohol Detection• Drowsy Driver Detection•…

•Forward Crash Warning•Lane Departure Warning •Automatic Braking• Lane Keeping•V2V & V2I•….

• Advanced Airbags•Dynamic Rollover• Oblique/Off-set Frontal• Adaptive Restraints• Child Side Impact• Elderly Occupants • ….

• Auto Crash Notification • Advanced ACN• Medical Outcome (CIREN)• First Responder Safety

HEAVY VEHICLES -Truck/Bus

• Driver Distraction• Drowsy Driver Detection• Enhanced Vision Systems• Blind Spot Detection

• ESC/RSC•Forward Collision Warning• Lane Change Warning•V2V & V2I

• Underride • Electronic Data Recorders• ACN?

MOTORCYCLES • Conspicuity • ABS/CBS• V2V

• Helmet Use• Airbags

• ACN?

PEDESTRIANS • Quiet Car Detection• Lighting Systems for Peds

• Pedestrian Warning• Automatic Braking• P2V

• GTR – Hoods / Bumpers •ACN?

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CRASH IMMINENT

CRASH EVENT

POST-CRASH












• ACN?



• GTR – Hoods / Bumpers •ACN?

BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES

• Charging Safety• Lithium Ion Battery

• Shut-Down Strategies • Lithium Ion Battery• Electrical Isolation

• First Responder Safety

ELECTRONICSRELIABILITY & SECURITY

• Fail-Safe Strategies• Software Reliability• Fault Detection & Reporting & HMI

• Control System Management Strategies & HMI

• Control System Management Strategies

• Electronic Data Recorders

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CRASH IMMINENT

CRASH EVENT

POST-CRASH












• ACN?



• Pedestrian Impact –Hoods / Bumpers

•ACN?

BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES

• Charging Safety• Lithium Ion Battery

• Shut-Down Strategies • Lithium Ion Battery• Electrical Isolation

• First Responder Safety

ELECTRONICSRELIABILITY & SECURITY

• Fail-Safe Strategies• Software Reliability• Fault Detection & Reporting & HMI

• Control System Management Strategies & HMI

• Control System Management Strategies

• Electronic Data Recorders

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Crash Avoidance SystemsConnected VehiclesDriver Support SystemsDistractionAlcoholQuiet Cars

Pedestrian Crash Avoidance

Heavy Vehicle

Electronic Control Safety

Crash Avoidance Systems

Reduce or eliminate crashes thru: Driver Advisories Driver Warnings Vehicle Control

Relying on Radar and Camera Vision Systems

Blind Spot Monitoring and Alert

Forward Collision Warning and Automatic Braking

Lane Departure Warning and Lane Keeping

Being Deployed Now

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Crashes of all Severities2007 GES

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Off Roadway

Rear-End

Crossing Paths25 %

9 %

28 %

23 %Lane Change

Others

Lane Departure WarningStability Control

Forward Crash WarningMitigation Braking

Blind Spot Detection

Vehicle Based Crash Avoidance Systems are being introduced, which can address a portion of Crash Scenarios

Crashes of all Severities2007 GES

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Off Roadway

Rear-End

Crossing Paths25 %

9 %

28 %

23 %Lane Change

Others

Lane Departure WarningStability Control

Forward Crash WarningMitigation Braking

Blind Spot Detection

Head-on Collision Avoidance

Curve Speed WarningLane Keeping

Lane change and merge assist

Intersection Movement AssistStop Sign & Signal Violation Warnings

Avoidance Braking

Communicative Crash Avoidance Systems can address 82% of Crash Scenarios involving unimpaired drivers

V2V for Safety

V2I for Safety

Mobility Applications

Traffic Management

Environmental Information

Connected Vehicle ProgramA national, multi-modal surface transportation system that features a connected

transportation environment among vehicles, the infrastructure, and portable devices to serve the public good by leveraging technology to maximize safety, mobility and

environmental performance

…and a suite of targeted research and development initiatives that support cross-modal ITS solutions

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Connected Vehicles

V2V - It’s All About Connectivity

Opportunity for Safer Driving

Greater situational awareness Your vehicle can “see” nearby vehicles and

knows roadway conditions you can’t see

Reduce or eliminate crashes thru: Driver Advisories Driver Warnings Vehicle Control

Opportunity for Greater Mobility & Efficiency

Create an information-rich environment for multi-modal transportation solutions.

Enable environmental management through V2I capability

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Connected Vehicles have the potential to address 82% of the vehicle crash

scenarios involving unimpaired drivers

Interoperability & Security Infrastructure

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Certificate Authority

2-way securecommunications

NodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeInfrastructure

NodesCertificate renewals / reloadsCertificate revocation list distributionMisbehavior reporting

2-way securecommunications

V2V Application Safety Implementing a

Functional Safety Program for applications that may impact vehicle control systems

V2V Security Effects of both malicious

and inadvertent erroneous data

NHTSA Distraction Program

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Eliminate Crashes Due to Distraction

Initiative 1

Data Approach

Vehicle Approaches

Behavioral Approach

Initiative 2 Initiative 3 Initiative 4

Improve the Understandin

g of the Problem

Reduce Workload

from Interfaces

Keep Drivers Safe

Recognize Risks and

Consequences

Driver Monitoring and Support Systems

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Mercedes – “Attention Assist” analyzes vehicle behavior (e.g.,

steering and more) to determine if drivers are alert and provides an alert if the drivers are inattentive.

Volvo – “Driver Alert Control” analyzes lane position and other

factors to determine if drivers are fatigued and provides and alert.

Lexus – “Driver Monitoring System” monitors drivers head position and

uses this information to adjust collision warning and pre-collision systems

NHTSA Distraction Monitoring Can similar algorithms detect and

warn distracted drivers? Inattentive drivers?

End Goal: A non-invasive, seamless technology to measure driver BAC and reduce the incidence of drunk driving

Five-year, cooperative program between NHTSA and Industry intended to support a non-regulatory, market-based approach to preventing drunk driving

•Development undertaken as a step-by-step, data-driven process to ensure that effective technologies are developed

•Devices are intended to prevent alcohol-impaired drivers (BAC ≥ 0.08) from driving their vehicles

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DADSS -Driver Alcohol DetectionSystem for Safety

Quieter Cars and the Safety of Pedestrians Research Goal: Examine Quieter Cars risk for pedestrians,

identify possible countermeasures; and review theirpotential effectiveness and acceptability.

Activities: Phase 1 Completed 3/2009 Phase 2 Completed 12/2010 Phase 3 Beginning Spring 2011

Support Rulemaking as per Congressional mandate

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Cottage FarmAmbient 1

Volpe CenterAmbient 2

Overall A-weighted Sound Pressure Level at Various Locations

Pedestrian Crash Avoidance Mitigation (PCAM)

Identify the top pedestrian crash scenarios

Assess current and near-term (within 5 years) forward-looking

Develop objective test procedures

Heavy Vehicle Research (tractor-trailers, straight trucks, buses)

Crash Avoidance – Main focus Stability Control Forward Collision Warning

with Active Braking Vision Enhancement Departmental Motorcoach Plan

Crash avoidance technology V2V Safety for Commercial

Heavy Vehicles

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Migrating to Fundamental Vehicle Controls Can provide increased functionality for customer ABS, ESC, Brake Assist, Crash-Imminent-Braking… Electronic Throttle & Torque Control Electric Power Steering Assist, Active Steering…

Vehicle Electronics – Research Activities

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Seat BeltPre-tensioner

Vision SystemCamera

Heads-up Display

Forward Radar Sensors

Brake AssistSide Camera & RadarElectronic

StabilityControl

Inter-VehicleCommunicationsAntenna

GPSAntenna

Infrared Camera

Electronic Control Systems Reliability

Fail Safe Strategies Diagnostic Strategies and Trouble Codes Software strategies and Validation

Requirements Hardware and System Validation Electromagnetic Compatibility

Cybersecurity On-board tamper-proofing Hacking and malicious external control

Human/Machine Interface Shared control Transitional Control Control failure warning and notification

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Research Needs

Potential Future Crash Avoidance Topics CA or “Near-Miss” Data Sets & Mining Tools Accelerated Deployment of Crash Avoidance

Technologies Minimizing Driver Distraction & Workload Deployment of Connected Vehicles & Roads Reliability and Security of Electronic Control

Systems Semi-Autonomous Driving Other ideas….

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Low Offset/Oblique FrontalDynamic RolloverChild Safety Side ImpactLithium Ion Battery SafetyAdvanced RestraintsCountermeasures for

“lightweighted” vehiclesAdvanced Automatic

Crash Notification

Fatalities in Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes 2009

Single Vehicle

Non-Rollover

24%

Single Vehicle Rollover

22%Non-Occupant

14%

Multi-Vehicle

40%

Front 24%Side 12%Rear 3%Other 1%

Front 15%Side 5%Rear <1%Other 3%

Passenger Car 8%Light Truck 12%Large Truck 1%All Other Vehicles 1%

Pedestrian 12%Pedalcyclist 2%

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Fatalities in Frontal Crashes Despite Seat Belts and Air Bags

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Severe, 40%

Corner Oblique, 3%Corner, 10%

Oblique, 11%

Underride, 14%

Vulnerable Occupant,

12%

Tall Narrow Object, 3%

Other, 7%

2000-2007 NASS fatalities for model year vehicles 2000+ where occupant was restrained

Oblique - Vehicle-to-VehicleVehicle-to-vehicle tests able to reproduce real-world crashes

CIREN case Crash Test

Oblique Offset Example

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Moving Deformable Barrier Test Procedure

Small Overlap•Overlap ≈ 15%•Angle ≈ 7 degrees•Theoretical DV = 30 mph

NASS case Crash Test

THOR-NT Dummy

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Small Overlap Example

THOR-NT Dummy THOR provides improved

biofidelity and measurement capability

Highlights: Improved head/neck design allow

for more biofidelic head kinematics and neck injury assessment

Enhanced multi-point chest and abdomen instrumentation for improved evaluations of advanced restraints and steering wheel and belt interactions

More biofidelic knee, femur and hip to assess lower extremity injury

Multi-point Chest & Abdomen Deflection

THOR-LX Lower Leg

AcetabularLoad Cell

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Dynamic Rollover Protection Rollover Restraints Measure occupant motion with

different restraint Laboratory and full scale rollover

testing

Dynamic Test Development Multi year contract Study rollover crash environment Understand occupant injury

mechanisms Evaluate test methods and ATD

kinematics Agency Decision 2011

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Analytical

Epidemiological

Computational

Experimental

Rollover Test Method to evaluate

countermeasures

Goal:

Assessment of the Injury Risks to Occupants

Repeatability

Fidelity to Rollover Crash Conditions

Identify Potential Benefit

Common and Severe Conditions

UVA/NHTSA Research CollaborationAugust 2009-July 2014

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Vehicle Crashworthiness

Rollover Testing

Vehicle Dynamics

Injury Biomechanics

Occupant Response

Heavy Truck Underride

Research from belt and bag report

FMVSS 223 and 224 Obtaining new fleet data Continues to be significant

problem NVS team effort ~1 year research program

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Advanced Restraints CAMP ARS demonstrated tailored restraints to occupant size

and coupled with assumed pre-crash information resulted in improved overall occupant performance.

Lap and shoulder belt pretensioners

Programmable Vent Module

Dual stage load limiter

Sled velocity – 20 mph, based on small vehicle FMVSS 214 tests

Sled pulse – ½ sine with peak ~28g

Sled impact angle range from 0o -20o

Sled on Sled test design

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CRS Side Impact Test Development

Lithium-Ion Vehicles: Hybrid Electric (HEV), Plug-in/Range Extended Hybrids (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) (2009 -2013)

432009 Mercedes S400 Hybrid

Battery Vehicles – Research Activities

Battery / Electric Vehicles• Lithium Ion safety

• Cell level – thermal runaway

• Pack level – overheating & venting

• Vehicle level – crash/crush• Controls Safety

• Monitors cell/pack health, SOC, etc• Communicates through CANBus• Hardware reliability?• Software reliability?

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Simulations for Lightweighted Safety

Linear-StaticTopologyOptimization

GaugeOptimization

Final DesignConfirmation

BenchmarkTechnology Assessment

Non-Linear Dynamic Topology Optimization(LF3G)

Detail DesignDesign

Confirmation

Report

Develop simulation tool to evaluate crash safety for future lightweighted vehicles

Demonstrate safety countermeasures for lightweight vehicles for future research

Utilize finite element models for existing and future lightweight vehicles

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Crash information transmitted from AACN systems to the appropriate response/medical personnel has the potential to significantly improve outcomes of crash victims

Areas of expected benefits: Faster emergency response given earlier notification and knowledge of

crash location Improved pre-hospital response/care and hospital dispatch decisions

(community hospital vs. trauma center, e.g.) given knowledge of crash severity and a probability of severe injury

Probability of severe injury estimated using predictive algorithms CDC Expert Panel on AACN recommended using delta V, belt use, crash

direction, multiple impacts, and vehicle type as inputs to algorithm

Advanced Automatic Crash Notification - AACN

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? ?

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Biomechanics - Key Programs

Anthropometric Test Device Research (crash dummies)

Vulnerable Occupant Injury Analysis Computer Aided Engineering CIREN Program

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WorldSID Dummy Conduct fleet evaluation with

WorldSID Test Matrix consist of current MY

vehicles certified to the FMVSS 214 pole

Testing ongoing with 50%th Future testing planned with WorldSID

5th

WorldSID Dummy development Ongoing as part of an international

collaborative effort Developing dummy family with

50th and 5%th

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Future Advanced Child Dummies

Rulemaking/Research Priority Plan includes 2014-15 agency decision on advanced child dummies

Experimental testing and modeling being done together to develop new biofidelity requirements that will be used to evaluate existing and develop new advanced child dummies

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Older Occupant Research Efforts

Well-established finding that older occupants have greater thoracic injury risk in frontal crash

Analysis of NASS-CDS and CIREN data to determine effects of age on injury risk In different crash modes By body region and anatomical

structure

Young thorax Older thorax

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CIRENFocused Multidisciplinary Research

Advanced Crash Data State-of-the-Art Medical Data Improved Engineering+ = 51

Use validated human brain FE model (SIMon)

Use side impact tests with ES-2 dummy and frontal impact tests with HIII dummy

Run SIMon and calculate cumulative strain damage measures (CSDMs)

Correlate to diffuse axonalinjury (DAI)

2011 ESV Paper

Falx

Ventricles

Tentorium

CerebellumBrainstem

PAC and CSF layer

Developing Brain Rotational Injury Criterion (BRIC)

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CerebrumBlood vessels

Research Needs

Potential Future Crashworthiness Topics Accelerated dummy development Improved computer modeling capabilities Crash avoidance sensing information for

adaptive restraints Adaptive restraints for vulnerable occupants Methods to improve belt use Other ideas….

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Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) ProgramPurpose

International Technical Conference organized by participating Governments from Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America to share and discuss latest vehicle safety research technologies.

Objective

Each participating Government to host the conference on a rotational basis bi-annually.

NHTSA sponsors the conference with leadership responsibility for technical program planning by the Office of Vehicle Safety Research (VSR).

A Student Safety Technology Design Competition was introduced in 2005 to encourage young scientists to take part in sharing their vehicle safety research innovations.

Conference participation has reached over 1,000 attendees and exhibitors with expectations for future growth.

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THANK YOU

nhtsa vehicle safety research efforts - umtri · helmet use • airbags ... control system...

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