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Section 1

Growing Tensions Between North and South Disagreements between the North and the South, especially over the issue of slavery, led to political conflict.

North and South Take Different Paths

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Growing Tensions Between North and South

• In the North, industrial growth leads to rapid growth of cities

1SECTION

• Many immigrants, Easterners move to Northwest Territory

• Immigrants are large part of northern population

• South controlled by a few wealthy planters • Make profit from slave labor, trade; South

develops little industry A working cotton plantation, as depicted (1883) by W. A. Walker.

Antislavery and Racism

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• Many Northerners are against slavery

• Most Northerners refuse to associate with African Americans

• Includes abolitionists, free workers who fear loss of jobs to slaves

• Claim white people superior, slaves are provided with food, clothes

• Many Southerners determined to defend slavery

The Wilmot Proviso

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1SECTION

• Wilmot Proviso—outlaws slavery in area U.S. gets from war with Mexico

• Southerners prevent Wilmot Proviso from passing the Senate

• Southerners view slaves as property, Wilmot Proviso unconstitutional

• U.S. Constitution protects property rights

• Proviso leads to creation of political party called Free-Soil Party: - wants to stop the expansion of slavery

Controversy over Territories

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1SECTION

• President Zachary Taylor proposes California apply for statehood

• President Taylor proposes a strategy for California (1849)

• South: divide California into 2 sections: free north, slave south

• Adding a free state would tip balance of power in favor of the North

• Apply for statehood without going through territory stage

• California applies to be admitted as a free state (1850)

The Compromise of 1850

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1SECTION

• Senator Henry Clay proposes the Compromise of 1850

• Pass stronger laws to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves

• No laws would abolish slavery in territories won from Mexico

• Admit California as a free state, abolish slavery in Washington D.C.

• Senator Stephen A. Douglas succeeds in winning passage of plan

• Compromise of 1850 becomes law, sectional tensions continue to rise

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Section 2

The Crisis DeepensTurmoil over slavery led to acts of violence.

The Fugitive Slave Act

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2SECTION

• Fugitive Slave Act helps slaveholders recapture runaway slaves

• Fugitives can be held without arrest warrant, no right to jury trial

The Crisis Deepens

• Southerners feel the act justified, slaves considered property

• Northerners resent the act because it requires them to support slavery

• Face moral choice, support law, slavery or oppose law, slavery The Fugitive Slave Act being enforced.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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2SECTION

• Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

• Southerners feel book falsely criticizes the South, slavery

• Stowe’s book is popular in North • Expresses moral issues about slavery

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

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2SECTION

• Stephen A. Douglas drafts bill for governing the Nebraska Territory

• Slavery issue to be decided by residents’ vote—popular sovereignty

• Divides territory into two territories: Nebraska, Kansas

• Allows vote for slavery in area where Missouri Compromise banned it

• South supports bill, becomes law known as Kansas-Nebraska Act

“Bleeding Kansas”

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2SECTION

• Proslavery, antislavery settlers rush into Kansas Territory

• At time of election, more proslavery than anti-slavery settlers

• Want vote for territorial legislation in the election of March, 1855

• 5,000 proslavery Missourians vote in election illegally

• Kansas legislature packed with proslavery representatives

Continued . . .

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2SECTION

• Antislavery settlers boycott official government, form own government

• Abolitionist John Brown retaliates by murdering 5 proslavery people

• Attack known as Sack of Lawrence

• Proslavery mob attacks Lawrence, Kansas, destroys:- antislavery offices- house of antislavery governor

Continued “Bleeding Kansas”

• Civil war breaks out in Kansas, territory called “Bleeding Kansas”

• Attack known as Pottawatomie Massacre

The sacking of the Free Soil capital of Lawrence, Kansas, by proslavery men on May 21, 1856 (19th century).

Violence in Congress

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2SECTION

• Senator Charles Sumner’s speech attacks proslavery forces in Kansas

• A relative of Butler, Preston Brooks, attacks Sumner in the Senate

• Speech makes fun of A. P. Butler, senator from South Carolina

• Southerners cheer Brooks’s defense of the South

• Northerners shocked at the violence in the Senate Representative Preston S. Brooks

assaulting Charles Sumner in the Senate Chamber on May 22, 1856 (19th century).

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Section 3

Slavery Dominates PoliticsDisagreements over slavery lead to the formation of the Republican Party and heightened sectional tensions.

The Republican Party Forms

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3SECTION

• Whig party splits over slavery, Northern Whigs form Republican Party

Slavery Dominates Politics

• Republicans join with other opponents of slavery, gain strength in North

• Nominate John C. Frémont as their presidential candidate (1856)

An 1856 campaign poster of John Charles Frémont and William L. Dayton as presidential and vice-presidential candidates of the new Republican party.

The Election of 1856

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3SECTION

• Democrats nominate James Buchanan to run for the U.S. presidency

• In North, presidential race is Buchanan against Frémont

• American, or Know-Nothing Party, nominates Millard Fillmore

• Buchanan wants to maintain the Union, appeals to Southerners

• In South, race is Buchanan against Fillmore • Buchanan wins election, but Frémont wins 11

Northern states

The Case of Dred Scott

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3SECTION

• Dred Scott is a slave in Missouri

• Argues he is a free man, he lived in region where slavery is illegal

• Owner, Scott return to Missouri, owner dies, Scott sues for freedom

• Owner takes Scott to territory where slavery is illegal

• His case, Dred Scott v. Sandford, reaches Supreme Court (1856)

Continued . . .

Dred Scott, American slave. Portrait, after a photograph (about 1858).

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3SECTION

• Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Supreme Court rule against Scott stating:- Scott is not a U.S. citizen, cannot sue in U.S. courts- is bound by Missouri’s slave code because

he lived in Missouri

• Southerners cheer Court’s decision, Northerners are outraged

• Taney argues that Congress cannot ban slavery in the territories

Continued The Case of Dred Scott

Lincoln and Douglas Debate

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• Republicans charge Democrats want to legalize slavery in all of U.S.

• Use charge, attack Stephen A. Douglas, sponsor of Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Illinois Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln for U.S. Senate (1858)

Continued . . .

Abraham Lincoln (1858).

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3SECTION

• Lincoln challenges Douglas for U.S. Senate, hold formal debates

• Douglas argues popular sovereignty should decide slavery issue

• Lincoln argues U.S. government should prevent expansion of slavery

Continued Lincoln and Douglas Debate

• Douglas wins reelection, Lincoln becomes a national figure

Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas debating the issue of slavery in the 1858 Senate campaign in Illinois.

John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry

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3SECTION

• John Brown, followers capture U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

• Brown sends out word to rally, arm local slaves

• Brown is tried for murder, treason and is hung

• No slaves join fight, U.S. Marines capture Brown, 6 others

• Southerners outraged by Northern reactions to Brown’s death

• Many Northerners, abolitionists salute Brown as a hero

John Brown stands over the bodies of Civil War soldiers. The Tragic Prelude (1937–1942), John S. Curry.

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Section 4

Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession The election of Lincoln leads the Southern states to secede from the Union.

Political Parties Splinter

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• Northern, Southern Democrats disagree about slavery in party’s platform

• Platform—statement of beliefs

Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession

• Southern Democrats want platform to defend slavery

• Northern Democrats want platform to support popular sovereignty

• Northerners win platform, 50 Southerners walk out of convention

Continued . . .

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4SECTION

• Northern democrats nominate Stephen A. Douglas for president

• Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln

• Southern democrats nominate John Breckinridge

• Constitutional Union Party nominates John Bell

Continued Political Parties Splinter

The Election of 1860

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• 1860 election turns into 2 races: one in the North, other in the South

• Lincoln receives the most electoral, popular votes, wins election

• John Breckinridge defeats John Bell in the South

• Abraham Lincoln defeats Stephen A. Douglas in the North

• Southerners view Republican victory as a threat to their way of life

Southern States Secede

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• South Carolina secedes—withdraws from the Union (1860)

• Name Jefferson Davis president of the Confederacy

• Form the Confederate States of America (1861)

• 6 more Southern states soon join South Carolina in secession

• Draft Confederate Constitution which: - supports states’ rights- protects slavery in Confederacy, territories it

might acquire Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States of America (c. 1860), Mathew Brady studio.

The Union Responds to Secession

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• Northerners consider secession of Southern states unconstitutional

• North claims South does not want to live by the rules of democracy

• South claims North will use their majority to abolish slavery

• President James Buchanan believes states do not have right to secede

Efforts to Compromise Fail

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4SECTION

• Senator John J. Crittenden develops compromise, the Crittenden Plan

• Union forts in South, including Fort Sumter, need to be resupplied

• Lincoln is against secession but does not want to invade the South

• Plan does not pass; Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated (March 4, 1861)

Inauguration (March 4, 1861) of Abraham Lincoln as 16th president of the United States, on steps of unfinished Capitol building in Washington, D.C.