new zealand’s dryland biodiversity situation: how we got there and how we might go forward...
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New Zealand’s New Zealand’s dryland biodiversity dryland biodiversity
situation: situation: How we got there and How we got there and
how we might go how we might go forwardforward Presentation to the Canterbury
Biodiversity Steering Group, Ashburton 31 July 2009.
Grant NorburySusan WalkerLandcare Research
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Figure 1. The New Zealand dryland zone (after Rogers et al. 2005).
New Zealand
Dryland
What are drylands?
19% New Zealand’s land area53,000 km2
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Outline
1. Current state of biodiversity
2. Pressures
3. Science-driven restoration
4. Community-driven protection and restoration
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Figure 1. The New Zealand dryland zone (after Rogers et al. 2005).
New Zealand
Dryland
83% cleared (cf. 44% nationally)
3% protected (cf. 38% nationally)
~50% NZ’s threatenedflora
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Drylands:• Contain some of the most transformed, least protected and most threatened native ecosystems and species in NZ
• Unstable, seral, rapidly changing, invaded
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Protection and restoration are limited by:• Poor knowledge, experience and science to support biodiversity managers
• Poor agency and community awareness of dryland biodiversity and its protection needs
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Land Environments of NZ
• Waitaki, Hurunui, Selwyn, Mackenzie and Ashburton districts in top 11 of all territorial authorities for environmental and ecological diversity
• Canterbury therefore contributes disproportionately and significantly to the full range of habitats and ecosystems present in NZ
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% Indigenouscover left
+
LENZ
% Protected
+=
Threatened Environment Classification
Canterbury
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1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
The slippery slopeP
rop
ort
ion
of
spec
ies
rem
ain
ing
Proportion habitat area remaining
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1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
800-1200 m
< 400 m(8% remaining)
400-800 m (37% remaining)
>1200 mCanterbury habitats - habitat loss to 2001/02
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f sp
ecie
s re
mai
nin
g
Proportion habitat area remaining
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Canterbury
Proportion of NZ land area Proportion of NZ
Threatened plants (2005)(Acutely and Chronically
Threatened)
Canterbury
(47%)
103 species
Nationally threatened plants in Canterbury
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Ecological pressures
• Kiore (1150 yr bp)• Burning (800 yr bp)• Burning and livestock grazing (150 yr bp)• Rabbits (150 yr bp)• Ferrets, stoats, weasels, (cats) (130 yr bp)• Exotic pastures and fertiliser (130 yr bp)• Hares, hedgehogs, mice, rats, possums, goats,
magpies• Broom, briar, gorse• Cropping, viticulture, horticulture, dairying, forestry• Housing subdivisions
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Pastoral farming changes
•Smaller upland blocks
•Intensive developments
Rapid, ongoing habitat loss
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Mackenzie Basin
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Use of spray (and fire) to clear ‘scrub’
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42
35
17
0
20
40
60
May2002-Mar2003
Apr2003-Mar2004
Apr2004-Mar2005
May2002-Mar2003
Apr2003-Mar2004
Apr2004-Mar2005
Number of properties seeking Code 1 consents
Percentage of Pastoral Leases seeking Code 1 consents that
are in Tenure Review
On pastoral leases: increasing number of discretionary consents granted to clear, spray, increase stock numbers etc
Discretionary consents
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Invading weeds
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Pests : Feral grazers and predators
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Palatable & fire sensitive species (and their fauna) long gone
Muehlenbeckia astonii on Kaitorete Spit
Cabbage tree, Canterbury Plains
Olearia hectoriiMatukituki
KowhaiLittle Valley, near
Alexandra
Hebe cupressoidesTekapo military camp
Now relicts
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Seral or secondary woody communities that are expanding
Remaining natives are a spiny or toxic subset of formerly rich woody flora
Esk terraces (Canterbury)
Cloudy Range (Central Otago)
Upper Clutha (Central Otago)
Molesworth (Marlborough)
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Dryands also contain a big suite of endemic herbs (many are threatened)
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...and a unique, highly endangered fauna
What factors are driving species to extinction?
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• Large variation from upland to lowland
• Those indigenous habitats that are retained and protected are “non representative”
• Remaining lowlands are much reduced, highly modified and poorly protected
• High numbers of threatened plants, particularly in lowland and montane zones
• Woody vegetation in flux: some winners, some losers
Current state of dryland biodiversity
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Overview of research into sustaining and restoring
dryland biodiversity
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Research aims
• Build expertise to enhance natural woody successions
• Build knowledge of dryland ecological patterns and processes
• Work with agencies, communities and private landowners to improve understanding and protection
Total of 8 years’ funding, 4 to go...
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Biodiversity of dryland woody communities
Community and agency
awareness
Succession to native woody communities
Community mandate
Technical know-how to
achieve it
Strand 2 Strand 3Strand 1
Program strategy
Scientific mandate and
vision
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Impacts on some dryland fauna
Pest–Pest
interactions
Aligned work on pests
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Succession to native woody communities
1. What limits native woody succession?
2. What practical, broad scale solutions can be developed to overcome these?
Strand 1
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PLOT & POINT
locations in drylands
(n = 9935)
POLYGONS in drylands(n = 1148)(some not digitised)
Distributions Database
1. Gather known data on woody species distributions
2. Model distributions with respect to environment
3. Identify potential succession pathways
4. Identify best native woody species for trials at different sites
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Marlborough/North Canterbury
Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV
Rosa rubiginosa* Rosa rubiginosa* Coprosma propinqua Coprosma rotundifolia
Melicytus alpinus Melicytus alpinus Kunzea ericoides Clematis forsteri
Discaria toumatou Discaria toumatou Coprosma rhamnoides Ripogonum scandens
Kunzea ericoides Discaria toumatou Coprosma propinqua
Coprosma propinqua
Ozothamnus leptophyllus
Alectryon excelsus
Olearia odorata Melicytus ramiflorus Carpodetus serratus
Rubus schmidelioides Coprosma rhamnoides
Muehlenbeckia complexa
Kunzea ericoides
Rosa rubiginosa* Melicytus ramiflorus
Carpodetus serratus Pseudopanax crassifolius
Myrsine australis
Rosa rubiginosa*
Ranked probability of occurrence of woody species
Species-poor to species-rich communities
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Traits Database
Height Seed size
Width Seed bank type
Leaf longevity Spinosity
Sexual reproduction system
Toxicity
Age till flowering Palatability to animals
Pollination agent Resprout after grazing/cutting
Dispersal agent N-fixation
Number of seeds/plant/crop
Shade tolerance
Years between crops Fire tolerance
Seed mass Frost tolerance
300 species (200 native, 100 exotic)
20 traits
1. Gather existing trait data for dryland woody species
2. Combine with Distribution Database to – Identify spatial pattern of traits syndromes – Identify whether (and if so what) traits predict
successful secondary succession and where
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Limitations to establishment
• Understand limitations to woody establishment • Test low intensity management tools• Work towards general model
Dispersal
Germination
Growth
Mortality
Climate
Soils
Shrub cover
Herbivore pressure
Soil water
Decomposition
Sward density
Navail
BNPP, ANPP, Litter
Wavail, BNPP,ANPP, Litter
Light
In progress…..modified from Peters 2002 Ecol. Model. 152:5-32
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How do soil characteristics interact with moisture to affect growth in woody
seedlings?
7 soils
semi-aridschist
lime
brown / loess
volcanic
pallic
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Role of competition and herbivory in woody seedling
establishment
Bendigo, Central Otago
• +/- water
• +/- herbivory
• +/- competition (herbicide + hand weeding)
• 4 species
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Conclusions so far…
Herbivory always bad, but competition has net benefit in some places
Water (at least last year) made little difference
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How does grass sward density affect establishment of woody seedlings?
A field & glasshouse experiment
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Still to come…
How does shelter and coarse woody
debris affect establishment?
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What are benefits and drawbacks of woody succession for native biodiversity in drylands?
Demonstration of gains and losses associated with woody dominance
Biodiversity of dryland woody communities
Strand 2
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Woody Intermediate Non-woody
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No. native plant species
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Region (3sites)
Bendigo BlackstoneHill
Cambrian
Grassy Intermediate Woody
No.
nat
ive
plan
t sp
ecie
s
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No. native bird species
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Region (all 3sites)
Bendigo BlackstoneHill
Cambrian
Grassy Intermediate Woody
No.
nat
ive
bird
spe
cies
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All lizardsLizards
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Partnership with DOC Grand and Otago Skink Recovery Programme
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Led by DOC (Canterbury) with range of co-funders
• Can native woody species establish in exotic woody stands in drylands?
• Do woody weeds facilitate native establishment in dryland environments?
Factors affecting native woody establishment in exotic broom
Ealing Springs
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Treatments
Solid broom (control)
Roller crushed
SprayedMulched
Root raked
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We want to be able to provide advice about a biodiverse future:
What could develop through succession?
What is a priority to protect and/or restore?
What can we just leave to its own devices?
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Grazing & Burning
Vegetation
Native lizard
Native invert
Ferret Cat Stoat
Superpredators
Possum
Rabbit
Hare
Herbivores
Rat
Mouse
Mesopredators
Hedgehog
Insectivore
Climate
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Ferret Cat
Grazing & Burning
Shrubland
Possum
Native lizard
Native invert
Rabbit
Hare
Rat
Mouse
Hedgehog
Superpredators
Herbivores Mesopredators Insectivore
Stoat
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Habitat and pests interact
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1990 2003
5 km
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Community-driven protection and restoration
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Distribution of community restoration projects
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Land areas (ha) covered by BCF projects
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Northland
Auckland
Waikato
E. Coast
Tong/Tau
BoPlenty
Wanganui
Wellington
Nel/Marl
Canter
Otago
Southland
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Sociala. Historical inertia
b. Poor understanding
Biologicala. Habitat loss and modification
b. Invasive species
Drivers of biodiversity decline
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Problems SolutionsSocial
Poor understanding Educate people
Involve the community
Help management agencies
BiologicalHabitat loss and modification Purchase land for the public
Protection on private land
Tenure review (?)
Invasive species DoC
Private ‘sanctuaries’/covenants
Community groups
Life-stylers
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Councils have big challenges
• Dual development and conservation roles
• Optimum mix of regulation and voluntary approaches
• Socio-political context
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A bottom line
Need to cap indigenous vegetation loss
Indigenous vegetation needs to be defined broadly
Invest in an aware constituency Work with willing landowners
Inform, advise, educate, incentivise, participate in activities
Monitor and report losses as well as gains
Build in-house biodiversity capability
Needs (to sustain biodiversity)
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We celebrate weeds!!
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These are Central Otago’s kiwi !
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Public education tours
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Aldinga Conservation
Area
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Central Stories
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Thankyou