new trends in semantic web cagliari, december, 2nd, 2004 using standards in e-learning claude moulin...

New trends in Semantic Web Cagliari, December, 2nd, 2004

Using Standards in e-Learning

Claude Moulin

UMR CNRS 6599 HeudiasycUniversity of Compiègne (France)


Some e-learning features Definitions of e-Learning usually emphasize on

network utilization (''e'' in e-learning) and on Information Technology.

Added requirements• two domains: training domain, application domain• reflection on content

Objectives of training session, Competences acquired by learners, etc. Concepts of the application domain and the relations

between these concepts• construction of new resources taking into account

possibilities offered by Information Technology: digitalization of old resources is generally not enough,

• redefinition of actors roles according to situations teachers, learners, tutors.


E-Learning applications Learning Content Management Systems

• Creation of resources• (distributed) Repositories of resources

Portfolios, Pedagogical Web sites• Learning Organizational Memories

Modeling of the domain and indexing of resources on domain concepts

Learning Management Systems• Organization of content in pedagogical units

(activities)• Scheduling of P.U.• Student Assessment


Two influences – integration?

E-Learning

Instructional Design

Semantic Web


Language Levels Conceptualization

• Pedagogical scenarios • Meta data - Ontology - Knowledge Base

Operationalization• Operational languages

Composition of pedagogical units rules for Sequencing activities

• Functional languages used in knowledge base engines

Rule languages Query languages


Conceptual level


XML Schema for metadata: LOM

File name, browser type

Narrative Text, learning time

test


OWL: Web Ontology Language Ontology

• Definition Concepts (classes) and relations (properties) between concepts

• Axioms on concepts and relations Restrictions on relations

• Different level of ontology Knowledge base

• Adding extensions (set of individuals) to concepts• Axioms on individuals • Requires management systems for making inferences

True, inferred true, false, inferred false, unknown Limitations

• OWL does not allow to represent all ontology features (points of view, attenuated transitivity)


XTM: ML for Topic Maps Ontology

• Definitions of classes and subclasses of topics• Relations (association) on classes of topics• Axioms on classes of topics

Knowledge Base• Topics as instances of classes of topics• Axioms on topics

Features • Occurrence: for linking topics and resources to

classes of topics• Scope: associations between topics can be

considered inside a scope


Use of ontologies in e-Learning

Currently • Indexing of resources• Modeling of training domain and application

domains

Future??• describing e-Learning Services?


Pedagogical Scenarios Pedagogical Unit: composed of

Pedagogical Scenarios• A complete training course, a lesson, etc.

Pedagogical Scenario: composed of sequence of Pedagogical Acts• Bricks for building a learning process• a problem solving activity, an experiment

Pedagogical Act: An atomic task• Read a text, write a document, do a

synthesis, etc.


IMS-LD Origin

• EML – Educational Modeling Language meta-language for describing pedagogical models

from concepts involved in the learning process Open University of Netherlands IMS-LD

Language defined by an XML Schema The conceptual model

• Make easier specifications and implementations• Three levels of representation

Static: the sequencing of activities is the same for all Dynamic: the sequencing may depend on properties

(tests) Events: activities based on notifications (messages)


Operational Level


Learning Management Systems

SCORM: suite of technical standards that enable web-based learning systems to find, import, share, reuse, and export learning content in a standardized way. • Content Aggregation Model (CAM)• Run-Time Environment (RTE) • Sequencing and Navigation (SN)


SCORM - CAM

It describes the components used for structuring the content. • Asset : atomic pedagogical content. any

resource which can be displayed in a browser.• SCO (Sharable Content Object) : Composed by

assets capable to communicate with a LMS.• CO (Content Organization) : structure

describing the composition of assets and SCOs in activities

• SCOs are described using the LOM model


Functional languages Semantic Web Management Frameworks require

functional languages:• Rule languages for reasoners

Ex: HP Jena Framework[rule1: (?a tg:rel ?b), (?b tg:trans ?c) ->

(?a tg:rel ?c)] Other languages: ruleML, SWRL

• Query languages RDQL (query language for RDF)

SELECT ?x WHERE (?x, <tg:is_situated_in>, <tg:france>)USINGtg FOR <http://terregov#>


Conclusion

Will the Semantic Web Change Education?• Services for e-Learning?• Which model for services?

How is it possible to integrate instructional design and semantic web features when designing e-learning sessions?


References EML

• http://eml.ou.nl/• Rob Koper papers, from 1998 to 2003

SCORM• http://www.adlnet.org/

HP Semantic Web Programme• http://www.hpl.hp.com/semweb/

KAON• http://kaon.semanticweb.org

Journal of Interactive Media in Education DIG Group

• http://dl-web.man.ac.uk/dig

new trends in semantic web cagliari, december, 2nd, 2004 using standards in e-learning claude moulin...

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