new plant products

RIRDC Completed Projects in 2000-2001 and

Research in Progress as at June 2001

Sub-Program 1.1

NEW PLANT PRODUCTS

August 2001 RIRDC Publication No 01/063

ii

© 2001 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 58285 8 ISSN 1440 6845 "RIRDC Completed Projects in 2000-01 and Research in Progress as at June 2001 - 1.1 New Plant Products" Publication No 01/063 The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. RIRDC New Plant Products Research Manager Mr Max Bourke RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6247 4630 Fax: 02 6247 4051 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Publications Manager Cecile Ferguson Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 3186 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in August 2001 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint

iii

Foreword This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June '01, which contains short summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 2000-2001 for all of the Corporation’s 20 program areas. The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au The following report is a hardcopy extract covering Sub-Program 1.1. It contains all entries from continuing and completed New Plant Products research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to facilitate the development of new industries based on plants or plant products that have commercial potential for Australia. This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of almost 600 research reports, videos and CD-Roms of projects supported by RIRDC. Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Peter Core Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

iv

Contents

1.1 NEW PLANT PRODUCTS - COMPLETED PROJECTS

PROJECT

NO. PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE

No

Native Foods AGP-1A Food safety of Australian plant bushfoods Drs MP & EE Hegarty (07) 3378 3530 Plantchem Pty Ltd 1 SAR-4A Development of an integrated pest

management program for the quandong moth in quandong orchards

Dr Peter Bailey (08) 8303 9537 South Australian Research and Development Institute

2

Culinary Herbs, Spices and Beverages AMR-7A The Australian culinary herb market: size,

characteristics and potential Mr Grant Vinning (07) 3376 2244 Asian Markets Research 3

DAN-179A Determining whether pesticide application rates for culinary herbs meet MRL requirements

Mr Neil Treverow (02) 6626 6436 NSW Agriculture 4

LWP-1A Broad acre dried herb production Mr David Coleman (08) 9848 2171 Living Waters Permaculture Foundation

5

OHG-1A A technical support package for the development of the Australian herb growing industry

Mr Doug Andrews (02) 6622 0100 The Organic Herb Growers of Australia Inc

6

Extractive and Fibre Crops DAQ-211A Evaluation of the commercial potential of

sugar beet on the Atherton Tableland Mr Brett Weeden (07) 4093 2246 Department of Primary

Industries (Qld) 7

GGO-1A To determine the feasibility for network partners representing enterprises involved in olive production for establishment of regional olive oil processing plants in Australia

Mr John Meyers (02) 9958 0741 Meyers Strategy Group 8

PMP-4A Opportunities for flax processing in Australia

Dr Stuart de Jong (02) 9924 2712 Planning & Managing Projects Pty Ltd

9

UCQ-12A Potential for seed gum production within Australia

A/Prof Kerry Walsh (07) 4930 9707 Central Queensland University 10

Fruit, Vegetables and Nuts DAQ-260A Market opportunity identification and

analysis of the domestic market for Australian longans and rambutans

Ms Judy Noller (07) 4044 1617 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

12

DAQ-268A Pruning to meet your lychee goals Mr Terrence Campbell (07) 4048 4646 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

13

DRW-1A The impact and control of lychee pepper spot in Australia

Dr Henry Drew (07) 5445 0032 HJ and JM Drew 15

UNT-5A Continuation of transplanted green ant colony monitoring and implementation of the ant technology in commercial cashew plantations

Dr Renkang Peng (08) 8946 6763 Northern Territory University 17

Grains and Pulses AMR-6A Establish the world market for buckwheat Mr Grant Vinning 07 3376 2244 Asian Markets Research 19 DAV-136A Total quality management for the

production and marketing of buckwheat and honeybee pollination of buckwheat

Mr Chris Bluett (03) 5333 6784 Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

20

UM-42A Canary seed industry development for southeastern Australia

Dr Robert Norton (03) 5362 2207 University of Melbourne 22

US-97A Factors affecting seed quality of azuki and kintoki beans

Mr Anthony Hamilton (02) 6856 3173 University of Sydney 24

v

Miscellaneous UQ-80A Australian new crops newsletter Dr Rob Fletcher (07) 5460 1311 University of Queensland 25

vi

1.1 NEW PLANT PRODUCTS – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No

Native Foods AQI-1A Genetic and agronomic improvement of

quandong Dr Ben Lethbridge (08) 8383 6181 Australian Quandong Industry

Association 26

CFO-1A Innovative products from indigenous Australian native foods

Dr Michael Forbes-Smith (02) 9385 5788 CRC for Food Industry Innovation

27

CLC-1A Cultivation and sustainable wild harvest of bushfoods by Aboriginal communities in central Australia

Mr Jock Morse (08) 8952 9413 Central Land Council 28

CSL-11A Evaluating performance of cultivated bushfood plants in South Australian environments

Dr Maarten Ryder (08) 8303 8534 CSIRO Land and Water 29

DAW-95A The prospects of commercialising indegenous Boab tubers as vegetables

Mr Peter Johnson (08) 9166 4026 Agriculture Western Australia 30

UM-52A The domestication and improvement of Kunzea pomifera (F.Muell.), muntries

Mr Tony Page (03) 9250 6873 The University of Melbourne 31

Culinary Herbs, Spices and Beverages CAG-1A Overcoming production limitations in

coriander Mr Peter Hooper (08) 8755 3166 PIRSA Rural Solutions 32

CPE-1A Nutritional requirements of coffee trees in northern New South Wales

Mr John Zentveld (02) 6687 1004 Coffee and Processing Equipment Australia

33

DAQ-256A Northern Australia Cocoa Development Mr Craig Lemin (07) 4064 1170 Department of Primary Industries (Qld

34

DPH-1A Developing Irrigation strategies for coffee under sub tropical conditions

Mr David Peasley (02) 6677 7174 Peasley Horticultural Services 36

UQ-88A Developing an index of quality for Australian tea

Ms Nola Caffin (07) 5460 1372 The University of Queensland 37

US-98A Condiment paprika: breeding, processing and commercialisation

Prof. Nicholas Derera (02) 9351 8813 The University of Sydney 38

Extractive and Fibre Crops AOL-3A THE OLIVE PRESS – Australian Olive

Association Magazine Mr John Egan Ms Margaret Chidgey (Ed)

(02) 6833 5402 (02) 9489 3663

Australian Olive Association 39

DEB-2A Evaluating olive water requirements from seedling to pre-fruit bearing

Mr James De Barro (08) 8756 2777 De Barro Agricultural Consulting

40

OAP-1A Olive variety assessment for subtropical summer rainfall regions

Mr Greg O'Sullivan (07) 5466 1333 Olives Australia Pty Ltd 41

SAR-23A National Olive Variety Assessment Project (NOVA)

Ms Susan Sweeney (08) 8303 9673 South Australian Research and Development Institute

42

UA-47A Monitoring the relationship between olive water use and yield

Dr Ian Nuberg (08) 8303 7729 The University of Adelaide 43

UA-54A Wild olive selection for quality oil production

Prof. Margaret Sedgley (08) 8303 7249 The University of Adelaide 44

UCQ-15A Commercial viability of senna tora gum production in Australia

A/Prof. Kerry Walsh (07) 4930 9707 Central Queensland University 45

UCS-27A Diagnosing diseases affecting mature jojoba plantations and developing strategies to reduce their effect on commercial production of jojoba seeds

Dr Gavin Ash (02) 6933 2543 Charles Sturt University 46

UQ-94A Evaluating new guayule varieties for low-allergenic rubber production

Dr Doug George (07) 5460 1308 The University of Queensland 47

UWA-47A New high quality oil seed crops for temperate and tropical Australia

Dr Clive Francis (08) 9380 1878 University of Western Australia 48

UWA-59A Establish protocols and guidelines for table olive processing in Australia

Prof. Stanley Kailis (08) 9380 1644 University of Western Australia 49

vii

Fruit, Vegetables and Nuts CSP-7A Improved post-harvest handling of lychee Dr Cameron McConchie (07) 3214 2248 CSIRO Plant Industry 51 DAQ-249A Developing a postharvest handling and

storage strategy for longan Mr James Drinnan (07) 4048 4600 Department of Primary

Industries (Qld) 52

DAQ-251A Enhancing fruit yield and quality of rambutan and longan by optimising irrigation and nutrition management systems – QLD

Mr Yan Diczbalis (07) 4064 1128 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

53

DAQ-257A Cashew nutrition management studies II Mr Patrick O’Farrell (07) 4048 4600 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

54

DAQ-274A Rambutan IPM Development Phase1: Insect Monitoring/Insecticide screening

Mr David Astridge (07) 4064 1160 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

55

DAV-164A Walnut industry research and best practice implementation

Mr Harold Adem (03) 5833 5231 Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

56

DNT-24A Integrated management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

Mr Chris Wicks (08) 8999 2309 NT Dept of Primary Industry and Fisheries

57

DNT-26A Nutrition and Irrigation Management of Rambutan for maximisation of yield and quality – Northern Territory

Mr Chris Wicks (08) 8999 2309 NT Dept of Primary Industry and Fisheries

58

PTT-3A Increasing the productivity of truffières in Tasmania

Dr Daryl Brown (03) 6224 1207 Perigord Truffles of Tasmania 59

US-74A A field evaluation of the productivity of hazelnut varieties

Mr Basil Baldwin (02) 6360 5562 The University of Sydney 60

ZTR-1A Durian germplasm evaluation for tropical Australia phase 1

Mr Guiseppe Zappala (07) 4067 5266 Zappala Tropicals Pty Ltd 61

Grains and Pulses DAV-183A Domestic and export market expansion of

quality buckwheat Mr Chris Bluett (03) 5333 6784 Department of Natural

Resources & Environment (Vic) 62

Miscellaneous CUT-6A Acacia saligna as a fodder source for

ruminants Dr Gaye Krebs (08) 9690 1523 Curtin University of Technology 63

UT-25A Leguminous browse species as forage plants for temperate environments

Dr Peter Lane (03) 6226 2621 University of Tasmania 64

1

NEW PLANT PRODUCTS COMPLETED PROJECTS

NATIVE FOODS

Project title: Food safety of Australian plant bushfoods RIRDC Project No.:

AGP-1A

Researchers: Plantchem Pty Ltd. (Drs MP & EE Hegarty) and Professor RBH Wills Organisations: Plantchem Pty Ltd

5 Jenkinson St Indooroopilly QLD 4068, and Centre for the Advancement of Food Technology & Nutrition University of Newcastle

Phone: (07) 3378 3530 Fax: (07) 3378 3530 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To provide information on the chemistry, botanical identities, history of traditional use,

and safety of Australian native bushfoods in commercial use

Background Australian bushfoods are mostly relatively new in the marketplace, and at an industry (ANBIC) conference held in Brisbane in 1996 it was noted that records of their chemistry and safe use were hard to obtain and incomplete, and so the industry needed to be provided with more information in an appropriate form. The species of most interest for this study were listed in RIRDC Research Paper 97/22.

Research The study has involved searches for information in publications including books, scientific journals, bushfood industry periodicals, scientific databases and websites, as well as liaison with members of the industry and wide solicitation of relevant published or anecdotal information. A limited range of chemical analyses was conducted on a range of bushfood species to establish whether selected undesirable compounds, or the classes of compound containing them, were present, and the results are presented and assessed.

Outcomes In general the results have been reassuring. Many of the leading commercial bushfoods have a long history of traditional Aboriginal use as food, and the remainder are mostly flavouring products with chemistry and uses similar to that of more widely-used non-bushfood products, which are often prepared from related species. As far as can be determined, no new or serious risk of adverse effects may be expected to result from current uses of major commercial bushfoods, if they are properly identified, prepared according to recommended methods, and used in normal quantities and frequency. However, as with any food, individual tolerances and reactions may be expected to differ.

Implications Because of the large number of species involved, and the complexity of plant chemistry, it has not been possible to pursue all possibilities of adverse effects, and the number of new tests conducted was necessarily limited. The study is a first step towards documenting the results of many recent and older researches into a number of chemical, botanical, and historical factors of individual bushfoods. However, it also advises on care in the selection, handling and processing of bushfoods, and that the same cautions as to overuse and possible personal intolerances will apply to bushfoods as to competing products.

Publications Hegarty MP & Hegarty EE (1996). Development of bushfood resources and areas for future research, with particular reference to the chemical constituents and potential toxicities of bush foods in current use. Conference paper, Australian Native Bushfood Industry Committee meeting, Brisbane.

Food safety of Australian plant bushfoods, RIRDC Publication No. 01/28 (2001, 76 pgs)

2

Project title: Development of an integrated pest management program for the quandong moth in quandong orchards

RIRDC Project No.:

SAR-4A

Researchers: Peter Bailey Kaye Ferguson Organisation: Entomology Section Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology

South Australian Research and Waite Campus Development Institute University of Adelaide Waite Building PMB 1 GPO Box 397 Glen Osmond SA 5064 Adelaide SA 5001


Objectives To provide quandong growers with an integrated pest management (IPM) program to

allow them to manage quandong moth with minimal use of insecticides

Background For many years recognised as one of the few Australian native fruits, quandongs are now in increasing demand from bush-food outlets and specialty restaurants. Quandongs have been traditionally sourced from trees growing in the bush, but during the past ten years commercial plantings have increased, particularly in semi-arid areas. One of the major impediments to production of quality fruit is the damage caused by the quandong moth, the larvae of which feed on the flesh of fruit, severely downgrading quality. Very little is known about the biology of this moth and the possibilities for managing it in commercial orchards.

Research Regular field sampling of quandong orchards at two sites in South Australia was conducted throughout the study. The number and timing of the generations of the moth has been recorded. Descriptions of all stages of the moth have been compiled and the number of larval instars of the moth determined. Field trials were conducted examining insecticide spray timing and alternative insecticides for management of the moth. Surveys were made for natural enemies of the moth, particularly specific parasitoid wasps.

Outcomes Larvae of the summer generations of the moth, one or two depending on climate feed on quandong flowers but are unlikely to affect yield as the tree naturally sheds many of its flowers. Management should be aimed at monitoring the winter (May-July) and spring (August-November) generations of quandong moth. Damage by winter generation larvae to the developing fruit causes accelerated fruit drop for which the tree does not appear to compensate. Damage by the spring generation, of which quandong growers are most familiar, is caused by feeding of larvae on the saleable flesh of the fruit, downgrading the fruit to processing quality. Monitoring for eggs laid in the calyx of fruit gives early warning of damage by quandong moth and enables control before the larvae enter the fruit. The insect growth regulator tebufenozide applied before egg hatch was found effective in reducing damage at harvest, however, residue analysis and hence withholding periods could not be developed during this program. A number of natural enemies were identified during this study, but none were in sufficient numbers to provide effective control. Development of a method for mass rearing and liberation of an egg parasitoid (Trichogramma sp.) identified during this study, suggests that biological control by inundation might be a future possibility.

Implications This project has resulted in the recommendation of an IPM strategy for the quandong moth in quandong orchards. Monitoring for eggs and targeted application of insecticides will allow for more effective and economic management of the moth.

3

CULINARY HERBS, SPICES AND BEVERAGES

Project Title

The Australian Culinary Herb Market: Size, Characteristics And Potential

RIRDC Project No.:

AMR-7A

Researcher: Mr. Grant Vinning Organisation: Asian Markets Research

157 Horizon Drive WESTLAKE QLD 4074

Phone: (07) 3376 2244 Fax: (07) 3376 7264 Email: [email protected] Objectives

• To increase the competitiveness of the Australian culinary herbs industry

by making it more aware of the requirements of three major sectors of the industry and better able to use the supply chain to meet those requirements.

Background The Australian culinary herb industry has been very traditional in determining

what was grown, where it was grown, and to what standards were the herbs grown. Significant changes have occurred in the industry over the past few decades in terms of what is being eaten, where it is being eaten, and the form of how it is being eaten. The market has now six consuming sub-sectors: the traditional home buyer, restaurants, caterers, manufacturers, processors and re-packers. The project examines the criteria upon which these consumers base their buying decisions.

Research Interviews were conducted with representatives from the five major consuming sectors other than end consumers. Qualitative issues examined included price, quality in terms of physical appearance, chemical composition in terms of volatile oils and residues, and microbiological issues in terms of Total Plate Count.

Outcomes Major outcomes from the research included the fact that buyers did not necessarily put price at the top of their hierarchy of requirements. Second, quality was defined as something that best meets each buyer/user's standards of physical, chemical, microbiological, and organoleptic attributes. Third, buyers did not have an automatic preference for imported product. This augurs well for the Australian industry. However, the Australian culinary herb producers must be conscious of buyer concerns relating to Bulk Index, or the ration between volume and weight, as this is critical to profit, microbiological standard of Total Plate Count, the differences in standards between imported and domestically producer products, and the presence of heavy metal residues.

4

Project title: Determining whether pesticide application rates for culinary herbs meet MRL requirements

RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-179A

Researcher: N.L.Treverow Organisation: NSW Agriculture

c/o Tropical Fruit Research Station PO Box 72 ALSTONVILLE NSW 2477


Objectives Ensure culinary herb growers maintain market access, by providing pesticide residue

information required to obtain long term permits for pesticides considered essential for economic production.

Background Culinary herbs have been produced in volume in Australia for many years and growers has assumed pesticides registered for use on leafy vegetables could legally be used on culinary herbs. However the National Registration Authority permits specifically authorising the uses on herbs were required. Five important pesticides were identified as requiring residue data to support applications for long term permits. This project was initiated to generate those data.

Research Five indicative herbs were selected to represent a range of leaf sizes, waxiness and oil content and general growth habit. The pesticides alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, dimethoate, fipronil, benomyl, chlorothalonil and fluazifop-P-butyl were applied to these herbs, using good agricultural practice. After the appropriate withholding period the herbs were sampled and analysed for residues.

Outcomes Of the insecticides tested, a fipronil residue exceeded the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) set for that product and was not considered further. The residue levels for alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin and dimethoate were all well below the specified MRL values and would be suitable for further use. However alpha-cypermethrin showed some phytotoxicity in all the herb species tested and some caution in its use may be needed. Of the fungicides, chlorothalonil was suitable in Dill, Garlic Chives and Mint but caused excessive residues in Rosemary. Benomyl residue data were not available due to analytical problems The herbicide tested, fluazifop-P butyl, caused no residues in excess of the MRL but exhibited phytotoxicity and must be of questionable usefulness in these herbs

Implications Long life permits for those pesticides tested which proved suitable have been sought. These should allow growers to address key pest problems. Some further investigation of chlorothalonil, possibly using a longer withholding period for this herb, may be needed. Generating residue data for benomyl is also a priority.

5

Project title: Broad acre dried herb production RIRDC Project No.:

LWP-1A

Researchers: David Coleman and Claire Everett Organisation: Living Waters Permaculture Foundation

RMB 1495 Denmark, WA 6333

Phone: (08) 9848 2171 Fax: (08) 9848 2171 Email: -- Objectives To diversify existing farming methods of wheat/sheep/canola and reduce imports of

herbs. A solar dryer was also needed to help and encourage the growing of herbs. Overall the aim was to reduce imports of herbs to Australia.

Background A keen interest in herb growing as an alternative already existed in the region, and people were already trialling herbs. Imported herbs grew from $18million in 1996 to $25 million now. Altrnative medicine is on the increase and a higher awareness of responsilbility for ones own health. Herbs also do well in marginal and inhospitable conditions without lots of inputs to the soil or water. Quality is lost rapidly in packing storage and transport, and the sources can be uknown and polluted. In order to maintain their intrinsic healing qualities, herbs have to be grown organically. A dryer had to be part of the project or it would not be possible to dry herbs in large quantities, and solar energy was the criteria to keep the running and the environmental costs to a minimum.

Research Trialling of herbs suited to cultivation was stepped up, with new species propagated, and existing ones increased. Field days were held to increase awareness of the project, and to make information and seed available. A solar herb drying facility was also part of the project, and was to incorporate a registered kitchen to value add produce, and teaching space to educate and demonstrate to others interested in starting to grow herbs or related products. The herbs are dried using solar energy collected from the roof in water. This ispumped down and through the floor of the drying chamber wher heat is transferred to ‘eutectic salts’ that can store excess heat and release it when needed, maintaining a stable temperature day and night.

Outcomes Nearly 50 species of widely used, medicinal and culinary herbs were found to be suitable to our temperate conditions. At this stage most interested growers are those with smaller farms and diverse cropping. This seems to be the best way to start the industry, but there is much potential for the growing of herbs in conjunction with orchards and vineyards. It has not been possible to complete the dryer facility as funds ran out, due to increased costs and other unforseen circumstances. Work continues to complete it, but only in small bursts when funds can dictate.

Implications A herb industry will enable smaller commercial farming units to be viable, and provide an income for those on smaller properties who wish to have their own small business. It will create more diversity, less pollution and better food and medicine for the country. More rural emloyment will be available, slowing the rate of young people moving to the city. The work is non-hazardous, low--tech and pleasant. It can be a communal activity and involve children. The industry will be open to educational tours for schools and other interested parties.

6

Project title: A technical support package for the development of the Australian herb growing industry

RIRDC Project No.:

OHG-1A

Researcher: Mr. Doug Andrews Organisation: The Organic Herb Growers of Australia Inc

PO Box 6171 SOUTH LISMORE NSW 2480

Phone: (02) 6622 0100 Fax: (02) 6622 0900 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: [email protected] Objectives To develop an electronic data base which will enable people in industry to readily

access technical information so that the industry can expand and become commercially viable.

Background The Australian herb growing industry is relatively small in comparison to world production. Traditionally most herbal crops were either wild harvested from native stands or grown in poorer third world countries due to the excessive amount of manual labour required. Due to present world economic standards the prices of many of these herbs have risen dramatically in past years. What was once a cheap import is now an expensive crop. Herbs, as an agricultural commodity have now become of age. Herbal medicines are one of the fastest growing sectors and Australia is keeping pace with these worldwide trends. To further facilitate development and commercial expansion of the industry, growers require unbiased technical support.

Research The Organic Herb Growers of Australia Inc. undertook a review of all current published research, and using local grower knowledge collated horticultural information specific for Australian growing conditions. This was then compiled into an easy to read interactive format.

Outcomes The Organic Herb Growers of Australia Inc. have successfully completed this project by firstly compiling a research data base of the best potential herbs for Australian growing conditions; and secondly by launching this data base on a interactive web site. The web site can be viewed at: www.organicherbs.org. Thus the objectives of the project have been achieved.

Implications Our web site is now receiving in excess of 5000 “hits” per month. Many people from all over Australia and the world are now making use of our data base, as well using the other facilities of the web site, such as our recent expansion of a “Buy & Sell”, “Herb Forum”, and “news stories”.

Publications Supporting the growth of the Australian herb growing industry, RIRDC Publication No. 01/024 (2001, 9 pgs)

7

EXTRACTIVE AND FIBRE CROPS

Project title: Evaluation of the commercial potential of sugar beet on the Atherton Tableland

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-211A

Researcher: Brett Weeden Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

Southedge Research Station PO Box 174 MAREEBA QLD 4880

Phone: (07) 4093 2246 Fax: (07) 40 93 2237 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To assess the commercial potential of sugar beet for sugar production on the Atherton

Tableland of north Queensland.

Background The two main sources of sucrose (sugar) for human consumption are sugar cane and sugar beet. In Australia we are familiar with growing sugar cane for our sugar however in temperate climates, mainly in the northern hemisphere, sugar beet is the plant used. In fact sugar beet produces about one third of the world’s sugar and Australia is the only populated continent not growing sugar beet for sugar production. In recent years there has been a rapid expansion of sugar cane into areas away from the traditional coastal areas of north Queensland. One of these areas is known as the Atherton Tableland - a region approximately 70 kilometres inland from Cairns which includes the Mareeba - Dimbulah Irrigation Area. Sugar cane expansion has been so great and rapid in this region that the first sugar cane mill built in Queensland for 73 years was constructed and began operation in 1998. It is expected that the mill will crush about 800,000 tonnes of cane in 2002. During this expansion investigations into the potential of sugar beet to produce sugar from areas not suited to cane on the coast were undertaken. One of the recommendations from this study was to look at the potential of sugar beet in the cooler environment of the Atherton Tableland where pests and diseases were not such a problem farmers had greater management skills in growing irrigated row crops.

Research Research undertaken for this study began with a review of literature to establish a background of relevant information. Field trials in 1998 and 1999 studied firstly the performance of 9 sugar beet varieties under local conditions in terms of crop growth and sugar yield. Another field trial in 1999 studied the effects of different nitrogen rates, population levels and irrigation amounts on sugar yields. From these trials actual yield and sugar content data could be used in an economic analysis of the potential of sugar beet as an economic crop for producers on the Atherton Tableland.

Outcomes The literature review indicated the enormous amount of reference material available on sugar beet. From this a ‘Compendium of Sugar beet Information’ was produced which lists over 1,000 relevant articles on all aspects of sugar beet growth as well as contacts for overseas sugar beet research establishments and seed companies. Results from the field trials showed that sugar beet could successfully be grown locally and produce economic yields of sugar however there is room for improvement with refinement of inputs such as nitrogen and irrigation.

Implications This study showed that sugar beet could be a potential new crop for growers on the Atherton Tableland. Commercial production however will require 2 main ingredients: a return to more ‘normal’ sugar prices and the acceptance by the sugar cane industry of sugar beet’s potential.

8

Project title To determine the feasibility for network partners representing enterprises involved in olive production for establishment of regional olive oil processing plants in Australia

RIRDC Project No.:

GGO-1A

Researcher: John Meyers Organisation: Meyers Strategy Group

P O Box 173 Willoughby NSW 2068


Objectives

To determine the feasibility for network partners representing enterprises involved in olive production for the establishment of regional olive oil processing plants in Australia.

Background Olive plantings are rapidly increasing across Australia. Australia imports 24,000 tonnes of olive oil and consumes 25,000 tonnes each year. Opportunities exist to establish regional olive processing plants to produce olive oil and repavcve some imports.

Research The researchers studied the basic requirements for establishment of regional olive processing plants and describe key drivers for successful establishment.

Outcomes The report will assist potential investors decision making on setting up olive oil processing plants

Implications The olive industry will benefit from establishment of efficient processing plants in regional areas

Publications Regional Australian Olive Oil Processing Plants - feasibility study for network partners representing enterprises involved in olive production, RIRDC Publication No. 00/187 (2001, 64 pgs)

Innovation can provide competitive advantage in olive oil production, RIRDC Short Report No. 95

9

Project title: Opportunities for flax processing in Australia RIRDC Project No.:

PMP-4A

Researcher: Stuart de Jong Organisation: Planning & Managing Projects Pty Ltd

PO Box 181 ROSEVILLE NSW 2069


Objectives • Identify the market opportunities for flax in Australia

• Identify appropriate means of extracting the fibre • Calculate approximate returns to the grower

Background Up until 1950 linen flax was grown and processed in Australia. Seed flax was grown in large quantities in Australia up until 1968 when the Eastern Downs had 50,000 ha under cultivation. Then the market collapsed. Small quantities of seed flax are grown in various states of Australia. The straw consists of fibre and shives. Shives should be separated from the fibre before processing by textile machinery. Traditionally the quality of fibre gained from seedflax was low and seedflax is unsuitable for processing on traditional apparel processing machinery. Advances in non-woven textile processing using lower grade fibre enable commercial processing of the straw from seedflax to industrial textile products. Flax and other bast fibres are now making a comeback.

Research Discussions with, and visits to, textile companies indicated the quality and quantities required, and prices manufacturers in Australia are willing to pay for the fibre. A patent search revealed a number of technologies for separating shives from the fibre. The holders of these patents were contacted and a suitable design for in-field separation selected. Preliminary costings were obtained for a mobile separator. The costs of growing and harvesting and separating the straw were estimated.

Outcomes A market for 3,000 t/yr of bast fibre exists in Australia – primarily for automotive interior door panels. Other market segments may be targeted at a later stage – consisting of cotton length apparel fibre and non-woven flax mats. Prices depend on the quality of the fibre and purity, and ranges from less than 50 c/kg to $1/kg for industrial grade, and in excess of $2/kg for apparel fibre.

Implications On the basis of the research, the Eastern Downs Turnaround Group EDTAG, consisting of a group of professional farmers, has formed the Flax Co Australia, with the objective of supplying selected manufacturers with flax obtained as a byproduct of the growing of seed flax. This may generate a new industry in the region of $6 million per year. The company is growing 400 ha of flax in year 2001 and will process this on a pilot scale separator based on the design principles identified in this report.

10

Project title Potential for seed gum production within Australia RIRDC Project No.:

UCQ-12A

Researcher: Kerry Walsh* and David Cunningham Organisation: Central Queensland University

Plant Sciences Group School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Rockhampton Qld 4702

Phone: *(07) 4930 9707 Fax: *(07) 4930 6536 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Internet: science.cqu.edu.au/psg

Objectives 1) report on quality of Cassia brewsteri gum relative to other seed gums with

characterisation of the chemical structure of the gum 2) report on the presence and level of the toxin chrysophanic acid within the seed 3) preparation of preliminary cost-benefit analysis 4) botanical description of Cassia brewsteri including breeding system 5) characterisation of ecology of species 6) recommendations for cropping systems (with cost analysis).

Background Seed gums are classed as a “thickener/vegetable gum” in foods and are also used in a range of non-food applications including textile and paper manufacturing. The main sources of seeds gums on the world market are carob (locust bean) and guar, Australia currently imports all of its seed gum requirements. Inconsistency of supply and price of seed gums has driven industrial users to search for alternative sources of supply. Cassia brewsteri, a leguminous tree species native to central Queensland, has been identified as a species with potential for seed gum production.

Research • Biochemical studies of Cassia brewsteri seed to characterise the gum and determine the level of a potential toxin

• Tests of gelling properties • Ecological studies of distribution and habitat, with modelling of climatic

requirements • Investigation of timing and duration of flowering and fruiting • DNA fingerprinting analysis of genetic diversity • Investigation of potential cropping systems, with cost-benefit analysis.

Outcomes • Cassia brewsteri seed gum quality was high, comparable to carob gum, and relatively constant across provenances.

• The potentially toxic chrysophanic acid was present, but at very low levels acceptable in food grade gums.

• Large areas of Eastern Queensland were identified with suitable climate and soil for cultivation of the tree under irrigation.

• Reproductive phenology allowed for a confined harvest period (one per year). • Genetic diversity within the species was found to be high, with two probable

subspecies and natural hybridisation with a closely related Cassia species. • Preliminary estimates of yield and return on investment in orchard establishment

were not encouraging.

Implications Commercial production is not recommended at this time due to low predicted financial returns. Production would only be commercially viable with a long term investment in varietal development or with substantial financial returns for the landscape/water table management and/or carbon sequestering value of a tree crop. Spin-offs from the ‘commercial’ work included valuable information on the botany and taxonomy of Cassia brewsteri and the other native Cassia species, and information on

11

the spread of an exotic insect (the ‘peanut bruchid’) within Australia (which may cause ecological and economic problems).

Publications Cunningham DC, Walsh KBW, Anderson ER (2001) ‘Potential for seed gum production from Cassia brewsteri.’ Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Project UCQ-12A, Canberra.

Cunningham D (2001) Seed gums in Australian food processing. Food Australia 53, 209-212.

Cunningham DC, Walsh KBW, Anderson ER, Harrison DK, Carroll BJ (submitted) Analysis of genetic diversity in Australian Cassia with Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprints (RAFs).

Cunningham DC, Walsh KBW (submitted) Establishment of the Peanut Bruchid (Caryedon serratus) in Australia and two new host species, Cassia brewsteri and C. tomentella.

Cunningham DC, Walsh KBW (submitted) Chrysophanic acid from Cassia brewsteri fruit.

Cunningham DC (2000b) Autecology of Cassia brewsteri with respect to galactomannan production. PhD Thesis, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia.

Cunningham DC (2000a) Cassia brewsteri data sheet. In ‘Forestry compendium: global module.’ (Eds CAB International). (CAB International: Wallingford UK)

12

FRUIT, VEGETABLES AND NUTS

Project title Market opportunity identification and analysis of the domestic market for Australian longans and rambutans

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-260A

Researcher: Judy Noller, Marketing Officer Organisation: Department of Primary Industries, Queensland

Queensland Horticulture Institute 28 Peters Street MAREEBA QLD 4880


Objectives To identify and evaluate new market segments to be targeted with longans and with

rambutans, and provide a marketing plan for this segment.

Background The Australian longan industry spans from the Atherton Tablelands in far north Queensland to northern New South Wales, and harvested 1,200 tonnes in its 2000 season. The Australian rambutan industry is concentrated on the coastlands of tropical North Queensland and the Northern Territory. It produced 600 tonnes in its 2000 season. Production continues to expand for both industries. For both the longan and rambutan industries the main market has been an ethnic Asian segment in the Australian domestic market, and there were concerns the increasing production could saturate these segments.

Research Desk top research to identify any undeveloped ethnic segments with potential for development. Interviews with steering committees, other producers, and horticulturists working the longan and rambutan industries. Trade research in Sydney and Melbourne. Formal consumer surveying in Sydney and Melbourne.

Outcomes The trade consensus was to introduce both products to affluent Caucasian consumers in wealthier areas of Sydney and Melbourne and the food service industry that serves them, and as prices reduce target the middle class. Consumer surveying in these locations confirmed sufficient interest in and liking for both fruits to support a marketing campaign. Marketing plans were produced for each industry, outlining marketing activities to develop this new segment while maintaining current ethnic markets.

Implications The research results indicated that both industries have the opportunity to develop attractive new markets as increasing production saturates their current markets. The research also identified a number of opportunities for the industries to improve their current offering.

Publications

Australian Longans - Market Opportunity, Identification and Analysis of the Domestic Market, RIRDC Publication No. 01/25 (2001, 61 pgs)

Australian Rambutans - Market Opportunity Identification and Analysis of the Domestic Market, RIRDC Publication No. 01/26 (2001, 65 pgs)

13

Project title: Pruning to meet your lychee goals RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-268A

Researcher: Terrence Campbell and Yan Diczbalis Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries

PO Box 1054 Mareeba QLD 4880


Objectives Improved crop production and profitability of Lychee through better understanding and

adoption of pruning and cincturing strategies.

Background An earlier RIRDC project “Improved canopy management to maximise market opportunities for tree crops lychee, longan and rambutan” (DAQ-177A) identified improved canopy management techniques to improve lychee cropping. A project identified that the essential and immediate task was to extend the findings of the project to the industry through an extension project in which there is a high degree of industry ownership and emphasis on action learning.

Research The project adopted the expert panel approach. This extension approach focused on the identification and training of expert grower panels in six regional locations to review the results of the research trials, to critically analyse the results for their cultivars/locations and to develop pruning strategies for local conditions. Participants were presented with the results of recent research on lychee canopy management and crop manipulation and shared experiences on overseas and local management practices. Through the identification of key issues on pruning, three scenarios were developed to facilitate the development of industry wide recommendations. These recommendations took into account the constraints of time, machinery availability and the participants’ aversion to the risk of a nil crop in a season where environmental conditions did not favour flowering.

Outcomes Participants had high confidence in the results of previous work for the cultivar Kwai May Pink in southern growing areas in Queensland, there was less confidence in the applicability for other cultivars and growing areas. Strategies to manage the risk of nil flowering included pruning immediately after harvest to allow two flushes to develop. There was strong support for the use of defoliating chemicals to remove unwanted autumn flushes and information form this project has been used to support an industry application for approval to use these chemicals. The results of the research were adapted by growers experience and recommendations were developed for the three scenarios; managing large overgrown trees, pruning small trees from planting to cropping and pruning for regular cropping. These recommendations have been prepared as DPI farm notes which is an accessible format and will be distributed to all members of the Australian Lychee Growers Association. The use of the expert panel approach was found to be an effective method to help integrate complex research results into an equally complex growing system.

Implications This project has resulted in specific industry recommendations for canopy management and cincturing of lychees. The expert panel method of developing these recommendations will lead to improved industry adoption of improved management techniques. This will lead on to improved crop production and profitability.

Publications Campbell T.P, Diczbalis Y. and Kernot I 2001. Rejuvenating Lychee Orchards with Large Trees. DPI Note In Print.

14

Campbell T.P, Diczbalis Y. and Kernot I 2001. Pruning to meet Lychee Management Goals. DPI Note In Print.

Campbell T.P, Diczbalis Y. and Kernot I 2001. Cincturing Lychee for yieldPruning. DPI Note In Print.

15

Project title: The impact and control of lychee pepper spot in Australia RIRDC Project No.:

DRW-1A

Researcher: Dr Henry Drew Organisation: HJ and JM Drew

283 Hunchy Road HUNCHY QLD 4555


Objectives • To raise grower awareness of Lychee Pepper Spot (LPS),

• To assess its distribution and impact in Australia, • To make a preliminary evaluation of winter/spring fungicide programmes for its

control. • To gather residue data for mancozeb on lychees

Background Lychee Pepper Spot (LPS) is a newly recognised disease of lychees in Australia. It was first recorded in about 1982 and has now spread to all major growing areas in Northern NSW and Queensland. The disease causes superficial skin blemish to fruit but has no effect on eating quality or, apparently, on storage life. Since its first occurrence the disease has got steadily worse in affected orchards despite some attempts at chemical control. LPS was identified in the Australian Lychee Growers Association Inc. (ALGA) “Lychee Industry 5 Year Strategic Plan” as R & D Goal: 9 and a subsequent postal survey of lychee growers by the ALGA rated LPS in the top four priorities.

Research The project has confirmed that anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is the likely cause of LPS. LPS probably represents a new strain of the disease that also affects avocados and mangoes. A telephone survey of 100 lychee growers found that 43% of growers were affected by the disease by mid-1999. While several varieties can be affected, the worst incidence occurs on Kwai May Pink. The general picture is of hotspots of infection with severely affected trees and fruit, but with generally low levels across the whole crop. Of those growers who had LPS in their orchards 8% reported losses of more than 60% in their worst trees while 70% reported losses of less than 1% across the whole orchard. A survey of a small group of paired growers was not able to confirm any link between LPS and tree nutrition but suggested there may be links to calcium and boron nutrition. A replicated trial to test the efficacy of four proven fungicide treatments applied “out-of-season” failed to establish any statistical differences between treatments. Applications of foliar calcium were equally ineffective. The average percentage of fruit with LPS symptoms was low in all treated trees over the first 2 picks (0.6-7.7%) but rose dramatically in the final pick (9.8-17.0%). The untreated control was similar in the first pick but 5 and 10% higher in the 2nd and 3rd picks, respectively. At the final pick the worst affected untreated tree had 57.1% of fruit with LPS symptoms and 21.4% of fruit downgraded from 1st grade (14.3% 2nd grade and 7.1% generic grade).

Outcomes The project has raised the awareness of LPS amongst Australian lychee growers through distribution of 500 copies of a colour factsheet and through regular updates in industry publications. It has also provided valuable data on the incidence and control of the disease. The fungicide trial has shown that winter-spring sprays are not effective in controlling the disease alone. The project has also generated residue data for mancozeb to facilitate issuing of an NRA off-label permit.

Implications The research has established that the disease is increasing in importance and that effective control will require some fungicide treatments right up to picking. The lychee industry must support further research into more effective control strategies and lobby both chemical companies and regulatory authorities for new products to be approved.

16

Publications Drew, H.J. (1999). Pepper Spot – A New Disease Affecting Lychee in Australia. In Menzel, C., Waite, G. & Bronson, R. (Eds) Proceedings of the 5th National Lychee Conference, 13-15 September 1999, Twin Waters, Australia. p.21-24.

17

Project title: Continuation of transplanted green ant colony monitoring and implementation of the ant technology in commercial cashew plantations

RIRDC Project No.:

UNT-5A

Researcher: R.K.Peng, K. Christian and K. Gibb Organisation: Northern Territory University

Faculty of Science, Information Technology and Education Darwin NT 0909

Phone: (08) 8946 6763 Fax: (08) 8946 6847 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.ntu.edu.au

Objectives 1. To promote the use of green ant technology in commercial cashew orchards for

controlling the main cashew insect pests by producing instructive booklets and posters.

2. To continue the monitoring of the transplanted green ant colonies in order to determine how many years cashew growers can benefit from each transplantation.

Background Having determined that green ants can successfully control the main cashew insect

pests, methods to stabilise ant populations at the high level in cashew orchards have been developed (green ant technology). When transferring this technology to farm staff, we came to appreciate the need for well-organised and effective instructional posters and booklets. In cashew orchards, there are always some trees that are not occupied by green ants. To achieve the maximum protection for cashew orchards from insect pest damage, it is essential to transplant green ant colonies to these trees. A field experiment involving the comparison between trees with transplanted ant colonies and trees protected by insecticides began in April 1997 at Howard Springs Farm as part of our last RIRDC project. By December 1998 (end of the last project), the ant area had already achieved a savings of $329/ha compared with the cost of the chemical control area. As the transplanted colonies were still strong by the end of 1998. It is necessary to determine how many years these transplanted colonies can persist. That will allow cashew growers to assess the benefit they can get from each transplantation.

Research This research was concentrated on two aspects: 1. the monitoring of the transplanted ant colonies at Howard Springs, and 2. implementation of the green ant technology by making posters, writing booklets and

running field workshops.

Outcomes 1. Field monitoring showed that the transplanted ant colonies, on average, persisted in the cashew orchards for three cashew cropping seasons.

2. The use of green ant technology accounts to at least $1500/ha/year more than the use of insecticides.

3. Trees protected by green ants produced better quality of cashew nuts than those protected by insecticides.

4. A booklet "Why and how to use green ants to control the main cashew insect pests - Manual for Australian cashew growers" has been written.

5. A series of posters has been made.

Implications 1. Economic benefits The green ant technology can bring cashew growers an extra benefit of at least $1500/ha/year and better quality of cashew nuts. This technology also helps growers to produce 'organic' product.

2. Benefit to environment When using green ants to control the main insect pests in cashew orchards, insecticides can be greatly reduced or no longer needed. This will

18

significantly reduce air, soil and water pollution to the environment, and there is no chemical residue in cashew nuts.

3. No impact on other organisms As cashew nuts are harvested from the ground, farm staff do not need to worry about the aggressive behaviour of green ants. Also, green ants have no impact on arthropod diversity and other general predators and parasitoids in cashew orchards.

19

GRAINS AND PULSES

Project Title

Establish the World Market for Buckwheat

RIRDC Project No.:

AMR-6A

Researcher: Mr. Grant Vinning Organisation: Asian Markets Research

157 Horizon Drive WESTLAKE QLD 4074


• The project will identify the world demand for buckwheat. It will establish

production by major producing countries and how that production is dispersed. It will identify the major markets in terms of geography and market use. It will seek to establish future production trends, likely markets by geographic and use parameters, and likely price movements.

• The project will establish the product and non-product attributes valued by

the markets • The project will focus on the Australian product's position in the world

market and will seek to identify its relative product and non-product attributes.

Background Australia has a small and young buckwheat industry. As with all small industries, the decision to expand is made more uncertain by the lack of knowledge about the overall demand and supply factors that affect the industry. The study sought to establish the factors affecting demand in Japan, and production in the three major suppliers of Canada, China and the United States.

Research A quantitative analysis of the world buckwheat industry was achieved by a detailed study of the available statistics. Qualitative issues confirming the quantitative data were established by personal interviews with importers, buckwheat millers, noodle manufacturers, food service outlets, and consumers in Japan, and producers and exporters in the supplying countries.

Outcomes The world trade in buckwheat is concentrated on annual imports of approximately 100,000 tonnes into Japan where it is produced in soba noodles. Demand for soba is expected to grow. Demand will be fuelled by the continuing emphasis in Japan on convenience foods, the ability of soba noodles to be sold in a variety of forms through a diversity of outlets, and the unique place that soba has in Japanese cuisine. Demand for buckwheat is also growing in traditional areas of consumption, especially Eastern Europe and Russia. There is also evidence that buckwheat's health enhancing properties of high protein, virtually gluten free, and high amino acid content will see a beneficial diversification into new products. Exports from the traditional major exporters are expected to slow.

Implications Australian buckwheat is well positioned to take advantage of these positive trends.

20

Project title: Total quality management for the production and marketing of buckwheat and honeybee pollination of buckwheat

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-136A

Researcher: Mr Chris Bluett Organisation: Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

402-406 Mair Street BALLARAT VIC 3350


Objectives • To export 5,000 tonnes per year of buckwheat and buckwheat products and increase

the use of buckwheat in new and existing food products in Australia to 3,000 tonnes per year, by the year 2000.

• To determine the effect of honeybee pollination on buckwheat seed yield and quality, refine the agronomy required for consistent yield and quality and publish grower guides.

• To develop a total quality management package for the production and marketing of buckwheat.

• To achieve export quality grain from 75% of total harvest by the year 2000 by supporting grower’s efforts to optimise production technology.

Background • Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, is an annual, summer growing, broad leaf crop

not related to cereal wheat. • Buckwheat is widely grown across many Northern Hemisphere countries. • Grows best in cool climate, highland or coastal areas that have reliable summer

rainfall or irrigation. • Produces black triangular starch-rich seeds used for products such as noodles

(Soba) and pancakes for human consumption.

Research • Recent research on buckwheat in Australia via project DAV-86A investigated agronomy and physiology of buckwheat in the main growing areas of New South Wales and Victoria.

• Before the commencement of DAV-86A in 1994, only a very limited amount of research and published material was available on buckwheat in Australia.

• Various aspects of research have been completed overseas on genetics, breeding, physiology, ecology, biochemistry, food science and human health on buckwheat.

Outcomes • Research on buckwheat has shown that high quality buckwheat can be produced in

many growing areas of New South Wales and Victoria through good management. • The best buckwheat variety in Australia appears to be the shorter maturing ones for

optimum yields and quality. • Good management through seedbed preparation and harvest timing and method is

critical for high quality yields. • A Quality Assurance manual has been drafted to assist farmers at critical stages of

buckwheat production.

Implications • An established buckwheat industry in Australia now has over 2000 tonnes exported to Japan as well as other markets overseas and domestically.

• Buckwheat currently contributes over $2 million dollars directly on farm to growers and producers.

• Established links with breeders and researchers in Europe, Asia and America have allowed for good transfer of knowledge and collaboration.

Future • More emphasis on producing quality grain, including moisture content, specific

gravity and groat colour.

21

• Better understanding of harvest methods as well as both sowing and harvest timing for optimal results.

• An established framework for quality assurance to be adopted by the buckwheat industry.

• Continued and more refined research into agronomy and niche markets such as organics.

Publications Total quality management for the production and marketing of buckwheat and honeybee

pollination of buckwheat, RIRDC Publication No. 01/14 (2001, 19 pgs)

22

Project title: Canary seed industry development for southeastern Australia RIRDC Project No.:

UM-42A

Researcher: Robert M. Norton Organisation: The University of Melbourne

RMB 3000 HORSHAM VIC 3401


Objectives To provide farmers in southeastern Australia with a management and marketing package

for canary seed. This package will include aspects of sowing times, crop protection, variety performance, harvesting and marketing information on the crop.

Background Canary seed fits into current production systems, and can be sown and harvested with conventional equipment, producing yields between 1.4 and 2.0 t/ha. Some current production problems (lodging, herbicides, nutrition, rotation) have been identified as constraining the expansion of the area sown and therefore constraining the development of reliable markets. The evaluation of existing varieties, linked to agronomic management and market specification will provide key information on which a new crop industry can be based.

Research Based on existing market specifications, quality standards for domestic and export canary seed were developed. A market analysis suggested that southeastern Australia could develop markets for around 30,000 t of canary seed for domestic and export destinations. To determine appropriate production protocols, field experiments were conducted in 1998 (two sites), 1999 (three sites) and 2000 (five sites). Twenty-six seed lines were obtained from various genetic resources centres, and these were tested in 1999 and 2000. The field experiments investigated the effects of sowing time and seeding rate on the seed yield and quality of canary seed. A standard experiment, with two wheat cultivars as controls, was used with two or three sowing times and three seeding rates. Other field experiments investigated the effect of fertilizers, herbicides and growth regulating compounds on yield and seed quality. Detailed research was undertaken on the comparative phenology of canary seed lines and wheat. This was done across a wide range of planting times, with and without day length control and with a range of vernalisation treatments.

Outcomes Clear quality guidelines are now established for the crop. Market opportunities for new cultivars appear good, and future evaluation of the initial lines tested will continue in 2001 with The Lentil Company. There is not a lot of variation between seedlines, but some earlier lines have been identified, as well as some shorter lines that will be less likely to lodge. A growers guide has been produced which summarises the research so that farmers can have confidence in the systems developed for production of canary seed. Specifically, higher sowing rates and later sowings have been proposed as ways of ensuring the crop remains competitive against weeds, minimises the risk of lodging and produces good quality large seed. The phenological studies indicate that canary seed has a slight winter requirement which would make it unsuitable for spring sowing. There has been interest from growers, particularly in the southern Wimmera, and the research has been presented at several for a, including GRDC grower updates, the Australian Agronomy Conference and the Joint Centre for Crop Improvement annual symposium. The project involved a student taking a Masters of Agricultural Science degree, and he is near to submission of the thesis.

23

Implications This project will provide the stimulus for the further development of canary seed in the

Wimmera and western district of Victoria. Growers now can take greater confidence in producing a quality product, and the marketers of canary seed can look to actively develop new markets now they have some supply security.

Publications Ford, J.F. , R.M. Norton, S.E. Knights and R.G. Flood (2001). High Sowing Rates Reduce Seed Weight in Canary Seed (Phalaris canariensis L.). Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, Hobart, 2001 p 131. (full paper on CD ROM).

Ford, J., Norton, R.M., Knights, S.E. and Flood, R. (2000). Strategies for growing canary seed (Phalaris canariensis) in southern Victoria. “Resources, Resilience and Research” (ed. AB. Collard et al.). JCCI 7th Scientific Symposium, Rutherglen, 2-3 November 2000. p 3.

John Ford, Rob Norton, Sue Knights, Ray Flood (2000) Growing quality canary sed (Phalaris canariensis L.), GRDC Grower Updates, August 2000. (http://www.grdc.com.au/)

John Ford (2000). Canary seed a new crop for southeastern Australia. Northern Irrigated Cropper.

Norton, R.M., Knights, S.E. and McCormick K.M. (1998). New grain crops for southeastern Australia. Proceedings of 4th Cropping Zone Conference (Ed R.M. Norton), Tatura October 29-30, 1998. p31-32.

24

Project title: Factors affecting seed quality of azuki and kintoki beans RIRDC Project No.:

US-97A

Researcher: Anthony Hamilton Organisation: University of Sydney

"Warili" FORBES NSW 2871

Phone: (02) 6856 3173 Fax: -- Email: [email protected]

Objectives This research will help prospective growers evaluate whether they can grow Azuki and

Kintoki beans in their region and, if so, suggest an optimum planting date to maximise seed quality. It will also demonstrate to Japanese processors that research is focussed on supplying optimum quality beans.

Background Murray Darling Basin Water Reforms are driving more efficient water use and a switch to higher value irrigated crops. Two such crops with potential are azuki (commercially grown in Australia) and kintoki beans (commercial trails in 1999/2000 season). Japanese bean processors now offer grower contracts for high quality azuki beans. The emphasis is on seed quality and a reliable supply. These contracts specify colour (L,a,b) values. Limited research to date defining what environmental factors effect seed colour. Current agronomic recommendations such as time of planting aim at maximising yield, but not related to optimising seed quality.

Research Five commercial azuki crops were monitored during 1999/2000 in an attempt to validate the results of previous small plot experiments conducted as part of a PhD thesis by the author. These crops were grown at sites of similar longitude (33oS) but ranging in altitude from 195m (near Condobolin NSW) to 713m (near Bathurst NSW) above sea level. Seed colour was measured using a Minolta colorimeter. This machine measures the degree of brightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) using internationally standardised C.I.E. L*a*b* colour-space coordinates. Temperature data loggers were placed in each field. These colour values were then related to daily minimum and maximum temperatures. Seed size was measured as 100-seed weight.

Outcomes Results from this experiment confirmed that the thermal environment during pod-fill influences azuki seed size and colour. The cooler the air temperatures during pod-fill the brighter, paler and larger are the azukis and duller, darker and larger are the kintokis. These traits are desired by importers and processors.

Implications Thus delaying planting is an effective strategy to improve seed quality. However, delayed planting also results in decreased seed yield. Thus a trade-off must be found between planting early for yield and late for quality. Seed quality decision models may assist making this choice.

Publications Motley, K.C., 2000 'Irrigated azuki bean update 2000-01' Agnote DPI-338, October 2000. NSW Agriculture.

25

MISCELLANEOUS

Project Title:

Australian New Crops Newsletter RIRDC Project No.:

UQ-80A

Researcher: Dr. Rob Fletcher Organisation: The University of Queensland

School of Land and Food Gatton College LAWES QLD 4345


• Issues number 10-14 of the Australian New Crops Newsleter will be published, until

the Australian New Crops Association is able to assume total responsibility for the publication and fund it from membership fees.

Report not received.

26

NEW PLANT PRODUCTS RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

NATIVE FOODS

Project title Genetic and agronomic improvement of quandong RIRDC Project No.:

AQI-1A

Start Date: 06/05/99 Finish Date: 30/05/03 Researcher: Dr Ben Lethbridge Organisation: Australian Quandong Industry Association

62 Grants Gully Rd CLARENDON SA 5157


Objectives It is hoped the study of polyploidy in quandaong feasibility study will lead to the

production of self fertile, true breeding and heavy cropping trees to improve fruit set, seedling trees for new orchards and grower returns respectively. Integrated wattle and quandong orchards - to determine which bushfood species of arid land acacia species would make appropriate hosts for quandong in an orchard situation.

Current Progress

Objective 1: Polyploidy in quandong Previous analysis of pollen grains from wild specimens of quandong showed a high degree of malformed sterile pollen. Analysis of pollen from two samples of orchard grown material showed high levels of pollen fertility. This would indicate that pollen fertility is not likely to be an issue in pollination of quandong orchards. Objective 2: Integrated wattle and quandong orchards Eight species of semi–arid wattle (Acacia victoriae , murrayana, rivalis, brumalis, hemiteles, calamifolia, hakeoides, argyophylla) have been grown in a one hectare irrigated area at the Arid Land Botanic Gardens, Port Augusta SA for one year. Most specimens were multi-stemmed form the base. Height (H) and east-west widths (W) have been measured. Of the selected provanences of each species Acacia murrayana (H>W) and victoriae (W>H), showed statistically signifcant (0.05) differences between height and width. Acacia hemiteles showed the best growth over all. Two germinated quandong kernels have been planted close ( within 10 cms) to the water source (dripper) of each acacia specimen (April 2001).

27

Project title Innovative products from indigenous Australian native foods

RIRDC Project No.:

CFO-1A

Start Date: 15/02/99 Finish Date: 31/01/02 Researcher: Dr Michael Forbes-Smith Organisation: CRC for Food Industry Innovation

Department of Food Science and Technology University of NSW SYDNEY NSW 2052


Objectives • to evaluate isolates from identified native Australian foods

• to develop novel and improved foods and food ingredients currently unexploited across the food industry both nationally and internationally leading to a significant increase in demand for the raw material with subsequent growth of the Australian Native Food Industry

Current Progress Chemical and sensory attributes of native foods have been characterised using

GC-MS/Olfactory. Wild lime and lemon aspen juices consisted primarily of sequiterpenes and monoterpenes, including limonene. Aroma descriptors were generally in terms of citrus-like odours. Major compounds in wattleseed included pyrazines, aldehydes/ketones and fatty acid methyl esters. Nutty, coffee and burnt aromas were dominant. Work proceeds to incorporate native food flavours into novel food products. Bread made with akudjura has poor crumb quality and low volume. Akudjura doughs exhibited decreased strength, elasticity and extensibility, and a decline in gliadin wheat proteins during proofing, suggesting the presence of proteolytic enzymes in akudjura. Doughs containing heat treated akudjura rose and held their form throughout proofing and baking. A natural fumigant treatment has been developed which is potentially beneficial in reducing microbial populations in dried native spices. Around 2 log reduction is achievable although further optimisation is required to eliminate tainting and caking of spices. Extracts of native foods have been fractionated by chromatography to isolate components possessing antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. No definite identifications were obtainable by GC-MS, indicating that components were of a non-volatile nature. HPLC analysis revealed compounds with unique UV profiles. Research continues to purify and identify active native food components.

28

Project title Cultivation and sustainable wild harvest of bushfoods by Aboriginal communities in central Australia

RIRDC Project No.:

CLC-1A

Start Date: 01/09/99 Finish Date: 31/08/02 Researcher: Mr Jock Morse Organisation: Central Land Council

Rural Enterprise Unit PO Box 3321 ALICE SPRINGS NT 0871


Objectives The project will investigate horticultural requirements of several central Australian

bushfood species to enable them to be grown by Aboriginal groups and become commercially available, and review sustainability of bushfood harvest in central Australia so it can be monitored.

Current Progress

Report not received.

29

Project title Evaluating performance of cultivated bushfood plants in South Australian environments

RIRDC Project No.:

CSL-11A

Start Date: 01/01/00 Finish Date: 01/01/04 Researcher: Dr Maarten Ryder Organisation: CSIRO Land and Water

Private Bag 2 GLEN OSMOND SA 5064


Objectives • Diversification of farming practices, with increased and more widespread

cultivation of native food plants in southern Australia • Informed decision making on the choice of native food species or cultivars for

climatic and soil type zones. • Information about quality of produce derived from selected native food species. • Specific training (both formal and on-the-job) of an Aboriginal/Torres Strait

Islander traineeship scheme.

Current Progress

Sites have now been selected for the native foods field trials, with the aim of planting trees (seven species) and shrubs (two species) in spring 2001. Trials are to be established at Peterborough, Moonta, Murray Bridge, Kangaroo Island, Port MacDonnell and Lyrup in South Australia, Stawell in Victoria and Junee in New South Wales. Negotiations are continuing for a possible site on the north Adelaide plains. Trial designs have been completed. The species and selections have been chosen and plants have been ordered. In addition to trialing nine species in at least eight locations, we will be able to compare selections, varieties or provenances for 6 of the species. The species list is: Santalum acuminatum (quandong: three selections), Acacia victoriae (elegant wattle: several provenances), native Citrus (2 finger lime selections, desert lime and a hybrid), Syzygium luehmannii (riberry: three selections), Tasmannia lanceolata (mountain pepper: several provenances), Acronychia oblongifolia (lemon aspen), Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle), Solanum centrale (bush tomato), Kunzea pomifera (muntries: two selections).

30

Project title The prospects of commercialising indegenous Boab tubers as vegetables

RIRDC Project No.:

DAW-95A

Start Date: 01/02/99 Finish Date: 30/10/01 Researcher: Mr Peter Johnson Organisation: Agriculture Western Australia

Locked Bag No 4 BENTLY DELIVERY WA 6983


Objectives To conduct a primary investigation into Boab tuber to determine its commercial

potential. Provide an information package as the basis to establish an industry, thereby reducing the risk for investors and primary producers

Current Progress

After the initial setback with the failed germination’s and the associated delays, the project is now back on track. Material has been collected and a mineral, nutritional and toxicological analysis has been conducted. A preliminary economic analysis has been conducted to estimate the economic viability of producing the crop this indicates it could be quite viable. Milestone 5 (the establishment of experimental plots) has been completed with three experimental plots being established from February 2001 to March 2001. Material from the trial plots was collected for analysis and the conduction of restaurant trials these were conducted in conjunction with the Perth Hyatt hotel. Initial responses have been extremely positive. A post harvest breakdown problem was encountered during the trials, but at this stage it appears to be solvable by changing the packaging and storage conditions. There appear to be no major impediments from this point on to enable the completion of the project by October 2001.

31

Project title The domestication and improvement of Kunzea pomifera (F.Muell.), muntries

RIRDC Project No.:

UM-52A

Start Date: 01/07/00 Finish Date: 31/12/02 Researcher: Mr Tony Page Organisation: The University of Melbourne

Burnley College Institute of Land And Food Resources Yarra Boulevard RICHMOND VIC 3121


Objectives The objective of the study is to evaluate and select superior varieties for cultivation.

Achieving this objective will advance commercial production, improve fruit quality and consistency within the marketplace, from which marketing advantages can flow. The construction of a well planned breeding strategy will form the basis of future developments in domestication of this species.

Current Progress

The first three Milestones have been finished on time and are now being analysed statistically: 1. Accession collection completed after industry consultation 2. Morphological analyses of somatic growth 3. Agronomic critical limits and manipulation trials Milestone 1 K. pomifera was collected across its geographical range (Task3), propagated and is growing in three replicates of 200mm pots on capillary irrigation. Industry participants were interviewed and their responses formed the basis for a brief report (Task 2) on current cultivation practices. Four participants donated selections to the study. Milestone 2 Morphological data (Task 7) consists of leaf area, width, length, perimeter, stomata, oil gland and trichome density. A total of 340 individuals were measured forming 3400 data points; these diverse data conform to a normal probability curve. These data are now under analysis by multivariant and discriminant function. This will be correlated to fruiting traits forming an early-selection index. Milestone 3 Agronomic trials are progressing well. These include: Completion of propagation trials quantifying the species response to standard propagation practices. Successful grafting trials (Task 4); many grafted plants have reached sufficient maturity to fruit in 2001. Data collection from the ongoing topophysis (Task 5) trial. Photoperiod trial established, which was considered of greater value to the breeding objectives than a pH trial (Task 6) and has therefore replaced it.

32

CULINARY HERBS, SPICES AND BEVERAGES

Project title Overcoming production limitations in coriander RIRDC Project No.:

CAG-1A

Start Date: 01/04/1999 Finish Date: 30/06/2002 Researcher: Mr Peter Hooper & Mr Jeremy Dennis Organisation: PIRSA Rural Solutions & SARDI

PO Box 81 KEITH SA 5267


Objectives • To reduce the incidence & losses caused by bacterial blight in coriander by

developing a commercially available acid seed treatment and attain industry adoption by 2002.

• Facilitate better industry communication through best management practice information packages prepared and distributed to coriander growers, advisors/consultants, agribusiness and marketers.

• Increased agronomic and market skills of growers and agribusiness, advisors/consultants through training provided in SA, NSW and Victoria.

• Timely and accurate disease identification through the utilisation of diagnostic services and the implementation of corrective measures.

• Assessment of diseases and relative importance through a survey of crops.

Current Progress

• Crop surveys, grower surveys and diagnostic samples combined with a reduced cropping area, indicate bacterial blight is still the major disease and production limitation for coriander in Australia.

• 2000 field trials showed benefits from the acid seed treatment, with bleaching and steaming treatments also showing potential. In 2001 a trial will be run in the South East to compare and prove these treatments.

• IAMA sponsored herbicide trials found better herbicide management options for post emergent weed control in coriander production. Better volunteer coriander plant control has also resulted from this work. 2001 will refine the herbicide options available and aim to provide repeatable outcomes.

• Successful crop walks were held in the South-East and the Mid-North during 2000, with further walks being planned for 2001. There are also plans for industry updates to be held during 2001 to educate agribusiness on the coriander industry.

• Factsheets on growing and managing disease in coriander have been written and updated.

Grower interest is still very high for coriander despite a decline in growers over the past few years. Higher gross margins have eventuated from improved prices and reliable yields – proving that coriander is a profitable cropping option and attracting more growers into the industry.

33

Project title Nutritional requirements of coffee trees in northern New South Wales

RIRDC Project No.:

CPE-1A

Start Date: 01/07/97 Finish Date: 30/05/02 Researcher: Mr John Zentveld Organisation: Coffee and Processing Equipment Australia

Broken Head Road NEWRYBAR NSW 2479


Objectives To establish optimal nutritional requirements of Arabica coffee grown under

sub-tropical conditions in northern New South Wales for sustainable yields of high quality cofee using N.P.K fertilisers together with leaf and soil analysis.

Current Progress In the last six month the trees have shown a steady growth rate. During this time soil tests and leaf analysis were conducted on all trial sites. At this early stage in the project no marked differences were detected in the soil samples between the different fertiliser programs, however, large differences were detected in the leaf samples. Early in the year the area suffered from very high rainfall and cyclonic weather conditions. Because for this project the tree rows are mounded the trial did not suffer from erosion. As a result of the cyclonic conditions in the area, in many of the plantations (macadamias, coffee and other tree crops) large numbers of trees had to be staked. In the trial block about 15% of the trees had to be staked We are confident that these stakes can be removed next spring. Also during the last six month the trees were measured several times and a full record of these measurements recorded on computer. A new fertiliser report has been prepared for the next twelve month by our agronomist As always, the recommended fertilising time table will be strictly adhered to. Apart from some setbacks with the weather the trees have shown good growth and we expect that a large number of the coffee trees will bear fruit next season.

34

Project title Northern Australia Cocoa Development RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-256A

Start Date: 02/06/99 Finish Date: 30/11/02 Researcher: Mr Craig Lemin Organisation: Department of Primary Industries

Centre for Wet Tropics Agriculture PO Box 20 SOUTH JOHNSTONE QLD 4859

Phone: (07) 4064 1170 Fax: (07) 4064 2249 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives The feasibility and economics of cocoa production in northern Australia will be investigated. Yield potential of accessible hybrid and clonal types will be assessed in three potential growing regions (tropical NT, far north Qld and northern WA). Agronomic aspects of production in northern Australia will be recorded and management guidelines developed. Technology for mechanisation of pod splitting and bean extraction will be investigated. Information gathered will allow refinement of the cocoa economic model and provide a decision support for assessing the economic viability of cocoa production in northern Australia.

Current Progress

The project is progressing well with continued excellent collaboration between NACDA members. Cocoa has been field planted at all the trial sites and is establishing well. Trial monitoring protocols have been agreed and are in progress. Mr Tony Lass (Cocoa Technical Manager – Cadbury UK) and Cadbury Australia representatives toured all of the trial sites in May 2001. Field planting of cocoa trials was delayed due to difficulties in accessing preferred hybrid seed lines from the Malaysian Cocoa Board. Although this seed was eventually sourced (June 200) it was not viable. Field planted cocoa is therefore based on commercial hybrid seed lines previously accessed from the Cocoa and Coconut Research Institute (PNG). Pod collection from mature fruiting trees in Qld and NT has continued and small-scale fermentations conducted. Bean analyses have been carried out by MacRobertsons Ltd (Singapore). Bean quality parameters (size, fat content, wastage etc.) have been good. However, cocoa flavour has been “weak” due to deficiencies/limitations in the fermentation technique. Hybrid Yield Evaluation The status of the respective yield evaluation trials is as follows: Darwin – planted July/August 2000; excellent establishment and minimal losses; shade/cover crop providing excellent protection but also significant competition and has been thinned 50%; minimal to insignificant insect damage Mossman – planted July 2000; excellent establishment; artificial shade enclosures erected around each plant due to poor development of the shade/cover crop; excellent establishment and rapid growth; about 5% losses due to cane grub; shade cover still underdeveloped at May 2001 but cocoa not adversely affected; significant damage from rhyparida beetle now abated Broome – planting of original hybrid seedlings aborted due to root deformity issues; replacement seed ordered and 65% field planting occurred in March 2001; shade/protective crop is well developed; contingencies for completion of trial planting now being undertaken; in-situ planting is progressing ok Farming Systems Planted July/August 2001; artificial shade enclosures were erected as per hybrid trial;

35

excellent establishment and rapid growth of cocoa; sustained damage by rhyparida beetle has currently abated; shade cover now providing useful protection; trellis structures have been constructed for installation Clonal Introduction Under permit from AQIS, continued introductions of elite cocoa material ex Reading University have been made into quarantine at Darwin. 10 of 12 nominated clones have now been successfully introduced. Most of this material has been released from quarantine and is being multiplied for distribution to the state trial sites. Pod Splitting and Bean Extraction A Brazilian manufacturer has agreed to construct a previously developed pod splitter for testing and modification as required. This machine will be shipped to Australia in May 2001. An alternative prototype pod splitter has been designed in-house and is currently being assembled. Efforts to make contact with manufacturers/users of pre-existing machinery elsewhere in the world have been unsuccessful. Other A PhD project investigating "factors limiting growth and yield of cocoa in northern Australia" has commenced with supervision provided by Sydney University of Technology and funding from Cadbury UK. This project is being conducted at Northern Territory University in Darwin and NTDPIF Coastal Plains Horticultural Research Farm. Timbercorp Eucalypts Ltd has continued its interest in the NACDA project. A PhD proposal to investigate techniques for in-vitro propagation of cocoa with funding provided by Timbercorp (Silvagene) is currently being progressed. Cocoa (100 trees) has been field planted at Frank Wise Institute (Kununurra) using the PNG hybrid seedlings and autonomous funding from Agriculture WA. This planting is developing ok despite very hot conditions.

36

Project title Developing Irrigation strategies for coffee under sub tropical conditions

RIRDC Project No.:

DPH-1A

Start Date: 01/07/98 Finish Date: 30/06/03 Researcher: Mr David Peasley Organisation: Peasley Horticultural Services

PO Box 542 MURWILLUMBAH NSW 2484

Phone: (02) 6677 7174 Fax: (02) 6677 7174 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives • Determine optimum water requirements to grow qulaity coffee in the sub tropics • Investigate the relaitonship between water and the phenological cycle establish

design criteria for irrigation and storage systems • Develop a best practice management system for coffee irrigation to achieve quality

production with minimum environment impact • Increase the viability of coffee growing in Australia as an export and import

replacement industry with limited available water resources.

Current Progress

• Year 2000 was the first year to compare treatments at mature trees at Site 1 following wet years in 1998/1999. Irrigation was applied from 18th July to 17th October 2000 which corresponded to the maturity stage of the beans.

• Irrigation treatments increased yield by 35% to 40% from both irrigation treatments over the unirrigated control. Bean size increased by 18% for the largest size (size 18). Blind taste and aroma panel assessment of cup quality showed that while all treatments were acceptable in taste, the irrigated treatments were superior.

• These yield responses were unexpected because irrigation treatments were applied after the accepted bean sizing period (7 to 17 weeks after flowering)

• The quality difference showed that irrigation enhanced cup quality • Flowering and fruit set for the 2001 crop is very light. This could be due to a heavy

late crop from previous year. • New planting at Site 2 were completed in March 2000. • Data collected shows that plant water uptake can be limited by high temperature as

well as available low soil water content. • Most water extraction from the irrigated crops occurs in the top 200mm of the soil

profile. • Drip irrigation needs to be pulsed to minimise leaching losses.

37

Project title Developing an index of quality for Australian tea RIRDC Project No.:

UQ-88A

Start Date: 22/07/99 Finish Date: 01/06/02 Researcher: Ms Nola Caffin Organisation: The University of Queensland

School of Land and Food Sciences Gatton Campus GATTON QLD 4343

Phone: (07) 5460 1372 Fax: (07) 5460 1171 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To obtain chemical data on phenolic compounds in Australian tea designed to enhance the promotion of Australian grown tea.

Current Progress

Level of flavonoids have been measured in tea produced on a plantation in North Queensland. Variation over a 12 months growing season was measured by collecting samples from several growing locations on the plantation every harvest (approximately every 3-4 weeks). Collection started in April 2000 and finished in April 2001. However, owing to severe frosts and higher than usual rainfall, some harvests were cancelled or delayed. After collection, samples were stored in dry ice and transported by air to the UQ Gatton Campus for analysis. The samples were extracted and the flavonoid levels analysed by HPLC. Moisture content and caffeine levels have also been measured. There were almost no oxidation products detected in the fresh leaf samples. This indicates that the sampling protocol that was developed for the collection, handling and transport of samples protects the polyphenols of fresh leaves from oxidation. In addition to fresh tea leaf, samples were collected from each point in the tea processing from binned green leaf to the final tea. Samples from three separate runs (3 replicates) were collected, usually on three consecutive days. This was done 4 times over the same 12 months, in autumn, winter, spring and summer. Full analysis of results is not yet complete.

38

Project title Condiment paprika: breeding, processing and commercialisation

RIRDC Project No.:

US-98A

Start Date 01/07/00 Finish Date 30/11/02 Researcher: Prof. Nicholas Derera Organisation: The University of Sydney

Plant Breeding Institute Private Bag 11 CAMDEN NSW 2570


Objectives Breed PBR cultivars suitable for mechanised commercial production due to their

synchronized ripening which allows a larger part of the yield (>80%) to be harvested once. In once, In addition to harvestability the cultivars will have high dry matter (18%) and pigment (150 ASTA) content. 1. Develop advanced lines incorporating the traits of fruit detachability to aid

mechanical harvesting and processing. 2. Lay the foundation for a hybrid seed production scheme utilizing insect pollination

techniques, the aim is for higher yield and quality potential. 3. Produce commercial crop(s) of paprika with the assistance of co-operating growers,

seed production scheme will be developed to obviate the current reliance on high cost of imported seed.

Current Progress

Due to the drastic reduction of finances the whole program had to be adjusted accordingly. Our collaborating Hungarian colleague, Dr. Norbert Somogyi produced 100 cross combinations and the F1 embryos from these will be forwarded to us in June this year. Further hybrids will arrive in September. Due to this help our hybrid seed production program is revitalised. Moreover further development in our attempt to vegetatively propagate male-sterile plants is showing promise for the production of hybrid seed within a reasonable price range. Our cooperating farmer Mr. Stephen Katerinka, Lakesland produced approx. 20 kg pure seed of our Co 801.2.b selection. The University of Sydney in cooperation with Solvent Australia successfully tested a new solvent based process for extraction of oleoresin from paprika. The product does not have any chemical residue and the extraction rate was 3% higher than the rate quoted by the oleoresin industry overseas. Prof. Derera gave a lecture at the Australian Agrifood Congress' Research Forum on 17th August 2000 entitled: Recent Developments in Condiment Paprika Research. He also published an article "Condiment Paprika - A Potential New Crop" in the Agricultural Science vol. 13 No. 4 pg. 24 -27.

39

EXTRACTIVE AND FIBRE CROPS

Project title THE OLIVE PRESS – Australian Olive Association Magazine RIRDC Project No.:

AOL-3A

Start Date: 04/08/98 Finish Date: 10/09/01 Researcher: John Egan (Project Manager) Ms Margaret Chidgey (Editor) Organisation: Australian Olive Association (AOA)

Mount Harris WARREN NSW 2824

Phone: (02) 6833 5402 (02) 9489 3663 Fax: (02) 6833 5414 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives The Olive Press to be the principle communications forum for the olive industry, thereby positively impacting on the sustainable development of the fledgling Australian olive industry.

Current Progress

RIRDC support for The Olive Press extends over three years and the publication of twelve issues – Summer 98 to Spring 2001. With only two issues to go, Winter and Spring 2001, the magazine has been an unqualified success. The Olive Press is an objective, independently and professionally edited and produced specialized industry magazine that has been an invaluable asset to the emerging olive industry. It has certainly achieved its goal of being the principle communications forum for the olive industry. The magazine disseminates industry information direct to stakeholders through its various features, including: research and technical papers and updates; industry related developments, issues and news; international issues and news; new products; book reviews; health issues, food and recipes. The Letters to the Editor section allows open debate on pertinent industry issues such as R & D levies; while the comprehensive advertising component allows one stop nationwide access to suppliers of industry specific technology, machinery and services. The Olive Press continues to evolve and consolidate its position, serving the AOA and the industry well. The nascent peak industry body, the AOA, could not have got this vital project off the ground in 1998 with out the support of RIRDC.

40

Project title Evaluating olive water requirements from seedling to pre-fruit bearing

RIRDC Project No.:

DEB-2A

Start Date: 01/09/00 Finish Date: 30/08/04 Researcher: Mr James De Barro Organisation: De Barro Agricultural Consulting

PO Box 424 KEITH SA 5267

Phone: (08) 8756 2777 Fax: (08) 8755 3111 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives Quantify the volumetric soil moisture requirements of olives from planting to pre-fruit bearing and the development of the effective root zone depth to eliminate excess irrigation. Create and publish a flexible soil moisture requirement protocol for young trees before fruit bearing in a format for growers to utilise in their young olives and act as a reference point for developing a specific irrigation strategy for their property. Such a protocol could be used to calibrate soil moisture recording devices that assist accurate scheduling of irrigation.

Current Progress

The first irrigation season has almost concluded with the onset of consistent rainfall. Tree growth has been periodically measured and all irrigation timing and quantities and rainfall events have been recorded. Soil moisture recording has allowed determination of the root growth and depth of water extraction. Irrigation has been applied in relation to the recorded data. Irrigation output has been significantly reduced compared to the previous irrigation season and the trees appear visually healthy. The equipment used to continually monitor soil moisture, applied irrigation and the prevailing weather has operated effectively. The collected data will be assessed and interpreted to determine tree growth and water use over the irrigation season. Additionally, water use and tree growth over winter will be recorded to permit determination of tree water requirements in the first 12 months since planting.

41

Project title Olive variety assessment for subtropical summer rainfall regions

RIRDC Project No.:

OAP-1A

Start Date: 16/07/99 Finish Date: 30/11/02 Researcher: Mr Greg O'Sullivan Organisation: Olives Australia Pty Ltd

16 McGarva Road GRANTHAM QLD 4347

Phone: (07) 5466 1333 Fax: (07) 5466 1592 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To deliver information to the Australian Olive Industry that will allow producers to make informed varietal selections for future planting's into Australia's subtropical summer rainfall regions; through the provision of comparative physiological information on the performance of sixty olive varieties in warm winter, summer rainfall conditions.

Current Progress

The varietal research grove was established at Buararba near Gatton in S.E. Queensland in May 1999. Comparative growth data of the second growing season has been collected and assessed. The total increase in tree height in the first two years after planting ranged from 80cm to 252cm between varieties with the mean height of the tallest and shortest variety being 333cm and 211cm respectively. The total increase in trunk diameter over the same period ranged from 25mm to 81mm between varieties. The ten varieties showing the highest rate of vegetative growth at this stage of the trial are Mediterranean, UC6A7, Tiny Kalamata, Koroneiki, Lecqure, Paragon, Helena, No.14, Pecholine and Fantago. This preliminary data although useful in providing an early indication of growth characteristics is not necessarily indicative of the fruit and oil yield potential of the varieties. Fruit set was sparse this season. It is expected that useful early yield data will be obtained next season when the trees are three years old. To encourage balanced growth and early production, the trees at this stage of the trial, are being maintained in their natural growth form with minimal pruning being undertaken.

42

Project title National Olive Variety Assessment Project (NOVA) RIRDC Project No.:

SAR-23A

Start Date: 15/07/99 Finish Date: 30/11/02 Researcher: Ms Susan Sweeney Organisation: South Australian Research and Development Institute

PIRSA Rural Solutions Plant Research Centre GPO Box 397 ADELAIDE SA 5001

Phone: (08) 8303 9673 Fax: (08) 8303 9424 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To deliver informed and skilled olive orchard management through provision of: 1. A nationally coordinated technical and educational support network 2. Comparative physiological information on the performance of all known olive

varieties and promising new feral varieties in Australia. 3. Survival, growth and management information from a range of olive varieties across

a range of climatic/edaphic conditions in Australia.

Current Progress

National Collection – Roseworthy Campus Most of the 100 olive varieties planted in 1998/99 are growing well and some have produced fruit for analysis this season. Early results show that some of the varieties with high oleic acid content (a positive characteristic) in their fruit include Coratina, Koroneiki, Picual and Kalamata. Those showing high oil content include Picual, Coratina, Frantoio, Arbequina and Koroneiki. SA Verdale has a high linlolenic acid content (a negative characteristic). Some broad findings from the DNA analyses are: • The DNA of one fifth of the 100 planted varieties matched the DNA from the

Italian Frantoio variety. This included Correggiola, WA Mission, Mediterranean and Paragon as well as a number of varieties from the old Government collections, some with French names.

• The commercially available Californian Mission did not match with DNA from the University of California collection but there was a positive match with an obscurely named variety from an old Government collection.

Commercial Scale Evaluation All cooperators who submitted olive fruit samples in 2000 have received detailed laboratory analyses of the oil quality from their fruit. Last years results will be combined with this years results to give a fuller picture of variety performance across Australia.

43

Project title Monitoring the relationship between olive water use and yield RIRDC Project No.:

UA-47A

Start Date: 01/07/98 Finish Date: 31/12/01 Researchers: Dr Ian Nuberg Dr Isa Yunusa Organisation: The University of Adelaide Dept Natural Resources & Environment

Roseworthy Campus Chiltern Valley Rd, RMB 1145 ROSEWORTHY SA 5371 RUTHERGLEN VIC 3685

Phone: (08) 8303 7729 (02) 6030 4506 Fax: (08) 8303 7979 (08) 8303 4600 Email:

[email protected] [email protected]

Objectives To understand the water use requirements of olives in the southern Australian environment we shall establish for a representative range of olive groves:

1) their anual water requirements 2) how these water requirements change over the season so that financially

efficient irrigation schedules can be developed 3) and to indicate under which cirumstances drainage may be a problem

Current Progress

Three of the sites monitored in this project are at two irrigated groves at Waikerie in Riverland (Kalamata variety) and Balaklava in the Mid-North of SA (also Kalamata) and a rainfed grove at Greenock in the Barossa Valley (unknown oil variety) Some of the result currently analysed are: Water use efficiency – measured in terms of olive yield per total available water (kg fruit/ ha /mm) – ranged from 1.03 at Waikerie to 4.10 at Balaklava and 6.63 at Greenock. The fruit yields at these sites were 612, 2610 and 2680 kg/ha respectively. While it is interesting that the rainfed grove at Greenock produced highest fruit yield and water use efficiency it should be noted that the Waikerie and Balaklava groves of Kalamata olives were in their ‘off’ year and their production was dominated by vegetative growth. While potential evaporation (EO) was similar across the three sites (1524, 1431 and 1540 mm respectively), evapotranspiration (ET) and crop factors (ET/EO) varied greatly. The Waikerie site showed a high degree of variability in the crop factor (eg 0.1 in November to 0.5 in December) as a consequence of the low water holding capacity of the sandy soil combined with uneven distribution of irrigation. In contrast, the Balaklava grove maintained a reasonably consistent relationship between ET and EO with crop factors varying between 0.4 and 0.5. This is a function of the higher water holding capacity of the gradational soil which enables to continue transpiring in the absence of frequent irrigation or rainfall. The Greenock grove showed a typical seasonal distribution of ET values that correspond with low rainfall and high EO from December to February. The ratio of T/ET indicates that the transpiration (T) component of ET ranged between 26% and 59% between trees and measuring periods with an average of 39.5% (st.dev 7.5). This ratio is consistent with the proportion of land area occupied by tree canopies which when estimated using light interception methods, was found to be 40% (stocking density 220 trees/ha) While the data set for the 1999/2000 season is strong the data set for the 2000/2001 season was compromised by consistent failure of the loggers monitoring water applied through irrigation. This will be overcome by using proxy data derived from estimates of grower’s application regimes.

44

Project title Wild olive selection for quality oil production RIRDC Project No.:

UA-54A

Start Date: 01/07/00 Finish Date: 30/11/03 Researcher: Prof. Margaret Sedgley Organisation: The University of Adelaide

Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology Waite Agricultural Institute GLEN OSMOND SA 5064

Phone: (08) 8303 7249 Fax: (08) 8303 7116 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives The aim of this project is selection of new improved olive cultivars from wild southern Australian material, based on oil analysis, DNA fingerprinting, propagation and field trials. This will improve yield and quality of olive oil for domestic and export markets, and provide quality assurance to the industry.

Current Progress

Feral sampling: Sensory evaluation of several of the feral oils pressed in 2000 was conducted and revealed some interesting flavour components. Propagation methods have been tested and improved to increase the strike rate of cuttings. Collections in 2001 have been focussed on revisiting and testing feral olives identified in previous years. Thirty-three superior trees, and eight comparators, have been revisited from 8 populations, and rooted cuttings have been obtained from all of the trees. Oil was extracted from the fruit of 17 individuals, 17 other trees are still bearing green fruit and 7 trees did not bear enough fruit to pick this year. Four more populations are to be visited, containing a total of 41 individuals to be located, sampled and propagated through cuttings. Database: DNA fingerprinting of the Roseworthy NOVA collection containing 600 trees and appropriate standards from international and Australian collections has been completed. A manuscript describing this work is in preparation. Our database now contains over 200 DNA fingerprints and is continually expanding with the addition of accessions from Australia and overseas.

45

Project title Commercial viability of senna tora gum production in Australia

RIRDC Project No.:

UCQ-15A

Start Date: 01/08/00 Finish Date: 30/07/01 Researcher: A/Prof. Kerry Walsh Organisation: Central Queensland University

Plant Science Group Research Laboratory ROCKHAMPTON QLD 4702

Phone: (07) 4930 9707 Fax: (07) 4930 6536 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives • To assess the potential for food gum production from Senna tora, a weed tropics of north Queensland, in terms of yield and economic return

• To source and multiply genetically 'fingerprinted' Senna tora seed of known gum quality for use in agronomic trials

• To utilise data of yield and agronomic inputs from a small scale field planting within an economic analysis

• To recommend on the feasibility of gum production from Senna tora in Australia

Current Progress

Senna tora and S. obtusifolia are weeds of the wet tropics of Australia, but have potential value for the production of seed gums for use in the food industry. Gum yield from seed and seed yield per hectacre was assessed in glasshouse (max. 1.6 t/ha, S. tora) and field stands (0.3 t/ha, S. obtusifolia). Gum yields of 20 to 31% of seed weight were obtained. A sensitivity analyses on a gross margin model indicated a gross margin of essentially zero on a yield of 1.6 t/ha, on a farm gate price of $250/tonne seed. However, gross margin exceeded that typically achieved for wheat ($250/ha) when yield exceeded 2.5 t/ha, or if a price of $350/t was realised on a yield of 1.6 t/ha. Yields of >2.5 t/ha are reported overseas (India, Korea) and should be attainable in Australia, given attention to agronomy and varietal selection. However, commercial production would require legislation, as the plant is currently a declared weed in Queensland (with this work undertaken with authorisation of the Qld. Dept. of Natural Resources).

46

Project title Diagnosing diseases affecting mature jojoba plantations and developing strategies to reduce their effect on commercial production of jojoba seeds

RIRDC Project No.:

UCS-27A

Start Date: 01/07/00 Finish Date: 01/08/03 Researcher: Dr Gavin Ash Organisation: Charles Sturt University

School of Agriculture PO Box 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678

Phone: (02) 6933 2543 Fax: (02) 6933 2812 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives • The naming and classification of currently observed diseases afflicting jojoba plantations.

• The development of a testing procedure to objectively measure the impact of disease in a plantation.

• The development of management practices to minimise the effect of these diseases in commercial plantations.

• Providing base information to allow the breeding and development of resistant jojoba varieties.

Current Progress

An initial disease survey of eastern Australian plantations of jojoba using standardised random sampling techniques to assess the identity and extent of diseases has been undertaken. The variety of disease symptoms observed has been recorded along with their incidence and severity. Isolations have been made from all suspect plants. Fifty-two fungal isolates have been selected for further screening. Representative cultures have been lodged with the mycological herbarium at NSW Agriculture, Orange. Twenty-three bacterial isolates from jojoba leaves have also been identified by NSW Agriculture and lodged with the bacterial herbarium at Orange. Pathogenic testing/screening and bio-assays are being currently undertaken using potted jojoba plants (of all three female varieties) in the glasshouse.

47

Project title Evaluating new guayule varieties for low-allergenic rubber production

RIRDC Project No.:

UQ-94A

Start Date: 27/03/01 Finish Date: 31/03/04 Researchers: Dr Doug George, Dr Madan Gupta Organisation: The University of Queensland

Crop Production Technology Group School of Land and Food GATTON QLD 4345

Phone: (07) 5460 1308, (07) 5460 1358 Fax: (07) 5460 1367 Email:

[email protected], [email protected]

Objectives • To evaluate new improved guayule germplasm (7 proven and 50 promising lines) and the range of polyploidy series (diploid, triploid and tetraploid germplasm) from USA in Queensland outback.

• To establish a direct seeding method including seed pellet formation. • To establish a seed multiplication program. • To carry out economic analysis based on field data and to make recommendation on

guayule industry in Australia.

Current Progress

A student, Mr. Dissanayake Premawansa, has commenced postgraduate studies in this project since 27 March 2001. He has initiated a guayule literature survey and proposed preliminary trial plans for research in this project. Germination and establishment methodology is being investigated and seed of 7 proven lines will be planted in the glasshouse for transplanting in the field in the spring. Contact has been made with Mr Peter Milthorpe, NSW Department of Agriculture, and also with Dr Terry Coffelt, USDA, to obtain seed of promising guayule lines. Seed from NSW will be used in a seed pelleting study while the lines from the USDA will be evaluated in field trials in Queensland. The lines from the USDA will be available in July following their harvest.

48

Project title New high quality oil seed crops for temperate and tropical Australia

RIRDC Project No.:

UWA-47A

Start Date: 01/07/98 Finish Date: 30/06/03 Researcher: Dr Clive Francis Organisation: University of Western Australia

CLIMA NEDLANDS WA 6907

Phone: (08) 9380 1878 Fax: (08) 9380 1140 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To introduce new edible and industrial oil seed options to Australia within the four years of the project

Current Progress

The initially the project has focused on the accumulation of germplasm and assessment of oil content and quality. More than 350 lines of Niger (Guizotia abyssinica), Camelina (Camelina sativa), Crambe (Crambe abyssinica), Flax (Linum usitatissimum), Matthiola (Matthiola incarna). Members of the Boraginaceae (Borago, Echium, Anchusa) are currently being assessed along with naturalised members of the evening primrose family (Oenothera spp). Oil analysis confirmed the potential for edible oil in Niger (39% oil). Two lines are being seed increased. Camelina contained around 35% oil with high Omega 3 content. The high erucic acid content in Crambe (ca 55%) confirms its industrial potential. For the health oil market, several members of the Boraginaceae have proven higher in gamma linolenic acid (ca 22% GLA), than the traditional source marketed as Evening Primrose oil (ca 9 % GLA). The common garden stock (Matthiola incana) was unique in its high content (65 %) of Omega 3 fatty acids. Several naturalised lines have demonstrated ability to produce as an annual crop. Flax seed, like Camelina, is also an excellent source of Omega 3 linolenic. In field trials at 3 locations, Flax, Camelina and Crambe produced seed yields comparable to Canola (cv Karoo). Ethiopian mustard, (Brassica carinata), and Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea), showed outstanding yield potential.

49

Project title Establish protocols and guidelines for table olive processing in Australia

RIRDC Project No.:

UWA-59A

Start Date: 01/07/00 Finish Date: 30/11/02 Researchers: Prof. Stanley Kailis Dr David Harris Organisation: University of Western Australia The Chemistry Centre (WA)

Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture NEDLANDS WA 6907

Phone: (08) 9380 1644 Fax: (08) 9380 1108 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives The Major deliverable outcome of the project is the production of the Australian Table Olive Manual and its dissemination to the Australian Table Olive Industry. This manual will be the prime guideline for maintaining quality and safety in the Australian table olive industry. As second deliverable will be a scientific review of the National and International literature on quality, safety and HACCP management of table olive production. A third deliverable is a published survey of the size, scope and production methods of the Australian table olive industry.

Current Progress

To date issues identified are: which table olive varieties to plant; which table olive varieties to process with a specific style; which processing styles would be most suitable for the Australian industry taking into account, consumer preference, skills required and environmental issues; quality and safety (1,2). Information on the Australian table olive scene has also been collected from 100+ table olive growers at half-day workshops held in Canberra, Maitland, Brisbane, Bendigo and Adelaide and visits to processors in SA. A survey of Australian nurseries revealed that table olive varieties Ascolano, Azapa, Barnea, Barouni, Californian Mission, Cucco, Hardy’s Mammoth, Hojiblanca, Kalamata, Jumbo Kalamata, Leccino, Manzanilla, Nabtamri, Oliva di Cerignola, Picholine, Gordal Sevillana, UC13A6, Verdale and Volos are available for planting. Notable absences are varieties from, Turkey, Algeria, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria and Portugal, and some growing Southern Greece and Italy. There is concurrence between the varieties planted and nursery recommendations except for Frantoio and WA Mission. A check list for growers and processors to ensure fruit quality has been developed - suppliers name, variety, harvest method and date, receival date, maturation state, growing region, growing technologies, chemical use diary. Fruit from 10 table olive varieties growing in WA are undergoing physical investigations to provide quality parameters for fresh olives - size, shape, skin characteristics, flesh /stone ratio, flesh qualities –fibre, sugar, moisture, oil that will influence processing and organoleptic characteristics; and stone qualities– free stone and texture. Based on factors including, marketability, quality, safety, skills required and environmental impact a number of processing styles for the Australian Table Olive Industry are suggested: Green Olives - Untreated Green Olives in brine, Spanish Green Style Olives: Black Olives - Naturally black ripe olives in brine, Kalamata style olives, Californian Style Black Olives, Dried olives eg Untreated naturally black olives in salt, heat dried olives; and Specialty Products eg marinated olives, stuffed olives, olive pastes. Workshop participants suggested adding Ligurian Style Olives to the protocols. Participants were not of S processing methods with lye but showed strong support for methods with brines or heat. Use of these latter methods are satisfactory for small (up to 100 Tonnes/year) and medium scale (100 to 500Tonnes/year) production, however in large scale (Greater than 500 Tonnes/year) processors use lye treatments for economic purposes and for specific styles. Brine processing methods generally require less energy and water, and create less effluent. Olives from ten varieties growing in WA are currently being processed in brine. and

50

several with lye. The processed olives will be evaluated against recognised physical, chemical and organoleptic standards. Information on processing facilities (conforming to local government and environmental requirements), and best practice requirements are being collated into the Australian Table Olive Production Manual (materials used, water quality, processing sequence, process monitoring and hazard control; quality of final products – chemical, physical, microbiological and nutritional, labelling, packaging and storage). All processed olives examined during the project which includes Australian table olive products from the 2001 season; commercial table olives purchased from retail, wholesale, bulk suppliers and local supermarkets; imported table olives, local bulk suppliers and delicatessens are undergoing physical, microbiological and chemical analyses - moisture, protein, oil, fatty acid profile, macro and trace elements, heavy metals, pesticide and herbicide residues, free sugars, dietary fibre and pit to flesh ratios. The results of these analyses will assist the project workers in assessing the maximum and minimum limits of these chemicals in table olives produced in Australia. 1. Kailis SG and Harris D. Table olives in Australia. An overview and varietal considerations. Australian Olive Grower, 2001, No 21: 4-7. 2. Kailis SG and Harris D. Naturally black olives in brine. The Olive Press, 2001:Winter Edition: 18-22.

51

FRUIT, VEGETABLES AND NUTS

Project title Improved post-harvest handling of lychee RIRDC Project No.:

CSP-7A

Start Date: 01/01/99 Finish Date: 30/10/01 Researcher: Dr Cameron McConchie Organisation: CSIRO Plant Industry

306 Carmody Road ST.LUCIA QLD 4067

Phone: (07) 3214 2248 Fax: (07) 3214 2272 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives The objective of the research project is to clarify the impact of the major processes involved in post harvest handling of lychee on shelf-life and commercial acceptance. It will examine the critical areas of temperature and disease control. It will also develop new practical and cost effective means of packaging and methods to control rots. It will produce recommendations for best practice based on the research outcomes.

Current Progress

The most prevalent post-harvest problem for lychee is desiccation browning. This can be minimised by packing fruit in its most hydrated state. Fruit attached to well-watered trees can gain and lose water to ≈ 4% of their fresh weight over the course of a day. Fruit will be more hydrated if harvested early morning or late afternoon instead of in the middle of the day. A second approach is to re-hydrate fruit after harvest. This can be done by immersion in water shortly after harvest. The most successful solution to slow browning is to wrap the fruit in sealed punnets or bags. Such packaging slows water loss, and the red skin colour is maintained much longer than it is for exposed fruit. The limitation to shelf life then becomes rot development, promoted in the humid environment of sealed packages. A variety of means of slowing rot development has been assessed. Control of storage and shelving temperatures is very effective, such that, fruit stored at 5°C lasts four times longer than fruit stored at 22°C. Some commercial fungicides are effective but aren’t registered. Hot water pasteurisation of the surface of fruit, either through hot water dips or hot water sprays, can increase the shelf-life of wrapped fruit by 20%. Post-harvest dips of soft fungicides (acetic acid, potassium silicate or Trichoderma) afford some protection but aren’t as effective as hot water treatment. The use of soft fungicides as pre-harvest sprays for the post-harvest control of rots has been assessed, but the results have yet to be analysed. An extension of the current project has been proposed for a commercial assessment of the most promising handling options.

52

Project title Developing a postharvest handling and storage strategy for longan

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-249A

Start Date: 01/07/98 Finish Date: 30/06/02 Researcher: Mr James Drinnan Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

PO Box 1054 MAREEBA QLD 4880

Phone: (07) 4048 4600 Fax: (07) 4092 3593 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To develop a postharvest handling strategy suitable for both export and domestic marketing. In achieving this goal a documented series of postaharvest recommendations for longan, covering optimum storage temperatures, humidity, SO2 funigation and handling of the fruit will be developed.

Current Progress

Fruit of the varieties Biew Kiew and Kohala were stored for up to 9 weeks at 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5oC in various types of packaging. This has allowed optimum storage temperatures and relative humidity conditions to be determined. The best packaging from last season was compared with several new packaging ideas. Results indicate that internal fruit quality is preserved for the longest time at the lowest temperature 5.0oC (up to 9 weeks) this compares with 2-6 days at 25oC. However, Kohala suffers chilling injury at 7.5oC and Biew Kiew at 10.0oC, therefore storage temperatures just above these are recommended. High relative humidities (90-95%), eg. poly bag, plastic punnet, vitafilm, preserve skin colour and prevent dehydration of the flesh, however, can make the fruit susceptible to skin disease. Condensation can also be a problem in this type of packaging. Low humidities (40-60%), eg. crispy bag, paper bag, open netting, lead to browning of the skin as well as dehydration of the flesh, however, storage life is extended greatly because the incidence of disease is greatly reduced. The optimum humidity for storage is therefore between 60 and 90%. Packaging materials such as MIP (Modified Interactive Packaging), punnets, bags and vegi bags which allow a very gradual dehydration have given the best results (4-5 week shelf life). The shelf life of Kohala is shorter than Biew Kiew. The alternative treatments to SO2 fumigation have proven unsuccessful (sani-chlor, castle wash) except for HCl. Various concentrations, pH's, and duration of treatment have been investigated. A concentration of 1-1.5% (pH = 0.3-0.4) and a dipping time of 15-30 minutes is recommended. The HCl enhances skin colour and masks some skin blemishes. The enhanced skin colour is then retained even under dehydration and at temperatures which would normally induce chilling injury. This allows fruit to be stored at relatively low humidities and low temperatures maximising shelf life (up to 7-8 weeks).

53

Project title Enhancing fruit yield and quality of rambutan and longan by optimising irrigation and nutrition management systems – QLD

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-251A

Start Date: 01/07/98 Finish Date: 30/09/01 Researcher: Yan Diczbalis Organisation: Department of Primary Industries, Queensland

CWTA PO Box 20 SOUTH JOHNSTONE QLD 4859

Phone: (07) 4064 1128 Fax: (07) 4064 2249 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To improve the understanding of nutrient and irrigation management in rambutan and longan and their effect on productivity.

Current Progress

Leaf and soil sampling continues in both longan and rambutan orchards. The last sampling (post-harvest) was conduced from January through to April depending on crop and growing location. Fruit samples were taken from a range of locations to assist in the development of a nutrient budget. If industry cooperators agree, an additional and last leaf and soil sampling will occur prior to flowering (June 2001). Final analysis of data and report writing will commence at that stage. Down loading of weather stations and recording phenology observations continue to occur on a fortnightly to monthly basis in the wet tropic and Tableland areas. Weather data is also being collected from a longan growing site near Rockhampton. Growers have generally reported good cropping with some evidence of biennial bearing in trees which yielded heavily in the 99/00 season. Pruning activities have also influenced yield out comes in the 00/01 cropping season. All grower cooperators have been requested to forward yield data and nutrient inputs for the last season. Follow up requests will be made over the next month to finalise the return of data required for the project. The influence of soil and leaf nutrient status on cropping is still to be determined.

54

Project title Cashew nutrition management studies II RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-257A

Start Date: 01/06/99 Finish Date: 31/05/01 Researcher: Mr Patrick O’Farrell Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

PO Box 1054 MAREEBA Q 4880

Phone: (07) 4048 4600 Fax: (07) 4092 3593 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives The objective of the project is to improve the efficiency of nitrogen (N) use in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) by developing in 2001: a plantation management model based on tree phenological development which integrates N nutrition practices; recommendations for the timing and rate of N applications; and an N calibration system based on leaf N assessment.

Current Progress

Statistical analyses of the 1999 growth and nut yield data are completed. In 1999 the weak (P=0.059) interaction between N rate and N timing for commercial nut-in-shell weight (NIS) was dominated by the N timing effect (P<0.01) in which the vegetative N timing treatments (100% Veg. and Veg./Rep.) produced greater NIS weight compared with the 100% Rep. timing treatment. This N timing response was also observed in 1996 and 1997. All treatments had the same proportion of NIS harvested by the end of November and nut drop was completed for all treatments by that time. This response contrasts with 1995, 1996 and 1998 when the 100% Veg. timing treatment had greater proportions of NIS harvested by that time compared with the 100% Rep. timing treatment. The fifth and last year of assessments has been completed. In three of these years commercial nut weight and the proportion of nut drop by the end of November were improved by applying N during the vegetative growth season of the tree (December to April). Nitrogen applications at this growth stage are therefore recommended to promote nut yield and nut drop by the end of November (before the commencement of the monsoon season).

55

Project title Rambutan IPM development phase1: insect monitoring/insecticide screening

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-274A

Start Date: 01/09/00 Finish Date: 30/09/03 Researcher: Mr David Astridge Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

Queensland Horticulture Institute Centre for Wet Tropics Agriculture, Entomology PO Box 20 STH JOHNSTONE QLD 4859

Phone: (07) 4064 1160 Fax: (07) 4064 2249 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To reduce the frequency with which costly and environmentally threatening insecticides are used in the production of ramutan and other exotic fruit by educating growers to identify and monitor major pest and beneficial insects, and only apply pesticides as required. Environmentally safe insecticides suitable for sustainable for sustainable pest management will also be screened to replace endosulfan and some organophosphates by 2003.

Current Progress

Background: The rambutan industry is developing and confined to the growing areas of north Queensland and Northern Territory. Until recently, very little has been known even about the insect fauna and their potential to cause fruit damage. Recent surveys have identified insect pests of economic importance, which are capable of damaging fruit leading to market rejection, yield decline and the loss of income to growers. Many growers use calendar based spraying of toxic chemicals (organophosphates, organochlorines) to reduce damage caused by insects. This project is expected to achieve economic, social and environmental benefits for the producer and consumer, by developing basic pest monitoring systems and identifying insecticides that a better suited to the goals of integrated pest management. This will help reduce the amount of chemical resides in the fruit and insecticides applied per year. This project has been given high priority by this industry because of recent reviews and restrictions placed on the use of endosulfan by the National Registration Authority. Research: Insect cultures have been collected (Fruit spotting bug, red banded thrips, Brevipalpus mite and black swarming leaf beatles) and are being maintained in the lab in preparation for insecticide bioassays. One bioassay has been completed for black swarming leaf beatles (Rhyparida discopuntulata). Five potential insecticides were selected because of their good environmental profile (Success®, Actara®, Bugmaster®, Mavrik® and Beauvaria bassiana) and their potential to control swarming leaf beetles. Each treatment was statistically compared (ANOVA – Genstat 5.1) to each other, a control (water and wetting agent - Agral®) and a standard (endosulfan) after 7 days. The products manufacturer suggested preliminary rates. Outcomes: Actara® and Bugmaster® were the best performers giving up to 100% control after 4 days. Success® and Mavrik also performed better than the endosulfan standard but did not achieve 100% control after 7 days so were only considered partially effective during this trial. There may be some scope for increasing the concentration rates to increase the efficacy of these products. These results will be used to select potential insecticides for field testing and potential product registration. Implications: Initial results have been positive and should provide effective alternatives to the use of endosulfan for the control of black swarming leaf beatles in rambutan.

56

Project title Walnut industry research and best practice implementation RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-164A

Start Date: 23/07/99 Finish Date: 01/06/02 Researcher: Mr Harold Adem Organisation: Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

Institute for Sustainable Agriculture TATURA VIC 3616

Phone: (03) 5833 5231 Fax: (03) 5833 5299 Email:

--

Objectives To assist the Australian walnut industry capitalise on the present period of rapid expansion in the walnut industry to allow growers to compete successfully with imports and create a new export industry valued in excess of $10m.

Current Progress No report received.

57

Project title Integrated management of Phytophthora diseases of durian RIRDC Project No.:

DNT-24A

Start Date: 01/07/98 Finish Date: 01/06/02 Researcher: Mr Chris Wicks Organisation: NT Dept of Primary Industry and Fisheries – Horticulture Division

Berrimah Agricultural Research Centre GPO Box 990 DARWIN NT 0801

Phone: (08) 8999 2309 Fax: (08) 8999 2049 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To improve durian orchard establishment and sustainability, and the consistency of quality fruit supplies to expanding markets by developing components of an integrated management program for pre-production and post harvest diseases caused by Phytophthora. This involves a thorough understanding of the pathogen-host-environment interactions to mitigate disease incidence and spread.

Current Progress

The project has gone through the establishment phase and is now generating useful data. The various pot and field trials are now showing strong responses to the various treatments. There have been no deaths due to Phytophthora to date though one of the green mulch treatments has contributed to some deaths in the field through competition. This is a clear problem with young durian. While a number of different Durio species have either been collected as seed or as marcotts for future pathogen resistance testing, there are still problems with developing the number of plants required for the final testing. A large amount of testing of leaf material has occurred which can be extrapolated to whole-plant responses The original collection of Phytophthora isolates from the NT has been enhanced by isolates from Nth QLD and further collections from the NT. These isolates are also being used in inoculations and resistance testing. In conjunction with work in Nth QLD and overseas, a definitive Integrated Disease Management plan is being developed. This should be published in late 2002.

58

Project title Nutrition and irrigation management of rambutan for maximisation of yield and quality – Northern Territory

RIRDC Project No.:

DNT-26A

Start Date: 01/07/98 Finish Date: 30/09/01 Researcher: Mr Chris Wicks Organisation: NT Dept of Primary Industry and Fisheries – Horticulture Division

Berrimah Agricultural Research Centre GPO Box 990 DARWIN NT 0801

Phone: (08) 8999 2309 Fax: (08) 8 99 2049 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To improve the understanding of nutrient and irrigation management in rambutan, with particular emphasis on management through the fruit filling stage.

Current Progress To date there have been 12 rounds of soil and leaf sampling with the first occurring in June 1998 while the ninth round was completed in February 2001. Data from these samplings show that soil and leaf nutrient levels do not always correspond. This has led to some initial discussion and analysis regarding altering some of the required levels of nutrients. In some cases, a higher soil level is required while in others a lower level in the leaf is required. It is envisaged that these standards will be revised at the end of this project. An important trend that is already showing, is that growers who have high soil Magnesium levels may have low levels of leaf calcium and potassium despite having sufficient levels of both these elements in the soil. The high levels of magnesium are displacing the other cations in the soil and hence making it harder for the trees to take them up. However, with the recognition of this problem, growers are altering their fertiliser practices to bring the Calcium-Magnesium ratio towards a suitable range. The project is proving to be of great value to rambutan growers. The initial nutritional data is creating much grower thought and management changes. The irrigation monitoring is doing the same. A number of growers have now taken on the responsibility for assessing their own irrigation.

59

Project title Increasing the productivity of truffières in Tasmania RIRDC Project No.:

PTT-3A

Start Date: 01/07/00 Finish Date: 30/07/04 Researcher: Dr Daryl Brown Organisation: Perigord Truffles of Tasmania

Rockdale Tasman Rd GROVE TAS 7109

Phone: (03) 6224 1207 Fax: (03) 6266 4012 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives To increase the production per hectare of Tuber melanosporum by the following means: • Optimising soil pH through liming; • Host selection and cloning; • Investigating the relationship between yield and other physical parameters of the

truffières; • Improving the tree growth rates through fertiliser management.

Current Progress

The production of 3 kg of French truffles on multiple truffières in the winter of 2000 has confirmed PTT’s success in achieving its goals. The company has confirmed its ability to transfer and apply the necessary technology and had its theories with respect to climate, geography and geology tested and confirmed. PTT has seen the creation of a unique production agreement with its joint venture growers that has withstood the test of time and has successfully harvested and marketed a premium quality product to an excited and receptive market at a price more than double its budget. The research program is continuing well with the fertiliser and lime trials being established. A geographical information system is being used to accurately map and record information on truffle production, parameters related to truffle production, and treatments for all truffieres in Tasmania PTT is now expanding its operation into the colder areas of Victoria and southern NSW. PTT believe the expansion into these areas will secure PTT position as the principal supplier of French truffles in the southern hemisphere. PTT was fortunate enough to win the RIRDC Business Plan competition in 2000. More recently PTT was awarded a prestigious Jaguar Award for Excellence in Primary production. During the past year a number of leading Australian chefs have visited Tasmania to inspect the truffieres and express interest in purchasing Tasmanian produced French truffles when commercial quantities are available.

60

Project title A field evaluation of the productivity of hazelnut varieties RIRDC Project No.:

US-74A

Start Date: 01/07/98 Finish Date: 01/06/03 Researcher: Mr Basil Baldwin Organisation: The University of Sydney

PO Box 883 ORANGE NSW 2800

Phone: (02) 6360 5562 Fax: (02) 6360 5590 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives • To determine the most productive hazelnut varieties that could be used for the establishment of a haszelnut industry in south-eastern Australia and that would meet the nation's requirements for hazelnut kernels.

• To assess the affects of environmental conditions on hazelnut production and varietal performance.

Current Progress

Five field trials have been established to evaluate a total of 24 varieties. Most of these varieties originate from Europe or the USA, but some Australian seedling types have been included. Two of the trials are sited in NSW, at Orange and Moss Vale, two in Victoria, at Myrtleford and Toolangi, with one site at Kettering in southern Tasmania. The sites have been selected to test the varieties under different climatic conditions. Planting commenced at Orange and Toolangi in 1995, at Moss Vale and Myrtleford in 1996 and Kettering in 1999. Automatic weather stations have been installed at each of the sites to record climatic data. Periods of pollen shed and female bloom have varied between sites and years due to different temperature regimes. The duration of flowering has varied more than the date of commencement of flowering. Low autumn and winter temperatures appear to shorten the duration of flowering. There have been differences in the growth and production of varieties across the sites. High levels of manganese appear to be having an adverse effect on growth. To-date, the highest yielding varieties have been Oregon Barcelona, Tokolyi/Brownfield Cosford and Tonda di Giffoni. The quality of nuts and kernels is being assessed.

61

Project title Durian germplasm evaluation for tropical Australia phase 1 RIRDC Project No.:

ZTR-1A

Start Date: 01/07/96 Finish Date: 30/10/01 Researcher: Mr Guiseppe Zappala Organisation: Zappala Tropicals Pty Ltd

Cmb No. 2 Bellenden Kerr VIA CAIRNS QLD 4871

Phone: (07) 4067 5266 Fax: (07) 4067 5315 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives • The introduction of the best durian clones of Asia from guaranteed budwood sources.

• Propagation of these clones (single and multi-rootstocked) with the best nursery practices.

• Development of an Industry Strategic Plan • To compare growth rates and performances under different clonal tolerances to

pests, diseases and strong winds. • To identify clones best suited for Phase 2 (Yield and Fruit Quality Assessment) for

future Australian planting and export potential.

Current Progress

• Forty-five new Asian durian clones are successfully established in Australia. These clones were planted into two evaluation areas (differing soil types) totalling 300 trees. Replacement trees have continued to be planted in both areas.

• The final round of growth measurements will be completed in May 2001. This will act as a benchmark for any future Phase 2 (Fruit Evaluation) project.

• Our Industry’s Strategic plan for 1999 - 2004 is available as a RIRDC publication. Our major industry strength is that Australia is free of Mudaria spp. (Durian seed borers).

• Clonal nutrition sampling and pest observations have continued in 2000. • The coldest minimum temperature was 5.98°C recorded on 19 July 2000. D175

again proved to be the most tolerant of this temperature, with no leaf drop. This indicates that current production regions, limited by temperature, could be successfully expanded.

• Fornightly phenology monitoring, involving 50 trees, concluded in April 2000. Growth measurements, pest and disease tolerances and early fruiting characteristics will be matched to the project’s weather station data and used to identify the most suitable clones for Australian conditions. Preparations for the Final Project Report, due in October 2001, are underway.

62

GRAINS AND PULSES

Project title Domestic and export market expansion of quality buckwheat RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-183A

Start Date: 01/12/00 Finish Date: 30/07/03 Researcher: Mr Chris Bluett Organisation: Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

402-406 Mair Street BALLARAT VIC 3350

Phone: (03) 5333 6784 Fax: (03) 5333 6540 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives Continued development of the Australian buckwheat industry through consolidated research and extension conducted following a major market research project. The proposed outcomes and deliverables are; • Buckwheat production in Australia increased to 6000 tonnes per year by 2003 and

Australia's reputation as a supplier of quality buckwheat consolidated. This will be achieved by;

• Increased grower expertise and improved grain marketability through the establishment of the framework of a fully auditable Quality Assurance System

• Expanded and developed domestic and export markets for quality Australian buckwheat

• Yield and quality and market appeal of Australian buckwheat improved by undertaking further field research, including on organic production systems.

• Industry links and networks improved by the implementation of communications strategy (ie Web Site, Australian buckwheat industry directory)

• Identifying opportunities for supplying current buckwheat markets and develop further value-added niche market opportunities for buckwheat

Current Progress

Commercial production Harvesting of 2000/2001 buckwheat crops is complete. Yields and quality were below average, due to the hot, dry growing season. Approximately 1,500 tonnes of buckwheat were produced in Tasmania, NSW and Victoria. Despite the poor growing conditions, some crops in each States had excellent yields (over 2.5t/ha) and quality. Growers increasing ability to cope with difficult seasons gives marketing companies the confidence to increase production in coming years to meet the high demand from markets both in Australia and overseas. Research 28 cultivars were evaluated in field and glasshouse trials. Unfortunately, flooding destroyed the field trial at Armidale. In Southwest Victorian irrigated trials, several cultivars yielded over 2t/ha, whilst there was little difference in yield between a wide range of seeding rates. A successful trial in Central NSW investigated treatments to control downy mildew on buckwheat. At the University of New England, the growth hormone ‘Gibberelin’ was applied to buckwheat under glasshouse conditions to investigate its effect upon yield. Yields and grain quality of all trials will be analysed and reported during the winter. Extension Crop agronomy and industry issues were discussed at several well attended field days during the growing season.

63

MISCELLANEOUS

Project title Acacia saligna as a fodder source for ruminants RIRDC Project No.:

CUT-6A

Start Date: 28/07/99 Finish Date: 30/01/02 Researcher: Dr Gaye Krebs Organisation: Curtin University of Technology

Muresk Institute of Agriculture NORTHAM WA 6401

Phone: (08) 9690 1523 Fax: (08) 9690 1500 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives The desired outcome is to establish Acacia saligna as an environmentally sustainable addition to the grazing system. The primary objective is to investigate means by which the nutritional restrictions imposed by tannins and other anti-nutritional factors contained in A. saligna can be overcome.

Current Progress The three major feeding trials associated with this research project have been completed and are currently being written up as a Masters thesis by Mrs Delwyn Howard. The Masters thesis is expected to be submitted for examination by the end of July 2001. The current work underway is evaluating tannin levels in A. saligna at varying stages of maturity. This work is critical in determining grazing management strategies for this plant. Results from the feeding trials have shown that A. saligna can vary significantly in its feed value, being largely attributed to the tannin content and the protein precipitating capacity of these tannins. The current work is being undertaken by an Honours student, Ms Darrelle May. The gas fermentation technique is being used to determine dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of the saligna at various stages of maturity. The gas fermentation technique also allows indirect determination of the protein precipitating capacity of the tannins (by comparing samples incubated with and without the addition of polyethylene glycol, a detannification agent). Results from the current work will be presented for examination as an Honours dissertation in early November 2001.

64

Project title Leguminous browse species as forage plants for temperate environments

RIRDC Project No.:

UT-25A

Start Date: 23/07/99 Finish Date: 30/09/03 Researcher: Dr Peter Lane Organisation: University of Tasmania

Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research GPO Box 252-54 HOBART TAS 7001

Phone: (03) 6226 2621 Fax: (03) 6226 2642 Email:

[email protected]

Objectives The evaluation of a range of genotypes of three Dorycnium species for use as new forage plants for the low to medium rainfall areas of temperate Australia. Information will be produced on suitable strains of rhizobia, genotype-environment interactions, feed quality characteristics, seasonal growth rates, dry matter yield and response to grazing. The genotypes with commercial potential will form the basis of a future proposal to investigate plant/animal interactions on a larger scale, commercial seed production systems and the production of an agronomic package of growing and management recommendations.

Current Progress

Field evaluation of three species of Dorycnium has continued with results from a range of soil types and climatic regions in Western Australia and Tasmania indicating that these species, in particular D. hirsutum, have significant potential as forage plants for low rainfall situations. A new strain of Rhizobia was successfully incorporated into trials in Western Australia in 2000. Preliminary feed quality determinations have shown that at mid to late stages of maturity the quality of Dorycnium is comparable with other common forage legumes. A more detailed sampling program to assess feed quality parameters is planned for the 2001/2002 growing season. Studies have been conducted to examine the effect of temperature, time of harvest and seed pre-treatments on the germination response of seed under laboratory conditions. Variation in seed maturity and level of hardseededness have been identified as factors contributing to variability in seed morphology and low germination percentages in some seed lines. Results from subsequent work have revealed methods for harvesting small quantities of fully mature seed and scarification techniques for overcoming hardseededness.

new plant products

Documents