new p211 research and ethicsworkforce.calu.edu/sweeney/p211 research and ethics.pdf · 2008. 1....
TRANSCRIPT
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P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 1
Research and Ethics
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 2
What We Will Cover in This Section
• Why research.• Basic techniques.
– Naturalistic– Survey– Correlational– Experimental
• Issues and Ethics.
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 3
Goals of Research
• Describe.
• Explain.
• Predict.
• Control.
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P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 4
Goals of Research
DESCRIPTION
The accurate portrayal of a situation or phenomenon.
EXPLANATION
The statement of the cause of some situation or phenomenon.
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 5
Goals of Research
PREDICTION
The ability to anticipate the occurrence of some event.
CONTROL
Manipulation of some condition(s) to produce a change in behavior.
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 6
Terms
• THEORY– A general statement about the relationship
between variables.
• HYPOTHESIS– A specific statement about the
relationship between two or more variables.
• Observation– The formal collection of data to assess a
specific hypothesis.
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How the System WorksTHEORY
Behavior that is reinforced will be repeated.
MAJOR HYPOTHESISIf I give a reward after a behavior
that behavior will be strengthened.
MAJOR HYPOTHESISIf I punish a behavior that behavior
will be forgotten.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESISRewarding a dog for getting yourslippers will result in his gettingyour slippers more frequently.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESISSmiling at a professor when he letsyou out of class early will result in
more early dismissals.
OBSERVATION #1The class smiles
at a professor each timehe lets you out of class early.
OBSERVATION #2People don’t smile at the
professor when he lets youout of class early.
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 8
Organizing Our Knowledge
THEORY
Hypothesis
HypothesisHypothesis
ObservationObservationObservation
ObservationObservationObservation Observation
ObservationObservation
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How Science Works
THEORY HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
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Where Research Is Done
• Laboratory– Benefits
• Control• Clear measurement• No extraneous
variables.
– Problems• Generalizability.• Realism.
• Field– Benefits
• Realism• Generalizability.
– Problems.• Control.
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ObservationalResearch
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1. Naturalistic Observation
Study method in which the researcher looks at and records behavior in a natural setting with no attempt to influence behavior.
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Advantages and Comments
• Identify relevant variables and possible environmental influences on behavior.
• Record behavior in risky or dangerous situations.
• Explore the generalizability of laboratory findings.
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2. Participant Observation
Study method in which the
researcher participates in the
group while recording its
behavior.
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 15
Types
Active Participation
Researcher is actively engaged in the group’s activities.
Passive Participation
Researcher is known to the participants but does not become engaged in their activities.
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Advantages
• Best used with an isolated group.• Good for gaining a direct
understanding of group dynamics.• Record rare and fleeting events.• Gain an understanding of risky or
dangerous events.
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Issues and Problems
• Biases.– Selective attention.
• Record keeping.– Instrument decay.
• Reactivity.– Experimenter.
– Participant.
• Gaining access.• Ethics.
– Invasion of privacy.– Confidentiality.
• Typicality of the group.
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3. Archival Research
Gathering information from existing records.
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Advantages
• Permits unobtrusive data collection.– Minimizes reactivity.
• Collect data from people who might not otherwise be available.
• Permits retrospective research and data collection.
• Minimal ethical issues.• Minimal expense.
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 20
Issues
• Records keeper.– Reliability (instrument decay).– Biases.
• Access to documents.• What are you measuring?
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 21
Correlational Research
Focus on the degree to which
two variables are related.
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P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 22
Positive Correlation Example
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attractiveness
Lik
ing
r = +.73
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 23
Negative Correlation Example
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Average TV Watching Time
GP
A
r = - .42
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 24
Zero Correlation Example
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Shoe Size
GPA r = 0
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P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 25
Perfect Positive Correlation Example
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
X
Y (
Y =
.4 x
)
r = 1.00
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Correlational Conclusions
• Strength of the relationship.– From +1.00 to –1.00.– Zero means no relationship.– Stronger relationships are closer to
1.00 or –1.00
• Direction of the relationship.– Positive.– Negative.
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QUESTION
• Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?
A. +.45B. -.33C. +.58D. -.67
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WARNING!!!!
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Research Example
While conducting research in Helsinki, Finland a demographer found that the correlation between the number of stork nests on chimneys was positively correlated (r = .38) with birth rate.
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CONCLUSION
A. Storks bring babies.B. Male storks make babies in
unfaithful human females.C. Babies make storks.D. I haven't the slightest idea.
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P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 31
Experimental Technique
Research hypothesis.
People listening to aggressive music will feel more aggressive than people who listen to calming music.
Brunell, M. (1998) The effects of aggressive classical music on mood.
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Experimental Research
Summary of mean mood ratings by music type.
Music type Mean mood rating
Aggressive 78.67
Calm 54.50
Silence 63.00
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Experimental Elements
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
CONTROL GROUP
The group that gets the treatment you are interested in. (Music Type)
A group included in the experiment that does not get the experimental treatment.(Silence)
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P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 34
Experimental Elements
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
The variable that is measured in an experiment. (Mood evaluation)
The treatment that the experimenter manipulates or controls. (Type of music)
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 35
Group Problem
Assume that you have been asked to design an experiment that
demonstrates that women who have tattoos are seen as being
more attractive than women without tattoos.
Be sure to indicate all groups and variables.
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 36
Research:Issues and
Ethics
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Research Issues #1
• REACTIVITY Problem.People’s behavior changes when they know they are being watched.
• DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS.Knowledge of the research hypothesis may influence a person’s behavior.
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Research Issues #2
• DECEPTION.Occurs when the research design requires the researcher to give misleading information to the study participants.
• CONFEDERATES.Associates of the researcher whose identity is kept from the participants.
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Ethical Issues
• PROTECTION FROM HARM • INFORMED CONSENT
Telling participants of the nature of the study and the possibility of physical and mental discomfort, harm, and danger.
• DEBRIEFING & DEHOAXINGTelling participants about any deception and the true nature of the study.
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FIRSTQUIZNEXTTIME
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Quiz Primer
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Sample Multiple Choice Item.
1. This course is called
A. Elementary physics
B. Fun with sushi.
C. Social psychology.
D. Existential phenomenology.
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Typical TRUE FALSE items.
2. TRUE FALSE Your professor is WolleySegap.
1. TRUE FALSE California University of Pennsylvania is not located in the state of California.
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Typical Fill-in Item
____________ is the current President of the United States.
Your incredibly handsome instructor sports what kind of neckwear? ______________________
P211 Research and Ethics.ppt 45
Typical Definition
Define and give an example of the term CHEATING.
CHEATING occurs when a person copies another person’s work and turns it in as his/her own. An example would be copying someone’s quiz answers or turning in someone else’s paper and taking credit for it.
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Examples of Bad Definitions.
CHEATING is when you cheat and do bad things. Like taking your friend’s pencil.
CHEATING is illegal stuff people do in class and they get caught.
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