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New integrated impact assessment method

This graduation study contains two reports and a loose supplement. The main report is titled “Strategic Impact Assessment; a new impact assessment method using value engineering and system engineering elements.” The main report can be found from page 2 through to 64. An appendix to this report is the case study, titled “Strategic impact assessment golf resort St. Eustatius; Reviewing and improving the impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius.” This appendix is confidential and should be treated as such. It is included from page 65 to 166. The loose supplement is included as the last page of this document, on page 167.

Strategic Impact Assessment A new impact assessment method using value engineering and system engineering elements.

By: ing. R.S.Versluys

University of Twente

June 2006

Graduation committee: Chairman: Ir. K.Th. Veenvliet Supervisor: Dr.Ir. S.J. de Boer Staff member: Dr. Ir. M.J. Kolkman

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Preface Large construction projects can potentially change the lives of many people. Due to the nature of these projects they are usually irreversible and not suited to be constructed temporarily to determine their impact. This means decision makers and stakeholders alike want to have reliable information about the impact of a project before any irreversible decisions are made. An impact assessment is a document that aims to give a prediction of the impact that a project will have. There are several forms of impact assessments, for example the environmental impact assessment, the social impact assessment and the economic impact assessment. Currently each of these impact assessment fields generates their own report, which contains information about one impact aspect only. Questions are raised whether the current method of impact assessment delivers the information that is required to make well-informed decisions. As indicated the impact assessments are currently following an aspect-by-aspect approach, delivering detailed information on the specific fields, but neglecting cross links between the aspects. The resulting separate impact assessment reports may be contradicting or review different alternatives of the same project. This report develops a method for impact assessment based on the construction management methods of value- and system engineering. Using these methods the aim is to develop an integrated impact assessment method that reviews all impacts in a single document, allowing the review of links between the impact fields. This study is performed as part of achieving a master degree for Civil Engineering and Management at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. Using the developed integrated impact assessment method a case study was performed. The case study is available as a separate document, titled ‘Strategic impact assessment golf resort St. Eustatius’. It reviews the economic, social and environmental impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius. The case study was performed on the island of St. Eustatius on request of the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA). The impact assessment is partially based on an earlier feasibility study performed by Rob Blokvoort and Tom Tiggeloven, both students of the University of Twente. I wish to express my thanks to the STEBA for providing me with the opportunity to perform this impact assessment and especially for the hospitality and warm welcome by STEBA president Mr. Koos Sneek and Mrs. Nora Sneek-Gibbs. An impact assessment is not possible without information from the stakeholders. During the time on the island I have therefore discussed the impact with a large number of local businesses, (public) organisations and (government) agencies. I wish to thank these persons for the time they spend answering my questions and for the information they have provided. Furthermore I want to thank my graduation committee, Ir. K.Th. Veenvliet, Dr.Ir. S.J. de Boer and Dr. Ir. M.J. Kolkman for their support and (constructive) criticism, which together improved the quality of this report. I also want to thank Mr. M.R. Stienstra for his assistance in finding the case study project.

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Table of contents

Executive summary __________________________________________________________ 5 1 Research plan __________________________________________________________ 7

1.1 Background and objective ___________________________________________ 7 1.2 Problem formulation________________________________________________ 9 1.3 Research questions ________________________________________________ 11 1.4 Research approach ________________________________________________ 12

2 Methodology __________________________________________________________ 13 2.1 Theory __________________________________________________________ 13

2.1.1 Requirements and theory for the Integrated Impact Assessment ____________ 13 2.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment___________________________________ 15 2.1.3 Value engineering________________________________________________ 16

2.2 Framework ______________________________________________________ 23 2.2.1 Screening ______________________________________________________ 24 2.2.2 Scoping ________________________________________________________ 24 2.2.3 Requirements analysis ____________________________________________ 24 2.2.4 Function allocation _______________________________________________ 25 2.2.5 Synthesis_______________________________________________________ 25 2.2.6 Impact analysis __________________________________________________ 26 2.2.7 System analysis and control ________________________________________ 27 2.2.8 Mitigation ______________________________________________________ 28 2.2.9 Evaluate and report_______________________________________________ 29

3 Case study ____________________________________________________________ 30 3.1 Screening ________________________________________________________ 30 3.2 Scoping __________________________________________________________ 30

3.2.1 Stakeholders ____________________________________________________ 30 3.2.2 Stakeholder requirements __________________________________________ 31 3.2.3 Legislation _____________________________________________________ 32 3.2.4 Local situation __________________________________________________ 32 3.2.5 Conclusion _____________________________________________________ 33

3.3 Requirement analysis ______________________________________________ 34 3.3.1 Functions ______________________________________________________ 34 3.3.2 Attributes ______________________________________________________ 34 3.3.3 Constraints _____________________________________________________ 35

3.4 Function Allocation________________________________________________ 37 3.5 Synthesis_________________________________________________________ 38

3.5.1 Conclusion _____________________________________________________ 39 3.6 Impact analysis ___________________________________________________ 40

3.6.1 Impact analysis of the provisional design______________________________ 40 3.6.2 Conclusion _____________________________________________________ 42

3.7 Mitigation________________________________________________________ 43

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3.8 Evaluate _________________________________________________________ 44 3.8.1 Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 44

4 Conclusions and recommendations ________________________________________ 45 4.1 Conclusions ______________________________________________________ 45 4.2 Reflection ________________________________________________________ 46

4.2.1 Relevance of the thesis ____________________________________________ 46 4.2.2 Making of the thesis ______________________________________________ 46 4.2.3 Usefulness of the integrated approach ________________________________ 47

4.3 Recommendations _________________________________________________ 49 5 Literature_____________________________________________________________ 50 6 Appendix table of contents _______________________________________________ 52

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Executive summary Impact assessment is an important tool to inform decision makers and stakeholders in advance about the impact their decisions will have. Within the field of impact assessment an aspect-by-aspect approach is currently used. For each impact, economic, social and environmental, a different team will write their own report. Links between the impact fields can therefore not be taken into account. The different reports often review different alternatives and may be contradicting. Based on the incomplete, inconsistent and sometimes contradicting information, decision makers currently have to draw their own conclusion about the overall impact of the project.

From the impact assessment community there are calls for a new ‘integrated impact assessment’ method. This method should deliver a single document, which reviews all the impact fields. The method should offer traceability, assuring that decisions made during the impact assessment process are made explicit and traceable. It should make second order effects visible, which are effects caused by the impact of the main project. Finally it should provide the links between the impact fields, making trade-offs between the impacts on different impact fields possible. Based on the observed problems in the impact assessment community, this report asks the question: How can the methods of system engineering and value engineering be integrated with the environmental impact assessment and can the resulting integrated impact assessment method be used to find and solve or mitigate the environmental, social and economic impact of a planned golf resort on St. Eustatius? The question contains two phases. The first is a theory developing study, which develops the integrated impact assessment (IIA) method. The second phase is a case study, which applies the created method to find benefits and limitations. It was found that the current impact assessment procedure has a large resemblance with a design process. Based on stakeholder requirements different alternative designs are created, which are reviewed for their impact. Within the field of construction management the design process also plays a prominent role. The methods of system engineering and value engineering are used to combine the expertise of different experts and work with the stakeholders to reach a design solution. It is therefore expected that the construction management methods can offer a new framework for the integrated impact assessment process.

The contribution to this new method from system engineering is that it offers a full framework for a design project. It covers the process from the stakeholder requirements to a finished design. A key point of system engineering is traceability, making clear how and why decisions are made. Value engineering is used as a method that provides a better understanding of the problem and aims to achieve consensus amongst the stakeholders over a common view of the problem. By better understanding the problem, more effective solutions can be found.

Combining system engineering, value engineering and the environmental impact assessment method leads to the new integrated impact assessment method. To be able to combine these methods, the link between system engineering and value engineering is created by use of a method by Gause and Weinberg, which transforms the functions developed by value engineering to system solutions, which are the input in the system engineering process. The resulting new integrated impact assessment method is shown in a diagram on the next page (figure 0.1).

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Using the IIA method a case study was performed on the island of St. Eustatius. The case study reviews the economic, social and environmental impact of a planned golf resort. By reviewing the process of creating the case study and reviewing the result it is possible to, at least based on this case, find the benefits and limitations of the method.

ReportEvaluate - remaning

impact

Scoping-stakeholder requirements- verification

criteria

Function Allocation- Generate lower level

functions

Screening

Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints add

attributes/ constraints

to new functions

Synthesis- Functions to physical solutions

- Alternative project solution development

- Select most appropriate product / process solution

Missing functions?

Impact Analysis- review impact per

system- and between system components

Mitigation- establish measures that are necessary to

avoid or minimize adverse impact

Verification loop

System analysis and control- Tradeoff studies

- Data management- Configuration management

Most appropriate? /

Missing system solutions

Figure 0.1 – new Integrated Impact Assessment method.

The results of the case study indicate that the IIA method is indeed able to provide traceability, can show links between impact fields, make 2nd order effects visible and can present all impacts in a single report. The specific situation of the case study is that the project is located on a small island. This simplified the case study, as the golf resort affects the whole island and the available resources are relatively easy to determine. It was not possible to use a workshop approach on the island, whereby multiple team meetings would be planned. Instead, an interview approach was used, with a single workshop at the end of the study to review the results with the stakeholders. During this meeting it became clear that the interview approach missed some 2nd order effects.

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1 Research plan 1.1 Background and objective

Within the field of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) there are calls for a more integrated approach to impact assessment [MER-Commission, 2001]. Currently there is segmentation within the impact assessment field, whereby different teams of experts work on impact reports aimed at different impacts (social, economical, historical, environmental, etc). Decision makers will therefore receive several reports, whereby each report may come to different conclusions. The different reports do not show links between the impacts either. This means that decision makers now have to make decisions by reading between the lines to find links between impacts. They then have to draw conclusions from several separately performed studies which may very well contain conflicting information. An integrated approach should enable decision makers to make a decision based on a single document, that reviews the impact on all fields and also shows links between these impact fields.

The impact assessment process appears to be one where first, a preliminary design of the project is created after which this design is reviewed for its impact. Within the field of construction management, the methods System Engineering (SE) and Value Engineering (VE) are two methods that are used to determine the full set of functions of a project and systematically turn those functions into solutions. By using these two methods it should be possible to create a preliminary design that includes all impact fields and their links. The hypothesis is that reviewing this preliminary design for its social, environmental and economic impacts will give a good overview of the complete impact of a project.

Based on this background, the objective of this study is to develop an integrated impact assessment method by combining the above-mentioned methods. This integrated impact assessment method will then be used to execute an impact study on the island of St. Eustatius, in the Netherlands Antilles.

With a landmass of 21km2, St. Eustatius is one of the smaller islands of the windward island group located in the northeastern Caribbean. The Quill, a dormant volcano, covers a large portion of the island. Even though in 2003 the BNP was the highest of the smaller islands, unemployment is at 6 – 10% and increasing [Staten Generaal 2003]. A large employer on the island is Statia Terminals B.V., which operates a large crude oil transshipment facility. Along with this facility, tourism and a medical school play important roles in the economy of the island.

The island promotes itself as an eco-tourism delight. The main attractions are the two national parks with rare flora and fauna as well as the good diving conditions due to the ample marine life and historic shipwrecks around the island.

To further promote the tourism sector, the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA), Tourism Development Foundation and the island Government are investigating the opportunity to develop a golf resort on the island. A study has been performed to research the economical viability of such a project. Further research is required to determine the environmental, social and economic impacts of a golf resort.

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The objective of the research therefore is:

Objective: To combine the (strategic) environmental impact assessment with the construction management methods of value engineering and system engineering, testing the resulting method by applying it to a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius.

The methods of value engineering and system engineering are combined with the environmental impact assessment method. This results in the new integrated impact assessment method. The word integrated in this context means that, instead of looking at only one field at a time, this method will review all impacts. The expected advantages of this integration are: • The decision maker gets a single report which draws conclusions based on all information. • The method will show links between the different impact fields. • Recognising links makes it possible to solve negative impacts more effectively and

efficiently.

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1.2 Problem formulation

The problem formulation determines, amongst other things, the scope of the research. In search of an appropriate project formulation the following has been taken into account:

Theory developing and case study The research can be split up in two phases. The first phase is a theory developing study, which will develop a new impact assessment methodology, based on an evaluation of the problems with the current EIA method and relevant literature on VE and SE. When the theory has been developed, the research will switch to a case study, to test the method in a case situation. The characteristics of a case study [Doodewaard et al., 2000] are a small number of research objects, a labour intensive approach, more depth than width, qualitative data and research methods and research on location.

Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment As indicated in the previous section, the environmental impact assessment community is looking for a more integrated approach to the impact assessment methodology. What is the current procedure and what is wrong with it that causes the call for an integrated approach?

Currently an Environmental Impact Assessment is a procedure that is individually performed. According to the best practice procedure [IAIA, 1999] it should be applied as early in the decision making process as possible. Environmental Impact Assessment follows an ‘aspect by aspect’ approach [MER-Commission, 1998], which means that for every field of impact assessment, a different report is written. This results in an Environmental impact report, a Social impact report, an Economic impact report, etc. The lack of integration in this approach causes cross-links between different impact assessment aspects not to be taken into account. The approach therefore delivers an incomplete view of the impacts.

From two subsequent reports by the MER-Commission [1998, 2001], which will be discussed in detail in paragraph 2.1, it can be concluded that indeed there are problems with the current EIA procedure. The solution to this problem is mostly sought in integrating the various impact assessment studies and by getting the different experts to communicate with each other. The integrated assessment is thought to lead to a better-informed decision making process, which will lead to more fitting solutions regarding the mitigation of negative impacts.

Construction management methods Within the field of construction management it is important to combine all the various fields of expertise in a single process. It is therefore interesting to see how methods used here can potentially benefit the integrated impact assessment. Two methods that are used in combination with each other to achieve integration in construction management are value engineering and system engineering. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the SE and VE methods essentially are creating a design in a process that requires an effort by participants from different disciplines. The difference is in the fact that with EIA the design is then reviewed for its impact. It is expected that the VE and SE methods can aid the EIA process by improving the way in which the design is created. The method will trace stakeholder requirements and decisions and will be able to show links between different elements of the design. As suggested by the MER-commission [2001] report, after combining these methods with the EIA, experimenting with the resulting method on a real project will show its potentials and limitations.

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Environmental effects Throughout the report the term “environmental effects” will be used. This term is intended in the wide sense of the word, as the effects something has on its surrounding. Environmental effects therefore include the biological, social and other relative effects that a project has.

Based on the previous considerations, the problem formulation for the project can be defined as follows:

Problem formulation: How can the methods of system engineering and value engineering be integrated with the environmental impact assessment and can the resulting integrated impact assessment method be used to find, solve or mitigate the environmental, social and economic impact of a planned golf resort on St. Eustatius?

The first step will be combining the value engineering and system engineering methods with the environmental impact assessment. It is expected that using value- and system engineering methods will structure the process of an impact assessment. The assumption made is that this impact assessment method makes it possible to combine or integrate impact assessments on several fields (environmental, social and economical) into one study.

Integration A possible definition of integration is ‘The activity of combining data from multiple data sources to present a single collection of data’ [IL1]. The word integrated within this report is used in this meaning. The multiple data sources are the three fields of impact (economic, social and environmental) which are combined ‘integrated’ in a single method and thus a single report. This makes it possible to review links between the data that are now lost because the data is presented individually.

To verify the assumption that this new impact assessment method can achieve the goal of integrating several impact reports in a single documents and contains links between the different impact fields, a case study using the created method will be performed. Based on the results of this study, the benefits and limitations as observed in the case can be reviewed. The impact assessment method will first have to find the problem areas within the case at which point solutions can be generated to solve or reduce these problems.

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1.3 Research questions

The main research question is the problem formulation. This is the question that is ultimately to be answered. However, because this is a much too complex question to answer directly it has been divided into several research questions. When these questions have been answered, the problem formulation has also been answered. The research and thus also the research questions can be divided in two stages. Question one is a theory-generating question. Questions two through to five are questions that follow a design-oriented approach. This is appropriate for the research, as the research first aims to develop an integrated impact assessment method. Using this method a design problem will be solved.

1. What does the integrated environmental impact assessment method look like?

a. What are the requirements for an integrated impact assessment method and is there a theory to support it?

b. What are the basic characteristics of an Environmental Impact Assessment? c. What is Value Engineering and how does it improve integration? d. What is System Engineering and how does it improve integration? e. What should the procedure for the integrated assessment method be?

2. What are the requirements regarding the golf resort project?

a. Who are the stakeholders? b. What requirements/ wishes do the stakeholders hold about the golf resort? c. What legislation is relevant? d. What is the situation at the proposed site(s) of the golf resort?

3. What does the provisional design of the golf resort look like?

4. What is the result of the impact analysis of the provisional design?

5. Which improvements can be made regarding the negative impact of the golf resort and

what are the remaining effects? a. Which improvements can be made to reduce or solve the negative impact of system

elements? b. What are the remaining effects (residue effects) of the golf resort?

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1.4 Research approach

The research consists of two parts. First an integrated impact assessment method will be created. This part can be described as a theory developing research. The integrated impact method will be based on the current methods of EIA, VE and SE. To test this new method a case study is performed. In this project the case is a golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius. Using the integrated impact assessment method the impact of the golf resort will be reviewed and where possible negative effects will be solved or mitigated. Based on the case study the integrated impact assessment method will be reviewed for its benefits and limitations. A diagram containing an overview of the research approach is included in appendix I.

Chapter two will develop the integrated impact assessment method, which is the framework for the case study executed in chapter 3.

Chapter 2.1 will answer research question 1a through to 1c. It will establish the theory required to answer research question 1d, which is answered in chapter 2.2. Chapter 2.2 develops the framework for answering the case research questions (question 2, 3, 4 and 5).

Chapter 3.2 will answer research question 2. By interviewing the stakeholders and reviewing the legislation and situation on the site(s) of the planed golf resort the requirements and verification criteria are gathered.

Chapter 3.3 through to 3.5 will answer research question 3 and will go into the transformation from requirements to functions, attributes and constraints. Using function analysis, alternative solutions will be generated. Using system syntheses a system solutions will be found, resulting in a preliminary design.

Chapter 3.6 will review the impact of the preliminary design. Both the impact per system solution and the overall impact of the project will be reviewed. By doing this research question 4 will be answered.

Chapter 3.7 will determine which adverse impacts need to be mitigated or solved. This will require interviews or conversations with the people who will have the ultimate decision power in approving the project. Chapter 3.8 will review the remaining impact and the significance of the remaining impact. Together with chapter 3.7 this will answer research question 5.

Chapter 4 will draw conclusions from the previous chapters. It will discuss the usefulness and limitation of the method and contain recommendations. Chapter 4 will also include a reflection on the research study.

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2 Methodology

1. What does the integrated environmental impact assessment method look like?

a. What are the requirements for an integrated impact assessment and is there a theory to support it?

b. What are the basic characteristics of an Environmental Impact Assessment?

c. What is System Engineering and how does it improve integration? d. What is Value Engineering and how does it improve integration? e. What should the procedure for the integrated assessment method be?

This chapter will answer research question one. Chapter 2.1.1 will review literature from the impact assessment field to determine the problems with the current method and the requirements for the new integrated impact assessment method. Chapter 2.1.2 will review the procedures of the current environmental impact assessment method. Chapter 2.1.3 and 2.1.4 will respectively review the system engineering and value engineering methods and determine the way in which they can improve integration. Chapter 2.2 provides the framework for the new integrated impact assessment method. 2.1 Theory 2.1.1 Requirements and theory for the Integrated Impact Assessment As indicated in the previous chapter, the environmental impact assessment community is looking for a more integrated approach to the impact assessment methodology. What is the current procedure and what is wrong with it that causes the call for an integrated approach?

Currently an Environmental Impact Assessment is a procedure that is not linked to other impact assessment fields. A team of experts develops each impact report individually. The best practice procedure [IAIA, 1999] indicates an EIA should be applied as early in the decision making process as possible.

The Dutch commission for environmental impact assessment has delivered two articles about a more integral approach to Impact Assessment. The first article was written in their report new experiences on EIA in the Netherlands [MER-Commission, 1998]. In this report it is written that:

“Until now, appraisers have largely used an aspect by aspect approach to the various specialistic topics and usually invite specialists to advise on the aspects. The product of this approach is a number of sectoral reports, often prepared at different moments in time, with conclusions and recommendations that must be interpreted and combined by the appraisers into a consistent project proposal of acceptable quality on all aspects.” (page 27)

This shows that the lack of integration in this ‘aspect by aspect approach’ causes cross-links between different impact assessment aspects not to be taken into account. The approach therefore delivers an incomplete view of the impacts, which will lead to making decisions based on incomplete information. The incomplete information will make it impossible to do a trade-off between effects, which most likely reduces the value of the solution.

The EIA [MER-Commission, 1998] report mentions two approaches to integrate impact assessment. The first one is to synchronize the different sectoral studies and make sure that the

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different experts get together and communicate. The second proposal is to generate a procedure to integrate the different sectoral studies. This, according to the paper, can be done at two levels. At a lower level the sectoral studies can be asked to review the same alternatives. This way the decision makers have a single set of alternatives with the impact they have on each sector. Still the aspects that are cross-linked between different studies are not included though. The higher-level integration would be a single study and report, which covers all the sectors and can thus also look at the relationships between them.

An update on the integration of impact studies was given in the report further experiences on EIA in the Netherlands [MER-Commission, 2001] by the commission for environmental impact assessment.

In this report it is still found that “separate studies often use different principles and timetables and investigate different alternatives. The recommendations which emerge from these studies are far from consistent with each other, which saddles the project coordinator with the daunting task of drawing up a coherent and acceptable proposal for making decisions”. (page 19) It also notes that “second order effects such as the environmental effects of social changes caused by the projects, as well as other crosscutting issues are not studied. Which means that the quality of the resulting project proposal cannot be guaranteed” (page 19).

With increasing attention for the impact of a project on a constantly growing number of fields, there is also the potential of an ever-growing number of experts and reports. This will only increase the problems for decision makers, as they will now have to come to a conclusion based on even more reports. The report states there is ample reasons to believe that developing an integrated approach to impact assessment is desirable for the following reason: “Decision makers are now confronted with sectoral impact studies for the environment, economics, safety and social aspects, especially in large infrastructure projects. The lack of sufficient rapport between these aspects can hamper decision makers, who need an integrated, coherent relationship between the various disciplines” (page 21).

According to the report, “more economic and environmental profit can be gained if the multiple objectives can be maintained flexibly while developing alternatives” (page 21). An integrated Environmental Impact Assessment should therefore promote the evaluation of a project as a whole and prevent fragmented decision making about component aspects.

A mentioned added advantage of the Integrated Environmental Impact Analysis is that “it contributes to an explicit discussion about the purpose of and need for a project.” (page 22) The integrated approach thereby also enters the field of the strategic environmental assessment. “By naming the various interests to be weighed against each other, expressing them in numbers and connection them with each other at an early stage it will be prevented that the purpose and need of a project and the economic feasibility of solutions are repeatedly brought up for discussion in the decision making process”.

The 2001 report also goes into the subject of the method of development of an integrated environmental impact assessment. It states that experiments with the integrated approach “offer the best opportunities for testing its potential and limitations”.

From the two subsequent reports it can be concluded that indeed there are problems with the current EIA procedure. The problem with the current method is its aspect-by-aspect approach.

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This approach delivers several impact reports but fails to show the links between the aspects in the reports. Decision makers therefore have to come to a conclusion based on incomplete or even inconsistent information. Within these reports implicit decision are usually made, which limit the options for the decision makers.

This means that a new integrated impact assessment is needed which will look at the impact of a project as a whole and take 2nd order effects and links into account. The goal is to provide the decision makers with a single document, which will give them a clear and consistent overview of the project impact. Decisions should be made explicit and traceable.

According to the MER committee [EIA, 1998] the theoretical framework for the integrated assessment should be based upon the system analytical model by Dalal [1992] to define sustainability. The model views the world in three subsystems:

• Economical; system of production, delivery and consumption of goods and services. • Social; human society. Cultural characteristics, knowledge, norms and values and their

expressions in laws, regulations, standards of social behaviour and institutional bodies. • Natural system; biotic and a biotic renewable and non-renewable resources.

Overall sustainability, according to this model, cannot be determined. However by increasing the sustainability of each of the subsystems, an acceptable level of sustainability of the overall project can be provided.

An interesting statement in the objective of a Social Impact Analysis [IAIA, 2003] is that a social impact analysis is aiming for a situation where “development maximises its benefits and minimises its cost”. If seen in the light of the integrated Impact Analysis, cost can mean the economic cost, but it can also mean disappearing cultural values or a reduction of plant or animal species. Maximizing the benefits while minimizing the cost is also the very basis of value engineering, for example Thomas [2003] describes value in a formula: value = worth / cost. In other words, the objective of a Social Impact analysis is to maximise the worth and minimize the cost to create the highest value solution.

The above observation brings impact assessment in the domain of construction management and the methods of system engineering and value engineering. Using these methods, which will be described in section 2.1.3 and 2.14, the aim should be to maximize the value of the economic, social and environmental sustainability, to achieve a high value sustainable solution to the problem.

2.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment

In January 1999 the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) together with the institute of environmental impact assessment published the “best practice” principles for environmental impact assessment [IAIA, 1999]. The best practice principals are used as a guideline for the current method to execute an Environmental Impact Assessment. The EIA procedure should provide, according to this document, for:

Screening; to find out if the project should be reviewed for its environmental impact and if so, at what level of detail.

Scoping; to identify the issues and impacts that are likely to be important and to establish the terms of reference for the EIA.

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Determining alternatives; to establish the preferred or most environmentally sound and benign option for achieving the project objectives.

Impact analysis; to identify and predict the likely environmental, social and other related effects of the proposal

Mitigation and impact management; establish the measures that are necessary to avoid, minimize or offset predicted adverse impacts and, where appropriate, to incorporate these into an environmental management plan or system

Evaluation of significance; to determine the relative importance and acceptability of residual impacts that cannot be mitigated.

Environmental impact report; document clearly and impartially the impacts of the project, the proposed measures for mitigation and the significance of effects to and concerns from the affected public.

The EIA procedure is shown graphically in diagram 2.1. It follows what is called a linear “waterfall” model. A waterfall model takes one step at a time, but does not look back at previous steps. Such a model is best suited in an environment that does not change, or in other words where input, throughput and output are non-variable. While executing an impact assessment, it is not inconceivable that certain outcomes may cause rethinking of the requirements, or mitigation measures can require additional impact assessment. A waterfall model does not seem to be flexible enough to handle the changes in the environment.

2.1.3 Value engineering

Since not all readers are familiar with value engineering a short history and the basics of functions and the technical FAST and customer FAST diagram are discussed in appendix II. According to a definition by the Defence Authorisation Act, value engineering is “an analysis of the functions of a program, project, product, item of equipment, building, facility, service or supply of an executive agency or contractor personnel, directed at improving performance, reliability, quality, safety and life cycle costs.” [Kelly et al., 1998]

The aim of VE is both to get a better understanding of the problem and to achieve consensus amongst the stakeholders over a common view of the problem. This is important, because when the problem is well known and understood, a more effective solution can be found. The main question value engineering asks is therefore “what does it have to do?” VE can also give an insight in which parts of the problem are easily solvable and where a solution is difficult to reach. The next two paragraphs will describe some of the value engineering techniques.

Screening Scoping Determine alternative

Impact assessment Mitigation

List remaining impact and finish report

Diagram 2.1 – Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure

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2.1.3.1 Job plan

The job plan is a framework for undertaking value engineering projects. Male and Kelly [Kelly et al., 1998] determined the generic procedure that is followed world wide in a value engineering project. Their generic procedure follows eight steps, which are shown in figure 2.2.

In short the job plan starts with pinpointing the problem. Pre-Workshop the information is gathered, during the information phase the exact (perceived) problem is specified. In a creative session solutions are generated. These solutions are reduced/ eliminated in the following steps, whereby each step delivers fewer, but more detailed solutions. During the action planning phase the most appropriate solution is selected. Below the eight steps of the job plan are described in more detail. 1. Pre-Workshop

Information is gathered and an agenda is produced to determine the objectives and deliverables of the upcoming workshop. The workshop consists of the phases 2 through to 6.

2. Information phase

During the information phase, participants of the workshop determine the needs of the client (whereby a distinction is made between actual needs, or ‘wishes’ that are not required but the client likes to have), the project constraints, the budgetary limits, time limits and the expected quality. Function Analysis plays an important role in this phase, including the Function Analysis System Technique “FAST”.

The FAST technique uses diagrams. The idea of a FAST diagram is to force a group to consider the functions and function interrelationships in such a way that creativity is focused. The Classic, Technical and Customer FAST are three types of FAST diagrams that exist. The technical FAST is most suited to review and improve elements of a design. An example of that could be a review of the irrigation system of golf resort. The Classic and Customer FAST are most suited to review the system as a whole. The Technical and Classic fast are mainly suited to determine what is to be done, while the Customer fast tries to establish a common understanding of what outcome is to be achieved. [Woodhead, 2001].

The FAST diagram has the following functions: • It helps in describing the wishes, demands and needs in regard to the problem/ project • Classification and ordering increases understanding of the problem/ project • Shows the whole product/ design in a single diagram • Reduces uncertainty, so the product can be viewed upon in the correct way.

3. Creativity phase Brainstorm sessions are used to determine solutions.

4. Evaluation phase

The solutions/ ideas found during the creativity phase are evaluated and accepted or

Pre-workshop Information Creativity Evaluation Development Action planning Workshop report Implementation

Diagram 2.2 – Job Plan

18

rejected. Male and Kelly [Kelly et al., 1998] mention a range of tools that can be used for the evaluation phase. These tools include determining if the solution is economically viable, technically feasible, functionally acceptable and acceptable to the client. Several methods are described to help answer the above questions, these methods include; silence means no, coloured dots, championing, big issues and decision matrices.

5. Development phase

The accepted ideas from the previous phase are reviewed in detail, for their technical feasibility and economic viability.

6. Action planning phase

The promising ideas developed in phase 5 are presented to the decision makers. Plans for implementing the solutions are generated and a document is signed which includes measures to be taken and responsibilities of persons in the process.

7. Workshop report phase

The final report containing findings and actions is prepared and is validated by the participants.

8. Implementation

Implementation of the agreed solutions.

The core of the job plan is the value management workshop. During point two through to six this method relies on a multidisciplinary team of specialists and stakeholders. Working together they first agree on the problem, they brainstorm solutions and work those into a final solution. The solution is reached in consensus, it is not necessarily ‘the best’ solution, but a solution that all parties agree to. By signing a document at the end of the process by the participating parties they all state to agree with the outcome, which can reduce arguments about the solution at a later point.

2.1.3.2 Requirements engineering

Gause and Weinberg published a book [Gause et al., 1989] containing techniques and methods to assess what people desire from a project. A part of this book contains techniques to determine the functions of a design and how to progress from functions, via attributes, constraints, preferences and expectations to a solution.

Team Gause and Weinberg, as does the job plan, promote the use of teams. They first go into the subject of the group of people to include in the team. They state that ideally every known or potential user should participate in the requirements process. A ‘user’ is anyone who is affected; this therefore also includes those who loose from the project. A difference is made between users who are ‘on the team’ or ‘on call by the team’. In the first case the user is continuously participating, while ‘on call’ means the user participates part-time, which is the far more common arrangement.

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Functions The team will search for the functions of the project. For retrieving functions the following heuristic is advised:

• Generate an initial list of potential functions • Classify each function as evident (E), hidden (H) or frill (F). • Using the classification, it should be tried to uncover unmentioned hidden functions. • Functions with wording that implies constraints on solutions should be reworded to

become problem instead of solution statements. • Frill functions should be put on a “Get if you can list”

Frills are functions that are ‘nice to have’, but cannot cost anything. Evident functions have to be as visible as possible and hidden functions are to be as invisible as possible. An example of a function can be ‘provide water’. This will probably be a hidden function, as it is not important to show how water is provided. Provide accommodation is another function, which will most likely be evident as the accommodation is an important part of a resort. A frill could be ‘improve airport’. While it may be nice to have a state-of-the-art airport, it is not necessarily required. An example of a constraint function could be ‘develop golf-resort’. In this function it is already clear that the resort has to be a golf resort. This can be intentional, since another resort is not acceptable, but obviously limits the solution space. To make the functions traceable in the process, as promoted by system engineering, each function will be assigned a number.

Attributes According to Gause and Weinberg (1989); “Attributes are characteristics of a product that are desired by the client, they can be seen as adjectives or adverbs”

The procedure for finding attributes is as follows: (According to Gause and Weinberg) • Brainstorming a list of possible attributes • Sort attributes from attribute details. Fill in the list with attributes for all details, and with

the details suggested by all attributes. • Assign each attribute to the appropriate function of functions • Classify the attributes in Must (M), Want (W) and Ignore (I) • Document the M and W attributes for further processing Attributes are characteristics of the product that are desired by the client. If a function would be ‘provide water’, attributes of such a function could for example be ‘clean’, ‘reliable’ and ‘potable’. Attributes help to pinpoint what the client wants. If the water has to be potable, the quality has to be much higher then what would be required for irrigation. The attributes are classified as Must have, want to have or attributes that can be ignored. For tap water the attribute potable will be a must have. For shower water it could be argued that this is a want to have. For irrigation water, the attribute potable can be ignored.

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Constraints Gause and Weinberg [Gause et al., 1989] argue that constraints can be seen as borders. Within these borders there is the solution space. Constraints are derived from attributes classified as a Must. An example of a constraint would be 95% reliability. This means the reliability of the supply of irrigation water has to be between 100% and 95%. Another attribute could be ‘multi powered’. The constraint in that case would be that at least one backup power source is required. The solution space would therefore be any solution that provides one or more

backup power solutions and reliability between 95 and 100%. A graphic of the solution space is shown in figure 2.3. A similar solution space will be created for all ‘Must have’-attributes.

In their method it is possible that no solution space exists. For example if the attributes of the holes state that they have to be at least 400 times 30m in size (216.000m2 in total for 18 holes), but the total available space of the location is limited to 150.000m2, there will not be a solution within the solution space. In this case the constraints may have to be renegotiated with one or more stakeholders(s), resulting in moving or lifting (some of) the constraints to create a solution space.

Preferences According to Gauss and Weinberg any final design solution that satisfies every constraint is an acceptable solution. Some solutions may be more preferable then others though. This is why preferences should also be looked at. The methods that are used to determine the preferred solution should be made measurable, so designers can determine to what degree the preference has been satisfied. To determine the preferred solutions the method recommends so called ‘what’s it worth’ and ‘trade-off charts’. This means that in a graph the attributes are set out against their value.

In the search for alternative solutions and finding the most appropriate solution from within the solution space, two other tools can also be used. These are the technical FAST diagram and the SMART method. Both methods will be described below.

A technical FAST diagram is most suitable for reviewing and improving parts of a design. The technical FAST is explained in detail in Appendix II. The diagram reviews the functions of the particular part. Knowing all functions the part has to perform, it is possible to find alternative solutions, which cover the same functions. The goal is to find an alternative with a lower impact.

The technical FAST diagram consists out of the following parts [Veenvliet, 2004]: • Scope • Basic function • Critical path functions • Logic How/Why-question cycle

• Secondary required functions • Causal function • Supporting functions

Research has been performed by Green, which resulted in the development of the SMART methodology for value management [Green, 1992]. Green takes the multi attribute theory as a basis for selecting the most appropriate alternative. In short this means several options are reviewed against several criteria. Weight factors are used to determine the relative importance

2 or more SOLUTION

1

0 – 95 % 95 – 100 % Num

ber o

f pow

er so

urce

s

Reliability Table 2.3

21

of the attributes. The highest scoring alternative is considered to be the most appropriate option for the case. Because of the bounded rationality concept, Green [1992] argues, the most appropriate solution is not necessarily the best. The bounded rationality concept describes that only so many options can be considered; as it is impossible to explore all options it is not possible to find the “optimal solution”.

The SMART method starts with creating an objective tree; this is basically the same process as creating a task oriented FAST diagram, however it uses design objectives instead of functions. An example of the value tree is given in figure 2.4. A design objective in this stage of the project could be a “good” irrigation system. The value tree exists out of “ends” and “means to an end”. One of the means for the “good” irrigation system could be an ‘environmentally friendly water pump’. The lowest order objectives are the attributes against which the design options should be evaluated. In case of the given example these are low energy consumption and a shield to prevent fish entering the pump.

These attributes are equipped with a weight to take into account their relative importance against the other functions. For example if the low energy consumption is found to be more important then the shield, it could get a weight of 0.7 against 0.3 for the shield. As said, the highest scoring alternative on the attributes is the alternative that is the most appropriate one for the project. By involving all stakeholders in the process of determining the weights of attributes, they will more easily accept the resulting alternative. The same applies for determining the score of an alternative, where these have to be determined subjectively. The score or value of an alternative on a certain attribute is between 0 and 100. Table 2.5 shows an example of the decision analysis matrix. In this example alternative 2 would be favoured above alternative 1.

Low

ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

Shie

ld a

gain

st ta

king

in fi

sh

Weight: 0.7 0.3 Tot

al

Alternative 1 30 40 33 Alternative 2 20 80 38

Table 2.5 – Decision analysis matrix

"good" irrigation system

environmentally friendlywater pump

Low energy consumption

Shield against taking in fish

Figure 2.4 – Example value tree

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System engineering

Definition System Engineering (SE): Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary engineering management process that evolves and verifies an integrated, life cycle balanced set of system solutions that satisfy costumer needs. System engineering fundamentals, system management college US department of defence, reader 854, University of Twente, page 3.

The system engineering process is shown graphically in appendix IV. The goal of System engineering, as can be deduced from the definition, is to create a solution (design) that satisfies the customer. The SE procedure starts with a requirements analysis, to find what the customer wants. The requirements are the input for function analysis and allocation. The function analysis is then used as input for the design synthesis. The process is iterative, in that steps made later in the process can influence earlier decisions.

SE is a layered process, which uses baselines. A baseline means that a certain part of the design should be known and will be frozen before the next stage begins. The Baselines follow the left part of the V-Model, as shown in figure 2.1. [Hull et al. 2002] At a certain stage the requirements of one level are frozen and will be used to determine the requirement in the next level. Each subsequent baseline, or step down in the left side of the V-model, freezes the previous steps and allows the work at a more detailed level. The right side of the V-model shows the testing procedure, where (a part of) the design is tested to verify it meats its requirements. A method to verify each requirement must be established and recorded during requirements analysis. It must always be possible to verify the requirement; otherwise the requirement is not a legitimate one [system engineering fundamentals, 2001].

SE requires all decisions to be taken visibly and traceable, this is done by assigning numbers to requirements, solutions resulting from the requirements and the verification procedures. Logging relations between requirements, solutions and verification in tables assures traceability.

So in short, system engineering can aid the integrated impact analysis by providing a method that will take into account the whole system and will provide traceability of the transformation of requirements into solutions and the verification procedures belonging to the solution.

Figure 2.6 – V-model

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2.2 Framework During the review of the problems with the current impact assessment method (chapter 2.1.1) it was noted that integrated impact assessment should: • Offer a single document which clearly and consistently states the project impact • Trace the transformation from requirements to solutions, when decisions are made, they

should be made explicitly. • Take into account the 2nd order effects, which are the impacts resulting from changes

caused by the project. • Include the links between the different impact fields, which make trade-offs possible

between for example environmental and economic effects.

How can value engineering and system engineering contribute to reaching these goals? In the theory section it was shown that System engineering delivers a full framework for design projects. Key point of System engineering seems to be traceability, making clear how and why decision were made. Value engineering has its prime focus in the original question of ‘what it has to do’. It is a good technique to discover the functions a design has to perform. The main tool, which is used in this method, is the FAST diagram (Function Analysis System Technique). The work of Gause and Weinberg can form a link between the methods. It can convert the functions found by the Value Engineering method to solutions, which can then be further processed in the system engineering method. The job plan, which is the main value engineering method, would also be able to convert functions to solutions. This method however relies primarily on a team approach and workshops. While the method by Gause and Weinberg also prefers a team approach, they do not exclude the option of interviews. Since a workshop approach is not feasible for this research project, the approach of Gause and Weinberg seems to be a more suitable one. There is however a negative side to the use of interviews instead of a team approach. In a team approach people can respond to and be stimulated by the other parties. This can promote creative solutions. The use of an interview approach will not facilitate this creative process. The effect of the choice for an interview approach will be discussed in more detail in the reflection.

The value engineering approach of the technical FAST diagram and the SMART approach by Green are methods that can be used to determine the most preferred solution where one is not immediately clear.

The current method for impact assessment was shown in the previous chapter and is repeated above in figure 2.7. In the next sections a new integrated impact assessment will be introduced. It is based on the current method, but the given theories will be introduced into this method.

Screening Scoping Determine alternative

Impact assessment Mitigation

List remaining impact and finish report

Diagram 2.7 – Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure

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2.2.1 Screening

Screening

The need for screening remains, it will still be required to check whether an impact assessment is required and at what detail level. For larger civil engineering project it is expected an impact assessment will almost always be required though. An impact assessment can give an insight in the effects of a project, both positive and negative. If a larger project is not expected to have significant impacts on the economic, social or environmental field, it may not be worth executing the project at all.

2.2.2 Scoping


criteria

Screening

When it is determined an impact assessment is required, scoping should establish a list of stakeholders. Stakeholders are those people who are (expected to be) affected by the project. It should also be determined what the requirements and the verification criteria of the stakeholders regarding the project are. This is still more or less similar to the original impact assessment, with the exception that the likely impacts are not an issue yet. Reviewing the likely impacts is not required as the impact assessment process is already aimed at finding all impacts. It should be noted that the scoping phase can also be found in the value engineering job plan (the information phase) and is considered process input to the system engineering process.

2.2.3 Requirements analysis


criteria

Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints

After the scoping phase, the current impact assessment starts with determining alternatives. It tries to establish possible solutions to meet the requirements that were given in the scoping phase. This is where the System engineering approach starts to become apparent. This method was created for the purpose of moving from requirements to design solutions. Value engineering, as indicated, is a method that can very well be used in combination with System engineering to determine the functions that the project has to accomplish. The requirements analysis therefore should convert the stakeholder requirements to functions. Using the methods of Gause and Weinberg, Attributes and Constraints are attached to functions, together generating a good understanding about what the design has to accomplish.

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2.2.4 Function allocation


functions



to new functions

Using the FAST-method, which was explained in more detailed in chapter 2.1.3.1, the functions are grouped. Asking ‘how’ a function can be performed will generate lower level functions. When a lower level function is added, attributes and constraints should be attached, which requires an iterative process with requirements analysis.

2.2.5 Synthesis


functions




Missing functions?

Function allocation delivers a list of functions that the design has to fulfil to satisfy the requirements of the project. Coupled to these functions are attributes and constraints. This makes it possible to determine the solutions space and find physical design solutions. There may be several solutions possible, alternative solutions can therefore be developed. Determining the most preferred solution, where alternatives are available, may not be possible before the next step; the impact assessment, has been completed. While stakeholder functions were included at the start, the synthesis phase may bring up other functions that are required. This could for example be a technical function, which is needed to support one or more stakeholder requirements. The synthesis and function allocation therefore is iterative.

The output of the synthesis phase is a design of the project, which may still include some different alternatives for certain solutions. The previous three steps together are replacing the ‘determining alternatives’ phase in the traditional impact assessment.

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2.2.6 Impact analysis






Most appropriate? /


The previous phase has delivered a physical design. The design consists out of many system solutions, which together form the complete project. These system solutions can individually be reviewed for their impact. To review the impact, the input and output of a system solution should be reviewed. To explain the impact assessment by looking at in- and outputs, consider the system solution is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is an important biologic/ chemical process within a plant, which provides energy for the plant. The chemical formula for photosynthesis is: 12 H2O + 6 CO2 + sunlight = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O. For the system solution photosynthesis to function it therefore requires an input of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water. The output of the system solution will be sugar, oxygen and water. Since water is both an input and output, the output can be kept within the system solution and reduce the need for water on the input side. In other words, because photosynthesis produces half of the water it needs, the required amount from its environment is reduced. By reviewing the input and output of the system solution the impact it has is now clear, it uses water, carbon dioxide and sunlight and produces sugar and oxygen. The produced sugar will for a large part be used elsewhere in the higher system solution ‘plant’. A plant may therefore not have the effect that it produces ‘sugar’, since the sugar the photosynthesis process produces will be used as input in another system solution within the plant. The input of a system solution can be diverse things as labour, raw materials as petrol, gas, electricity, but also a thing as space. Examples of the output are money, waste, noise, etc. While in the example given above there is an exact formula that describes the required amounts, the in- and output may not always be measurable in a quantity. A qualitative output of a golf resort can for example be that it alters the appearance of a unique landscape.

It may be found that the impact analysis needs to review lower level system solutions that are not yet included in the provisional design. There should be a link back to synthesis to be able to add system solutions to be reviewed during the impact analysis. Where alternatives were available, the impact analysis should provide an insight in the impact of each of the alternatives. The alternative that is selected to be the most appropriate should be the one selected in the design synthesis. After some iterative steps, the synthesis therefore delivers the final design. The impact assessment delivers a list of the impact of each system solution. When the impacts of all system solutions are combined, the total impact of the provisional design is found.

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2.2.7 System analysis and control


functions



to new functions




Missing functions?





Most appropriate? /


One of the perceived problems with the current method is the lack of traceability. To keep track of the process and to offer some additional tools system engineering offers system analysis and control features. Data management and configuration management are the main tools for tracing the whole process from requirements to design synthesis. These processes will be explained in more detail in the next chapter. Another important tool is the trade off study. By using the methods described in the theory, the technical FAST diagram or the SMART method by Green, a trade-off can be made between different alternatives. The trade-off can at this stage take into account the impact in determining the most preferred solution. The trade-off study contributes to a documented way of making design decisions, as it is made explicit why a certain alternative is selected.

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2.2.8 Mitigation

Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints



Mitigation- establish measures that are necessary to avoid or minimize adverse impact

Verification loop

When the impact has been established, the impact assessment procedure indicates that measures should be established that are necessary to avoid, minimize or offset predicted adverse impacts and, where appropriate, to incorporate these into an environmental management plan or system. Next to this somewhat negative perspective of ‘fixing the bad’ it may also become apparent that during mitigation opportunities exist to improve already positive impacts. Mitigation of the negative impacts is a must, optimizing the positive effects can however deliver additional value for the stakeholders.

When the mitigation measures have been determined, the impact assessment is in fact complete. The requirements have been transformed into a physical design solution. The impact of the design solution is known and the adverse effects have, where possible, been reduced or solved by use of the mitigation measures. It should now be asked if the final design, which results from the impact assessment, meets the requirements and verification criteria. If not the project requirements may have been too revolutionary or just not achievable. If a project is still wanted, it may be necessary to change (one or more) requirements. When requirements are changed, the process obviously (at least for the concerned requirements) starts again at requirements analysis.

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2.2.9 Evaluate and report

ReportEvaluate - remaning

impact


criteria


functions

Screening



to new functions




Missing functions?



Mitigation- establish measures that are necessary to

avoid or minimize adverse impact

Verification loop



Most appropriate? /


While the impact assessment is not yet complete, the iterative process (within the block) continues. When verification shows the final design meets the requirements and verification criteria the evaluation phase can take place. During this phase the remaining impact, after mitigation, is written down. An indication should be given about the relative importance and acceptability of residual impacts that cannot be mitigated. Finally the impact assessment report has to document clearly and impartially the impacts of the project, the proposed measures for mitigation and the significance of remaining effects. The figure above shows the complete new integrated impact assessment method.

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3 Case study The full impact assessment report for the case study is included as a separate document. This chapter will examine the experience acquired during the research and explain how the method was used in this research.

The new integrated impact assessment method was used to determine the impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius, in the Netherlands Antilles. The project is intended to have an economic and social impact on the island. St. Eustatius is a small island (21km2) in the northeastern Caribbean. For its income it is currently dependant mostly on an oil transshipment facility and tourism. There is however a yearly budget deficit of around US$6.1 million. The unemployment is also increasing, coupled with the fact that many young Statians who have to go abroad to study, will stay abroad since no jobs are available for them on the island. The golf resort is intended to solve (a large part of) the budget deficit and create jobs for Statians living on and off the island. The main goal of the golf resort project can be described as making the island self-sustainable.

This chapter will follow the steps of the integrated impact assessment method and answer research question 2, 3, 4 and 5.

3.1 Screening Screening was not made a part of the research question, even though it is the first phase of the integrated impact investigation. To be able to do this research project, the case study project would have to meet the criteria that it is fit for an impact assessment. The need for an impact assessment was therefore established at the start of the research project and hence screening was not included as research question.

The golf resort project is situated on a small island. At first glance it is clear it will use a significant portion of the available land surface. A number of questions existed on the island, for example what the impact would be on to the Sea turtles, the Iguana’s, on housing, etc. Next to these environmental and social worries another aim of the golf resort is to improve the financial position of the island, which is an economic impact. From this quick screening it is obvious that economic, social and environmental impacts can all be expected in the project. 3.2 Scoping 3.2.1 Stakeholders 2. Scoping of the impact assessment

a. Who are the stakeholders

Scoping is about finding requirements and verification criteria. The requirements are used to determine what the customer wants, the verification criteria to verify whether those requirements are met. The main requirements can be found with the stakeholders. Requirements can also result from legislation and from the site itself. There are also requirements resulting from the design solutions and functions themselves, these cannot be determined until system solutions are generated though.

The stakeholders are those people that are affected by the project. It is important to trace and include all the affected persons as stakeholders. If they are not included from the start they will

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show up later in the process. At that time it may be hard to include their requirements. Due to the specific situation of St. Eustatius the resort will affect most of the people on the island.

A distinction can be made between stakeholders that have taken the initiative for the project and stakeholders that will be impacted by the project. The first should be heard first to determine what the project is, or in other words to determine the scope of the project. It is possible to isolate some parties, or stakeholders, that have taken the initiative in the project. These stakeholders are the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA), the tourism development foundation and the St. Eustatius government. These parties have taken the initiative for social and economic development and can determine the scope of the golf resort. Because it was considered important to have representatives from all three impact fields (social, environmental and economical) from the start of the impact study, the main stakeholder on the field of the environment, the St. Eustatius National Parks Association (STENAPA), was also included in determining the scope of the project.

3.2.2 Stakeholder requirements

b. What requirements/ wishes do the stakeholders hold about the golf

resort?

Since it was not feasible to organise a workshop with the stakeholders, an interview approach was selected to retrieve the requirements. Gause and Weinberg [Gause et al., 1989] distinguish between four elements that are important in exploring the requirements. These are the functions, attributes, constraints and preferences. As much as possible the interviews focussed on retrieving these four elements. The interviewed were stimulated to word their requirements in terms of functions.

Since the impact assessment is a continuation of the economic viability study, the requirements contained in this document were verified during the interviews with the stakeholders. During the interview the question “Who else is affected/ stakeholder” can create a “snowball effect” whereby via one stakeholder, others can be found.

In the initial requirements gathering phase three interviews took place. An interview with the Tourism Development Organization, the St Eustatius Business Association (STEBA) and with the main stakeholder regarding the environmental impact; St Eustatius National Parks Foundations (STENAPA). The government, a third party taking the initiative for the development of the project, is working closely together with the two other parties, for this reason an interview with the government was expected to deliver no additional information in this initial phase. Before interviewing other stakeholders it was first important to get information from these ‘key-stakeholders’ about what kind of project they want. Without, for example, an idea about the number of additional students that can be expected, talking to the schools is not very useful. The same applies to talking to the electricity company in regards to the amount of electricity that is required. In fact, without really knowing for sure that additional children will come to the island, the schools may initially not even be a stakeholder?

The initial interviews with the three parties focused on the requirements a golf resort project. By challenging the interviewed party to summarize their answer as a function and by asking ‘context free’ questions, it was possible to gather functions that the golf resort has to perform. For example, the tourism development foundation indicated the need of developing a beach, as not having a (Caribbean white) swim able beach is a constraint on the tourism development. The function for this requirement would be ‘develop beach’. An environmental function,

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‘protect coral’, originates from the requirement that the coral should be protected because it is protected by law and important for tourism.

Next to finding the requirements for the project itself, another important item during the interview was the question what such a project has to accomplish, which goes above project level and ultimately showed the program goal that the project is to accomplish. The program goal for the island of St. Eustatius is to become self-sustainable. It was decided to use the constraints developed in the next phase as the verification requirements. When the final result of the impact assessment meets the constraints, it meets the requirements.

3.2.3 Legislation

c. What legislation is relevant?

The relevant legislation is the legislation that affects the project, usually by putting constraints on the solution space. Both by use of a literature study (reviewing the environmental and building laws) and by touching this subject during the interviews information was obtained.

St. Eustatius is part of the country of the Netherlands Antilles. Even though this country is a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands it is not part of the European Union. This means European law is not a factor on the island. The main relevant legislation for the development of a resort is the environmental legislation. By law, each island of the Netherlands Antilles has to have a national park, which is an environmental protection area. On St. Eustatius the government has appointed the STENAPA to manage the parks (more then one) for them.

From an interview with STENAPA it became clear that a part of the area where the golf resort is envisaged is protected. If the golf resort is to be constructed, the legislation will have to be changed, which requires the government to be informed over the consequences of such an action.

3.2.4 Local situation

d. What is the situation at the proposed site(s) of the golf resort

By visiting the site(s) of the golf resort, relevant information can be obtained about possible environmental worries. Stakeholders may be determined, as well as site specific constraints. These could be matters as the available space, the proximity of the ocean, etc.

The area where the golf resort is planned was examined both physically as well as on a map. The area is mostly undeveloped; there is only a road to the Zeelandia area. This means the entire infrastructure has to be developed together with the project. The local situation also poses some challenges due to the wildlife (sea turtles and iguana’s) and a beach that cannot be used due to a large undertow. This makes it unsafe for swimming.

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3.2.5 Conclusion The results of the scoping process can be found in chapter II of the Strategic impact assessment, which is a separate supplement to this report. The scoping phase is aimed at finding the requirements for the project. During the execution of the study it became apparent that there are two kinds of stakeholders. There are initiating parties, who can give the requirements for the project and explain what they want the project to become. The remaining parties are stakeholders because the project has an effect (impact) on them. To be able to determine which parties are affected by the project, it first has to be determined what the project is. The requirements of the main stakeholders and requirements resulting from legislation and the local situation were determined by an interview method. The interview method in comparison with a team approach reduces the chance for innovative solutions. It was decided to use the constraints developed in the next phase as the verification requirements. When the final result of the impact assessment meets the constraints, it meets the requirements. The requirements and their resulting functions were placed in a table (table 3.1), to provide traceability. A number is assigned to the function; this number will be used in the FAST diagram. The table also shows the stakeholder that brought in the requirement. The full list of requirements and functions is included in appendix V.

Requirement Function Function # Stakeholder The golf resort should add a large portion of rooms to the island.

Provide accommodation

0.1.1 Tourist Office

Table 3.1

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3.3 Requirement analysis 3. What does the provisional design of the golf course look like? Paragraph 3.3 through to 3.5 answer research question 3. Paragraph 3.5 includes a conclusion regarding this research question. 3.3.1 Functions The scoping phase has resulted in a list of functions that the project has to for fill. Using the heuristic by Gause and Weinberg [Gause et al., 1981] more information about these functions can be found:

• Generate an initial list of potential functions • Classify each function as evident (E), hidden (H) or frill (F). • Using the classification, it should be tried to uncover unmentioned hidden functions. • Functions with wording that implies constraints on solutions should be reworded to

become problem instead of solution statements. • Frill functions should be put on a “Get if you can list”

Step one, generating the initial list of potential functions was performed in the scoping phase. Additionally functions will also be found during the function allocation, which is the next phase after requirements analysis. This means the requirements analysis process is iterative. To make the functions traceable in the process, as promoted by system engineering, each function was assigned a number. In a new table (table 3.2), the function is classified as evident, hidden or frill. Frills are functions that are nice, but cannot cost anything. Evident functions have to be as visible as possible and hidden functions are to be as invisible as possible. In the example below, the accommodation is an important part of the resort and a part that should be attractive and visible, which means it is classified as an evident function.

Number Functions Hidden

Evident Frill

Attributes (Must have, Want to have, Ignore)Constraints System solutions

0.1.1 Provide accommodation (for golf resort) E Table 3.2

3.3.2 Attributes According to Gause and Weinberg [1981]; “Attributes are characteristics of a product that are desired by the client, they can be seen as adjectives or adverbs”

The procedure for finding attributes is as follows: (According to Gause and Weinberg) • Brainstorming a list of possible attributes • Sort attributes from attribute details. Fill in the list with attributes for all details, and with

the details suggested by all attributes. • Assign each attribute to the appropriate function of functions • Classify the attributes in Must (M), Want (W) and Ignore (I) • Document the M and W attributes for further processing

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Attributes explain in more detail what the system solution is supposed to do. For providing accommodation the attributes are for example that the accommodation should be: Luxurious, discreet, have a theme, complete, 5-star+ quality and sustainable.

These are all attributes with the function provide accommodation. They explain in more detail what is expected of the accommodation. Not all these attributes may be as important as the other though. For example an accommodation that “has a theme” may be something that is possible, but is not necessarily wanted. For the impact analysis you could even argue that it can be ignored, because it has no real effect on the impact.

For this reason all attributes are classified either as Must have, Want to have or Ignore. The mentioned “theme” of the golf course can be ignored, so it is classified as such. A 5-star+ quality is very important and is therefore a must have. A discreet accommodation is nice to have, but not a must, so it will be classified as a want to have. Want to have attributes are kept in mind in the process. Must have attributes are taken to the next level and ignore attributes are ignored.

For the function ‘provide accommodation’, this means the aim is to “Provide sustainable accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a luxury, quality and completeness that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating.” The attributes are added to the table (table 3.3)


Evident Frill

Attributes (Must have, Want to have, Ignore)Constraints System solutions

0.1.1 Provide accommodation (for golf resort) E Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), complete (I), 5-star+ (M), Sustainable (M)

Provide accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a quality that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating that is sustainable over a period of at least 50 years.

Table 3.3 3.3.3 Constraints Gause and Weinberg (1989) argue that constraints can be seen as borders. Within these borders there is the solution space. Constraints are derived from attributes classified as a Must. During the case study a found constraint for providing the accommodation is the 5-star+ quality. This means that anything below 5-star+ is not an option. The same applies for being sustainable for at least 50yrs. The solution space for these two constraints is displayed in figure 3.4.

It is possible that no or a very small solution space exists. For example if the attributes of the holes state that they have to be at least 400 times 30m in size (216.000m2 in total for 18 holes),

> 50 yrs SOLUTION

=< 50 yrs

< 5-star+ >= 5-star+

S

usta

inab

le

Quality Figure 3.4

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but the total available space of the location is limited to 150.000m2, there will not be any solution within the solution space. In this case there is either no solution, or one or more stakeholders(s) will have to lift (some of) the constraints to create a solution space.

The 50-year sustainability is a practical way to determine sustainability. Sustainable is usually defined as something that is able to continue indefinitely without any negative consequences. ‘Indefinitely’ is hard to verify, by converting this requirement into sustainability for a number of years the designer can verify if the requirement is met. Constraints are, for traceability, added to the table (table 3.5)


Evident Frill

Attributes (Must have, Want to have, Ignore) Constraints System solutions

0.1.1 Provide accommodation (for golf resort)

E Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), complete (I), 5-star+ (M), Sustainable (M)

Provide accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a quality that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating that is sustainable over a period of at least 50 years. Constraints: • 5-star+ • Sustainable for a minimum of 50 years

Table 3.5

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3.4 Function Allocation To determine the relationships between functions and find missing functions a customer FAST diagram was created (see ‘Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius’). The task, which is the start point of the FAST diagram, is a description of the actual need of the project. In this project the task was found to be a ‘self-sustainable island’. This is the strategic goal, which is what the initiating parties ultimately want to achieve by executing this project.

The question ‘how’ can then be asked, in this case, ‘how to create a self-sustainable island’. This question can be answered by some of the functions that were found in the requirements analysis, for example ‘a self-sustainable island can be reached by creating a golf resort’. Because ‘creating a golf course’ is at a relatively broad description, lower level functions can be generated. Asking the question ‘how can a golf resort be created?’ can do this. The answer can be; by providing accommodation, eating facilities, health care facilities and a golf course.

In a FAST diagram a distinction is made between base functions and supporting functions [Veenvliet, 2004]. Base functions are essential to perform the task. Supporting functions are not necessarily required to perform the actual task, but help the project to be more acceptable or attractive. There are always four supporting functions, namely: guarantee easy, captivate stakeholders, satisfy stakeholders and guarantee reliability. By developing the FAST diagram, the full list of functions the design has to perform is known. Any functions that were added in this phase should be included in the requirement analysis to determine the function attributes and constraints.

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3.5 Synthesis The parties/ stakeholders that will judge the value of the final product can decide upon the preferred solution from within the solution space. The resulting system solutions will together form the provisional design of the golf resort. The provisional design will be presented using a block diagram, which will visually show the system and the main links between the different parts of the design. The provisional design should be just detailed enough to properly perform the impact analysis.

In case of the ‘provide accommodation’ function the system solutions were determined as follows. Similar golf courses of the 5-star+-quality in the region have different staying accommodations, which consists out of hotel rooms, condominiums, time-share apartments and private villas. Interviews with main stakeholders determined that the preferred composition of the accommodation at the resort on St. Eustatius contains 156 hotel rooms and 40 condominiums. Because it is preferred the buildings are only two stories high the most suitable option would be to create blocks with hotel rooms, say a block with 6 rooms (3 on each floor). This means there would be 26 separate hotel blocks of two stories, 20 private villa’s and 20 timeshare apartments. This means that the function provide accommodation will be provided by the following system solutions: 26 5-star+ and complete hotel blocks of 6 rooms, 40 5-star+ condominiums.

All system solutions together are placed in a preliminary design block diagram. The layout of this diagram is described in appendix VI. For the full diagram see the separate supplement ‘Provisional design block diagram – Golf resort St. Eustatius’. The ‘top level system function’ can in impact assessment terms be regarded the program goal. The program for the island of St. Eustatius is to become a self-sustainable island. A program goal needs to be achieved by executing projects. Under the program goal there are therefore three projects: support business, sustainable development and increase government income. The system solutions as well are added to the table (table 3.6), together with the number under which it is included in the preliminary design block diagram.


Evident Frill



E Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), complete (I), 5-star+ (M), Sustainable (M)

Provide accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a quality that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating that is sustainable over a period of at least 50 years. Constraints: • 5-star+ • Sustainable for a minimum of 50 years

System solution: • 5-star+ hotel [1.0] • 5-star+ condominiums [2.0]

Table 3.6

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3.5.1 Conclusion The functions found in the scoping phase are expanded by use of the FAST diagram. The method by Gause and Weinberg converts the functions to system solutions. These are then used as input for the preliminary design block diagram (PDBD). By use of a single table, in which the whole process is shown, traceability is assured. The PDBD answers research question three ‘what does the provisional design of the golf course look like?’ This diagram contains all the system solutions resulting from the requirements found in the scoping phase. The PDBD and FAST diagram are included as supplements. The included PDBD also shows system solutions that were added as a result of the impact found during the impact assessment process. The provisional design leaves some alternatives. For example it describes the need for a power plant. It is however not prescribed if this should be diesel generators, windmills, etc. In the next step the impact of these alternatives will be reviewed, after which a decision can be made for the preferred solution.

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3.6 Impact analysis 3.6.1 Impact analysis of the provisional design 4. What is the result of the impact analysis of the provisional design? Based on the PDBD created in the previous phase, the impact of the system elements is reviewed. Together the assessment of the impacts of these elements will answer the research question ‘What is the result of the impact analysis of the provisional design?’ The method indicates that the impact is reviewed per system element, as well as for the complete system. There are many different definitions of impact, overall it can be said that the impact is larger or smaller depending on the amount in which a system element affects or influences the environment, society and the economy. Individual system elements can have an impact on each other; in fact, the impact of one system element can neutralize the impact of another. Keeping track and adding up the impacts of all the system elements can find the complete impact of the program. Take for example the need for water; a golf resort requires a lot of water. This means that the impact of a golf course is that it uses a lot of water. Within the same program there is a reverse osmosis plant, which delivers this water. This means that at system level you will have two system elements, one with the impact that it requires a certain amount of water, the other element produces this amount. At program level this means that the requirement of water ‘outside’ of the project and thus the impact on water supply is 0. The need for water will still have social, environmental and economic effects though. For example a reverse osmosis plant will create jobs (social), it will have to be constructed, for which contractors will need to pay taxes to the government (economic) and there are some worries regarding salinization caused by reverse osmosis plants (environmental). For each of the system elements the question asked should be what the input and output of the system elements are. The inputs are those resources that are required to construct and sustain the system element. For example to construct and sustain the accommodations there will need to be an input of labour, space, water and electricity. The output of the accommodations ‘what it creates’ will be, amongst other things, income for the resort and the government (tax), wastewater and solid waste, guests and transport demand to the island. Since the impact is cumulative towards the higher system solutions, the impact assessment of the system solutions should start at the lowest level solutions. The determination of the in- and output requires a vast amount of sources, for example interviews, reviewing similar system solutions, guidelines, calculations and common sense. The goal should always be to find the complete set of in- and outputs of a system element. To give a good overview of the impact, it was decided to format the impact assessment in a table. The table first lists the system solution number, as shown on the PDBD. The next column shows the system solution name. The impact assessment for the system solution is given in the next column. The final column will be described in the next chapter and deals with the steps to be taken to mitigate adverse impacts.

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Number System solution Description Mitigation required? 1.1.1.3.1 Doctors office Currently there are two general

practitioners, a dermatologist and dentists on the island. This is an overcapacity, no additional persons are needed when the number of people on the island increases by a 1000. [Queen Beatrix med. center] In times of need (for example in the case a hurricane would hit the island), the hospital can rely on the help of the medical school, which adds at least 12 doctors. Some of the students are trained nurses, which can also help in the case of emergencies. Impact: • None

Figure 3.7

An example of an impact assessment for the system solution ‘doctors office’ is given above (table 3.7). In this case, the increase in people on the island, as generated by other system solutions, is shown to have no impact on the doctor’s office, or hospital. This was determined by interviewing the hospitals head nurse and one of the general practitioners.

Care should be taken with the data gathered during interviews. The impact assessment is written to determine the effects of a specific project. During the interviews the focus should be kept on the effects that the specific project will have. An example of how challenging this can be was encountered while interviewing hospital officials. On a small island the hospital is unable to offer full medical support. Obviously they wish to be able to offer this, so one of the things they would like to do is increase their lab, so blood tests no longer have to be transported to hospitals on other islands and thus results can be received faster. How certain is it that the stated need for an improved lab is really affected by the golf resort though? Will it be build regardless of the resort or will it not be build even when the resort is build? This is not always a simple question to answer. Interviewing more then one person per organization may provide a better understanding and partially solve this problem.

It may not be immediately clear what the preferred system solution is. This may not only depend on the preferred ‘technical’ solution, but also on the impact of the solution alternatives. For example irrigation or water supply using the existing reverse osmosis plant on the island may be a technologically preferred solution versus a new build water plant. When the impact is regarded it will however show that using the existing plant cannot supply the full amount of water and will pose a threat to the water supply of the island in dry periods. During the impact assessment it therefore proofed to be required to execute some specific ‘trade-off’ studies. This means possible system solutions are set next to each other and investigated for their impact. Another example of an instance where such a study was required is electrical power. The system solution ‘generate electricity’ delivered several solutions that were all reviewed for their impact, based on the results a solution was selected.

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In three instances during the impact assessment it was found to be necessary to add system elements. These system elements are construction, telecommunication and the harbour facilities. Two reasons were found for these functions not being included. Telecommunication stands for high speed Internet and the ability to get a (mobile and fixed) phone connection and was added as a requirement during an interview to determine the impact of accommodation. This requirement was missed during the initial gathering of requirements in the scoping phase. By adding ‘provide telecommunication’ as a function and starting the process from the requirements analysis phase for just this function, telecommunication could be added as the system solution ‘telecommunication infrastructure’. No problems were encountered in coping with this new requirement from the impact assessment phase. The need to construct the resort is obvious and should therefore have been included as a system solution of the resort. To add harbour facilities however was not caused by missing this in the requirements or function allocation phase. It was not expected that the harbour facilities would pose a problem or changes would be required. During the examination of the impact of construction it however became apparent that a lot of heavy material and equipment would need to be moved to the island. At this point there was a reason for concern regarding the harbour facilities. The harbour facility therefore offers an example that it should be possible to add system solutions from the impact assessment phase.

3.6.2 Conclusion Per system solution the impact was investigated. This required a vast amount of sources including interviews, comparisons with similar projects, literature studies and common sense. The impact is the in- and output of a system solution. If a system solution has no impact at all there will be no in- and output. During the execution of the impact assessment it became apparent that system solutions were missing. Two causes were found for this. The first was some missing requirements, which should have been included from the start in the scoping phase, but were not included at that time. A second cause was a larger than expected impact, which required a system solution to be added. Due to the traceability in the process and everything being on paper (in diagram or table form), adding functions or system solution even at a later stage in the process proved to be no problem.

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3.7 Mitigation 5. Which improvements can be made regarding the negative environmental

impact of the golf resort and what are the remaining effects? a. Which improvements can be made to reduce or solve the negative

environmental impact of system elements?

As it is the stakeholders who are making the decisions, the results of the impact analysis were discussed with these persons. Where negative impacts were found several options exist:

• The solution space is too large and the constraints have to change, thereby changing the

solution space (up to having no solution space left, which would mean an impossible project).

• They prefer another solution within the solution space, which has a smaller negative impact • They accept the negative impacts if compensating (mitigating) measures are taken. • They accept the negative impact. (They increase the solution space, by lifting one or more

constraints, so the new solution space includes the solution)

The process continues until all adverse impacts are solved or mitigated or until it is concluded no further action can be taken. In that last case the remaining impact can be reviewed.

During the impact assessment it became apparent where problem areas exist regarding the negative impact of the project. Where a negative impact exists it should be attempted to mitigate (reduce) this impact by taking measures. To determine which measures should be taken, interviews with the involved stakeholders were required. Other sources for mitigation can also be used, for example looking at similar projects and the solutions used there, literature or common sense. It was found that during the interviews to determine the impact of the various system elements in many cases mitigation measures would already be discussed.

The mitigation measures are listed in the same table that contains the impact assessment of the system elements. This guarantees traceability between impact and mitigation measures. For added readability and to highlight the mitigation measures, they are also summarized at the end of the report.

After mitigation has taken place in a fact the impact assessment is completed. It is known what the project will look like (provisional design), what its impact is, which measures can be taken to reduce the negative impact and what impact remains. The question can therefore now be asked if the outcome of the study meets the requirements. As indicated in 3.2.2 to determine if the outcome meets the requirements, the outcome is compared with the constraints. When this is done it is determined that there are several points where the requirements are not yet met. For example the accommodations and providing energy are proving to be unsustainable. In the first case sustainability is not achieved due to the inability to process solid waste in a sustainable way, in the second case due to the use of non-renewable fuels. Some other requirements are also not met. It is up to the decision makers and stakeholders to determine the consequences of not meeting the requirements.

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3.8 Evaluate b. What are the remaining environmental effects of the golf resort?

The remaining impact (residue impact) is listed together with the mitigation measures at the end of the impact assessment document. The decision maker will have to determine if the residue impact is acceptable or remains a concern.

It may not be possible to find mitigation measures for all the adverse impacts, or it may not be possible to mitigate negative impacts completely. In the case study, no mitigation measures were found that could solve problems regarding waste disposal. Depending on the opinions of the stakeholders about the severity, the remaining impact was classified as significant or not significant. It is up to the decision maker to determine if the project can go on, further study or measures are required or the project should be cancelled due to the remaining impact.

On completion of the impact mitigation a group session was organized. During this session the impact assessment was presented, as well as the mitigation measures and the impact that remained at that time. After the presentation, a group discussion, under the supervision of a moderator, was held about the impact. During this discussion several questions were raised that could be answered with the impact assessment.

The only worry not covered by the report was the question whether the report presented enough about the 2nd order effects. While for example the effect of the additional people on the island due to an increase in population and tourists was taken into account, this increase in people on the island can potentially also spark another increase in people who are needed to support the increased population. It was determined that the effect of this increase on the hospital and the schools in terms of jobs does not exist. Some questions remained about the effects on supermarkets and some other facilities and services though. It is important to note that the effects on, for example, the supermarkets can be included in the method. In the closing round attendees mentioned that while at first sceptical, they now understood the reason for having the project (the program) and could see how this could become a success.

The results of verification, which showed that the design does not meet all requirements was discussed in this meeting. No mitigation solutions were found. The inability to deliver green energy to the resort, while not meeting the requirement was not seen as a large problem. This negative impact will be accepted. The solid waste issues however were not regarded acceptable. The parties have indicated they will further investigate the problem. Further investigation could result in additional requirements being added to the impact assessment process, after which an acceptable solution may be found. Due to time constraints this however did not take place.

3.8.1 Conclusions Based on the impacts found during the impact assessment phase, measures to reduce ‘mitigate’ the impact were determined. Verification of the impact assessment, combined with the mitigation measures, revealed that not all requirements are met. It is up to the decision makers to determine if further research and measures are required, if the impacts are accepted as they currently are, or if the project with these impacts is not wanted at all. During a group session, where the results of the impact assessment were discussed, it became apparent some negative impacts will require further research. The stakeholders and decision makers will accept some other impacts that do not meet the verification criteria.

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4 Conclusions and recommendations The conclusions and recommendations in this section refer to the new integrated impact assessment method. The conclusions and recommendations regarding the impact assessment of the golf resort are included in the impact assessment report, which was included as a loose supplement. 4.1 Conclusions The main question posed in this report is the problem formulation. The problem formulation is:

How can the methods of system engineering and value engineering be integrated with the environmental impact assessment and how can the resulting integrated impact assessment method be used to find and solve or mitigate the environmental, social and economic impact of a planned golf resort on St. Eustatius?

The report described the combination of the system engineering and value engineering methods with the impact assessment. This combination resulted in the new integrated impact assessment procedure (page 29).

Using the integrated impact assessment procedure an impact assessment was executed. The following conclusions can be made based on the executed impact assessment:

• The procedure allows for assessing all impacts at the same time and in one report, in this

case the economic, social and environmental impact. • The reviewed system elements and the main relations between these elements are presented

in a single diagram, which offers a good overview and good tool in discussions. • Due to tracing the requirements throughout the document, it becomes clear what impact is

caused by which requirements. • The generation of a customer FAST and preliminary design block diagram force the

generation of a single ‘start point’. The start point is the reason for executing all the underlying projects, which in impact assessment terms makes it the strategic goal. Next to showing the start point, the program level also indicates why the project is needed.

• The impact assessment gives the opportunity to find the relations between impacts. This

way the client does not get one report, which states that the beach is used for tourism, while another report states it is used for sea turtle nesting. The two reports are not able to tell the consequences of dual use. By examining both impacts within a single report the consequences of shared use can be reviewed and should this be negative, the report can also bring up solutions. In the specific case it was actually solved in a way where it generated a benefit to both the tourists and the sea turtles.

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4.2 Reflection 4.2.1 Relevance of the thesis The thesis looks at an existing problem in the field of impact assessment and applies proven methods from the field of construction management to mitigate the perceived problems. The method was then tested on a project on the island of St. Eustatius. The island of St. Eustatius is relatively small; it only measures 7 by 3km. As indicated in the report this means that a large project as a golf resort will have an effect on the whole island. With the project situated on an island, the scope can more easily be determined, as well as the stakeholders. The effect will also be easier to consider, as there is a physical border after which either the effect stops, or import and export become issues. If the project is not located on an island, or a much larger island, it will most likely be harder to determine where the effect stops and which stakeholders to include. While this may not necessarily make the thesis less relevant, the size of the island is simplifying factor.

The question also has to be asked whether the situation on the island did warrant an impact assessment. The golf resort project on St. Eustatius is a large project that was expected to have a potential significant impact. With the impact investigation completed it is indeed clear that there were impacts on all the fields. For example fitting the golf resort in with the environment, the high use of water and the increase in population.

By executing an impact assessment it was possible to clearly present the consequences ‘impact’ of the golf resort, versus the benefits and the goal that the project aims to achieve. It was also possible to mitigate many negative effects. Since the method shows links between the different impact fields, potential problems like the use of the beach by both tourists and sea turtles, could be turned into benefits for both.

In conclusion and looking back on the impact assessment study it is clear that all three impact fields, environmental, economical and social were present in the case study. It can therefore be said that indeed the project did warrant an impact assessment. 4.2.2 Making of the thesis

In creating the impact assessment, getting all parties together to determine the requirements was not feasible. The requirements were gathered by use of individual interviews with the stakeholders instead. There are some disadvantages in using an interview instead of a team approach. In a team approach, stakeholders may influence each other and ‘in a creative process’ come up with important other requirements that individually were not brought up. In an interview approach there is also an added chance for conflicting requirements.

Because the parties that are looking to start the golf resort are still looking for investors, the investors, who will be key stakeholders were not yet available for an interview. By keeping the design at a ‘high level’ and not in depth, a lot of room was left for specific requirements by the investor. An investor may however have different ideas about the number of rooms required, the size of the golf course, etc. By not including this party in the investigation, there is a larger chance for deviation between the results of the impact assessment and the reality.

In creating the preliminary design of the golf resort, a function to form approach was selected. This means that the question is asked what “it has to do” before the question “what it physically

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looks like”, which would be the first question if a form to function approach is used. The function to form approach has the advantage that it allows for more creative thinking, people do not have to think in terms of real objects, but can express what they truly want something to be. Thinking in functions first also allows an easier switch to higher functions, to determine what the actual need ‘problem’ is. The actual need within impact assessment is the program level, that what ultimately has to be achieved. Having the ultimate goal of the project clear at an early stage helps to get a good overview.

During the impact assessment it may not always be possible to find exact numbers. There are for example no exact numbers of Statians living outside St. Eustatius. It those cases it may be necessary to find indicators. The number of Statians living in the Netherlands, for example, was determined by looking at the total size of the group of Antilleans living in the Netherlands and taking the size of the population on the islands as an indicator for dividing the group in the Netherlands.

After determining the impact and mitigation measures there was a group discussion with (a large part of) the stakeholders. The discussion was preceded by a presentation of the impact assessment. During the (thorough) discussion, which was led by a moderator, no new impact issues came to light. With the impact and the project goal known, parties participating in the discussion indicated they had much more confidence in the project.

During the meeting the mitigation measures were acknowledged. The impacts for which no solutions was found during the study did not get solved during the meeting either. Further attention is needed regarding these subjects (mainly waste management). While the golf resort will, under the current conditions, make things worse, it is important to note that the problem of waste management is already an issue.

The bulk of the work in doing the impact assessment is the actual determining of the impact per system element. For the impacts that require interviews or information from third parties, waiting times may be long. In most cases it is however possible to continue with determining impacts on other system solutions while waiting for information or an interview. An issue found during executing the impact assessment is that there is no certainty that all impacts are taken into account. How can be guaranteed in the direction of the client or the stakeholders that the opinions of all stakeholders have been included and all relevant effects have been reviewed? A more thorough review of this question will be continued in the next section. 4.2.3 Usefulness of the integrated approach

An important question to ask is obviously if the integrated approach to impact analysis as executed in this report is actually useful. Does it solve (some of) the problems that were found in the current practice of impact assessments and that were stated in the process of getting to a problem formulation at the start of this report? The main problems that the new impact assessment method was to solve are: • Offer a single document which clearly and consistently states the project impact • Trace the transformation from requirements to solutions, when decisions are made, they

should be made explicitly. • Take into account the 2nd order effects, which are the impacts resulting from changes

caused by the project.

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• Include the links between the different impact fields, which make trade-offs possible between for example environmental and economic effects.

The developed impact method did indeed offer a single document, which covers the economic, social and environmental impact. In an attempt to present it clearly and consistently the impact is presented in a table, together with the mitigation measures. The same mitigation measures together with the remaining impact are again given at the end of the document. Decisions made in the impact assessment are for example the conversion from functions to system solutions, which solution is the preferred one and which alternative has the preferred impact. The conversion from functions to system solution is a process, which is described and tracked in a table. This ensures that the decisions are traceable and can be checked. When a selection has to be made from alternatives this was also substantiated. An example of this is the selection for diesel powered electric generators, which was selected on its cost and the disability of wind energy to provide a constant amount of electricity. Second order effects are the effects that occur due to changes created by the impact of the resort. For example the construction and operation of the resort itself does not have a direct effect on schools. Because personnel are required to run the resort, the population on the island will increase. This causes a larger demand for schools. By use of the customer FAST and PDBD the method forces a single start point. This single start point can be considered the program level, or strategic goal. By considering all that has to be accomplished to reach this goal, second order effects will be taken into consideration. A worry during the group session, held at the end of the study, was whether the report examined the 2nd order effects deep enough. It was mentioned for example that the effects on the supermarkets were not included. While it would have been no problem to include this effect in the method, the effects on supermarkets were never thought of during the interviews. This shows the disadvantage of an interview method versus a team approach. In the last setting stimulation by other parties may cause parties to come up with new ideas that in an interview approach do not come up. The method also allows links between different impact fields to be included. An example from the study where a link, or in this case conflict between impact fields were found is the usage of the beach. From an environmental standpoint the beach is required for the nesting of sea turtles. From an economic standpoint, the beach is required for the guests of the resort. By including this link, it became a subject in the mitigation measures. In a standard impact report a decision maker may have just received two reports, one stating that Sea turtles, which are protected by law, use the beach, another report stating that for economic reasons (to attract tourists), the resort should have a beach. During mitigation it became apparent that some simple measures would allow the beach to be used for both the guests and the sea turtles. In fact, because the resort will clean the beach from waste washed ashore, the beach will even become a safer place for the sea turtles. From the four points above it can be concluded that indeed the method solves the four mentioned problems encountered in the current impact assessment method.

Another question to be asked is whether or not the impact assessment is complete and how it is possible to be certain about this. Appendix III compares the new integrated impact assessment method with ‘the seven samurai of system engineering’ by Martin [2004]. From this comparison it becomes clear that indeed the new integrated impact assessment method follows, at least on the main points, the holistic systems thinking as described by Martin. This ensures that the ‘whole picture’ is taken into account.

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4.3 Recommendations As indicated in the reflection the developed integrated impact assessment method seems to solve the main problems indicated in the two MER-Commission reports [1998,2001]. It could only be tested in this single case study though. Due to the nature of the study some elements that could improve the results could not be tested. Team approach It would be interesting to use this method in a team approach. The team approach has two meanings. Firstly the team should include impact assessment investigators from all disciplines. This can provide information if the method can indeed create deliberation between the experts. Secondly next to the experts, the stakeholders should be involved more often, either by including them in the team or by use of a job plan method, whereby they would be part of the workshop. From the single meeting of a majority of the stakeholders in this research project it became clear that in a team approach people do stimulate each other and impacts may be discovered that are not found using interviews. The team approach is expected to deliver a more complete picture of the system solutions and therefore allow a more complete impact assessment. Further case study The case selected for this study took place in a ‘controlled’ environment. The island of St. Eustatius is small and it is clear that a large project like a golf resort will have an influence on the whole island. It is also clear where the impact stops, people whom do not live on the island are unable to work there, as commuting is not feasible. It is also clear that items that are not locally produced will need to be brought in (imported) by either boat or aircraft. When a case study would be executed in a more standard situation, for example somewhere on the mainland of Europe, it may be much harder to determine where the impact of a project stops. It would therefore be interesting to execute such a study to determine if the method is suited for such a situation. If a case study is performed in such a situation it is expected that determining the available resources becomes harder. Further integration between the design process and impact assessment The new integrated impact assessment method provides a single report containing the different impact fields. To achieve this, first a design is created, after which it is reviewed for its impact on the three impact fields (environmental, social and economic). The new integrated impact assessment method uses VE and SE, which were taken from the field of construction management. Since both the design phase of a project and the impact assessment are creating a ‘provisional’ design of the project, there may be double work. Between the two designs there may in fact be differences. It may be possible to use VE and SE as the binding factor to combine impact assessment and the design process. By making impact assessment a part of the design process it may be possible to reduce the time and minimize double work during the design phase. Another advantage could be that whenever the design is changed, the environmental, social and economic effects can easily be determined. Further research would be required to determine if the listed advantages are achievable, what the negative sides of such integration would be and whether it is possible at all.

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5 Literature

Bryant, John W. et al. (1998). Monograph, Function: Definition and analysis. USA: SAVE.

Dalal C.B. 1992. Modified EIA and Indicators of Sustainability: First Steps towards Sustainable Analysis. Paper presented to the twelfth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Impact Assessment (IAIA), Washington D.C., August 19-22. Defence acquisition university press (2001). System Engineering Fundamentals. As found in reader 854. Enschede: University of Twente. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2000). Guideline document; Strategic Environmental Assessment in South Africa. Pretoria: CSIR.

Doorewaard, H. et al. (2000). Het ontwerpen van Onderzoek. Nijmegen: Lemma BV. Elizabeth M. et al. (2002). Requirements engineering. USA: Springer. Gause, D. C. et al. (1981). Exploring requirements; quality for design. New York: Dorset House Publishing.

Green, S. D. (1992). A SMART methodology for value management. Ascot (UK): The Chartered Institute of building.

IAIA (1999). Principles of environmental impact assessment: best practice. IAIA; USA. IAIA (2003). Social impact assessment: international principles. IAIA; USA. Kelly, J. et al (1998). Value Management “the value management benchmark”. Edinburgh: Thomas Telford books. Miles, R. (1989). Techniques of Value Analysis and Engineering. USA: Miles Value Foundation.

MER-Comissie (1998). New experiences on EIA in the Netherlands. Utrecht: Comission for environmental impact assessment.

MER-Comissie (2001). Further experiences on EIA in the Netherlands. Utrecht: Comission for environmental impact assessment.

Martin, J. N. (2004). The Seven Samurai of Systems Engineering. USA: INCOSE.

University of Twente (1997). Example “interim report by international consultant trainees”. Enschede: University of Twente. Snodgrass, T.J. et al (1986). Function Analysis, the stepping stone to good value. USA: University of Wisconsin.

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Staten generaal (2003). Kennismakingsbezoek van een delegatie aan de Nederlandse Antillen. Online posting on: http://www.eerstekamer.nl/9324000/1/j9vvgh5ihkk7kof/vgh2c891u000/f=x.pdf (June 13, 2006) Steehouder, M. et al (2005). Leren communiceren, 4th print. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff. Veenvliet, Ir. K. Th. (2004). Value engineering & Functional Analysis in de bouw, reader 861. Enschede: University of Twente. Woodhead, R. (2001). Value Management, Improving capabilities. USA: American Society of Civil Engineers (Thomas Telfort Ltd.). Internet links: IL1; http://it.csumb.edu/departments/data/glossary.html (May 11, 2006)

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6 Appendix table of contents

Appendix I – Structure of the research 53 Appendix II – Value engineering, the main principles 54

Appendix III – The seven samurai of system engineering 58 Appendix IV – The System Engineering Process 60 Appendix V – Requirements and functions 61 Appendix VI – Preliminary Design Block Diagram 63 Loose supplements: ‘Strategic impact assessment golf resort St. Eustatius’ ‘Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius’ ‘Provisional design block diagram – Golf resort St. Eustatius’

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Appendix I – Structure of the research

Introduction

Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment

Requirments analysisStakeholders Relevant Legislation Local situation

Provisional design

Impact Analysis

Improving the negative effects andinvestigating the residue impact.

Conclusions and recommendations

Structure of research

(Strategic) Environmental ImpactAssessment Value engineering System enginineering

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Appendix II – Value engineering, the main principles. Value engineering is used extensively in this study. Since not all readers may be familiar with this method the main principles of functions and the technical and customer FAST are explained below. Historically Larry Miles developed the theory of value engineering, also called value analysis or function analysis, in the 2nd world war. Due to wartime shortages in materials new ways had to be found to provide products, which offered the same functions, but used different (available) materials. By being able to understand what a product has to do, it’s function; successful new products could be provided. After the war the method was further developed. It shifted to a dynamic development process that aims for an increased acceptance of the design results by the stakeholders and a decrease of the cost of a design. [Bryant 1998] The two main lines of thought in Value Engineering are: • A clearly described problem is solved half already. • Communication between the stakeholders is the key to establish the problem. Functions The main question value engineering asks is ‘what does it have to do?’ Answering this question will aid to define and better understand the product that to be developed. In the VE method, the answer to the question will be given in the form of functions. The essence, according to Miles [1989] is that the only thing a customer wants is a function. The functions that the customer wants done are the heart of the problem. Miles states that a customer wants only two types of functions, in varying degrees in different products and services. These are use functions and aesthetic functions. Use functions are the actual functions that need to be performed, the aesthetic functions are there to please. By bringing a problem back to its core; the functions it has to perform, a creative process becomes possible. A function is normally built up of two words, an active verb and a measurable noun. Examples of functions are provide accommodation, create golf-resort and create beach. According to Bryant [1998] using this two word description has several advantages: • People are forced to specify an exact wording of the problem; this helps in focusing on the

exact problem at hand. • By focusing on the core, the solution space for alternatives is kept as large as possible,

which helps in the creative phase. • Functions that are similar to each other are easy to identify and combine or eliminate. • The method promotes full understanding by all team members regardless of their

knowledge, educational, and technical backgrounds. FAST (function analysis system technique) diagram The idea of a FAST diagram is to force a group to consider the functions and function interrelationships in such a way that creativity is focused. The Classic, Technical and Customer FAST are three types of FAST diagrams that exist. The technical FAST is most suited to review and improve elements of a design. An example of that could be a review of the

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irrigation system of golf resort. The Classic and Customer FAST are most suited to review the system as a whole. The Technical and Classic fast are mainly suited to determine what is to be done, while the Customer fast tries to establish a common understanding of what outcome is to be achieved. [Woodhead, 2001] To determine all system elements of a project, which is what the impact assessment requires, the Customer FAST is the most appropriate FAST diagram form. To improve the performance of separate system elements, for example during mitigation, the technical FAST can be used. There is not a single correct FAST diagram. A group uses the diagram to consider functions and their interrelationships, different groups will create different FAST diagrams. The Customer FAST consists out of the following elements: • Scope border • Task • Basic Functions

• Primary function • Secondary function

• Supporting Functions • Primary function • Secondary function

The layout of the customer FAST is shown in figure II.1. The start point of the diagram is the task. This is the reason for the project, the reason for executing the project. The task is the highest order function in the diagram and forms the scope. An example of a task can be ‘Self-sustainable Island’ or ‘Create golf-resort’. In the first case the scope of the project is substantially larger. The task is performed by basic and supporting functions, basic and supporting functions are different names for the original use and aesthetic functions mentioned by Miles [1989]. The logic behind a FAST diagram consists out of asking the questions ‘HOW’ and ‘WHY’. When the question is asked ‘How to develop a self sustainable island?’ lower level functions can be found. A possible answer to this question could be ‘by creating a golf resort’. Create golf resort would then be a primary function in the diagram. By asking the question ‘How to create a golf resort’, a secondary function can be found, etc. To check the logic behind the ‘How’ answers, the WHY question should be asked. Why should a golf resort be created? To answer is to develop a self-sustainable island, which means in this case the logic is valid. In the customer FAST a distinction is made between Basic (Use) functions and Supporting (Aesthetic) functions. The supporting functions always have four primary functions; guarantee ease, captivate stakeholders, guarantee reliability and satisfy stakeholders. As indicated the Customer FAST is used to establish a common understanding of what is to be achieved. The Technical FAST is used to determine in which alternative ways the same

Primary function

TASK

Primary function

Basic functions

Guarantee ease

Captivate stakeholders

Guaranteereliability

Satisfystakeholders

Secondary function

Secondary function

Secondary function

Secondary function

Tertiary function

Tertiary function

Supporting functions

Scope

How Why

Figure II.1 Customer FAST [Veenvliet, 2004]

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functions can be performed. It is most suitable to review, for example during mitigation, a specific part of the project to come up with alternatives. The Technical FAST consists out of the following elements: • Scope border • Basic functions • Critical function path • Logic HOW-WHY questions • Secondary functions • Causative function • Supporting functions

• Caused by/ simultaneous functions • Always present functions • Design functions

An overview of the technical FAST is given in figure II.2. The technical FAST diagram has two scope borders. On the left of the scope border is the higher order function, which is comparable to the task from the customer FAST. It explains why the part of the project is needed. On the right of the scope the causative function can be found. The causative function explains the reason of the value study. A possible causative function can be ‘study alternative’. The primary function, as well as the secondary functions are between the higher order function and the causative function and are build up using the same ‘how’ / ‘why’ question used with the

Higher order function

Basic function

Required secondary function




Design objective

Design objective

Functions that happen ‘all the

time’

Basic function

Basic function

Basic function

Basic function

ScopeScope

Functions that happen ‘at the same time’ and/

or are ‘caused by’ some other function

How Why

When

Figure II.2 Technical FAST [Snodgrass, 1986]

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customer FAST. Below the secondary functions and primary functions there are functions that occur at the same time. For example if a function is ‘Desalinize water’, at the same time the function ‘Utilize electricity’ would be valid, as the desalination process causes the utilization a lot of energy. Finally there are two types of functions, which are noted separately. These are design objectives and functions that happen ‘all the time’. An example of an always-present function would be ‘minimize environmental impact’. A possible design function can be ‘minimize (energy) consumption’.

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Appendix III – The seven samurai of system engineering

In his paper Martin [2004] indicates there are seven different systems that must be acknowledged and understood when using system engineering. Between the seven systems there are fifteen interactions. When these seven systems and their relations are considered, the paper states, there is a better chance for understanding the whole picture. In figure III.1 the ‘holistic view’ as created in the paper by Martin is displayed. Can the new impact assessment method as developed in this report be recognised in the holistic view?

Context System (S1)

Realization System (S3)

Intervention System (S2)

Competing System (S7)

Modified Context System (S1’)

Deployed System (S4)

Sustainment System (S6)

Problem (P1)

Problem (P2)

may cause

Collaborating System (S5)

collaborates with

intended to address

becomes

may address

competes with

becomes

sustains

may need to develop or modify

needs to understand

needs to understand

Figure III.1 – Holistic system view as found in the seven samurai of system engineering by James N Martin.

Both start to review the problem and its context ‘scope’. The context of an engineering project can be the available space, legislation, available number of people, the accessibility, etc. The paper states that it is important to find the cause of the problem, so the problem can truly be completely solved. It should also be asked if the found problem is a symptom of a deeper problem. In the impact assessment method, value engineering and the tool of the FAST diagram is used to discover the true problem(s) that need to be solved. The context (S1) is handled in determining the scope. Using the tools supplied by system engineering, the system solutions are generated. The intervention system, or solutions, in this case is a golf resort. The golf resort is to (partially) solve the problem of not being a self-sustainable island. This makes the golf resort and the system solutions belonging to this project the intervention system (S2). For the golf resort employees are required, services need to be offered to the guests, policies need to be changed. In other words, other system solutions are required to realise the golf resort. In the holistic system thinking this is described as the realisation system (S3). The

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impact assessment indeed needs to and does review the context system, for example the question can be asked how many local employees can be found, which reverts back to the context. The realization system should also look at how the project will change the context (S1’), so it can anticipate, for example more teachers may be necessary due to an increase in inhabitants on the island in the new context. The intervention system will ultimately be build, which turns it into the deployed system (S4). The deployed system will be different from the intended intervention system. This is taken into account by not going into very high detail levels in the impact assessment. By keeping the impact assessment at a somewhat higher level, there is room for changes in the design without any big effects on the impact of the project.

Next to the system developed for the golf resort there may be collaborating projects that affect the impact of the golf resort. For example, if a foreign investor would build a power plant for the resort, the local energy company would not be able to supply this power to the resort. The potential, mainly economic, benefit for the island of being able to deliver electricity to the resort will in that case be lost. Since the profits that a foreign company makes will not stay on the island, this means that the total economic impact on the island will be lower than envisaged. On the other hand, if the plan for a boat service to the nearby islands works out, this may complement the golf resort and may attract golfers from nearby islands (S5).

The sustainment system includes water, electricity, maintenance, etc. These things are, probably other than with a mechanical engineering project, very much part of the realization system. Still, within the realization system it is possible to recognise sustainment systems (S6).

There are almost always alternatives that can be considered. With an impact assessment, an important alternative to consider is doing nothing. Alternatives will address the original problem (P1) and will vary in the level at which they succeed to compete with the deployed system (Competing systems, S7).

From the analysis above it becomes clear that the impact assessment follows, at least on the main points, the holistic systems thinking as described by Mr. Martin. This ensures that the ‘whole picture’ is taken into account.

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Appendix IV – The System Engineering Process

According to the system engineering fundamentals [2001], the system engineering process is a top-down comprehensive, iterative and recursive problem solving process, applied sequentially through all stages of development, that is used to: • Transform needs and requirements into a set of system products and process descriptions. • Generate information for decision makers. • Provide input for the next level of development. Figure 3.1, above, shows the system engineering process. The main system engineering activities are requirements analysis, functional analysis and allocation and design synthesis. These activities are controlled ‘balanced’ by the system analysis and control techniques. The figure shows that system engineering needs the project requirements as an input. During the process it converts the requirements to system elements/ solutions. The process output is a design plus the information about the decision that determined why the requirements where converted into this specific design.

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Appendix V – Requirements and functions Requirement Function Number SourceSt. Eustatius should aim to become an exclusive destination, comparable with St. Kitts now. Exclusive location Attr. TO

The golf resort should add a large portion of rooms to the island.

Provide accommodation 0.1.1 TO

The golf resort would have to decrease the social employment function of the local government. Attract workers 0.2.1 TO

The golf course management should have a reserve for marketing, taking the load of the government to do marketing for the island

Promote Island 0.1.5 TO

The goal of the golf course is to have spin of effects increasing the islands economy and the social position

Increase economy Increase society 0.1.6 TO

Care should be taken which people are going to work on the golf resort; people from the nearby islands, Dutch Antilles and Europe/ USA are no problem. Low educated people from for example the Dominica’s with big families will have a large social impact.

Offer employment 0.2.1 TO

The unique things compared to other islands are the quietness and a lack of crime, these should be maintained

Maintain quietness Maintain crime-free

status

- 0.2.2 TO

Having a beach would lift a constraint that is currently tempering the tourism development. Create beach 0.1.2 TO

Because not all persons may like golf (partners of golfers), other attractions should be offered as well to keep those people happy.

Develop attractions 0.1.3 TO

The accommodations should be aimed at a tourist that wants luxury and quality in a discreet way.

Create exclusive golf resort 0.1.1 TO

To support upper class tourists, the airport terminal and apron should be renewed. A VIP room would perhaps attract the very top of the market.

Upgrade airport 01.4 TO

The beach from the waterline to the dunes is protected and should not be used due to sea turtles. Protect Seaturtles 0.3.4 ST

Venus Bay houses the protected Iguana delicatissima, it is rare and only exists on 4 islands. The trees (which ones) are

important for the food of the iguanas and should be protected.

Protect Iguana delicatissima 0.3.1 ST

The water next to Venus Bay and Zeelandia is important for fishery, there are also corals nearby which should be

protected.

Protect Coral Protect Fishery

0.3.2 0.3.3 ST

Care should be taken with effluent water from a desalination plant, not to damage corals or impact fishery.


0.3.3 0.3.2 ST

Eustatius should aim to promote itself as the island of Archaeology, diving, history, hiking and yachting. Altr. ST

In protection of the sea turtles a golf course next to the dunes can keep the water edge dark and protect it against

more harmful development Limit seaside lighting Constr. ST

The Netherlands wants St. Eustatius to be more independent by providing their own income Self-supporting island 0.2.3 BA

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The local residence have to agree with the project Satisfy locals BA The buildings have to fit in with the current style, this

means a maximum of 2 floors Fit surrounding 0.3.5 BA

Offer employment for 600 to 700 people and thereby also increase the tax revenues

Offer employment Increase tax revenue

0.2.1 0.1.6.3 BA

Increase the total government tax revenue due to the taxes that the golf course has to pay Increase tax revenue 0.1.6.3 BA

Double the islands economy by direct and indirect effects of the golf resort Double economy Verif. BA

Decrease unemployment on the island Decrease unemployment 0.1.6.2 BA

Make it possible for Statians that had to move abroad because there wasn’t any work for them can return to the

island

Provide work (to Statians) 0.2.1.2 BA

Increase the facilities and service levels on the islands Increase facilities Increase service

0.2.3.1 0.2.3.2 BA

Make sure the project fits in with the environment, as this increases the popularity of the golf resort with tourists.

Fit (golf course) in environment 0.3.5 BA

The project should provide it’s own power, if possible using renewable energy sources. Provide power 0.1.1.6.2 BA

A requirement resulting from the legislation however is that the project should show clearly the environmental

impact on Venus Bay, enabling the government to make an informed decision about whether or not to change the law

to allow a golf resort.

Inform government

Change Law LG

BA : Business Association LG : Legislation ST : Stenapa TO : Tourist Office

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Appendix VI – Preliminary Design Block Diagram The system solutions are placed in a block diagram to give an overview of the system solutions and their main relationships. The diagram is setup somewhat similar to the customer FAST, although in this case it contains system solutions and not functions. An example and part of the actual block diagram created for the case study is shown in figure VI.1

In the Customer FAST a lower level function is found by asking the question how. The logic can then be checked asking the question why the lower level function exists. The answer should be the higher level function. In the above diagram the 18-hole golf course is a system solution. The system solution is build up out of several other, lower level, system solutions. A golf shop, irrigation system and course are elements of the 18-hole golf course. The practice facilities consist out of two elements, a driving range and putting greens. To find the lower level elements of a system solution, the question can be asked, which system solutions make up this system solution? A question to check the answer could be, is this system solution an element of the higher order system solution? Coupled to the example the questions could be: Which system solutions make up an 18-hole golf course? To check one of the answers, a restaurant and clubhouse, the questions can be asked if a restaurant and clubhouse are an element of an 18-hole golf course. Indeed on most luxury golf courses a restaurant and clubhouse can be found, so in this case this is a valid lower level system solution. The system solutions are all numbered to provide traceability. Note that each subsequent lower layer starts with the number of the system solution it belongs to, but adds an additional number layer. The highest order system solution in the above example is 1.1.2.2.5, the next layer starts with this number, but an additional number is added at the end: 1.1.2.2.5.x. The diagram should have just enough layers ‘detail’ to execute an impact assessment. It is not necessary to work on all details. A putting green for example consists out of grass, a hole, a flag, etc. These are details that are not relevant for the impact assessment. The system element ‘putting greens’ is detailed enough. The Diagram should always have a single system solution at the very start, which is the program level system solution. In the case project the program level system solution, or strategic goal of the project, is a self-sustainable island. All the system elements within the program are necessary to reach this goal.

1.1.2.2.518-hole golf course

1.1.2.2.5.1Golf shop

1.1.2.2.5.2.1Driving range

1.1.2.2.5.2.2Putting greens

1.1.2.2.5.3Restaurant & clubhouse

1.1.2.2.5.4Irrigation system

1.1.2.2.5.2Practice facilities

1.1.2.2.5.5Course

VI.1 Preliminary design block diagram

Strategic impact assessment golf resort St. Eustatius Reviewing and improving the impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius.

Report by: ing. R.S.Versluys

University of Twente

June 2006

Graduation committee: Chairman: Ir. K.Th. Veenvliet Supervisor: Dr. Ir. S.J. de Boer Staff member: Dr. Ir. M.J. Kolkman

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Preface Sustainable development should play a major role in any program or project. The study that lies before you reviews the economic, environmental and social impact of a program aimed at making the island of St. Eustatius more self-sustainable. The main project reviewed to reach this program goal is the development of a golf resort. This report reviews the economic, social and environmental consequences when such a project is executed. The impact assessment is part of a larger project, which reviews the possibility of using the construction management methods of system- and value engineering in Impact Assessment studies. This study is performed as part of achieving a master degree for Civil Engineering and Management at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. The impact assessment has been performed on request of the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA) and is partially based on an earlier feasibility study of a golf course in St. Eustatius, performed by Rob Blokvoort and Tom Tiggeloven, both of the University of Twente. The impact assessment was executed on the island of St. Eustatius. I wish to express my thanks to the STEBA for providing me with the opportunity to do this impact assessment and especially for the hospitality and warm welcome by STEBA president Mr. Koos Sneek and Mrs. Nora Sneek-Gibbs. An impact assessment is not possible without information from the stakeholders. During the time on the island I have therefore discussed the impact with a large number of local businesses, organisations and (government) agencies. I wish to thank these persons for the time they spend answering my questions and the information they have provided. Comparing the possible effects with observed effects and situations at similar resort in Anguilla, which is currently being constructed and St Kitts, which is in full operation, was very helpful. I wish to thank the government of Anguilla and the resort management at the Marriot resort in St Kitts for their assistance and unselfish help in providing me with information about the way these resorts and construction projects are run and the impact that they have. An impact assessment can and does not give a final answer whether a project or program should be executed. It is a document that provides information about the expected impact of a project. It is up to the stakeholders to form an opinion about the impact of the project and up to the government to promote discussion between stakeholders. The stakeholder opinions on the impact should be heard and taken into consideration before a final decision is taken about the project. I sincerely hope all stakeholders will find this report a helpful and reliable source of information in determining their standpoint regarding the project. This document is an appendix to the report ‘Strategic impact assessment, improving impact assessment by developing an integrated impact assessment method’. The main report develops the integrated impact assessment method, which is applied in this case study. It also describes the procedure that was followed to develop this strategic impact assessment report.

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Table of contents

Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 5

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11

1.1 Project characteristics........................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1 Program level.................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2 Project level .................................................................................................................... 11

1.2 The research method............................................................................................................. 12

1.3 How to read/ use the impact assessment ............................................................................. 12

2 Scoping the impact assessment ................................................................................................. 14

2.1 Who are the stakeholders ..................................................................................................... 14

2.2 Stakeholder requirements .................................................................................................... 15

2.3 Relevant legislation ............................................................................................................... 17

2.4 Local situation ....................................................................................................................... 18

3 Impact assessment ..................................................................................................................... 19

3.1 Description of the project ..................................................................................................... 19

3.2 Impact and mitigation........................................................................................................... 21

3.3 Alternative projects............................................................................................................... 73 3.3.1 0-option........................................................................................................................... 73 3.3.2 Eco-tourism option ......................................................................................................... 74

4 Conclusions and recommendations.......................................................................................... 76

4.1 Remaining impact and mitigation measures....................................................................... 76 4.1.1 Transportation................................................................................................................. 76 4.1.2 Additional activities and services ................................................................................... 76 4.1.3 Irrigation & Water .......................................................................................................... 77 4.1.4 Land use.......................................................................................................................... 78 4.1.5 Electricity ....................................................................................................................... 78 4.1.6 Housing........................................................................................................................... 79 4.1.7 Finding and recruiting people......................................................................................... 79 4.1.8 Construction ................................................................................................................... 80 4.1.9 Environmental effects..................................................................................................... 80 4.1.10 Law change..................................................................................................................... 81 4.1.11 Effects on current owners ............................................................................................... 82 4.1.12 Economical effects ......................................................................................................... 82 4.1.13 Waste .............................................................................................................................. 83

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4.2 Requirements review............................................................................................................. 83

4.3 Golf Resort versus alternative projects ............................................................................... 85

Literature & references ..................................................................................................................... 87 Appendixes:

Appendix I – Functions to system solutions:.................................................................................... 88

Appendix II - Rainwater availability................................................................................................ 97

Appendix III – Water system:........................................................................................................... 99

Appendix IV - Definitions:............................................................................................................... 102

Appendix V - References: ................................................................................................................ 102

Loose supplements: ‘Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius’

‘Provisional design block diagram – Golf resort St. Eustatius’

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Executive summary Introduction This report looks at the economic, social and environmental impact of the planned development of a golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius. The island of St. Eustatius is located in the northeastern Caribbean (see figure 0.1), 60km south of St. Maarten, 15 km north of St Kitts and about 300 km east of Puerto Rico (not on the map). The island is part of the country of the Netherlands Antilles, which consists out of the islands of St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius in the northeastern Caribbean and Curacao and Bonaire in the southern Caribbean. St. Eustatius is a relatively small island, measuring approximately 7 by 3 km and with a surface area of around 21 km2 (see figure 0.2). The southern part of the island features a dormant volcano, rising up to 600m above sea level. The northern part of the island features the remains of an extinct volcano, with steep hills up to 300m above sea level. The middle section of the island is relatively flat. This is where the capital and only city, Oranjestad, is located, as well as the airport and on the western side the harbour and most of the hotels. There are currently around 3100 inhabitants on the island. The three main sources of income for the island are an oil transhipment facility on the north-western side of the island, a medical school with around 200 students and the spin off that creates in terms of house rental and catering and finally tourism, with currently an emphasis on diving. The income from these three sources is not enough to make the island self-sustainable. Due to the nature of being an island, which makes sharing services and facilities with neighbours harder, there are a lot of cost, like the airport, a harbour, a hospital, etc. that have to be shared over a limited number of inhabitants. The island government currently has an annual budget deficiency of US$ 6.1 million. The golf resort project is part of a program that is aimed at making the island self-sustainable. Next to the golf resort project there is also an alternative project, an eco-resort that can have stimulate tourism and thus influence the program. A 0-option (not executing any project) and the eco-resort option are reviewed in the report as alternative projects. Scoping the impact A large project like the golf resort will affect many people, the stakeholders. Because St. Eustatius is a small island, there is hardly anyone who will not be affected by the project, if only due to improving connections to the island, or the government getting an additional amount of money for road improvement. Other than all inhabitants of the island, the main stakeholders are: Island government, Tourism development organisation, STEBA (St. Eustatius Business Association), Harbour, Airport,

Figure 0.1 - Northeastern Caribbean© Trailmonkey.com

Figure 0.2 – Map St. Eustatius© Statiatourism.com

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STENAPA (St Eustatius National Parks Foundation), local delivery and tourism industry, shipping industry, future employees and tourists and an international golf-resort chain. The main goal of the program is to increase the self-sustainability of the island. Ideally the project should bring the current budget deficit of around US$ 6.1 million back to 0, or even a budget surplus. To reach the main goal of becoming more self-sustainable, the main projects to accomplish are to increase the number of businesses on the island, to attract more tourists and create jobs and income. To guarantee the self-sustainability in the future the island should be developed in a sustainable way. Finally, government income should be increased. The golf course is envisaged in the Zeelandia and Venus Bay areas, as well as the pass between these areas. The Zeelandia area is relatively flat. It’s located on the eastern (Atlantic) side of the island. The total area, including parts of the surrounding hills, is 71.5 hectares (176 acres). Venus bay is a somewhat isolated and private valley in the northern hills. The Venus Bay area, together with the surrounding mountains, is 171.6 hectares (424 acres). Impact assessment The resort will consist out of 156 hotel rooms and 40 condominiums (privately owned, but rented out when the owner is not using the villa). At a maximum occupancy there will therefore be room for 512 guests. Centrally located will be the main buildings of the hotel, including restaurants and bars, a spa and swimming pool, meeting rooms, a small number of tennis courts and a small number of shops, including a supermarket. The resort will offer potable water, electricity, cable television, Internet and phone service. The golf course will be a top of the range facility. It will feature a club/ halfway house where golfers can signup for their round of golf, refresh themselves afterwards and can get a drink. It will also have practice facilities, both for practicing putting and practicing long shots. The total length of all fairways will be around 6,400 m, with an average width of 30 m Both Venus Bay and Zeelandia have a beach. The beach at Venus Bay is limited in size and consists mostly out of rocks; the one at Zeelandia is the largest on the island. At both locations swimming is unadvisable due to the undertow. The beach can and is used for sunbathing and walking. Not having a large, white, beach that allows for safe swimming will put the resort and the island at a disadvantage over other islands in the region. It is therefore assumed that the resort will want to create a beach where swimming is possible. The development of the golf resort should be economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. The golf resort should as much as possible look at employing Statians to work at the resort. On the environmental field the resort should try to keep its impact small. The Iguana and the Sea turtle are two animals that use the region where the golf resort is planned. Care should be taken not to damage the populations of these animals. The economic sustainability of the golf course has been researched in the feasibility report. The economical feasibility of the golf course will therefore be considered a fact and will not be re-examined. Supporting businesses The estimated number of jobs that will be created by the development of a golf resort is around 530. Statians living on the island can fill around 200 jobs, around 100 additional Statians would be available from off-island. The remaining 230 jobs could be filled with the unemployed on Saba and St. Maarten. Around 500 additional people will come to the island. An estimated 170 (single person) apartments and 125 homes for families will be required. Of the 500 people coming to the island, 75 will be under the age of 16. The housing foundation has indicated that they would be able to provide these houses. On the island enough space is available. There are several available plots at different locations on the island. When houses are constructed on the northern side of the island (for example at Grovel),

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travelling to the resort would be easiest for the employees and would cause the least amount of traffic problems on the rest of the island. There will be a large requirement for electricity. The power company on the island, GEBE, can provide this by expanding the number of turbines. Providing there is a certainty that GEBE can deliver the power to the resort for a longer period of time, they are willing to finance the necessary expansion of the power plant and the laying of electricity cables to the resort. The water for the resort and golf course would have to be delivered by a reverse osmosis installation. This installation converts seawater into irrigation and drinking water. The installation would be backed up by a large irrigation pond, which would store rainwater and excess irrigation water that was caught by drainage. The water requirement depends highly on the kind of grass that is chosen for the golf course. By placing reef balls (porous and hollow concrete construction, in which coral can form) or another form of barrier in the sea, the undertow that currently makes swimming on the Atlantic coast impossible, can be stopped. At the same time this will stop the beach erosion from the sea, which will cause the beach to extend into the sea. At Zeelandia, there already is a large beach area; at Venus there is a somewhat smaller beach. The sand on St. Eustatius does not have the Caribbean white colour that tourists have come to expect. It could be considered to import white sand. Most shops will be affected by the increase in the population; the turnover will most likely go up. For the hospital and phone/ Internet company there will be an increase in jobs. The telephone and internet company (Eutel) will require at least one additional person handling service. There are three primary schools and one secondary school on the island. They can cope with the increase in students without problems. On average the resort will create a requirement for 46 passengers per day per direction to and from Statia. There will be a concentration of departures and arrivals during the weekends, this could mean up to 107 passengers a day, per direction. This would require additional flights to the island, especially during the weekends. Bigger, more comfortable aircraft are required on the St. Maarten route. The effect on business will not start when the resort opens. It will already start when construction commences. At this time there should already be housing available for the construction workers coming in from off the island. Construction will require a large amount of materials to be moved to the island, which means a lot of activity in the port. Finally, the additional people will be spending money on the island, supporting the local economy and increasing the tax income for the government. Sustainable development A major worry for sustainable development is the waste the resort will produce. On the island there are no processing plants for either solid or liquid waste. Solid waste is dumped as is in a landfill; liquid waste is disposed mainly by so called cesspools, which means the drainpipe ends in a hole in the ground, the wastewater enters the ground directly. Septic tanks are used at a limited number of locations. Even if they are used, they still drain into the ground. For both sorts of waste, the resort would have to create its own installation to be sustainable. Two species of animals have to be taken into account. Firstly the Iguana, which is living in Venus Bay and in fact most of the northern hills area. It is endangered specie; on the island there are some 425 Iguana’s. Because they live in and feed off the trees, clearing the trees for a golf course is a potential danger to these reptiles. No problems are expected though if the resort is placed at Venus Bay and the golf course at Zeelandia. It may also increase the appeal for the golf resort having iguanas on the grounds of the resort. The second animal specie to be taken into account is the sea turtle. Having the resort at Venus Bay and the course at Zeelandia would also be beneficial for the sea turtles. Young sea turtles need darkness to find their way to the beach. Having a golf course at Zeelandia will ensure

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darkness in this area during the night, as a golf course is not lighted. It will also create a quiet environment for the adult turtles to come ashore during the night and lay their eggs. It is possible to use the beach for tourism as well as sea turtle nesting. People sitting and walking on the beach will pose no threat to the nests. Since the sea turtles use the beach at night, and people during the day, this will not conflict either. Creating a barrier in the sea, for example with reef balls, will not only make swimming possible, but according to STENAPA it will actually increase the size of the beach by about 15m due to prevention of erosion. A top layer of white sand can be added for visual appeal. Making tourists aware of the environment and the presence of sea turtles and iguana’s can decrease the negative impact, as people will know what not to do (like littering on the beach). Commercial use of the beach will also mean it will be cleaned from waste coming in from the sea; this is currently not being done and poses an equally large risk for the turtles. From the landside erosion is also playing a role. Rainwater can and does, after heavy rain, run down Zeelandia and erode the beach. This causes deep trenches in the beach and potentially allows seawater, during high seas, to enter further on the land, creating even more erosion. The sand that enters the water in this way could potentially harm the reefs, when erosion is stopped this would therefore also be beneficial for the reefs. By storing the rainwater in an irrigation pond, the water is no longer flowing over the beach, thus eliminating the erosion. The water can now be used for irrigation purposes, providing a free water source for the golf course. The Venus Bay area is currently protected under the status of ‘unique landscape’. On the basis of the law there are no grounds on which a permit could be given for building in this area. A law change will be required, which either allows “sustainable development” as basis for a building permit or which removes the status of protected area from Venus Bay. Socially, sustainability is achieved by promoting Statians to come back and work at the golf resort. Currently Statians are leaving because no work is available. They will have the least trouble blending in with the current population and will mostly share the same believes and values. It will also mean that families can get together and live together. Government income The government income from the resort will normally come from the different taxes and the land lease income. The total increase in tax income for the government, not yet taking into account tax holidays, exemptions, or other arrangements, is around US$ 7.3 million. Next to the tax income there is also a US$ 710.000 land rental income. The total income increase of the government could therefore be US$ 8.0 million a year. The budget deficit of the island currently is US$ 6,1 million, which means the golf resort can deliver enough money to make the island self sustainable. Taking into account the spin-off effects for the islands businesses, the income can increase by another US$100.000.

To attract investors some tax exemptions or tax holidays will have to be granted or other arrangements to reduce the cost for the resort will have to be made. The options of waiving the profit tax and the land rental have been mentioned. This would cost the government a yearly amount of US$ 4,400,000, or more then half the amount that they could receive.

Next to the government and the investors, another large part of the income goes to the 530 people who can find a job at the resort and will therefore now be able to support themselves and play an important role in the islands economy. The total income from these employees, at an average income of US$ 12,000, will be US$ 6,36 million. For the people currently living on the island, 200 people (About 6% of the population) will find a job with the golf resort. The remaining jobs will go to people who are not currently living on the island. For the people on the island not getting a job with the resort, the primary advantage will be an increase

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in government income, which will enable to government to execute project that it are beneficial for all, but cannot be executed at the moment due to money shortage, like improving the roads, the harbour, the airport, etc. Another advantage for them can exist if they start to provide their own facilities or services for the guests. Remaining impact Several steps can be taken to mitigate the impact. The exact steps can be found in the report, as it would take up too much space to include the mitigation measures in the summary. It is however important to know the remaining negative impact, which is the impact that cannot be mitigated. It should be taken into account that people living on the island, stakeholders and decision makers can have a large influence on the impact of a golf resort. When no additional activities are created, potential guests may select another island that offers a similarly luxurious golf resort, but because of the islands itself or the activities it provides offers that little more then St. Eustatius can currently offer. Adding additional activities, like sail boat rental, diving, horse riding, boat trips, hiking tours, parasailing, etc are important. If operated by the resort the money will go the resort chain and the investors, for the island it would therefore be better if local persons start offering additional services and attractions aimed at the upper class tourists. Adding the above-mentioned services will create even more jobs and will keep additional money on the island. The resort will use around 4% of the total surface area of the island. Since large parts are already built-on area, or not suitable for construction, the area of land that would be suitable for other projects will be reduced even more. With a high certainty there are however no projects that at the same location would be more beneficial to the island. The land used by the golf resort that can no longer be used for other project will however be significant. Regarding electricity the amount of non-renewable energy will be significant. Even when windmills would be used, which is questionable seeing that they do not pay back very fast, large amounts of diesel-generated electricity would still be required. The possibility of using Venus Bay completely depends on a law change. The government has indicated they will be willing to change the law if they believe the project will be beneficial for the island. This is required to happen before any development can start. There is a possibility that houses currently located in the Venus Bay area may need to be removed. Should this be required then this is a significant remaining negative impact. The golf course designer and the developer should try to avoid this from happening. Solid waste will be produced in large amount when the population on the island increases by a third. The current dump is envisaged to last for another 5yrs and may have run out before the resort goes into (full) operation. At the current dump waste is not handled sustainably and at a small island it is very hard to find a way to create a sustainable solution for waste handling. The additional waste however still is a significant negative effect for the environment and due to non-sustainable handling at the dump also a threat for the health of the people on the island. Golf course versus other project The golf course is a project within a program. The program is looking at making the island more self-sustainable and less dependant on others. While this document focuses mainly on the golf resort project and its impacts, two other alternatives were reviewed for their main impact features. The first option is always not to execute a project at all. The result of that would be an expected increase of hotel capacity by around 50 rooms in the next years, mainly for dive tourism. The creation of this hotel capacity will most likely not be enough to keep the Caribbean Sun airlines flight to St. Kitts and San Juan. A 50-room hotel, at 70% occupancy and at US$ 150 a night (average) would create a room tax alone of US$ 134,138. Most likely it will be get a tax exemption for other taxes for

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about 10 years. The hotel would deliver some jobs, how many really depends on the service that the hotel will want to deliver. The second option is to create an ecological resort, comparable to Saba, but larger. Eco tourism, like golf tourism, is a rapidly growing market. If 50 eco-lodges would be created, there would be space for 200 tourists. This would be a large enough market to keep the Caribbean Sun airlines connection. At a cheaper US$ 85 per cabin per night, the room tax income would only be around US$ 100.000 per year. For this facility as well tax exemption for the other taxes are expected for about 10 years. The eco-resort would deliver around 34 jobs. The golf resort will consist of 156 rooms, and 40 condominiums. In total this gives capacity for 552 guests on the island. These guests would be willing to pay substantially higher prices per night. Even at a moderate price level of US$ 695 per night, the yearly income due to the taxes for the government could be around US$ 7.8 million. More realistically the resort and the government will negotiate about the amount of money the resort has to pay. In the worst case the resort will get a full exemption for the profit tax and the land lease, which leaves a tax income of US$ 3.4 million. A public private partnership may be a solution to reduce the load on the golf resort, but still give the government a good income from the resort. The Caribbean Sun airlines connection would most definitely stay; in fact the increased requirement for transport may spark more frequent or more direct flights and larger aircraft to operate to the island. The project would create around 530 jobs. From the three projects, the golf resort creates by far the largest economical impact. With 530 jobs, it would be the largest employer on the island by far, potentially reducing the unemployment to a figure near 0. The golf resort will also have the largest negative effects, mainly in the fields of waste management, non-renewable electricity and the high land use. The direct (tax and land lease) and indirect effect of the golf course far exceeds to other two projects. The economy off the island will get a boost from tourism, especially if also local people start providing attractions and services to the golf resort tourists. When no cuts would be made in the amount of tax that the golf resort needs to pay, this project does succeed in achieving the program goal of creating a self-sustainable island, for which NAf. 11 million in tax income is required. The likely exemptions will however in the worst case bring the income back to US$ 3.4 million, in which case the project brings the budget deficit of the government back by about 55%. The other projects both deliver only around NAf. 100,000, which is negligible compared to the budget deficiency. A PPP construction should be found that would increase the government’s income above the worst-case scenario of giving an exemption of profit tax and land lease for the first 10 years, preferably in such a way that the income for the government would be around the required US$ 6.1 million.

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1 Introduction This impact report was written on request of the St. Eustatius Business Association. It reviews the social, environmental and economical impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius. The impact study is part of a larger research project, which examines the potential benefits and limitations of a newly developed integrated impact assessment method. For the client this improvement mainly consists of receiving a single report that looks at all impacts, instead of several reports that only review a specific field of impact, for example just an environmental or social impact study. 1.1 Project characteristics There are two levels in which a project can be approached; a program- and a project level. The scope of the impact study at a project level is much smaller then at a program level. A program level can also contain several projects to accomplish its goals. The project that is being reviewed in this document is a golf resort. The reason for having a golf course in the first place is the question at program level. Since the program level has not been reviewed yet, it is also part of this study. On overview of the program and its projects is given in the loose supplement titled ‘provisional design block diagram’, a description is provided below.

1.1.1 Program level The main goal for the stakeholders at program level is to become more self-sufficient and therefore depend less, or ideally not at all on the Netherlands. Currently 3091 people are living on Statia, together they have to finance a lot of facilities like the Harbour, the airport, the government, etc. By increasing the amount of people that are living on the island, the cost of these facilities can be shared over more people. The budget deficit of the government for the year 2005 is around US$ 6.1 million. This means that the Netherlands has to provide aid and a lot of things that need to be done cannot be done due to insufficient funds. The To become more self-sufficient three things should be done:

1) Support business By supporting business, jobs will be created. This will generate income for people living on the island, increasing the economy. It will also enable Statians to stay on the island and find work or return to the island because work is now available.

2) Sustainable development To make sure that the island is not exploited in a way that will severely damage the culture, environment or economy it is important to develop the island sustainably. This means that development that comes to the island can potentially continue indefinitely without any significant negative impact on the environment or its inhabitants.

3) Increase government income

To become more independent from the Netherlands, it is important to increase the tax income. Income from tax can be used to finance projects by the island government. This will decrease the amount of money that has to come from overseas.

1.1.2 Project level Below these three main program points, there are increasingly detailed projects. To support business for example, tourist attractions have to be offered, the number of inhabitants should be increased (to provide a workforce, but also to consume) and the island should be promoted. Offering tourist attractions is a project and can be divided in two sub-projects, namely increasing services for the tourists and increasing facilities for tourists. Services are there to make sure there is electricity, to

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make sure there is enough water, to make sure there is health care. Facilities can be a whole range of things, but in this case includes a beach and a golf resort. 1.2 The research method As indicated this report is part of a larger research project on improving the impact assessment method. This improved method is based on the construction management theories of value engineering and system engineering. In short the process starts with an investigation of the stakeholders and their requirements. When the requirements are known, functions are generated. A function is a short, usually two words, description what something has to do. For example one of the functions of a resort is to “provide accommodation” or to “decrease unemployment”. Providing accommodation can be done in many ways, so next to functions, there is also a need for attributes. An attribute is something that tells a little bit more about the function, for example “5-star+” tells that the accommodations will be very luxurious. Finally, constraints will be set, for example for accommodation a constraint can be that the accommodations buildings should not exceed 2 floors in height, or be no higher then 5m. For each function, combined with the attributes and constraints, there is now a clear understanding what is needed. A system bearer is then attached to a function. A system bearer is a tangible solution, for example a “5-star+- hotel room” is a system solution for providing accommodation. Each of the system solutions is a part or element of the golf resort. For this reason it can have a social, environmental or economic impact. For this reason the impact study looks at the impact of each of the system solutions. With the impact of the system solutions known, the total impact of the resort is also known. At that time it is possible to look at measures to mitigate (reduce) the negative impact. The mitigation measures and negative impact that cannot be reduced will finally be listed.

More information about the impact assessment methodology can be found in the report titled ´Strategic impact assessment, A new impact assessment method using value engineering and system engineering elements.´. This report is part of a graduation study and is using a newly developed method. Because detailed information about the project is not yet available and cannot be because one of the main stakeholders, the party that will finance/ build the resort is not yet know, the project and thus the impact was also reviewed on it’s main features only. 1.3 How to read/ use the impact assessment An impact assessment is a document that collects and presents the expected impact of a program and project. By listing the expected impact, interested parties and decision makers will have a good view of the project and the effects it will have when it is implemented. The impact assessment is based on information gathered amongst the different stakeholders. Where stakeholders could not be reached, other sources of information were used. Next to listing the effects, the assessment also provides measures to mitigate (reduce) negative effects.

As was indicated in paragraph 1.1 the golf resort is a project that is intended to make the island more self-sustainable. There has not yet been research if a golf resort is the most appropriate solution to reach this program goal. For this reason, alternative projects that fit within the same program have also been reviewed, be it only at their main points. The two alternatives reviewed are a 0-option, which means no project is executed and things keep going the way they currently are. In this option it is envisaged that a 50-room hotel is build on the island, mainly aimed at divers. The second option is one, which aims at ecotourism instead of high-end tourism and develops an eco-resort for these tourists.

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The effects of these two alternative projects will be set out against the effects of the golf resort project. The conclusions that can be drawn from this document will therefore be the impact the golf resort will have on the island and how this compares to the impact of the alternative projects. The report will also show the measures that can be taken to mitigate the negative impact and show the impact that will remain even after mitigation.

An impact assessment is not a document that draws a conclusion whether or not the golf resort project should be approved. This decision lays ultimately with the island government, which should decide in consultation with the other stakeholders. During the decision making process, this document can be used to determine the consequences that a decision will have.

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2 Scoping the impact assessment 2.1 Who are the stakeholders

The stakeholders are the people that are, in one way or the other, affected by the project. The initiative for the course was taken by the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA) and is now fully backed by the tourism development foundation and the local government. All three parties are main stakeholders of the project.

STEBA

Tourist Office

Government

The island is only reachable by Sea or Air, which makes the harbour and airport two important stakeholders. An increase in tourism to the island will affect the number of passengers of one or even both.

Harbour

Airport

The resort would have to be run by an international resort group, like the Marriot, St Regis, etc. These large firms have the expertise to run a resort and also power and money to put in advertising.

International golf-resort chain

Even though the resort is planned on a nearly empty part of the island, there are some houses in the area, which may be affected. This makes the people living their stakeholders. Also the people who do not live in the area, but own or rent (long-term lease) a piece of land are stakeholders.

Land/ house owners on or near the planned resort

A part of the area falls under the protection of the STENAPA, the St. Eustatius National Park Association. They are a party that looks after the biophysical and natural aspects of the island.

STENAPA

Local businesses in the delivery industry, as bakeries, supply stores; transport shipping and local businesses in the tourism industry can be considered stakeholders.

Local delivery- and tourism industry

All inhabitants of the island may be considered stakeholders, as an increase in tourism and thereby an increase in inhabitants may influence all of them.

All inhabitants

There are also people outside the island that are stakeholders in the project, for example the shipping industry, which will have to transport addition goods to the island. Also the future employees can be regarded stakeholders, as well as future tourists.

Shipping industry

Future employees

Future tourists

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2.2 Stakeholder requirements In the initial requirements gathering phase, three interviews took place. The interviewed parties are the St. Eustatius Business Association (BA), the tourist Office (TO) and STENAPA (ST), which is the St. Eustatius National Parks foundation, which manages the two national pars on the island. The STEBA and tourist Office represent the parties that have taken the initiative to create a resort. STENAPA is a major party because part of the golf course is on a protected piece of land, which falls under the management of this foundation.

Requirement Function Number SourceSt. Eustatius should aim to become an exclusive destination, comparable with St. Kitts now. Exclusive location Attribute TO

The golf resort should add a large portion of rooms to the island. Provide accommodation 0.1.1 TO

The golf resort would have to decrease the social employment function of the local government. Attract workers 0.2.1 TO

The golf course management should have a reserve for marketing, taking the load of the government to do marketing for the island

Promote Island 0.1.5 TO

The goal of the golf course is to have spin of effects increasing the islands economy and the social position

Increase economy Increase society 0.1.6 TO

Care should be taken which people are going to work on the golf resort; people from the nearby islands, Dutch Antilles and Europe/ USA are no problem. Low educated people from for example the Dominica’s with big families will have a large social impact.

Offer employment 0.2.1 TO

The unique things compared to other islands are the quietness and a lack of crime, these should be maintained

Maintain quietness Maintain crime-free status

- 0.2.2 TO

Having a beach would lift a constraint that is currently tempering the tourism development. Create beach 0.1.2 TO

Because not all persons may like golf (partners of golfers), other attractions should be offered as well to keep those people happy.

Develop attractions 0.1.3 TO

The accommodations should be aimed at a tourist that wants luxury and quality in a discreet way. Create exclusive golf resort 0.1.1 TO

To support upper class tourists, the airport terminal and apron should be renewed. A VIP room would perhaps attract the very top of the market.

Upgrade airport 01.4 TO

The beach from the waterline to the dunes is protected and should not be used due to sea turtles. Protect Seaturtles 0.3.4 ST

Venus Bay houses the protected Iguana delicatissima, it is rare and only exists on 4 islands. The trees (which

ones) are important for the food of the iguanas and should be protected.

Protect Iguana delicatissima 0.3.1 ST

The water next to Venus Bay and Zeelandia is important for fishery, there are also corals nearby

which should be protected.


0.3.2 0.3.3 ST

Care should be taken with effluent water from a desalination plant, not to damage corals or impact

fishery.


0.3.3 0.3.2 ST

Eustatius should aim to promote itself as the island of Archaeology, diving, history, hiking and yachting. Attribute ST

In protection of the sea turtles a golf course next to the Limit seaside lighting Constraint ST

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dunes can keep the water edge dark and protect it against more harmful development

The Netherlands wants St. Eustatius to be more independent by providing their own income Self-supporting island 0.2.3 BA

The local residence have to agree with the project Satisfy locals BA The buildings have to fit in with the current style, this

means a maximum of 2 floors Fit surrounding 0.3.5 BA

Offer employment for 600 to 700 people and thereby also increase the tax revenues

Offer employment Increase tax revenue

0.2.1 0.1.6.3 BA

Increase the total government tax revenue due to the taxes that the golf course has to pay Increase tax revenue 0.1.6.3 BA

Double the islands economy by direct and indirect effects of the golf resort Double economy Verification

criteria BA

Decrease unemployment on the island Decrease unemployment 0.1.6.2 BA Make it possible for Statians that had to move abroad because there wasn’t any work for them can return to

the island Provide work (to Statians) 0.2.1.2 BA

Increase the facilities and service levels on the islands Increase facilities Increase service

0.2.3.1 0.2.3.2 BA

Make sure the project fits in with the environment, as this increases the popularity of the golf resort with

tourists.

Fit (golf course) in environment 0.3.5 BA

The project should provide it’s own power, if possible using renewable energy sources. Provide power 0.1.1.6.2 BA

A requirement resulting from the legislation however is that the project should show clearly the

environmental impact on Venus Bay, enabling the government to make an informed decision about

whether or not to change the law to allow a golf resort.

Inform government

Change Law LG

BA : Business Association LG : Legislation ST : Stenapa TO : Tourist Office

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2.3 Relevant legislation St. Eustatius is a part of the country of the Netherlands Antilles. The Netherlands Antilles itself is a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists out of three countries; the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. While Dutch and European law is valid in the Netherlands, it does not apply to other countries of the Kingdom and therefore is not valid on St. Eustatius. For relevant legislation it is therefore required to look at federal laws and island regulations. The island government sets the environmental laws. For the flora and fauna protection this means that the “island regulation protection fauna and flora” AB1997/06 and AB1997/07 are the relevant environmental laws. The second law is a specification of the first. Article 2 and 3 of the AB1997/06 (referring to art I and II of the AB1997/07) state that it is forbidden to damage, catch, wound or disturb a certain number of plants and the iguana delicatissima.

Article 5 states that the island government can assign certain areas with a status of unique landscape. Article 6 states that it is forbidden to change damage or destroy these landscapes. AB1997/07 gives an overview of these area’s, namely: “Boven”, “Venus”, “Gilboa Hill”, “Signal Hill” and “Bergje”.

According to the AB1997/07 an exemption can only be obtained on the basis of an endangered traffic safety, the safety of private belongings and scientific research. This means economic development, which is the category a golf resort would fit it, cannot be a reason to grant an exemption. Building in Venus Bay will therefore require a change of the law itself. According to the environmental policy of the Netherlands Antilles [IL1]: “Environmental policy must be closely coordinated with other policy areas such as public health, spatial planning, industrial development, agriculture and fisheries, and must be clear and transparent. In the present situation economic development and poverty alleviation have the highest priority for the Netherlands Antilles, but sustainable development is only possible in combination with sound environment and nature policy. For example, without corals there will be less stay-over tourists and less economic development or a polluted environment and disappearing nature will cause new forms of poverty.”

Even though by law an impact assessment is not required, it still serves its goal in combining the various fields where effects occur and delivering a single report, which explains the effects of a decision. This is especially important in this case, as legislation is effectively blocking any changes at Venus Bay. An exemption according to the law is only possible on the basis of the safety of private belongings, scientific research or traffic safety. None of these can be used as basis for requesting an exemption for the golf resort at Venus Bay. If the golf resort is constructed it should therefore be clear what its impact is. Based on the impact a decision can be made whether or not to change the law and allow a golf resort at Venus Bay.

A requirement resulting from the legislation is the environmental impact on Venus Bay should be known and reported upon, enabling the government to make an informed decision about whether or not to change the law to allow to allow development, like a golf resort, in Venus Bay.

Inform government

Change Law

18

2.4 Local situation The golf course is envisaged in the Zeelandia and Venus Bay areas, as well as the pass between these areas. The Zeelandia area is relatively flat. It’s located on the eastern (Atlantic) side of the island. The total area, including parts of the surrounding hills, is 71.5 hectares (176 acres). The area contains six houses as well as an abandoned hotel. A road runs all the way through Zeelandia up to the entrance of Venus Bay. The area east of the road (Zeelandia side) is covered mostly with high grass and a limited numbers of, trees and bushes. The coast partially consists of a cliff, varying in height from beach level at the very northern part of the area, to about 20m at the southern edge. Nesting sea turtles use Zeelandia beach. They are protected under international law. On the western side of the road there is a valley, in this area a lot of bushes and some trees are growing. Most of those are weeds though and can be removed.

Venus bay is a somewhat isolated and private valley in the northern hills. From the sea it the first 650m the ground slopes up to a height of 40m. From this point the valley becomes part of the passages between Venus Bay and Zeelandia, climbing an additional 65m over a distance of only 240m. According to the land office (domein), the Venus Bay area is 171.6 hectares (424 acres). Next to the valley, this also includes the surrounding mountains. The mountains are suitable for construction of condominiums and hotel rooms. Between Zeelandia and Venus Bay there is a pass. The highest point of the pass is about 105m above sea level. From the 40m-height mark at Venus Bay and the entry of the pass at Zeelandia, the pass is about 850m long; the width varies but is no more then about 30 to 40m. At many points water erosion has caused deep cutouts, with only a couple of meters of flat surface. The pass would offer a great challenge for golfers, although even with a lot of groundwork, it may not be possible to offer a two-way, or in fact even a one-way golf course with a 30m wide fairway in this area. The view from the pass is stunning, which may make up for a somewhat less wide fairway. As said the total length of the pass is 850m, approximately 600m is on the Zeelandia side with an average slope of 8%. The Venus Bay side of the pass has an incline of on average 15%. There is only limited vegetation on the Zeelandia side of the pass. Due to rainfall, there are guts on both sides of the pass that take the water from the surrounding hills towards the sea. A “goat track” exists, which runs along the whole length of the pass, a remembrance of earlier attempts to develop Venus Bay. This track can be made suitable for road traffic to Venus Bay, however in its current state is not suited for motorized transport.

Zeelandia side Venus Bay side

Pass between Zeelandia and Venus Bay

Zeelandia area

Venus Bay area

19

3 Impact assessment 3.1 Description of the project To study the impact that a resort will have, a preliminary design was created. This preliminary design, or concept of what the golf resort will look like, will be described below. The developer will naturally determine the final layout and design, however because the created design only looks at key components of the program and project, it is expected that the designs will not be very different from each other. Functions Based on the stakeholder requirements, functions were set up (see paragraph 2.2). The functions were ordered in a diagram using the Function Analysis System Technique (FAST), this FAST-diagram is shown in the loose supplement titled ‘Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius’. For each of the functions it was determined what concrete things are required to execute these functions. For example in the case of “provide accommodation” one of the concrete “system bearers” is a hotel. By looking at the attributes of a function, more can be said about the kind of hotel needed. Because in this case the hotel should be aimed at the high-end of the tourism sector, the attributes include “luxurious, discreet, 5-star+”. The system solutions therefore are a 5-star hotel and 5-star condominiums. The process of going from a function to a system solution can be found in appendix I. All system solutions were set out and ordered in the provisional design block diagram, which is included as a loose supplement titled ‘preliminary design block diagram – Golf resort St. Eustatius’. The resulting diagram shows the program function at the top of the tree. The program function is a “self-sustainable island”. Next to only listing the system solutions, some of them have been expended in more detail. The diagram is the provisional design for the golf resort project, or more generally the “self-sustainable island” program. Social, economic or environmental impact may occur at each of the system bearers, this means that the impact on each of these fields will be reviewed. The resort The resort will consist out of 156 hotel rooms and 40 condominiums (privately owned, but rented out when the owner is not using the villa). The hotel rooms will be set up for 2 persons per room, the condominiums for 6 persons. At a maximum occupancy there will therefore be room for 512 guests. The hotel will not be a single building, but will be spread out over several smaller buildings, for example with 2, 4 or 6 rooms per building. The condominiums will be detached. Centrally located there will be the main buildings of the hotel. Which include a number of restaurants and bars, a spa and swimming pool, meeting rooms, a small number of tennis courts and a small number of shops, including a supermarket. The resort will offer potable water, electricity, cable television, Internet and phone service. The golf course The golf course will have to be a top of the range facility. It will feature a club/ halfway house where golfers can signup for their round of golf, refresh themselves afterwards and can get a drink. Near the clubhouse will be the practice facilities, both for practicing putting and practicing long shots. To compete with other courses in the region, the fairway has to be around 6400m in length and on average 30m wide. The location The golf course feasibility study has indicated the Venus Bay area, in combination with Zeelandia as the most suited location for a golf resort. Due to the nature of the project and the project being located on a small island, the impact of the golf resort will be felt on the whole island. Both Venus Bay and

20

Zeelandia have a beach. The beach at Venus Bay is limited in size; the one at Zeelandia is the largest on the island. At both locations swimming is unadvisable due to the undertow. The beach can and is used for sunbathing and walking. The western (Caribbean) side also has a beach, but it is quite small and can “move around” due to the current and waves. Not having a large, white, beach that allows for safe swimming will put the resort and the island at a disadvantage over other islands in the region. It is therefore assumed that the resort will want to create a beach on the Atlantic (east) coast. This can be either in Venus Bay or Zeelandia or in fact both. Sustainable The development of the golf resort should be economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. The golf resort should as much as possible look at employing Statians to work at the resort. This has on forehand been set to reduce the effects of the project on the community. Statians will fit in best on the island, as they will already have family and friends and will share most of the values and believes. On the environmental field the resort should minimize its impact. The Iguana and the Sea turtle are two animals that use the region where the golf resort is envisaged. Care should be taken not to damage the populations of these animals. The economic sustainability of the golf course has been researched in the feasibility report. This report will therefore focus on the economic impact and will take the feasibility as a fact.

21

3.2

Impa

ct a

nd m

itiga

tion

This

par

agra

ph w

ill li

st th

e im

pact

that

a g

olf r

esor

t will

hav

e on

the

syst

em so

lutio

n an

d w

hat m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s can

be

take

n to

redu

ce th

e im

pact

. The

nu

mbe

r lis

ted

corr

espo

nds w

ith th

e nu

mbe

r on

the

prov

isio

nal d

esig

n bl

ock

diag

ram

(loo

se su

pple

men

t). T

he h

ighe

r ord

er sy

stem

solu

tions

are

a c

ompo

site

fr

om th

e lo

wer

ord

er so

lutio

ns; t

his a

lso

mea

ns th

at th

e im

pact

of t

he lo

wer

ord

er so

lutio

ns is

add

ed u

p to

form

the

impa

ct o

f the

hig

her o

rder

solu

tions

.

Num

ber

Syst

em so

lutio

n D

escr

iptio

n M

itiga

tion

requ

ired

? 1.

0 Su

ppor

t Bus

ines

s Th

e es

timat

ed n

umbe

r of j

obs t

hat w

ill b

e cr

eate

d by

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f a g

olf r

esor

t is

arou

nd 5

30. 7

5 pe

ople

are

est

imat

ed to

get

a jo

b at

the

golf

cour

se, a

roun

d 43

5 at

the

reso

rt. T

he re

mai

ning

jobs

are

in o

ther

sect

ors,

like

med

ical

serv

ice,

wat

er p

rodu

ctio

n an

d te

leco

mm

unic

atio

n. S

tatia

ns li

ving

on

the

isla

nd c

an fi

ll ar

ound

200

jobs

, aro

und

20

wou

ld b

e av

aila

ble

that

are

cur

rent

ly li

veni

ng in

the

Net

herla

nds.

The

tota

l am

ount

of

Stat

ians

retu

rnin

g fr

om a

broa

d is

est

imat

ed to

be

arou

nd 1

00. T

he re

mai

ning

jobs

cou

ld

be fi

lled

with

the

unem

ploy

ed o

n Sa

ba a

nd S

t. M

aarte

n. U

nem

ploy

men

t on

thes

e is

land

s to

geth

er is

as h

igh

as 3

,472

peo

ple

[CB

S, 2

003]

. A

roun

d 49

0 ad

ditio

nal p

eopl

e w

ill c

ome

to th

e is

land

, 75

of w

hich

are

chi

ldre

n. A

n es

timat

ed 1

65 si

ngle

hom

es a

nd 1

24 h

omes

for f

amili

es w

ill b

e re

quire

d. H

ousi

ng c

an b

e pr

ovid

ed b

y th

e ho

usin

g fo

unda

tion.

As l

ong

as g

uara

ntee

s and

a 3

-yea

r adv

ance

not

ice

is

give

n, th

e ho

usin

g fo

unda

tion

can

finan

ce a

nd b

uild

thes

e ho

uses

and

apa

rtmen

ts. O

n th

e is

land

eno

ugh

spac

e is

ava

ilabl

e, th

ere

are

plot

s at w

hite

wal

l (so

uthw

est s

ide)

, beh

ind

the

mou

ntai

n (s

outh

east

side

), Lo

di (b

etw

een

Ora

njes

tad

and

the

uppe

r tow

n) a

nd a

t the

no

rth si

de o

f the

airp

ort.

Whe

n th

e ho

uses

are

con

stru

cted

on

the

north

ern

side

of t

he

airp

ort,

trave

lling

to th

e re

sort

wou

ld b

e ea

sies

t for

the

empl

oyee

s and

wou

ld c

ause

the

leas

t am

ount

of t

raff

ic p

robl

ems o

n th

e re

st o

f the

isla

nd.

The

reso

rt as

wel

l as t

he e

mpl

oyee

hou

sing

will

toge

ther

cre

ate

a lo

t of w

aste

mat

eria

l. Th

e to

tal a

mou

nt w

ill b

e ar

ound

2,6

11 m

3 ann

ually

. Th

ere

will

be

a la

rge

requ

irem

ent f

or e

lect

ricity

. The

requ

ired

elec

trici

ty fo

r the

hou

sing

an

d th

e re

sort

(at 7

0% o

ccup

ancy

) tog

ethe

r is a

max

imum

of 6

78,9

70 k

Wh

per m

onth

. Th

e po

wer

com

pany

on

the

isla

nd, G

EBE,

can

pro

vide

this

by

expe

ndin

g th

e nu

mbe

r of

turb

ines

. The

y ar

e w

illin

g to

fina

nce

the

proj

ect a

s lon

g as

they

hav

e a

guar

ante

e th

at th

ey

can

deliv

er th

e po

wer

to th

e re

sort.

The

gua

rant

ee c

ould

be

a pr

e-in

vest

men

t by

the

reso

rt, w

hich

will

be

paid

bac

k by

the

reso

rt. R

enew

able

ene

rgy,

in th

e fo

rm o

f w

indm

ills,

will

requ

ire a

larg

e in

vest

men

t. M

ost l

ikel

y G

EBE

will

not

be

will

ing

to

inve

st in

the

back

up e

quip

men

t for

per

iods

whe

n th

ere

is n

ot e

noug

h w

ind,

as i

t is h

ard

to

22

get a

retu

rn o

n th

at in

vest

men

t. Th

e re

sort

wou

ld th

eref

ore

have

to c

reat

e its

ow

n ba

ckup

pl

ant.

The

payb

ack

time

of w

indm

ills f

or th

e re

sort

wou

ld th

eref

ore

be ju

st o

ver 1

0 ye

ars.

The

wat

er fo

r the

reso

rt an

d go

lf co

urse

wou

ld h

ave

to b

e de

liver

ed b

y a

reve

rse

osm

osis

in

stal

latio

n. T

his i

nsta

llatio

n co

nver

ts se

awat

er in

to ir

rigat

ion

and

drin

king

wat

er. T

he

inst

alla

tion

wou

ld b

e ba

cked

up

by a

larg

e irr

igat

ion

pond

, whi

ch w

ould

stor

e ra

inw

ater

an

d ex

cess

irrig

atio

n w

ater

that

was

cau

ght b

y dr

aina

ge. T

he w

ater

requ

irem

ent d

epen

ds

high

ly o

n th

e ki

nd o

f gra

ss th

at is

cho

sen

for t

he g

olf c

ours

e. If

the

“sta

ndar

d” C

arib

bean

go

lf gr

ass s

peci

e, “

Ber

mud

a gr

ass”

is c

hose

n, th

e ca

paci

ty o

f the

RO

-pla

nt h

as to

be

2,85

0 m

3 / day

. If a

mor

e dr

ough

t res

ista

nt g

rass

, Sea

shor

e Pa

spal

um, i

s use

d, th

e R

O-

plan

t cap

acity

can

be

redu

ced

to 1

,800

m3 / d

ay. I

n bo

th c

ases

the

pota

ble

wat

er re

quire

d w

ould

be

arou

nd 8

0 m

3 / day

. B

y pl

acin

g re

ef b

alls

(por

ous a

nd h

ollo

w c

oncr

ete

balls

, whi

ch a

llow

gro

wth

of r

eef o

n th

em) o

r ano

ther

form

of b

arrie

r in

the

sea,

the

unde

rtow

that

cur

rent

ly m

akes

swim

min

g on

the

Atla

ntic

coa

st im

poss

ible

, can

be

stop

ped.

At t

he sa

me

time

this

will

stop

the

beac

h er

osio

n fr

om th

e se

a, w

hich

will

cau

se th

e be

ach

to b

ecom

e se

vera

l met

ers w

ider

. A

t Zee

land

ia, t

here

alre

ady

is a

larg

e be

ach

area

; at V

enus

ther

e is

a so

mew

hat s

mal

ler

beac

h. T

he sa

nd o

n St

. Eus

tatiu

s doe

s not

hav

e th

e C

arib

bean

whi

te c

olou

r tha

t tou

rists

ha

ve c

ome

to e

xpec

t. It

coul

d be

con

side

red

to im

port

whi

te sa

nd.

Mos

t sho

ps w

ill b

e af

fect

ed b

y th

e in

crea

se in

the

popu

latio

n; th

e tu

rnov

er w

ill m

ost

likel

y go

up.

The

fina

ncia

l asp

ect o

f thi

s is h

andl

ed in

3.0

. The

pho

ne/ i

nter

net c

ompa

ny

(Eut

el) w

ill re

quire

at l

east

one

add

ition

al p

erso

n ha

ndlin

g se

rvic

e.

Ther

e ar

e th

ree

prim

ary

scho

ols o

n th

e is

land

. The

y w

ill g

row

with

abo

ut 5

0 pu

pils

. Th

ere

is o

ne se

cond

ary

scho

ol, w

hich

will

gro

w w

ith a

roun

d 32

stud

ents

. Bot

h ty

pes o

f sc

hool

s can

cop

e w

ith th

e in

crea

se in

stud

ents

with

out p

robl

ems.

The

third

prim

ary

scho

ol h

as o

nly

rece

ntly

star

ted,

rece

ivin

g st

uden

ts fr

om th

e ot

her t

wo.

Thi

s has

left

capa

city

for t

he a

dditi

onal

stud

ents

. The

seco

ndar

y sc

hool

can

acc

omm

odat

e th

e st

uden

ts

by e

xten

ding

the

scho

ol sc

hedu

le b

y a

few

hou

rs.

Whe

n th

e re

sort

is c

ompl

etel

y fu

ll, th

ere

will

be

552

gues

ts. W

ith a

n av

erag

e st

ayin

g tim

e of

1 a

nd a

hal

f wee

ks, t

he re

quire

d ai

r tra

nspo

rt w

ould

be

85 se

ats.

This

is c

ount

ing

both

di

rect

ions

, whi

ch m

eans

43

seat

s per

dire

ctio

n. A

t 70%

occ

upan

cy o

f the

reso

rt th

is

wou

ld b

e an

ave

rage

of 3

0 pe

r dire

ctio

n. A

rriv

ing

pass

enge

rs w

ill m

ost l

ikel

y be

cen

tred

on th

e af

tern

oon

and

even

ing

fligh

ts, w

ith d

epar

ting

pass

enge

rs b

eing

can

tere

d ar

ound

th

e m

orni

ng fl

ight

s. Th

ere

may

als

o be

incr

ease

d de

man

d in

the

wee

kend

s. A

ccor

ding

to

23

the

feas

ibili

ty st

udy,

bas

ed o

n ta

lks w

ith W

inai

r, th

ere

shou

ld b

e no

pro

blem

with

the

airli

ft of

thes

e pe

rson

s. Th

e W

inai

r airc

raft

are

not v

ery

com

forta

ble

thou

gh a

nd th

ere

are

doub

ts if

thes

e ai

rcra

ft ar

e up

to th

e st

anda

rd th

at th

e gu

ests

the

reso

rt is

aim

ing

for

requ

ire.

The

effe

ct o

n bu

sine

ss w

ill n

ot st

art w

hen

the

reso

rt op

ens.

It w

ill a

lread

y st

art w

hen

cons

truct

ion

com

men

ces.

At t

his t

ime

ther

e sh

ould

alre

ady

be h

ousi

ng a

vaila

ble

for t

he

cons

truct

ion

wor

kers

com

ing

in fr

om o

ff th

e is

land

. Con

stru

ctio

n w

ill re

quire

a la

rge

amou

nt o

f mat

eria

ls to

be

mov

ed to

the

isla

nd, w

hich

mea

ns a

lot o

f act

ivity

in th

e po

rt.

Fina

lly, t

he a

dditi

onal

peo

ple

will

be

spen

ding

mon

ey o

n th

e is

land

, sup

porti

ng th

e lo

cal

econ

omy

and

incr

easi

ng th

e ta

x in

com

e fo

r the

gov

ernm

ent.

This

is c

over

ed in

mor

e de

tail

in 3

.0.

1.

1 O

ffer

tour

ist

attr

actio

ns

Off

erin

g to

uris

t attr

actio

ns c

onsi

sts o

ut o

f tw

o m

ajor

ele

men

ts. F

irstly

incr

easi

ng th

e fa

cilit

ies,

like

the

golf

reso

rt an

d a

beac

h. S

econ

dly

it is

als

o im

porta

nt to

incr

ease

the

serv

ices

ava

ilabl

e on

the

isla

nd.

The

golf

cour

se w

ill re

quire

subs

tant

ial a

mou

nts o

f wat

er a

nd e

lect

ricity

. The

loca

l en

ergy

com

pany

, GEB

E, c

an g

ener

ate

the

elec

trici

ty. P

ower

ing

the

reso

rt w

ith w

ind

ener

gy is

pos

sibl

e, a

lthou

gh th

e pa

ybac

k tim

e on

that

inve

stm

ent i

s lon

g an

d it

is d

oubt

ful

if G

EBE

will

wan

t to

inve

st in

the

requ

ired

back

up in

stal

latio

n. If

they

are

not

inte

rest

ed,

the

reso

rt w

ould

hav

e to

cre

ate

its o

wn.

Mos

t lik

ely

win

d en

ergy

is o

nly

feas

ible

if it

he

lps i

n pr

omot

ing

the

reso

rt.

The

wat

er sy

stem

will

con

sist

out

of a

stor

age

pond

, a re

vers

e os

mos

is in

stal

latio

n an

d dr

aina

ge. T

he re

vers

e os

mos

is p

lant

will

gen

erat

e th

e w

ater

for t

he re

sort;

this

is p

otab

le

wat

er a

nd ir

rigat

ion

wat

er. T

he ir

rigat

ion

wat

er w

ill b

e su

pple

men

ted

with

the

wat

er fr

om

the

stor

age

pond

, whi

ch c

onta

ins r

ainw

ater

(gat

here

d fr

om th

e go

lf co

urse

and

the

road

s)

and

exce

ss in

filtra

ted

and

irrig

atio

n w

ater

that

was

col

lect

ed in

the

drai

nage

syst

em

runn

ing

unde

r the

gol

f cou

rse.

To

geth

er, t

he fa

cilit

ies a

nd se

rvic

es n

eces

sary

to o

ffer

tour

ist a

ttrac

tions

will

gen

erat

e ar

ound

530

jobs

. Sta

tians

livi

ng o

n th

e is

land

can

fill

abou

t 200

jobs

; the

rem

aind

er w

ill

have

to b

e fil

led

by p

eopl

e of

f the

isla

nd, p

refe

rabl

y St

atia

ns li

ving

abr

oad

or p

eopl

e fr

om th

e ot

her i

slan

d of

the

Dut

ch A

ntill

es. S

ince

the

unem

ploy

men

t on

St. M

aarte

n is

re

lativ

ely

high

, thi

s cou

ld b

e a

good

sour

ce fo

r em

ploy

ees.

Th

e re

sort

aim

s on

a gr

oup

of p

eopl

e th

at is

not

cur

rent

ly v

isiti

ng th

e is

land

in la

rge

Ups

cale

act

iviti

es

Whe

n lo

cal c

ompa

nies

and

not

the

reso

rt pr

ovid

e ac

tiviti

es a

nd se

rvic

es, t

he m

oney

spen

d by

to

uris

ts w

ill st

ay o

n th

e is

land

. Thi

s will

be

bene

ficia

l for

the

econ

omy

and

also

incr

ease

tax

inco

me

for t

he g

over

nmen

t. Se

rvic

es c

ould

be

upsc

ale

rest

aura

nts,

activ

ities

like

Par

a-sa

iling

, su

rfin

g, je

t ski

rent

al, b

oat r

enta

l, bo

at tr

ips,

divi

ng, e

tc. W

hen

a re

sort

is c

reat

ed th

e go

vern

men

t sho

uld

prom

ote,

per

haps

with

tax

mea

sure

s or s

ubsi

dies

, the

cre

atio

n of

thes

e fa

cilit

ies a

s kee

ping

as m

uch

of th

e to

uris

ts m

oney

on

the

isla

nd is

impo

rtant

for t

he e

cono

my.

24

num

bers

. The

re a

re c

urre

ntly

no

serv

ices

or a

ctiv

ities

on

the

isla

nd a

imed

at t

he u

pper

pa

rt of

the

tour

ist m

arke

t. It

is p

ossi

ble

to h

ave

the

reso

rt de

velo

p al

l the

se a

ctiv

ities

and

se

rvic

es. T

he m

oney

the

tour

ists

spen

d on

thes

e th

ings

will

how

ever

go

to th

e re

sort

and

will

not

ben

efit

the

peop

le o

n th

e is

land

.

1.1.

1 In

crea

se se

rvic

es

The

golf

reso

rt w

ill h

ave

a bi

g im

pact

on

the

ener

gy su

pply

; the

ene

rgy

prod

uctio

n of

the

isla

nd w

ill h

ave

to b

e in

crea

sed

by a

bout

50%

. The

isla

nds e

nerg

y co

mpa

ny, G

EBE,

is

will

ing

to fi

nanc

e th

e ex

pans

ion

that

is re

quire

d fo

r the

pow

er p

lant

. The

y ar

e al

so

will

ing

to su

pply

and

lay

the

elec

trici

ty li

nes t

o Ze

elan

dia/

Ven

us B

ay. T

hey

have

to b

e as

sure

d th

at th

e re

sort

will

be

ther

e fo

r som

e tim

e to

be

able

to g

et a

retu

rn o

n th

eir

inve

stm

ent.

For t

his r

easo

ns p

refin

anci

ng o

f the

ope

ratio

n m

ay b

e re

quire

d fo

r the

reso

rt.

• Tw

o ad

ditio

nal g

ener

ator

s 1.2

MW

, 6,1

00m

add

ition

al u

nder

grou

nd p

ower

line

to

Ven

us B

ay

• El

ectri

city

cos

t at 1

00%

occ

upan

cy p

er y

ear,

US$

2,1

60,5

00 a

nd a

t 70%

aro

und

US$

1,

512,

111.

•

No

back

up sy

stem

requ

ired

as G

EBE

alre

ady

has s

uch

a sy

stem

. •

Win

d an

d tid

al e

nerg

y ar

e un

able

to p

ower

the

reso

rt on

thei

r ow

n; w

hen

enou

gh

win

d/ w

aves

are

ava

ilabl

e th

ey c

ould

be

used

as s

uppo

rt to

the

gene

rato

r, w

hich

cou

ld

save

foss

il fu

els.

Furth

er re

sear

ch to

thes

e sy

stem

s wou

ld b

e re

quire

d.

Ther

e is

not

eno

ugh

wat

er a

vaila

ble

on th

e is

land

for t

he re

sort.

A re

vers

e os

mos

is p

lant

ex

ists

, but

the

capa

city

is fa

r too

smal

l. Th

e re

sort

wou

ld h

ave

to c

onst

ruct

its o

wn

reve

rse

osm

osis

pla

nt, m

ost l

ikel

y in

the

Zeel

andi

a re

gion

. The

requ

ired

amou

nt o

f wat

er d

epen

ds

larg

ely

on th

e gr

ass s

peci

e th

at is

cho

sen.

Sel

ectin

g a

gras

s with

low

er w

ater

con

sum

ptio

n,

like

the

Seas

hore

Pas

palu

m sp

ecie

, can

save

34%

on

the

wat

er u

sage

. Aro

und

37m

3 can

be

save

d w

hen

show

er a

nd si

nk w

ater

is re

-use

d to

flus

h th

e to

ilets

. 5 to

8%

of r

ever

se

osm

osis

wat

er c

an b

e sa

ved

whe

n ra

inw

ater

is c

olle

cted

and

use

d fo

r irr

igat

ion.

•

By

Sele

ctin

g th

e Se

asho

re P

aspa

lum

gra

ss in

stea

d of

the

com

mon

ly u

sed

Ber

mud

a gr

ass,

34%

wat

er a

nd e

lect

ricity

cos

t can

be

save

d.

• Th

e ye

arly

savi

ngs f

rom

an

irrig

atio

n po

nd w

ith ra

inw

ater

are

5 –

8%

•

A R

ever

se O

smos

is p

lant

shou

ld h

ave

a ca

paci

ty o

f 1,8

00 –

2,8

50 m

3 / day

, of w

hich

ab

out 8

0 m

3 is p

otab

le w

ater

. •

Wat

er fo

r the

toile

t can

be

supp

lied

by ra

inw

ater

and

by

colle

ctin

g an

d re

usin

g w

ater

fr

om th

e sh

ower

and

sink

. •

8 Jo

bs

Miti

gatio

n of

ele

ctri

city

gen

erat

ion

To re

duce

the

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

and

es

peci

ally

the

use

of d

iese

l fue

ls a

nd e

mis

sion

s ca

used

by

that

, it w

ould

be

poss

ible

to u

se

rene

wab

le e

nerg

y so

urce

s. Po

ssib

le so

urce

s are

w

ind,

sola

r and

wav

e en

ergy

. Sin

ce so

lar a

nd

wav

e en

ergy

are

hig

hly

expe

nsiv

e, w

ind

ener

gy

wou

ld b

e th

e m

ost a

ffor

dabl

e so

lutio

n. U

sing

dat

a ga

ther

ed in

Frie

slan

d, th

e N

ethe

rland

s, fo

ur w

ind

turb

ines

cou

ld p

ower

the

reso

rt. A

n ad

ditio

nal t

wo

wou

ld b

e ne

eded

as b

acku

p du

e to

mai

nten

ance

an

d br

eakd

owns

. 6 w

indm

ills c

ould

pow

er th

e re

sort,

bac

ked

up w

ith 2

gen

erat

ors.

This

setu

p ha

s a

payb

ack

time

of o

ver 1

0 ye

ars.

Miti

gatio

n ef

fect

s of w

ater

pro

duct

ion

Ther

e ar

e so

me

wor

ries a

bout

usi

ng a

reve

rse

osm

osis

pla

nt. T

he sa

linity

of t

he o

cean

is

norm

ally

aro

und

34.5

00 P

PM. D

ue to

the

use

of

reve

rse

osm

osis

pla

nts,

at so

me

plac

es in

the

mid

dle

east

the

salin

ity h

as g

one

up a

s hig

h as

40

.000

PPM

. Thi

s can

pot

entia

lly h

urt t

he se

a lif

e.

Sinc

e th

e Se

a an

d es

peci

ally

the

cora

l are

maj

or

tour

ist a

ttrac

tions

for t

he is

land

, car

e sh

ould

be

take

n no

t to

dam

age

it in

this

way

. Th

e fir

st th

ree

mea

sure

s tha

t can

be

take

n ar

e al

l in

tend

ed to

redu

ce th

e am

ount

of w

ater

that

is

requ

ired.

The

se m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s are

: •

Sele

ctin

g th

e Se

asho

re P

aspa

lum

gra

ss in

stea

d of

the

com

mon

ly u

sed

Ber

mud

a gr

ass,

34%

w

ater

and

ele

ctric

ity c

ost c

an b

e sa

ved.

25

Stat

istic

ally

the

num

ber o

f pat

ient

s tra

velli

ng to

St M

aarte

n fo

r med

ical

pur

pose

s will

in

crea

se, a

s wel

l as t

he n

umbe

r of a

d-ho

c em

erge

ncy

fligh

ts. T

he la

st o

ne w

ill in

crea

se b

y 1

to a

bout

3 a

mon

th. T

he fi

rst o

ne w

ill in

crea

se w

ith a

n un

know

n nu

mbe

r as t

he n

umbe

r of

flig

hts f

or m

edic

al p

urpo

ses i

s not

trac

ked.

•

Stat

istic

al in

crea

se o

f the

med

ical

flig

hts b

y W

inai

r or b

y th

e m

edic

al a

irlift

serv

ice

to

arou

nd 3

tim

es p

er m

onth

. •

The

hosp

ital i

s a g

over

nmen

t ser

vice

; the

gov

ernm

ent w

ould

hav

e to

pay

for t

he

cons

truct

ion

cost

of t

he a

dditi

onal

room

s. Th

ey w

ould

als

o ha

ve to

pay

the

addi

tiona

l w

ages

of t

he n

urse

s and

the

med

ic.

Tota

l job

s add

ed b

y an

incr

ease

in se

rvic

es w

ould

be

16.

• Th

e ye

arly

savi

ngs f

rom

an

irrig

atio

n po

nd

with

rain

wat

er a

re 5

– 8

%

• W

ater

for t

he to

ilet c

an b

e su

pplie

d by

ra

inw

ater

and

by

colle

ctin

g an

d re

usin

g w

ater

fr

om th

e sh

ower

and

sink

. A

noth

er m

easu

re c

an b

e ta

ken

to re

duce

the

effe

ct, w

hich

is to

dis

char

ge th

e ef

fluen

t wat

er o

f th

e R

O-P

lant

at a

pla

ce w

here

ther

e is

a la

rge

enou

gh c

urre

nt to

dis

pers

e th

e w

ater

con

tain

ing

the

high

er sa

lt pe

rcen

tage

: •

Dis

char

ging

the

efflu

ent w

ater

of t

he R

O-p

lant

us

ing

a tu

be to

such

a lo

catio

n w

here

the

curr

ent w

ill d

ispe

rse

the

wat

er o

f a la

rge

area

w

ill m

itiga

te th

e po

tent

ial n

egat

ive

effe

ct o

f sa

linity

bui

ld-u

p.

1.

1.1.

1 Pr

ovid

e el

ectr

icity

Th

ere

are

seve

ral w

ays i

n w

hich

ele

ctric

ity c

an b

e pr

oduc

ed. C

urre

ntly

die

sel e

ngin

es a

re

used

. Th

e en

ergy

requ

ired

for t

he g

olf r

esor

t, at

max

imum

occ

upan

cy is

aro

und

24,3

65 k

Wh/

da

y (1

.1.2

) Th

e en

ergy

requ

ired

to p

ower

the

addi

tiona

l hou

ses a

nd a

partm

ents

is a

roun

d 5,

833

kWh/

da

y (1

.1.1

.1)

GEB

E, th

e lo

cal e

lect

ricity

pro

vide

r, ha

s ind

icat

ed th

at th

ey c

an p

rovi

de th

e re

quire

d el

ectri

city

by

addi

ng tw

o ad

ditio

nal 1

.2 M

W g

ener

ator

s and

layi

ng a

ppro

xim

atel

y 61

00 m

of

und

ergr

ound

ele

ctric

ity c

able

. Thi

s wou

ld to

geth

er c

ost a

roun

d U

S$ 1

,990

,000

. GEB

E is

will

ing

to in

vest

in th

is, a

s lon

g as

they

hav

e so

me

certa

inty

that

the

reso

rt w

ill b

e th

ere

for a

n ex

tend

ed p

erio

d. S

uch

a ce

rtain

ty c

ould

be

pref

inan

cing

of t

he in

stal

latio

n by

the

reso

rt, w

here

the

reso

rt w

ould

be

paid

bac

k by

GEB

E ov

er ti

me.

Th

e ye

arly

cos

t of e

lect

ricity

wou

ld b

e ar

ound

US$

2,0

54,0

00 a

t a 7

0% o

ccup

ancy

rate

. B

y us

ing

pow

er fr

om th

e is

land

s pow

er p

lant

, onl

y tw

o ad

ditio

nal g

ener

ator

s hav

e to

be

plac

ed a

t GEB

E. If

the

reso

rt w

ould

nee

d its

ow

n po

wer

pla

nt, i

t wou

ld n

eed

at le

ast 4

Miti

gatio

n m

easu

res h

andl

ed in

1.1

.1

26

gene

rato

rs, 2

runn

ing

and

2 ba

ckup

gen

erat

ors.

GEB

E al

read

y ha

s the

se tw

o ba

ckup

ge

nera

tors

. W

ind

ener

gy c

ould

be

used

, in

case

ther

e is

eno

ugh

win

d av

aila

ble,

to re

duce

the

pow

er

requ

ired

from

the

gene

rato

rs. T

his w

ould

save

fuel

and

ther

efor

e sa

ve c

ost.

The

sam

e ap

plie

s to

tidal

ene

rgy.

In b

oth

case

s fur

ther

stud

y w

ould

be

requ

ired

to re

view

the

cont

ribut

ion

they

can

del

iver

to th

e po

wer

supp

ly a

nd th

e tim

e re

quire

d to

pay

bac

k th

e in

vest

men

t mad

e fo

r the

m.

Impa

ct:

• C

onst

ruct

ion

and

dist

ribut

ion

of th

e el

ectri

city

syst

em b

y G

EBE,

alth

ough

pr

efin

anci

ng th

e in

stal

latio

n by

the

reso

rt m

ay b

e re

quire

d to

giv

e en

ough

cer

tain

ty to

G

EBE

to d

o th

e in

vest

men

t. •

Two

addi

tiona

l gen

erat

ors 1

.2 M

W, 6

,100

m a

dditi

onal

und

ergr

ound

pow

er li

ne to

V

enus

Bay

•

Elec

trici

ty c

ost a

t 70%

occ

upan

cy a

roun

d U

S$ 2

,050

,000

per

yea

r.

• N

o ba

ckup

syst

em re

quire

d, a

s GEB

E al

read

y ha

s suc

h a

syst

em.

• W

ind

and

tidal

ene

rgy

are

unab

le to

pow

er th

e re

sort

on th

eir o

wn;

whe

n en

ough

w

ind/

wav

es a

re a

vaila

ble

they

cou

ld b

e us

ed a

s sup

port

to th

e ge

nera

tor,

whi

ch c

ould

sa

ve fo

ssil

fuel

s. Fu

rther

rese

arch

to th

ese

syst

ems w

ould

be

requ

ired;

on

first

han

d ne

ither

met

hod

seem

s to

be e

cono

mic

ally

via

ble.

1.1.

1.1.

1 E

nerg

y pl

ant

Die

sel g

ener

ator

: D

iese

l gen

erat

ors c

urre

ntly

pow

er th

e is

land

. At t

he m

omen

t the

re a

re 6

gen

erat

ors,

with

a

7th c

urre

ntly

bei

ng in

stal

led.

At t

he m

omen

t the

ene

rgy

prod

uctio

n is

aro

und

1.7

MW

pe

r day

. The

requ

ired

amou

nt o

f 20,

090

kWh/

day

wou

ld g

ive

a ne

cess

ary

amou

nt o

f po

wer

of a

roun

d 0.

84 M

W p

er d

ay. A

dditi

onal

ly th

ere

wou

ld b

e ex

tra h

ouse

hold

s on

the

isla

nd. T

he a

vera

ge h

ouse

hold

cur

rent

ly u

ses 4

24-k

Wh/

mon

th (2

005,

dou

ble

phas

e co

nnec

tion,

dat

a fr

om G

EBE)

. In

1.4

it w

as d

eter

min

ed th

ere

will

be

360

extra

ho

useh

olds

, whi

ch m

eans

aro

und

152,

640

kWh

per m

onth

, whi

ch is

5,0

18 k

Wh

per d

ay

or 2

09 k

W o

n av

erag

e.

The

tota

l am

ount

of e

xtra

pow

er n

eede

d w

ould

ther

efor

e be

in th

e re

gion

of 1

.1 M

W p

er

day,

whe

n th

e go

lf re

sort

is ru

nnin

g at

70%

cap

acity

(aro

und

1.4

MW

at f

ull c

apac

ity).

Acc

ordi

ng to

GEB

E th

e fo

llow

ing

step

s wou

ld b

e re

quire

d if

they

are

to p

rovi

de p

ower

re

liabl

y to

the

golf

reso

rt an

d th

e ne

w h

ouse

s.

Miti

gatio

n m

easu

res h

andl

ed in

1.1

.1

27

Impa

ct

• 2

new

gen

erat

ors,

each

with

a c

apac

ity o

f aro

und

1,20

0 kW

. Gen

erat

ors o

f thi

s kin

d w

ould

cos

t aro

und

NA

F. 1

– 1

.5 m

illio

n.

• A

bout

4,6

00 m

of u

nder

grou

nd p

ower

line

to V

enus

Bay

. The

re is

cur

rent

ly n

o lin

e th

at g

oes a

ll th

e w

ay to

Ven

us B

ay a

nd a

n un

derg

roun

d lin

e w

ould

sign

ifica

ntly

re

duce

the

chan

ce o

n po

wer

cut

s. A

n ad

ditio

nal 1

,500

m o

f bac

kup

doub

le w

iring

fr

om G

rove

ll to

Ven

us B

ay w

ould

suit

the

sam

e pu

rpos

e. A

ccor

ding

to M

r. Pa

ul

Idel

er (D

istri

butio

n m

anag

er G

EBE,

St M

aarte

n) th

e ca

ble

wou

ld c

ost a

bout

NA

F.60

pe

r met

er tr

ench

and

NA

F.50

per

met

er c

able

. The

pow

er li

ne w

ould

ther

efor

e co

st

arou

nd N

AF.

581

,000

(US$

332

,778

).

• Fu

el u

se o

f thi

s ins

talla

tion

wou

ld b

e ap

prox

imat

ely

0.28

litre

/ kW

h (F

igur

e fr

om

GEB

E). T

his w

ill re

sult

in a

n ex

tra u

sage

of 8

,736

-lite

r die

sel/

day.

Th

e co

st o

f pow

er o

n th

e is

land

is h

ighl

y de

pend

ent o

n th

e pr

ice

for d

iese

l fue

l. Th

ere

is

a so

-cal

led

fuel

cla

use,

whi

ch c

hang

es m

onth

ly, b

ased

on

the

pric

e di

esel

fuel

. For

ex

ampl

e fo

r the

mon

th o

f Oct

ober

200

5, th

e fu

el su

rcha

rge

was

0.3

038

NA

F./ k

Wh.

For

th

e m

onth

of N

ovem

ber i

t was

0.2

810

NA

F./ k

Wh.

Sin

ce th

e fu

el p

rice

is u

npre

dict

able

an

d ov

er th

e pa

st ti

me

has f

luct

uate

d qu

ite a

bit,

the

pric

e of

fuel

will

mos

t lik

ely

cont

inue

to d

o th

e sa

me.

G

EBE

has h

ad a

fixe

d ra

te fo

r the

ele

ctric

ity si

nce

the

1960

’s, w

hich

is n

ot e

xpec

ted

to

chan

ge si

gnifi

cant

ly. A

s a b

ulk

cons

umer

the

golf

reso

rt m

ay b

e ab

le to

neg

otia

te a

lo

wer

tarif

f, ho

wev

er th

is c

anno

t be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt a

t thi

s mom

ent.

The

rate

for t

he

first

100

kW

h is

NA

F. 1

9. A

fter t

hat,

the

next

900

kW

h is

NA

F. 0

.17

/ kW

h. F

or

anyt

hing

abo

ve th

at, t

he ra

te w

ould

be

0.15

NA

F./ k

Wh.

A

ssum

ing

a 70

% o

ccup

ancy

and

a d

irect

rela

tion

of th

e el

ectri

city

usa

ge w

ith th

e oc

cupa

ncy,

the

pow

er u

sage

of t

he re

sort

wou

ld b

e (3

65/1

2) *

20,

090

kWh

= 61

1,07

1 kW

h/ m

onth

. The

ele

ctric

ity u

se fo

r the

add

ition

al h

ouse

s wou

ld b

e 15

2.64

0 kW

h. T

his

in to

tal c

omes

dow

n to

763

,711

kW

h/ m

onth

, the

cos

t wou

ld th

eref

ore

be N

AF.

114

,579

fo

r the

ene

rgy

+ N

AF.

232

,015

fuel

surc

harg

e +

NA

F 0.

25 st

amp

char

ges,

so N

AF.

34

6,59

5 pe

r mon

th, w

hich

is U

S$ 1

92,5

53.

Impa

ct:

• En

ergy

cos

t of a

roun

d U

S$ 1

92,5

53 p

er m

onth

, or U

S$ 2

,310

,633

per

yea

r at 7

0%

occu

panc

y.

28

GEB

E is

will

ing

to p

ay fo

r bot

h th

e po

wer

line

/ co

nnec

tion

to th

e re

sort

as w

ell a

s for

th

e ge

nera

tors

. The

y w

ill h

owev

er n

eed

to b

e co

nvin

ced

that

the

Gol

f res

ort i

s not

a

tem

pora

ry th

ing,

but

will

be

ther

e fo

r con

side

rabl

e tim

e be

fore

will

ing

to d

o in

vest

men

ts.

A p

ossi

ble

optio

n fo

r thi

s wou

ld b

e th

at th

e re

sort

pre-

finan

ces t

he in

vest

men

t and

G

EBE

will

pay

them

bac

k.

Win

d en

ergy

: W

ind

turb

ines

pro

vide

win

d en

ergy

. The

am

ount

of e

nerg

y de

liver

ed b

y a

win

d tu

rbin

e de

pend

s on

man

y fa

ctor

s [IL

2]. W

ind

spee

d, h

eigh

t of t

he w

indm

ill, p

roxi

mity

to th

e se

a,

obst

acle

s in

the

terr

ain

and

the

size

of t

he b

lade

s.

Acc

ordi

ng to

GEB

E w

indm

ills c

anno

t pow

er th

e re

sort

alon

e. T

hey

deliv

er p

ower

onl

y w

hen

the

win

d is

blo

win

g, w

hich

mea

ns fo

r per

iods

that

ther

e is

no

win

d, a

noth

er

solu

tion

has t

o be

foun

d. T

here

is a

syst

em th

at c

reat

es h

ydro

gen,

from

wat

er, u

sing

the

exce

ss e

lect

ricity

in ti

mes

ther

e is

win

d. T

he h

ydro

gen

can

then

be

used

to p

ower

a

gene

rato

r whe

n th

ere

is n

ot e

noug

h w

ind.

Cur

rent

ly su

ch a

syst

em is

in u

se in

Nor

way

, to

pow

er 1

0 ho

uses

on

an is

olat

ed is

land

. Fur

ther

stud

y w

ould

be

requ

ired

to re

view

the

feas

ibili

ty o

f suc

h a

syst

em p

ower

ing

a go

lf re

sort.

A

n 85

0 kW

win

d ge

nera

tor w

ith a

hei

ght o

f 40m

and

a b

lade

dia

met

er o

f 52m

pro

vide

s, in

the

Dut

ch p

rovi

nce

of F

riesl

and,

app

roxi

mat

ely

2,30

0,00

0 kW

h pe

r yea

r. Th

is is

on

aver

age

6,30

0 kW

h / d

ay. W

ith th

e re

quire

d am

ount

of e

nerg

y, 4

of t

hese

win

dmill

s co

uld

theo

retic

ally

pow

er th

e go

lf re

sort.

To

have

a b

acku

p an

d fo

r inc

reas

ed re

liabi

lity,

2

addi

tiona

l win

d tu

rbin

es c

ould

be

plac

ed. I

n ca

se th

ere

is n

o ba

ckup

, lik

e th

e hy

drog

en

syst

em, t

he p

ower

pla

nt (G

EBE)

wou

ld st

ill n

eed

to d

eliv

er th

e sa

me

amou

nt o

f el

ectri

city

in ti

mes

of n

o or

ver

y lit

tle w

ind.

The

adv

anta

ge o

f the

win

dmill

s in

that

cas

e w

ould

be

that

the

amou

nt o

f ele

ctric

ity th

at is

use

d on

a m

onth

ly o

r yea

rly b

ase

wou

ld b

e lo

wer

. A

sing

le 8

50kW

win

d ge

nera

tor w

ill c

ost a

roun

d U

S$ 1

,183

,000

. In

The

Net

herla

nds

such

a g

ener

ator

cre

ates

6,3

00 k

Wh

per d

ay. 6

,300

kW

h of

ele

ctric

ity p

er d

ay w

ould

cos

t ar

ound

US$

16,

000

per m

onth

, or U

S$ 1

99,8

00 p

er y

ear.

They

will

nee

d m

aint

enan

ce fo

r w

hich

per

sonn

el is

requ

ired.

With

3 p

erso

ns d

oing

mai

nten

ance

and

dis

rega

rdin

g m

ater

ial r

epla

cem

ent c

osts

, the

cos

t for

mai

nten

ance

wou

ld b

e ar

ound

US$

36,

000/

yea

r. Fo

r GEB

E it

wou

ld n

ot b

e vi

able

to in

vest

in tw

o ad

ditio

nal g

ener

ator

s tha

t are

onl

y us

ed

as b

acku

p to

win

d tu

rbin

es, a

s the

inve

stm

ent w

ould

take

a v

ery

long

tim

e to

pay

bac

k.

For t

his r

easo

n it

wou

ld b

e th

e re

sort

that

wou

ld h

ave

to b

uy th

ese

two

back

up

29

gene

rato

rs. T

his a

dds a

noth

er U

S$ 1

– 1

.5 m

illio

n pe

r gen

erat

or. 6

win

dmill

s are

requ

ired

inst

ead

of 4

, to

have

bac

kups

in c

ase

of b

reak

dow

ns a

nd m

aint

enan

ce a

nd 2

gen

erat

ors

will

hav

e to

be

acqu

ired.

If it

is a

ssum

ed th

at th

e w

ind

turb

ines

can

pow

er th

e re

sort

for

75%

of t

he ti

me,

the

payb

ack

time

of th

e w

ind

turb

ines

can

be

calc

ulat

ed.

The

cost

of a

cqui

ring

and

inst

allin

g th

e w

ind

turb

ines

and

gen

erat

ors w

ill b

e ar

ound

US$

8.

5 m

illio

n. T

hey

will

save

75%

of t

he fu

el c

ost,

so th

e co

st o

f fue

l will

be

redu

ced

to

US$

577

,658

per

yea

r. Th

e co

st o

f the

3 p

erso

n st

aff i

s US$

36,

000

per y

ear.

The

pay

back

tim

e ba

sed

on th

ese

num

bers

ther

efor

e is

just

ove

r 9 y

ears

. Sin

ce th

e ca

lcul

atio

n do

es n

ot in

clud

e re

plac

emen

t of p

arts

, the

real

pay

bac

k tim

e is

pro

babl

y ev

en h

ighe

r, m

akin

g w

ind

ener

gy a

mor

e ex

pens

ive

solu

tion.

Usi

ng w

ind

ener

gy c

an h

owev

er

stre

ngth

en th

e po

sitio

n of

the

reso

rt as

“gr

een”

, whi

ch c

an b

e a

good

for p

rom

otio

nal

mea

ns. U

sing

win

d en

ergy

wou

ld sa

ve o

n D

iese

l and

redu

ce th

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct.

Impa

ct:

• U

S$ 1

,183

,000

con

stru

ctio

n co

st p

er w

ind

turb

ine

• 6

win

d tu

rbin

es, 4

0 m

hig

h, 5

2 m

roto

r dia

met

er, 8

50 k

W tu

rbin

e co

uld

pow

er th

e re

sort

at ti

mes

whe

n w

ind

is a

vaila

ble.

•

Ave

rage

dai

ly c

apac

ity 2

5,20

0 kW

h / d

ay u

sing

4.

• 3

Jobs

runn

ing

and

mai

ntai

ning

. •

2 ba

ckup

gen

erat

ors i

n ca

se o

f lim

ited

win

d po

wer

. •

Ove

r 9 y

ears

pay

back

tim

e.

Tid

al e

nerg

y pl

ant

A ti

dal e

nerg

y pl

ant i

s an

ener

gy g

ener

atio

n pl

ant t

hat s

uppl

ies e

nerg

y ge

nera

ted

by

wav

es. [

IL3]

Thi

s kin

d of

pla

nt is

alre

ady

used

on

the

isla

nd o

f Isl

ay in

Sco

tland

. Thi

s pr

oduc

es o

n av

erag

e 20

2 kW

, whi

ch m

eans

1,8

00,0

00 k

Wh

per y

ear.

Sinc

e tid

al e

nerg

y is

a

rela

tivel

y ne

w p

ower

sour

ce, i

t is h

ard

to e

stim

ate

the

cost

. The

re is

info

rmat

ion

abou

t a

5mW

faci

lity,

whi

ch w

ould

cos

t aro

und

20 m

illio

n po

und

ster

ling.

A 5

mW

faci

lity

prod

uces

aro

und

120,

000

kW p

er d

ay, w

hich

is to

o m

uch,

a fa

cilit

y ha

lf th

e si

ze w

ould

do

wel

l too

. Ass

umin

g th

at a

faci

lity

half

the

size

cou

ld b

e ha

lf th

e co

st, t

he c

ost w

ould

be

10

mill

ion

poun

d st

erlin

g, o

r at a

con

vers

ion

rate

of 1

.726

, US$

17,

260,

900.

Im

pact

: •

US$

17,

260,

900

cons

truct

ion

cost

•

Tida

l pow

er g

ener

ator

, 2.5

MW

, 60,

000

kWh/

day

on

full

capa

city

. •

3 Jo

bs ru

nnin

g an

d m

aint

aini

ng.

30

• Po

wer

bac

kup

need

ed fo

r tim

es w

hen

wav

es a

re n

ot st

rong

eno

ugh.

1.1.

1.1.

2 Po

wer

bac

kup

Whe

n G

EBE

deliv

ers t

he p

ower

, no

back

up w

ill b

e re

quire

d as

the

elec

trici

ty c

ompa

ny

alre

ady

has t

wo

back

up g

ener

ator

s ava

ilabl

e. In

a w

orst

-cas

e sc

enar

io th

ey w

ould

be

able

to

switc

h to

the

gene

rato

rs o

f the

oil

term

inal

. By

crea

ting

the

unde

rgro

und

elec

trici

ty

wire

s, as

des

crib

ed in

1.1

.1.1

.1, t

he c

hanc

e of

failu

re o

f the

ele

ctric

ity su

pply

is g

reat

ly

redu

ced.

Im

pact

: •

No

pow

er b

acku

p re

quire

d

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d

1.1.

1.2

Prov

ide

wat

er

Gen

eral

ly sp

eaki

ng a

reso

rt w

ill re

quire

wat

er o

f thr

ee q

ualit

ies.

Pota

ble

wat

er h

as to

ha

ve th

e hi

ghes

t qua

lity

as it

use

d fo

r pre

parin

g fo

od a

nd h

uman

con

sum

ptio

n. G

ray

wat

er is

use

d w

here

no

hum

an c

onsu

mpt

ion

can

take

pla

ce. I

rrig

atio

n w

ater

will

be

used

to

irrig

ate

the

golf

cour

se.

• Po

tabl

e w

ater

: 74,

2 m

3 / da

y •

Gre

y w

ater

: 37

m3 /

day

• Ir

rigat

ion

wat

er q

uant

ities

are

dep

enda

nt o

n sp

ecie

of g

rass

use

d fo

r the

cou

rse:

Se

asho

re p

aspa

lum

: 220

,643

m3 / y

ear (

max

imum

1,5

67 m

3 / day

). B

erm

uda

gras

s: 3

37,7

14 m

3 / yea

r (m

axim

um 2

,507

m3 / d

ay)

B

ecau

se th

ere

are

man

y po

ssib

le w

ays t

o pr

ovid

e w

ater

for t

he g

olf r

esor

t, a

stud

y to

the

mos

t app

ropr

iate

way

to p

rovi

de w

ater

has

bee

n pe

rfor

med

, thi

s stu

dy h

as b

een

incl

uded

in

app

endi

x II

I. Th

e co

nclu

sion

s fro

m th

is st

udy

are

that

no

mat

ter w

hat k

ind

of g

rass

is

chos

en, t

he ir

rigat

ion

will

alw

ays h

ave

to re

ly fo

r a la

rge

part

on a

RO

-pla

nt (R

ever

se

Osm

osis

pla

nt).

The

RO

-pla

nt w

ill a

lso

prov

ide

the

reso

rt w

ith d

rinki

ng w

ater

. If t

he

Ber

mud

a gr

ass i

s use

d, a

RO

-pla

nt is

nee

ded

with

a m

axim

um c

apac

ity o

f aro

und

2,85

0m3 p

er d

ay. T

he y

early

cos

t for

pow

erin

g th

is in

stal

latio

n ar

e ex

pect

ed to

be

arou

nd

US$

100

,650

per

yea

r. A

larg

e sa

ving

cou

ld b

e th

e us

e of

Sea

shor

e Pa

spal

um in

stea

d.

This

gra

ss u

ses a

bout

34%

less

wat

er. T

he m

axim

um c

apac

ity o

f the

RO

-pla

nt in

that

cas

e co

uld

be 1

,800

m3 /d

ay. T

he e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n pe

r yea

r wou

ld b

e ar

ound

US$

59

,750

. Cre

atin

g a

larg

e irr

igat

ion

pond

wou

ld sa

ve a

roun

d U

S$ 4

,623

ann

ually

. The

re

sorts

gre

y w

ater

supp

ly, f

or fl

ushi

ng th

e to

ilet,

can

be p

rovi

ded

by c

olle

ctin

g th

e w

ater

fr

om th

e sh

ower

and

rain

wat

er fr

om th

e ro

ofs.

Impa

ct:

Miti

gatio

n m

easu

res h

andl

ed in

1.1

.1

31

• B

y Se

lect

ing

the

Seas

hore

Pas

palu

m g

rass

inst

ead

of th

e co

mm

only

use

d B

erm

uda

gras

s, 34

% w

ater

and

ele

ctric

ity c

ost c

an b

e sa

ved.

•

The

year

ly sa

ving

s fro

m a

n irr

igat

ion

pond

with

rain

wat

er a

re 5

– 8

%

• A

Rev

erse

Osm

osis

pla

nt sh

ould

hav

e a

capa

city

of 1

,800

– 2

,850

m3 / d

ay, o

f whi

ch

abou

t 80

m3 is

pot

able

wat

er.

• W

ater

for t

he to

ilet c

an b

e su

pplie

d by

rain

wat

er a

nd b

y co

llect

ing

and

reus

ing

wat

er

from

the

show

er a

nd si

nk.

• 5

jobs

RO

-pla

nt, 3

jobs

mai

nten

ance

of t

he w

ater

syst

em.

1.

1.1.

2.1

Wat

er c

atch

men

t Se

e im

pact

stud

y w

ater

syst

em a

ppen

dix

III a

nd 1

.1.1

.2.

Se

e 1.

1.1.

2

1.1.

1.2.

2 W

ater

pur

ifica

tion

plan

t Se

e im

pact

stud

y w

ater

syst

em a

ppen

dix

III a

nd 1

.1.1

.2.

See

1.1.

1.2

1.1.

1.2.

4 W

ater

stor

age

To p

reve

nt p

robl

ems i

n th

e w

ater

supp

ly w

hen

ther

e ar

e pr

oble

ms w

ith th

e R

O-P

lant

, st

orag

e fo

r 2 to

3 d

ays w

ould

be

requ

ired.

Fo

r the

drin

king

wat

er th

e re

quire

d st

orag

e w

ould

be

150

m3 . T

his c

ould

be

com

bine

d w

ith a

wat

er d

istri

butio

n fa

cilit

y (1

.1.1

.2.5

).

The

stor

age

of w

ater

for i

rrig

atio

n w

ould

be

3,20

0 –

5,00

0 m

3 . Thi

s is m

ost l

ikel

y no

t po

ssib

le in

a c

lose

d st

orag

e fa

cilit

y, b

ut w

ould

requ

ire a

stor

age

pond

. Thi

s will

how

ever

cr

eate

wat

er lo

ss d

ue to

eva

pora

tion.

The

dee

per t

he p

ond,

the

low

er th

e lo

ss w

ill b

e. B

y dr

aini

ng th

e go

lf co

urse

, exc

ess i

rrig

atio

n w

ater

can

be

retu

rned

to th

e po

nd, m

akin

g su

re

no w

ater

is lo

st.

The

grey

wat

er fr

om th

e sh

ower

s and

sink

and

the

rain

wat

er fr

om th

e ro

ofs w

ould

nee

d to

be

stor

ed a

s wel

l. Th

is c

an b

e do

ne a

t eac

h of

the

indi

vidu

al b

uild

ings

, for

exa

mpl

e in

a

cist

ern

unde

r the

bui

ldin

g.

Wat

er st

orag

e C

reat

ing

any

form

of o

pen

wat

er st

orag

e w

ill

mea

n a

lot o

f los

s due

to e

vapo

ratio

n. T

he y

early

av

erag

e ev

apor

atio

n is

aro

und

2,16

0 m

m. T

his

mea

ns th

at th

e le

ss w

ater

surf

ace

ther

e is

, the

be

tter.

Wat

er st

orag

e po

nds s

houl

d th

eref

ore

be

crea

ted

as d

eep

as p

ossi

ble,

to g

et th

e m

ost

amou

nt o

f sto

rage

with

the

leas

t am

ount

of w

ater

su

rfac

e.

1.1.

1.2.

5 W

ater

dis

trib

utio

n Th

e R

O-p

lant

will

mos

t lik

ely

be c

onst

ruct

ed o

n Ze

elan

dia,

to b

e ne

ar th

e go

lf co

urse

, as

this

is th

e bi

gges

t wat

er u

ser.

This

mea

ns th

at a

rela

tivel

y sm

all a

mou

nt o

f the

wat

er n

eeds

to

be

pum

ped

to V

enus

Bay

. The

wat

er p

ipe

coul

d ei

ther

be

cons

truct

ed o

ver,

thro

ugh

or

arou

nd (v

ia th

e ea

ster

n si

de) t

he m

ount

ain

betw

een

Zeel

andi

a an

d V

enus

Bay

. Cre

atin

g a

stor

age

tank

for t

he p

otab

le w

ater

som

ewhe

re u

p th

e hi

ll at

Ven

us B

ay w

ill m

ake

sure

that

th

e di

strib

utio

n of

wat

er o

n th

at si

de c

an b

e on

a fr

ee fl

ow b

asis

, due

to g

ravi

ty. T

he o

nly

pum

ps re

quire

d co

uld

be la

rge

pum

ps tr

ansp

ortin

g th

e w

ater

to V

enus

Bay

. By

usin

g a

few

larg

e pu

mps

inst

ead

of m

any

smal

l one

s ele

ctric

ity c

an b

e sa

ved.

A

t the

Zee

land

ia si

de p

umps

will

be

requ

ired

to d

istri

bute

the

wat

er a

cros

s the

gol

f

Miti

gatio

n w

ater

dis

trib

utio

n ef

fect

s It

will

not

be

viab

le to

hav

e a

RO

-pla

nt o

n bo

th

the

Zeel

andi

a an

d V

enus

Bay

side

. The

refo

re th

e w

ater

will

hav

e to

be

pum

ped

to V

enus

Bay

. B

ecau

se th

e am

ount

of w

ater

nee

ded

at th

e Ze

elan

dia

(gol

f cou

rse)

side

is m

uch

larg

er, t

he

RO

-pla

nt sh

ould

be

plac

ed h

ere.

Thi

s will

save

on

the

amou

nt o

f wat

er th

at h

as to

be

trans

porte

d.

The

wat

er in

Ven

us B

ay sh

ould

be

stor

ed a

t lea

st

32

cour

se. S

ince

the

elec

trici

ty u

sage

s of p

umps

dep

ends

hig

hly

on th

e he

ight

, the

dis

tanc

e an

d th

e pr

essu

re th

ey h

ave

to p

rovi

de, n

o in

dica

tion

can

be g

iven

abo

ut th

eir p

ower

use

. Im

pact

: •

2 Jo

bs

10m

abo

ve th

e hi

ghes

t fac

ility

ther

e, th

is w

ay th

e w

ater

dis

tribu

tion

at V

enus

Bay

can

be

a fr

ee fl

ow

syst

em. N

o pu

mps

will

be

requ

ired

in th

at c

ase.

1.1.

1.3

Prov

ide

med

ical

se

rvic

e Th

e in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he h

ospi

tal h

as b

een

gath

ered

from

inte

rvie

ws w

ith M

r. O

dong

o,

gene

ral p

ract

ition

er a

nd M

rs. M

. Pan

toph

let,

the

hosp

itals

hea

d nu

rse.

The

Hos

pita

l cu

rren

tly h

as 2

0 be

ds. W

hen

need

ed it

can

han

dle

at m

axim

um 3

0 be

ds, b

ut n

ot

sust

aina

bly.

The

re a

re tw

o ge

nera

l pra

ctiti

oner

s, a

derm

atol

ogic

and

a d

entis

t. Th

ere

are

no su

rgeo

ns o

r spe

cial

ists

(oth

er th

en th

e de

rmat

olog

ist)

and

ther

efor

e a

pers

on th

at n

eeds

su

rger

y w

ill n

eed

to b

e m

oved

to S

t Maa

rten,

or i

n se

vere

cas

es e

ven

to C

urac

ao.

N

orm

ally

a p

erso

n th

at n

eeds

a sp

ecia

list c

an tr

avel

to S

t. M

aarte

n or

St.

Kitt

s by

plan

e. In

ur

gent

cas

es th

ere

is th

e po

ssib

ility

to c

all W

inai

r and

get

them

to se

nd a

pla

ne to

fly

a pe

rson

to th

e ho

spita

l. It

is a

lso

poss

ible

to g

et th

e m

edic

al a

irlift

serv

ice,

but

this

is o

nly

for u

rgen

t cas

es th

at n

eed

to g

et sp

ecia

l tre

atm

ent i

n C

urac

ao, o

r in

case

of (

Am

eric

an)

tour

ists

, pro

babl

y Sa

n Ju

an. A

t the

mom

ent t

hese

spec

ial f

light

s hap

pen

a fe

w ti

mes

per

m

onth

. In

crea

sing

the

num

ber o

f per

sons

on

the

isla

nd w

ith a

bout

1,0

00, t

o 4,

100,

will

not

aff

ect

the

hosp

ital m

uch.

Cur

rent

ly th

ere

is o

verc

apac

ity in

the

num

ber o

f doc

tors

and

the

num

ber o

f bed

s ava

ilabl

e.

Impa

ct:

• St

atis

tical

incr

ease

of t

he m

edic

al fl

ight

s by

Win

air o

r by

the

med

ical

airl

ift se

rvic

e to

ar

ound

3 ti

mes

per

mon

th. I

ncre

ase

in ‘h

ospi

tal’

pass

enge

rs o

n no

rmal

flig

hts,

alth

ough

it is

har

d to

est

imat

e by

how

man

y.

• Th

e ho

spita

l is e

xpec

ted

to g

ener

ate

a la

rger

inco

me;

due

to a

stat

istic

al c

erta

in

incr

ease

in p

atie

nts.

Med

ical

car

e Th

ere

will

be

an in

crea

sed

dem

and

for m

edic

al

care

, how

ever

this

can

be

abso

rbed

with

the

curr

ent c

apac

ity.

It is

not

via

ble

to o

ffer

surg

ery

on S

t. Eu

stat

ius,

not e

ven

with

the

incr

ease

d nu

mbe

r of r

esid

ents

on

the

isla

nd.

1.1.

1.3.

1 D

octo

rs o

ffic

e C

urre

ntly

ther

e ar

e tw

o ge

nera

l pra

ctiti

oner

s, a

derm

atol

ogis

t and

den

tists

on

the

isla

nd.

This

is a

n ov

erca

paci

ty; n

o ad

ditio

nal p

erso

ns a

re n

eede

d w

hen

the

num

ber o

f peo

ple

on

the

isla

nd in

crea

ses b

y a

1,00

0.

In ti

mes

of n

eed

(for

exa

mpl

e in

the

case

a h

urric

ane

wou

ld h

it th

e is

land

), th

e ho

spita

l ca

n re

ly o

n th

e he

lp o

f the

med

ical

scho

ol, w

hich

add

s at l

east

12

doct

ors.

Som

e of

the

33

stud

ents

are

trai

ned

nurs

es, w

hich

can

als

o he

lp in

the

case

of e

mer

genc

ies.

Impa

ct:

• N

one

1.

1.1.

3.2

Oth

er h

ospi

tal

agre

emen

ts a

nd

tran

spor

t

For s

urge

ry a

nd sp

ecifi

c m

edic

al c

are

patie

nts a

re se

nd to

the

hosp

ital i

n St

. Maa

rten

and

even

to C

urac

ao, o

r in

case

of (

Am

eric

an) t

ouris

ts p

roba

bly

San

Juan

. In

non-

urge

nt c

ases

th

ey c

an ta

ke th

e sc

hedu

led

fligh

ts. I

n ur

gent

ther

e ar

e ar

rang

emen

ts w

ith W

inai

r to

prov

ide

at h

oc m

edic

al fl

ight

s. Th

e sa

me

agre

emen

ts e

xist

with

a sp

ecia

l med

ical

airl

ift

unit

in c

ase

of tr

ansp

ort t

o C

urac

ao. A

t the

mom

ent t

he u

rgen

t flig

hts t

ake

plac

e 1

or 2

tim

es a

mon

th. W

ith a

pop

ulat

ion

incr

ease

of 3

3%, t

his c

an b

e as

sum

ed to

incr

ease

by

1 to

3

times

a m

onth

. Im

pact

: •

Stat

istic

al in

crea

se o

f the

med

ical

flig

hts b

y W

inai

r or b

y th

e m

edic

al a

irlift

serv

ice

to

arou

nd 3

tim

es p

er m

onth

.

Incr

ease

d m

edic

al fl

ight

s N

ot si

gnifi

cant

, no

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d

1.1.

1.4

Off

er ta

xi/ s

hutt

le

serv

ice

The

taxi

/ shu

ttle

serv

ice

was

alre

ady

incl

uded

in 1

.1.2

.2.6

. Se

e 1.

1.2.

2.6

1.1.

1.5

Tel

ecom

mun

icat

ion

infr

astr

uctu

re

The

follo

win

g in

form

atio

n w

as p

rovi

ded

by M

r. G

. Ber

kel,

man

agin

g di

rect

or o

f Eut

el,

whi

ch p

rovi

des t

he te

leph

one

and

inte

rnet

serv

ice

on th

e is

land

. Due

to th

e na

ture

of t

he

tele

com

mun

icat

ion

busi

ness

, the

y al

read

y ha

ve m

ost o

f the

equ

ipm

ent n

eces

sary

to

expa

nd. T

here

wou

ld b

e a

30 –

40%

gro

wth

in th

e nu

mbe

r of f

ixed

pho

ne c

onne

ctio

ns.

The

num

ber o

f mob

ile c

onne

ctio

ns w

ould

mos

t lik

ely

also

incr

ease

sign

ifica

ntly

, alth

ough

it

is h

ard

to e

stim

ate

by h

ow m

any.

Eu

tel c

an fi

nanc

e th

e in

fras

truct

ure

for t

he re

quire

d ex

pans

ion.

It w

ould

mos

t pro

babl

y co

nsis

t of a

wire

less

con

nect

ion

betw

een

Ven

us B

ay a

nd E

utel

, as c

able

s wou

ld b

e m

ore

cost

ly.

Ther

e ar

e no

exp

ecte

d pr

oble

ms i

n ei

ther

mee

ting

dem

and

for h

igh-

spee

d in

tern

et a

cces

s or

the

incr

ease

in m

obile

or f

ixed

tele

phon

es. F

or h

igh

spee

d in

tern

et th

ere

is a

n al

tern

ativ

e in

get

ting

sate

llite

inte

rnet

. To

get t

he c

ontra

ct fo

r the

gol

f res

ort E

utel

will

ha

ve to

look

into

off

erin

g fa

ster

inte

rnet

and

hig

her r

elia

bilit

y.

To p

rovi

de se

rvic

e, e

spec

ially

for t

he in

tern

et c

onne

ctio

ns, a

t lea

st o

ne a

dditi

onal

job

wou

ld b

e re

quire

d.

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d.

34

Impa

ct:

• 1

Job

(at l

east

) •

Incr

ease

inco

me

Eute

l

1.1.

1.6

Prov

ide

harb

our

faci

litie

s A

ccor

ding

to M

r. M

. Gitt

ens,

the

harb

our e

xecu

tive,

the

harb

our w

ill n

ot b

e si

gnifi

cant

ly

affe

cted

by

the

cons

truct

ion

of a

reso

rt. W

ith th

e cu

rren

t fac

ilitie

s the

har

bour

can

han

dle

even

a 5

0 or

60%

incr

ease

in c

argo

. The

har

bour

can

als

o ta

ke p

asse

nger

traf

fic.

Ther

e ar

e pl

ans t

o pr

ivat

ize

the

harb

our a

nd to

exp

end

the

pier

and

incr

ease

the

wat

er

dept

h to

allo

w la

rger

boa

ts. T

here

are

als

o pl

ans f

or a

mar

ina

for u

p to

80

yach

ts;

inve

stor

s how

ever

are

nee

ded

to e

xecu

te th

is p

lan.

The

exp

ansi

on o

f the

pie

r will

allo

w

smal

ler c

ruis

e sh

ips (

up to

450

– 5

00 p

asse

nger

s) to

doc

k.

Plan

s als

o ex

ist f

or a

sche

dule

d m

ixed

frei

ght a

nd c

argo

serv

ice

to S

aba,

St.

Kitt

s and

St.

Maa

rten,

usi

ng b

oats

that

can

hol

d ar

ound

80

pass

enge

rs a

nd 1

0 co

ntai

ners

and

wou

ld b

e ab

le to

trav

el fr

om S

t Maa

rten

to S

t. Eu

stat

ius i

n ab

out 1

hr a

nd 3

0min

s. B

y pr

ovid

ing

a co

mfo

rtabl

e bo

at se

rvic

e, th

e pr

oble

m th

at th

e co

mfo

rt of

the

Win

air a

ircra

ft m

ay p

ose

will

be

miti

gate

d. (A

lso

see

1.0)

Th

e pr

ivat

izat

ion

of th

e ha

rbou

r, ex

pans

ions

of t

he p

ier,

cons

truct

ion

of a

dditi

onal

br

eakw

ater

s and

a m

arin

a as

wel

l as t

he b

oat s

ervi

ce a

re a

ll pr

ojec

ts th

at a

re b

eing

wor

ked

on a

lread

y. T

hey

will

hav

e a

bene

ficia

l im

pact

on

the

reso

rt, b

ut a

re n

ot c

onst

ruct

ed

beca

use

of it

. Th

e im

pact

of t

he re

sort

on th

e ha

rbou

r is t

here

fore

lim

ited

to a

n in

crea

se in

inco

me

due

to m

oorin

g ch

arge

s and

car

go c

harg

es.

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d.

1.1.

2 In

crea

se fa

cilit

ies

In to

tal t

he la

nd u

se w

ill b

e 80

0,00

0 m

2 . The

who

le is

land

has

a la

nd su

rfac

e of

21

,000

,000

m2 . T

his i

nclu

des t

he Q

uill

and

the

north

ern

sub

sect

or. W

ith th

e co

nstru

ctio

n of

the

golf

reso

rt, a

larg

e ar

ea o

f lan

d th

at c

an a

lso

be u

sed

for d

iffer

ent p

urpo

ses i

s th

eref

ore

take

n aw

ay.

Nex

t to

the

land

it o

ccup

ies,

the

golf

reso

rt w

ill a

lso

use

the

pass

bet

wee

n Ze

elan

dia

and

Ven

us B

ay. T

his i

s cur

rent

ly th

e on

ly w

ay to

go

to th

e no

rther

n pa

rt of

the

isla

nd. B

y re

stric

ting

acce

ss to

this

pas

s, ef

fect

ivel

y th

e w

hole

nor

ther

n pa

rt of

the

isla

nds b

ecom

es

inac

cess

ible

for n

on-g

uest

s of t

he g

olf r

esor

t.

Land

use

Th

e am

ount

of l

and

occu

pied

by

the

reso

rt is

si

gnifi

cant

, but

can

not b

e m

itiga

ted.

Th

e no

rther

n su

b-se

ctor

shou

ld b

e ke

pt re

acha

ble.

Th

is c

an b

e do

ne b

y cr

eatin

g a

new

rout

e ov

er th

e hi

lls, o

r allo

win

g ev

eryb

ody

to e

nter

the

pass

be

twee

n V

enus

Bay

and

Zee

land

ia a

nd th

us th

e gr

ound

s of t

he g

olf r

esor

t.

35

The

effe

cts w

ill n

ot st

art w

ith th

e op

enin

g of

the

reso

rt; th

ey w

ill a

lread

y st

art i

n th

e co

nstru

ctio

n ph

ase.

Alre

ady

at th

is p

oint

jobs

will

be

crea

ted

and

taxe

s inc

omes

for t

he

gove

rnm

ent w

ill st

art t

o ar

rive.

Con

stru

ctio

n ca

n po

tent

ially

hav

e si

gnifi

cant

eff

ects

, for

ex

ampl

e in

the

requ

ired

hous

ing,

the

inco

me

gene

rate

d an

d tra

nspo

rt an

d hi

ndra

nce.

For

th

is re

ason

it sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

for i

t’s im

pact

. The

low

er le

vel s

yste

m so

lutio

n co

nstru

ctio

n (1

.1.2

.2.8

) was

add

ed fo

r thi

s rea

son.

W

ith 6

0% o

ccup

ancy

ther

e w

ill b

e an

ave

rage

332

tour

ists

stay

ing

at th

e re

sort.

Nex

t to

spen

ding

mon

ey o

n th

e re

sort,

they

can

pot

entia

lly a

lso

be a

sour

ce o

f inc

ome

for o

ther

bu

sine

sses

on

the

isla

nd. A

dditi

onal

faci

litie

s will

hav

e to

be

crea

ted

for t

his t

houg

h. A

t th

e m

omen

t the

re a

re a

few

rest

aura

nts,

but t

hey

may

not

hav

e th

e qu

ality

an

upsc

ale

tour

ists

exp

ects

or w

ill b

e ab

le to

get

in th

e re

sort.

Div

ing

may

be

the

only

act

ivity

that

w

ould

attr

act t

hese

tour

ists

. By

impr

ovin

g th

e qu

ality

of c

urre

nt fa

cilit

ies a

nd o

ffer

ing

new

one

s aim

ed a

t the

ups

cale

tour

ists

, lik

e bo

at to

urs a

nd g

uide

d hi

kes t

o th

e Q

uill

addi

tiona

l inc

ome

can

be g

ener

ated

and

jobs

cre

ated

. Im

pact

: •

Gue

st: 5

52

• Jo

bs: 5

14

• W

ater

requ

irem

ent:

• Po

tabl

e w

ater

: 74.

2 m

3 / da

y •

Gra

y: 3

7 m

3 / da

y •

Irrig

atio

n: 5

76 m

3 / da

y •

Ener

gy

• To

tal:

26,8

98 k

Wh/

day

•

Airl

ift: 8

5 pa

ssen

gers

per

day

(cou

ntin

g bo

th d

irect

ions

) •

Was

tew

ater

•

Gre

y: 7

0.9

m3 /

day

• B

lack

: 40.

4 m

3 / da

y •

Solid

was

te

• To

tal w

aste

: 1,1

06 m

3 / ye

ar

• Sp

ace

• To

tal b

uild

: 248

,855

m2

• To

tal l

and

use:

800

,000

m2

Add

ition

al e

ffec

t tou

rism

C

urre

ntly

the

isla

nd is

not

orie

nted

to u

p-cl

ass

tour

ism

. The

re a

re n

o ot

her s

peci

fic fa

cilit

ies o

r se

rvic

es fo

r thi

s gro

up. B

y no

t hav

ing

any

faci

litie

s for

thes

e pe

ople

, lik

e a

coup

le o

f goo

d re

stau

rant

s, gu

ided

tour

s, bo

at re

ntal

, boa

t tou

rs,

etc,

add

ition

al m

oney

that

can

pot

entia

lly b

e ob

tain

ed w

ill b

e w

aste

d. S

o to

miti

gate

this

eff

ect,

addi

tiona

l tou

rism

faci

litie

s, fo

r exa

mpl

e th

ose

prev

ious

ly m

entio

ned,

shou

ld b

e cr

eate

d.

1.1.

2.1

Bea

ch

Acc

ordi

ng to

the

tour

ism

dev

elop

men

t org

aniz

atio

n, n

ot h

avin

g a

clea

n, w

hite

, lar

ge

beac

h w

ith th

e ab

ility

to sw

im in

the

sea

puts

St E

usta

tius a

t a d

isad

vant

age

com

pare

d to

U

sing

Zee

land

ia b

eech

Th

e po

tent

ial n

egat

ive

impa

ct o

f usi

ng th

e be

ach

36

the

othe

r isl

ands

with

reso

rts. S

TEN

APA

is w

orki

ng o

n a

beac

h pr

ojec

t on

the

Car

ibbe

an

side

of t

he is

land

. Whe

n re

aliz

ed (c

urre

ntly

the

star

t of t

his p

roje

ct, a

ccor

ding

to

STEN

APA

, is p

lann

ed fo

r 200

6) th

is b

each

will

be

loca

ted

appr

oxim

atel

y 4k

m fr

om th

e re

sort.

The

bea

ch is

con

stru

cted

usi

ng a

pro

cedu

re c

alle

d “r

eef b

all”

, whe

reby

hol

low

co

ncre

te “

balls

”, w

ith o

peni

ngs a

re p

ut in

the

ocea

n, fo

rmin

g un

derw

ater

dam

s. C

oral

and

ot

her s

ea li

fe w

ill g

row

on

thes

e ba

lls. T

he a

lso

bloc

k or

dim

inis

h th

e cu

rren

t and

wav

es,

prev

entin

g be

ach

corr

osio

n an

d ac

tual

ly a

llow

ing

the

beac

h to

gro

w.

Acc

ordi

ng to

STE

NA

PA th

e re

ef b

alls

wou

ld a

lso

be a

n ex

celle

nt so

lutio

n fo

r cre

atin

g a

usab

le b

each

at Z

eela

ndia

. Nex

t to

mak

ing

sure

that

swim

min

g w

ill b

ecom

e po

ssib

le, d

ue

to a

dim

inis

hed

unde

rtow

, the

bea

ch w

ill g

row

in si

ze d

ue to

dec

reas

ed e

rosi

on. N

ext t

o th

e re

ef b

alls

to st

op th

e un

derto

w a

nd e

rosi

on fr

om th

e se

asid

e, th

e w

ater

com

ing

from

Ze

elan

dia

shou

ld a

lso

be c

olle

cted

bef

ore

reac

hing

the

sea.

It c

an th

en b

e us

ed fo

r irr

igat

ion

purp

oses

for t

he g

olf c

ours

e an

d w

ill a

t the

sam

e tim

e st

op e

rosi

on o

f the

bea

ch

from

the

land

side

, whi

ch c

urre

ntly

this

is a

big

pro

blem

. Nex

t to

the

Zeel

andi

a ar

ea, t

he

met

hod

can

also

be

used

at V

enus

Bay

for t

he c

reat

ion

of a

bea

ch.

Nes

tling

sea

turtl

es a

re u

sing

the

beac

h at

Zee

land

ia b

ut th

ese

only

com

e on

shor

e du

ring

the

nigh

t, m

ore

abou

t thi

s at s

ectio

n 2.

1.

Life

guar

d se

rvic

e sh

ould

be

offe

red

at a

ny b

each

that

the

reso

rt ad

vise

s to

its g

uest

. 4

Life

guar

ds w

ould

be

suff

icie

nt.

Impa

ct:

• C

ompe

titiv

e co

nstra

int l

ifted

by

crea

tion

of b

each

on

reso

rt, b

each

will

gro

w in

size

so

me

50ft

(15m

) due

to lo

wer

ero

sion

. •

4 Jo

bs a

s life

guar

d •

Coa

stal

pro

tect

ion

by p

reve

ntin

g er

osio

n.

• C

olle

ctin

g ra

inw

ater

from

the

hills

and

the

Zeel

andi

a ar

ea w

ill st

op e

rosi

on o

f the

be

ach

from

the

land

side

and

it c

an b

e us

ed a

s sou

rce

of ir

rigat

ion

wat

er.

can

be th

e lit

terin

g. In

stal

ling

som

e lit

terb

ins o

n th

e be

ach

and

putti

ng u

p si

gns t

o ex

plai

n w

hy it

is

impo

rtant

not

to li

tter c

an re

duce

the

amou

nt o

f lit

terin

g. T

o m

aint

ain

a cl

ean

beac

h fo

r the

gue

sts

it is

als

o im

porta

nt to

redu

ce ru

bble

on

the

beac

h,

whi

ch m

eans

it is

just

as m

uch

in th

e in

tere

st o

f th

e re

sort

as it

is to

STE

NA

PA a

nd th

e se

a tu

rtles

to

kee

p th

e be

ach

clea

n.

By

not h

avin

g th

e be

ach

lit a

t nig

ht, p

eopl

e ar

e di

scou

rage

d to

go

to th

e be

ach

at th

at ti

me.

Thi

s w

ill a

lso

prev

ent y

oung

turtl

es to

go

inla

nd in

stea

d of

into

the

sea

whe

n ha

tchi

ng.

By

catc

hing

inla

nd w

ater

for i

rrig

atio

n us

e, b

efor

e it

reac

hes t

he b

each

, les

s RO

-wat

er is

nee

ded

and

the

beac

h er

osio

n w

ill b

e gr

eatly

redu

ced.

1.1.

2.2

Gol

f res

ort 5

-sta

r+

Acc

ordi

ng to

the

tour

ist o

ffic

e a

reso

rt sh

ould

off

er fa

cilit

ies f

or B

usin

ess o

r wed

ding

re

cept

ions

. Com

para

ble

reso

rts h

ave

mee

ting

room

s with

size

s bet

wee

n 67

m2 a

nd 3

20m

2 . To

tal f

loor

surf

ace

of th

e ro

oms i

s 1,1

60m

2 N

ext t

o th

e gi

ven

surf

aces

, a g

olf r

esor

t sho

uld

be lo

cate

d in

a la

ndsc

aped

are

a. T

here

sh

ould

be

a pa

rk li

ke a

rea,

whe

re p

ossi

ble

usin

g as

muc

h of

the

curr

ent n

atur

e as

Acc

essi

bilit

y no

rthe

rn su

b se

ctor

Th

e no

rther

n pa

rt of

the

isla

nd sh

ould

rem

ain

reac

habl

e. If

the

curr

ent t

rail

is to

be

used

for t

he

golf

cour

se a

nd w

ill b

e bl

ocke

d fo

r pub

lic u

se, a

ne

w tr

ail h

as to

be

cons

truct

ed. T

he a

cces

s to

the

north

ern

part

of th

e is

land

is c

urre

ntly

a fo

otpa

th;

37

poss

ible

. The

tota

l are

a of

the

golf

reso

rt w

ill b

e ar

ound

80

hect

ares

, whi

ch m

eans

a

land

scap

ed a

rea

of a

bout

55

hect

ares

. Th

e go

lf co

urse

will

use

mos

t of t

he A

rea

of V

enus

Bay

and

Zee

land

ia. S

ince

Val

ero,

the

oil t

rans

hipm

ent a

nd st

orag

e co

mpa

ny, o

wns

the

north

wes

tern

side

of t

he is

land

, the

trai

l fr

om Z

eela

ndia

to V

enus

Bay

and

bey

ond,

is c

urre

ntly

the

only

pub

lic w

ay to

get

to th

e no

rther

n pa

rt of

the

isla

nd. W

hen

the

golf

reso

rt is

cre

ated

, thi

s pas

sage

will

mos

t lik

ely

be m

ade

priv

ate

and

part

of th

e re

sort.

Thi

s wou

ld e

ffec

tivel

y bl

ock

acce

ss to

the

north

ern

part

of th

e is

land

for n

on-g

uest

s of t

he re

sort.

A

t a 6

0% o

ccup

ancy

rate

, the

num

ber o

f dep

artin

g pa

ssen

gers

will

be

arou

nd 2

6 ea

ch

day.

The

y w

ill h

ave

to p

ay a

dep

artu

re ta

x at

the

airp

ort.

If a

ssum

ed th

at h

alf w

ill ta

ke th

e fli

ght v

ia S

an Ju

an (U

S$ 1

2) a

nd h

alf v

ia S

t Maa

rten

(US$

5.6

5) th

en th

e da

ily in

com

e w

ill b

e U

S$ 2

29.5

, the

yea

rly in

com

e is

ther

efor

e U

S$ 8

3,75

0.

Impa

ct:

• G

uest

: 552

•

Jobs

: 510

•

Wat

er re

quire

men

t: •

Pota

ble

wat

er: 7

4.2

m3 /

day

• G

ray:

109

.3 m

3 / da

y •

Irrig

atio

n: 5

76 m

3 / da

y •

Ener

gy

• St

ayin

g ac

com

mod

atio

ns: 1

5,82

4 kW

h/ d

ay (i

nclu

des t

enni

s cou

rt, sp

a an

d po

ol

and

at 7

0% o

ccup

ancy

) •

Cat

erin

g fa

cilit

ies:

1,3

18 k

Wh/

day

•

Tran

spor

tatio

n: 4

14.9

kW

h/ d

ay

• R

ever

se O

smos

is p

lant

: 2,5

33 k

Wh/

day

•

Tota

l: 20

,090

kW

h/ d

ay

• A

irpor

t: •

92 p

asse

nger

s per

day

(cou

ntin

g bo

th d

irect

ions

) •

Airp

ort i

ncom

e in

crea

ses b

y U

S$ 8

3,75

0 pe

r yea

r (A

t 60%

occ

upan

cy ra

te o

f the

re

sort)

•

Was

tew

ater

•

Gre

y: 7

0.9

m3 /

day

• B

lack

: 37

m3 /

day

• So

lid w

aste

a si

mila

r typ

e of

trai

l wou

ld b

e re

quire

d.

38

• St

ayin

g ac

com

mod

atio

n: 8

47.7

m3 /

year

•

Res

taur

ant:

258

m3 /

year

•

Tota

l was

te: 1

,105

,7 m

3 / ye

ar

• Sp

ace

• M

eetin

g ro

oms:

1,1

60 m

2 •

Stay

ing

acco

mm

odat

ions

: 12,

270

m2

• Te

nnis

cou

rt: 1

,325

m2

• Po

ol: 5

00 m

2 •

Spa:

600

m2

• G

olf c

ours

e: 2

01,5

00 m

2 •

Tran

spor

tatio

n: 4

0,00

0 m

2 •

Res

taur

ants

: 1,8

00 m

2 •

Tota

l bui

ld: 2

58,8

55 m

2 •

Tota

l gol

f res

ort:

800,

000

m2

1.

1.2.

2.4

Stay

ing

acco

mm

odat

ion

Acc

ordi

ng to

STE

BA

and

a c

ompa

rison

with

sim

ilar r

esor

ts, t

here

is a

requ

irem

ent f

or

high

spee

d in

tern

et, p

roba

bly

wire

less

and

a p

hone

con

nect

ion

to th

e re

sort.

The

sam

e se

rvic

es w

ill a

lso

be n

eede

d fo

r the

add

ition

al h

ouse

s. Th

e fu

nctio

n “p

rovi

de

tele

com

mun

icat

ion”

(0.6

.1.3

) was

add

ed a

s res

ult o

f thi

s req

uire

men

t. Th

is fu

nctio

n re

sulte

d in

the

syst

em so

lutio

n ‘te

leco

mm

unic

atio

n in

fras

truct

ure’

, whi

ch w

as in

clud

ed a

s 1.

1.1.

5 an

d fu

rther

exa

min

es th

e ef

fect

s of t

his r

equi

rem

ent.

Impa

ct:

• 29

4 Jo

bs

• 55

2 gu

est (

max

imum

) •

Dai

ly w

ater

requ

irem

ents

; pot

able

: 34.

5, g

rey:

23.

2 m

3 •

Dai

ly w

aste

wat

er p

rodu

ctio

n; g

rey:

33.

2, b

lack

: 24.

4 m

3 •

The

aver

age

hote

l has

an

elec

trici

ty u

se o

f 41

kWh,

per

gue

st, p

er n

ight

. With

552

be

ds, t

he h

otel

wou

ld th

eref

ore

use

22,6

32 k

Wh

per d

ay [I

L4].

At a

mor

e re

alis

tic

70%

occ

upan

cy, t

he e

lect

ricity

usa

ge w

ould

be

15,8

42 k

Wh

per d

ay.

• Sp

ace

used

: 12,

270m

2 . •

Airl

ift g

ener

ated

is a

ppro

xim

atel

y 46

pas

seng

ers p

er d

irect

ion

per d

ay (a

vera

ge, s

ome

days

will

be

busi

er th

en o

ther

s).

• So

lid w

aste

: 1,1

05.7

m3 / y

ear.

• N

eed

for h

igh-

spee

d In

tern

et a

nd p

hone

con

nect

ions

.

Ele

ctri

city

Th

e el

ectri

city

usa

ge o

f a re

sort

is v

ery

high

. Par

t of

this

will

be

caus

ed b

y bo

ilers

, whi

ch a

re

heat

ing

the

wat

er fo

r the

tap

or th

e sh

ower

. The

la

rges

t am

ount

of w

ater

to b

e he

ated

will

be

show

er w

ater

. Thi

s wat

er d

oes n

ot h

ave

to b

e bo

iling

hot

, mos

t peo

ple

will

take

a sh

ower

with

w

ater

no

war

mer

then

aro

und

40 d

egre

es a

t mos

t. To

save

on

elec

trici

ty, a

sola

r boi

ler c

ould

pro

vide

th

e w

ater

for t

he sh

ower

. A 9

m2 c

atch

men

t are

a so

lar b

oile

r cos

ts a

bout

US$

12,

250

to in

stal

l [I

L5].

In th

e N

ethe

rland

s suc

h a

syst

em c

an sa

ve

arou

nd 3

500

– 40

00kW

h/ y

ear o

n el

ectri

city

per

on

e fa

mily

hou

seho

ld [I

L6],

or o

n av

erag

e 4

pers

ons.

With

552

gue

sts i

n th

e re

sort,

this

com

es

dow

n, a

ssum

ing

the

low

er n

umbe

r of 3

500k

wh/

ye

ar o

n a

483,

000k

Wh

savi

ng p

er y

ear.

This

m

eans

tota

l ele

ctric

ity sa

ving

s of a

bout

NA

F. U

S$

972,

222.

The

tota

l cos

t of i

nsta

lling

wat

er b

oile

rs

wou

ld b

e U

S$ 1

.7 m

illio

n. T

hat m

akes

the

use

of

sola

r boi

lers

hav

e a

retu

rn o

n in

vest

men

t tim

e of

le

ss th

an tw

o ye

ars.

39

Ano

ther

maj

or p

art o

f the

ele

ctric

ity is

con

sum

ed

by A

ir C

ondi

tioni

ng. D

urin

g m

ost t

imes

of t

he

year

this

is h

owev

er re

quire

d an

d th

e el

ectri

city

us

age

for t

his c

anno

t be

miti

gate

d.

1.

1.2.

2.4.

1 5-

star

+ ho

tel

A 5

star

hot

el n

eeds

to h

ave

a re

cept

ion,

with

an

offic

e. It

nee

ds to

be

clea

ned

and

mai

ntai

ned.

The

re sh

ould

be

a te

chni

cal s

ervi

ce to

solv

e te

chni

cal p

robl

ems.

The

hote

l w

ill h

ave

a m

axim

um o

f 2 st

orie

s and

will

mos

t lik

ely

cons

ist o

ut o

f sm

alle

r bui

ldin

gs th

at

are

spre

ad o

ut o

ver t

he g

roun

ds o

f the

reso

rt. A

5 st

ar h

otel

shou

ld o

ffer

gue

st th

e op

tion

of d

inin

g in

the

room

and

hav

e a

pers

onal

ass

ista

nt d

urin

g th

eir s

tay.

In

tota

l the

re is

a d

eman

d fo

r 156

room

s, w

hich

com

es d

own

to a

max

imum

num

ber o

f gu

est o

f 312

in th

e ho

tel.

For a

luxu

ry h

otel

, the

re sh

ould

be

at th

e ve

ry le

ast,

acco

rdin

g to

th

e to

uris

t off

ice,

1.5

per

sons

per

room

staf

f. Th

is c

omes

dow

n to

a 2

34 p

eopl

e st

aff.

W

ith a

n av

erag

e st

ayin

g pe

riod

of 1

.5 w

eeks

(1 w

eek

for t

he A

mer

ican

s, tw

o w

eeks

for

the

Euro

pean

s), t

he re

quire

d av

erag

e ai

rlift

can

be c

alcu

late

d by

div

idin

g th

e to

tal n

umbe

r of

gue

st (3

12) b

y th

e nu

mbe

r of d

ays.

1.5

wee

ks is

10.

5 da

ys, 3

12/ 1

0.5

= 29

.7

pass

enge

rs. S

ince

the

gues

ts th

at a

re le

avin

g ar

e be

ing

repl

aced

with

new

gue

st, t

his

mea

ns 3

0 pa

ssen

ger i

n ea

ch d

irect

ion,

so a

tota

l airl

ift re

quire

men

t of 3

0 ea

ch w

ay, o

r 60

in to

tal.

Th

e gu

ests

in th

e ho

tel w

ill n

eed

wat

er. A

vera

ge w

ater

use

for a

hot

el is

abo

ut 0

.184

m3

/day

per

room

hou

sing

two

pers

ons [

IL7]

. For

156

room

s, th

is m

eans

28.

7 m

3 / d

ay, o

r 28

.7 m

3 . Thi

s can

how

ever

be

divi

ded

in p

otab

le w

ater

and

gre

y w

ater

(not

use

d fo

r co

nsum

ptio

n). O

f the

184

litre

s, 74

l is

use

d fo

r the

toile

t, 37

l fo

r the

tap

and

73 l

for t

he

show

er. S

how

er w

ater

and

wat

er fr

om th

e ta

p sh

ould

be

pota

ble,

to p

reve

nt h

ealth

risk

s. Th

is g

ives

a n

eed

for 1

10 l

of p

otab

le w

ater

per

room

per

day

, or 1

7.2

m3 p

er d

ay in

tota

l. Th

e to

ilet c

an b

e flu

shed

with

less

cle

an w

ater

, thi

s req

uire

s 11.

5 m

3 . Si

nce

only

a v

ery

limite

d am

ount

of w

ater

will

act

ually

be

used

for c

onsu

mpt

ion

(onl

y a

coup

le o

f litr

e), m

ost o

f the

wat

er w

ill b

e le

avin

g th

e ro

om/ h

otel

aga

in a

s was

tew

ater

. Th

e to

ilet w

aste

wat

er h

as to

be

cons

ider

ed b

lack

was

tew

ater

and

will

requ

ire tr

eatm

ent

befo

re it

is d

isch

arge

d. T

he w

aste

wat

er fr

om th

e sh

ower

and

sink

is c

onsi

dere

d to

be

grey

w

aste

wat

er. I

t can

be

re-u

sed

in p

lace

s whe

re n

on-p

otab

le w

ater

is re

quire

d. T

he b

lack

an

d gr

ey w

aste

wat

er th

at is

not

re-u

sed

has t

o be

dis

pose

d of

f in

a su

stai

nabl

e w

ay. T

he

tota

l am

ount

of w

aste

wat

er c

an b

e co

nsid

ered

the

sam

e as

the

amou

nt o

f wat

er th

at c

omes

in

to th

e ro

om, 2

8.7

m3 , t

he b

lack

was

tew

ater

will

be

slig

htly

mor

e th

en th

e w

ater

use

d fo

r

See

1.1.

2.2.

4

40

flush

ing

the

toile

t, ab

out 1

2.3

m3 . T

he g

rey

was

tew

ater

will

be

slig

htly

less

then

the

wat

er

used

for t

he ta

p an

d sh

ower

, abo

ut 1

6.4

m3 .

The

solid

was

te p

rodu

ced

by th

e ho

tel w

ill b

e in

the

orde

r of 4

lb/ro

om/d

ay [I

L8].

With

15

6 ro

oms,

that

mea

ns 2

83kg

per

day

(624

lb/ d

ay).

For a

who

le y

ear t

hat c

omes

dow

n to

10

3,29

5 kg

, or 1

03,3

tons

of s

olid

was

te. H

owev

er h

alf o

f thi

s is a

ttrib

uted

to c

ater

ing,

w

hich

is h

andl

ed in

sect

ion

1.1.

2.2.

7, so

this

leav

es 5

1.7

tons

per

yea

r of s

olid

was

te. O

n av

erag

e an

m3 o

f was

te w

eigh

s abo

ut 2

00 k

g [I

L9].

This

mak

es fo

r a y

early

was

te

prod

uctio

n of

258

m3

The

size

of a

stan

dard

reso

rt ro

om w

ill b

e ar

ound

65

sq m

eter

s. Si

nce

the

hote

l will

mos

t lik

ely

be a

two-

stor

y bu

ildin

g, o

nly

half

of th

e ho

tel r

oom

s tak

e up

gro

und

spac

e. T

he

spac

e ta

ken

ther

efor

e is

156

* 6

5 /2

= 5

,070

m2 .

Impa

ct:

• 23

4 jo

bs

• 31

2 gu

est

• A

irlift

nee

d of

app

roxi

mat

ely

60 p

er d

ay (a

ll ro

oms f

illed

), 30

eac

h w

ay.

• D

aily

wat

er re

quire

men

ts; p

otab

le: 1

7.2

m3 , g

rey:

11.

5 m

3 •

Dai

ly w

aste

wat

er p

rodu

ctio

n; g

rey:

16.

4 m

3 , bla

ck: 1

2.2

m3

• So

lid w

aste

: 258

m3 (5

1.7

ton)

per

yea

r. •

Spac

e ta

ken

is a

roun

d 5,

070

m2 .

1.

1.2.

2.4.

2 5-

star

+ co

ndom

iniu

ms

Con

dom

iniu

ms a

re p

rivat

ely

owne

d vi

llas t

hat,

if th

e ow

ner i

s not

usi

ng it

, are

rent

ed o

ut.

They

will

be

seat

up

to h

ouse

a m

axim

um o

f 6 p

erso

ns e

ach.

The

serv

ice

leve

l is t

he sa

me

as a

hot

el, t

here

fore

a 1

,5 p

erso

n st

aff m

ay b

e as

sum

ed p

er ro

om (1

.5 st

aff p

er ro

om is

a

figur

e su

pplie

d by

the

tour

ism

dev

elop

men

t fou

ndat

ion

as a

n av

erag

e nu

mbe

r). T

his g

ives

a

60 p

erso

n st

aff f

or th

e co

ndom

iniu

ms.

Like

the

hote

l roo

ms,

the

cond

omin

ium

s will

nee

d w

ater

. It i

s ass

umed

that

they

will

use

si

mila

r am

ount

s of w

ater

per

per

son

as th

e ho

tel r

oom

s. Th

ere

are

how

ever

6 p

erso

ns in

on

e ap

artm

ent i

nste

ad o

f 2, w

hich

mak

es 5

52 l

per c

ondo

min

ium

per

day

. Pot

able

wat

er

will

be

110

l per

two

peop

le, m

akin

g 33

0 l p

er d

ay. T

oile

t wat

er w

ill b

e 22

2 l p

er d

ay. T

he

was

tew

ater

is si

mila

r to

the

amou

nt o

f wat

er th

at c

omes

in, 2

37 l

will

go

out a

s bla

ck

was

tew

ater

, 315

l as

gre

y w

aste

wat

er.

At f

ull c

apac

ity th

e co

ndom

iniu

ms c

an h

ouse

240

per

sons

, at a

70%

occ

upan

cy th

is w

ould

See

1.1.

2.2.

4

41

be 1

68. I

f the

y st

ay o

n av

erag

e 1.

5 w

eeks

at a

tim

e, th

e ai

rlift

per d

ay w

ould

be

arou

nd 1

6.

The

villa

’s w

ill h

ave

two

stor

ies a

nd b

e de

tach

ed. T

hey

are

arou

nd 1

80m

2 at g

roun

d le

vel,

with

an

addi

tiona

l 2nd

floo

r of a

bout

the

sam

e si

ze. T

he to

tal s

pace

requ

ired

will

ther

efor

e be

7,2

00m

2 . Th

e co

ndom

iniu

ms w

ill p

rodu

ce so

lid w

aste

. The

pro

duct

ion

will

be

arou

nd 1

,17

tons

/ ap

artm

ent p

er y

ear [

IL10

]. Th

e to

tal w

aste

pro

duct

ion

will

ther

efor

e be

aro

und

46,8

tons

pe

r yea

r. A

ssum

ing

the

sam

e gu

idel

ine

used

in 1

.1.2

.2.4

.1. w

hich

indi

cate

d th

at 2

00kg

eq

uals

an

m3 , t

he w

aste

pro

duct

ion

wou

ld b

e 23

4 m

3 per

yea

r. Im

pact

: •

60 Jo

bs

• 24

0 gu

est (

max

imum

) •

Airl

ift n

eed

of a

ppro

xim

atel

y 16

per

day

(all

room

s fill

ed),

32 c

ount

ing

both

way

s. •

Dai

ly w

ater

requ

irem

ents

; pot

able

: 13

m3 , g

rey:

9 m

3 •

Dai

ly w

aste

wat

er p

rodu

ctio

n; g

rey:

12.

5 m

3 , bla

ck: 9

.5 m

3 •

Spac

e us

ed: 7

,200

m2

• So

lid w

aste

: 240

m3 (3

7 to

n) p

er y

ear.

1.

1.2.

2.3

Ten

nis c

ourt

Th

e jo

b of

look

ing

afte

r the

Cou

rt an

d re

ntin

g ou

t equ

ipm

ent c

an b

e co

mbi

ned.

By

doin

g th

is it

is e

stim

ated

the

tenn

is c

ourt

will

cre

ate

a si

ngle

job.

Dep

endi

ng o

n th

e un

derg

roun

d, it

may

use

a li

mite

d am

ount

of w

ater

. Due

to re

ntin

g ou

t of e

quip

men

t in

com

e m

ay b

e ge

nera

ted.

Im

pact

: •

Smal

l inc

ome

• Sm

all a

mou

nt o

f wat

er

• 2

Jobs

•

1,32

5 m

2

No

sign

ifica

nt im

pact

, no

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d.

1.1.

2.2.

3.1

Cou

rt

Dep

endi

ng o

n th

e un

derg

roun

d th

ere

coul

d be

a li

mite

d am

ount

of w

ater

requ

ired.

A

tenn

is c

ourt

is a

bout

13

by 2

6 m

, so

with

four

cou

rts th

e re

quire

d sp

ace

is 1

,325

m2 . I

t is

nece

ssar

y to

hav

e a

staf

f of a

t lea

st o

ne p

erso

n to

kee

p an

eye

on

thin

gs a

nd to

, als

o th

ere

can

be a

tenn

is te

ache

r giv

ing

less

ons.

See

1.1.

2.2.

3.1

1.1.

2.2.

3.2

Equ

ipm

ent r

ent

Ther

e sh

ould

be

a pl

ace

whe

re te

nnis

nec

essi

ties c

an b

e bo

rrow

ed o

r ren

ted;

a st

aff

See

1.1.

2.2.

3.1

42

mem

ber w

ill b

e ne

eded

for t

his.

1.

1.2.

2.2

Pool

Th

e po

ol it

self

will

hav

e to

be

larg

e, sa

y 25

tim

es 2

0 m

. Yea

rly 9

5% a

ssur

ed ra

infa

ll is

76

4.8

mm

and

the

aver

age

evap

orat

ion

is 2

,190

mm

. Thi

s mea

ns th

at in

a b

ad y

ear,

abou

t 1,4

25 m

m w

ill e

vapo

rate

. With

a su

rfac

e of

25

times

20

m th

is is

713

m3 p

er y

ear,

or o

n av

erag

e 2

m3 p

er d

ay. O

n a

day

with

no

rain

and

hig

h ev

apor

atio

n th

is c

an

how

ever

go

up to

3.5

m3 .

Nex

t to

the

lifeg

uard

, the

re sh

ould

als

o be

one

per

son

that

mai

ntai

ns th

e po

ol a

nd

mai

ntai

ns th

e de

cont

amin

atio

n pl

ant.

Im

pact

•

Ave

rage

wat

er re

quire

men

t: 2

m3 /

day

• M

axim

um w

ater

requ

irem

ent:

3.5

m3 / d

ay

• Si

ze a

ppro

xim

atel

y 25

tim

es 2

0 m

•

Elec

trici

ty:

• Jo

bs: 2

Ther

e is

no

sign

ifica

nt u

se o

f pow

er, w

ater

and

no

sign

ifica

nt n

egat

ive

impa

ct to

be

expe

cted

from

th

e po

ol. N

o m

itiga

tion

is re

quire

d.

1.1.

2.2.

1 Sp

a Th

e Sp

a in

clud

es a

bea

uty

farm

and

fitn

ess c

entre

. The

requ

ired

wat

er a

nd e

lect

ricity

are

no

t sig

nific

ant i

n co

mpa

rison

to th

e us

age

by o

ther

par

ts o

f the

reso

rt.

Impa

ct:

• 10

Jobs

, bea

uty

treat

men

t and

inst

ruct

ors

• W

ater

for t

reat

men

t and

show

ers

• El

ectri

city

•

Spac

e, a

ppro

xim

atel

y 60

0 m

2 .

No

sign

ifica

nt n

egat

ive

impa

ct e

xpec

ted.

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d.

1.1.

2.2.

1.1

Bea

uty

farm

A

ded

icat

ed S

pa/ B

eaut

y fa

cilit

y of

fers

on

aver

age

12 jo

bs [I

L11]

. Thi

s how

ever

incl

udes

m

anag

emen

t, ho

usek

eepi

ng a

nd la

undr

y. S

ince

thes

e ar

e al

read

y pr

esen

t in

a re

sort,

the

num

ber o

f job

s can

be

redu

ced.

It is

ass

umed

the

abov

e fu

nctio

ns w

ill n

orm

ally

pre

sent

4

jobs

, lea

ving

8 jo

bs. W

ater

and

ele

ctric

ity a

re a

ssum

ed to

be

negl

igib

le.

Impa

ct:

• 8

Jobs

, bea

uty

treat

men

t •

400

m2

See

1.1.

2.2.

1

1.1.

2.2.

1.2

Fitn

ess c

entr

e Th

e fit

ness

cen

tre w

ill h

ouse

an

arra

y of

fitn

ess e

quip

men

t, as

wel

l as s

how

ers a

nd

See

1.1.

2.2.

1

43

chan

ging

room

s. Th

ere

can

be in

stru

ctor

s giv

ing

clas

ses i

n Y

oga,

or h

elpi

ng to

get

the

mos

t fro

m th

e ex

erci

ses.

Wat

er a

nd e

lect

ricity

are

ass

umed

to b

e ne

glig

ible

. Im

pact

: •

2 Jo

bs in

stru

ctor

s •

Roo

m w

ith fi

tnes

s equ

ipm

ent

• 20

0 m

2

1.1.

2.2.

5 18

-hol

e go

lf co

urse

•

75 jo

bs

• G

ener

ate

inco

me

(see

3.0

) •

Gen

erat

e ta

x (s

ee 3

.0)

• 20

1,50

0m2 la

nd u

se (f

or g

olf c

ours

e +

train

ing

faci

litie

s onl

y, la

ndsc

aped

are

a ar

ound

it

not i

nclu

ded)

•

Irrig

atio

n w

ater

requ

ired:

210

,240

m3 /

year

•

Lim

ited

wat

er u

sage

for c

lubh

ouse

•

Lim

ited

sew

age

and

fixed

was

te p

rodu

ctio

n.

• El

ectri

city

usa

ge fo

r irr

igat

ion

wat

er (a

ssum

ing

Seas

hore

Pas

palu

m):

2,53

3 kW

h/ d

ay

• R

ainw

ater

use

d fo

r irr

igat

ion

can

not b

e us

ed fo

r oth

er p

urpo

ses a

nym

ore

(like

dr

inki

ng w

ater

) •

1,80

0 m

3 stor

age

in c

ase

of O

cean

wat

er

• 14

5,08

0 m

3 stor

age

in c

ase

of a

clo

sed

rain

wat

er st

orag

e

1.1.

2.2.

5.1

Gol

f sho

p Th

e go

lf sh

op is

whe

re p

eopl

e ca

n bu

y eq

uipm

ent t

hey

need

to p

lay

golf.

The

shop

ob

viou

sly

need

s to

be st

affe

d, b

y tw

o to

thre

e pe

rson

s. It

will

als

o ge

nera

te a

n in

com

e of

w

hich

par

t will

go

to th

e go

vern

men

t as t

ax in

com

e.

Impa

ct:

• 2

– 3

Jobs

selli

ng a

nd a

dmin

istra

tion

• G

ener

ate

inco

me

• G

ener

ate

tax

1.1.

2.2.

5.2

Prac

tise

faci

litie

s Th

e pr

actic

e fa

cilit

ies c

onsi

st o

f a d

rivin

g ra

nge,

whi

ch is

use

d to

pra

ctic

e th

e lo

ng sh

ots

and

a pu

tting

gre

en, w

hich

is in

tend

ed fo

r to

prac

tice

putti

ng. T

he fi

rst i

s app

roxi

mat

ely

300

m lo

ng a

nd 3

0 m

wid

e, so

9,0

00 m

2 . The

2nd

shou

ld b

e ab

out 5

00 m

3 . The

re sh

ould

be

teac

hers

/ ins

truct

or’s

ava

ilabl

e, sa

y 2

jobs

.

Savi

ng w

ater

Se

e m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s at s

yste

m so

lutio

n 1.

1.2.

2.5.

5.

44

Impa

ct:

• 2

jobs

as i

nstru

ctor

. •

9,50

0 m

2 land

use

•

Nee

d fo

r irr

igat

ion

wat

er (d

escr

ibed

in 1

.1.2

.2.5

.5)

1.

1.2.

2.5.

2.1

Dri

ving

ran

ge

Impa

ct:

• 9,

000

m2 la

nd u

se

• 9,

855

m3 w

ater

use

/ ye

ar (d

escr

ibed

in 1

.1.2

.2.5

.5)

See

1.1.

2.2.

5.5

1.1.

2.2.

5.2.

2 Pu

ttin

g gr

eens

Th

e 50

0 m

2 bel

ow is

con

side

ring

a si

ngle

pra

ctic

e pu

tting

gre

en. T

he w

ater

use

of t

he

putti

ng g

reen

com

pare

d to

the

who

le g

olf c

ours

e is

not

sign

ifica

nt, i

f ins

tead

of a

sing

le,

ther

e w

ould

be

4 pr

actic

e gr

eens

, the

am

ount

of w

ater

requ

ired

wou

ld in

crea

se w

ith le

ss

then

1%

. Im

pact

: •

500

m2 la

nd u

se

• 54

7.5

m3 w

ater

use

/ ye

ar (d

escr

ibed

in 1

.1.2

.2.5

.5)

See

1.1.

2.2.

5.5

1.1.

2.2.

5.3

Res

taur

ant &

cl

ubho

use

The

rest

aura

nt a

nd c

lubh

ouse

is w

here

gol

fers

com

e be

fore

thei

r rou

nd o

f gol

f to

sign

up,

poss

ibly

rent

som

e m

ater

ial a

nd g

et th

e sc

orec

ards

. The

gol

f cou

rse

is u

sual

ly c

onst

ruct

ed

in su

ch a

way

that

ther

e ar

e 9

hole

s on

each

side

of t

he c

lubh

ouse

. Thi

s way

it is

a st

art-,

en

d an

d ha

lfway

poi

nt. I

t can

ther

efor

e be

use

d to

hav

e a

drin

k/ q

uick

bite

to e

at h

alfw

ay

the

cour

se. I

t is a

lso

rega

rded

the

19th

hol

e, w

here

afte

r the

gam

e of

gol

f, an

othe

r drin

k ca

n be

got

ten

and

busi

ness

can

be

done

. The

re sh

ould

als

o be

cha

ngin

g ro

oms a

nd

show

ers.

Ther

e sh

ould

be

abou

t 3 p

eopl

e at

the

golf

desk

. For

the

rest

aura

nt/ b

ar k

itche

n st

aff a

nd

serv

ice

is n

eede

d. It

is e

stim

ated

this

wou

ld re

quire

10

pers

ons.

Ano

ther

2 jo

bs a

re c

reat

ed

by th

e ne

ed fo

r cle

anin

g.

Impa

ct:

• 15

jobs

•

Land

use

•

Wat

er u

se (s

how

ers,

toile

ts, k

itche

n)

• W

ater

out

•

Ener

gy

The

rest

aura

nt/ c

lubh

ouse

eff

ects

are

take

n in

to

acco

unt t

oget

her w

ith th

e ot

her c

ater

ing

faci

litie

s in

1.1

.2.2

.7; a

ny m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s will

th

eref

ore

be h

andl

ed in

that

sect

ion.

45

1.1.

2.2.

5.4

Irri

gatio

n Sy

stem

Th

e w

ater

supp

ly sy

stem

for i

rrig

atio

n is

furth

er d

escr

ibed

in 1

.1.1

.2

The

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

by

use

of re

vers

e os

mos

is re

quire

s lar

ge a

mou

nts o

f pow

er. I

n th

e ca

se o

f Sea

shor

e pa

spal

um it

wou

ld b

e ar

ound

924

,494

kW

h pe

r yea

r (2,

533

kWh/

day

av

erag

e), i

n th

e ca

se o

f Ber

mud

a gr

ass,

it w

ould

be

1,41

5,02

1 kW

h pe

r yea

r (3,

877

kWh/

da

y av

erag

e).

Impa

ct:

• B

erm

uda

gras

s: 3

,877

kW

h/ d

ay

• Se

asho

re P

aspa

lum

: 2,5

33 k

Wh/

day

Miti

gatio

n ir

riga

tion

syst

em

The

golf

cour

se is

the

high

est w

ater

use

r of t

he

com

plex

. To

prev

ent w

ater

bei

ng w

aste

d th

e go

lf co

urse

shou

ld h

ave

a fin

e m

eshe

d dr

aina

ge

syst

em. T

his w

ater

shou

ld d

rain

bac

k in

to th

e st

orag

e ta

nk fo

r reu

se.

1.1.

2.2.

5.5

Cou

rse

The

cour

se it

self

will

nee

d a

subs

tant

ial a

mou

nt o

f wat

er. D

epen

ding

on

the

amou

nt o

f gr

ass t

he a

mou

nt o

f irr

igat

ion

wat

er fo

r the

gol

f cou

rse

varie

s.

The

wat

er q

uant

ity re

quire

d fo

r the

gra

ss d

epen

ds o

n th

e ev

apor

atio

n [B

rouw

er e

t al.

1986

]. Th

e w

ater

requ

irem

ent f

or a

gra

ss sp

ecie

with

a K

c-fa

ctor

of 0

.5 is

hal

f of t

he

wat

er th

at e

vapo

rate

s. Th

is is

show

n by

the

follo

win

g fo

rmul

a:

o

ccr

opET

KET

⋅=

Whe

reby

: ET

crop

: W

ater

requ

irem

ent f

or th

e “c

rop”

/ gr

ass [

mm

] K

c

: Fa

ctor

[-]

ETo

:

Ref

eren

ce e

vapo

ratio

n [m

m]

To g

ive

an in

dica

tion

abou

t the

requ

ired

wat

er q

uant

ity to

irrig

ate

the

gras

s, it

is n

eces

sary

to

look

at t

he K

c-fac

tor.

The

Kc-f

acto

r of S

eash

ore

Pasp

alum

var

ies b

etw

een

0.33

en

0.5.

Th

e sp

ecie

Sea

Dw

arf h

as th

e lo

wes

t val

ue, o

f 0.3

3 to

0.4

. Sea

Isle

I an

d Se

aIsl

e 20

00 h

ave

a va

lue

of u

p to

0.5

. The

Kc-f

acto

r for

Ber

mud

a gr

ass,

com

mon

ly u

sed

spec

ie o

n C

arib

bean

cou

rses

, is 0

.8.

With

a y

early

ave

rage

eva

pora

tion

of 2

,190

mm

and

a m

axim

um o

f aro

und

7.1

mm

per

da

y, th

e am

ount

of i

rrig

atio

n w

ater

requ

ired

can

easi

ly b

e ca

lcul

ated

. In

cas

e of

the

Seas

hore

pas

palu

m g

rass

spec

ie, t

he re

quire

men

t is f

or 1

,095

mm

per

yea

r. If

the

Ber

mud

a gr

ass i

s sel

ecte

d, th

e re

quire

men

t is f

or 1

,752

mm

per

yea

r. W

ith a

gol

f co

urse

of 6

,400

m a

nd a

n av

erag

e w

idth

of 3

0 m

, as d

escr

ibed

in th

e fe

asib

ility

stud

y, th

e

Miti

gatio

n he

rbic

ides

H

erbi

cide

s will

ent

er th

e gr

ound

wat

er a

nd c

an

flow

to th

e se

a. H

ere

they

can

aff

ect t

he se

a lif

e,

like

the

cora

l and

the

sea

turtl

es. T

here

are

a

coup

le o

f mea

sure

s tha

t can

be

take

n to

pre

vent

th

e he

rbic

ides

to re

ach

the

sea.

Firs

tly, a

ccor

ding

to

STE

NA

PA, t

he st

rong

er th

e he

rbic

ides

are

, the

fa

ster

they

deg

rade

. By

a go

od d

rain

age

syst

em, a

s m

entio

ned

in 1

.1.2

.2.5

.4 th

e he

rbic

ides

that

ent

er

the

grou

nd a

nd a

re n

ot u

sed

by th

e gr

ass w

ill b

e ca

ught

. D

urin

g pe

riods

of r

ainf

all t

he h

erbi

cide

s cou

ld

runo

ff w

ith th

e su

rfac

e w

ater

. Thi

s wat

er sh

ould

al

so b

e co

llect

ed a

nd se

nd to

the

irrig

atio

n po

nd o

r st

orag

e ta

nk. A

stro

ng h

erbi

cide

will

bre

ak d

own

in ju

st a

bout

2 d

ays.

Save

wat

er

By

usin

g a

mor

e dr

ough

t res

ista

nt g

rass

spec

ie,

Seas

hore

Pas

palu

m in

stea

d of

the

mor

e co

mm

on

Ber

mud

a gr

ass,

37.5

% w

ater

can

be

save

d. T

his

is, o

n a

year

ly b

asis

, 117

,071

m3 . T

his w

ill n

ot ju

st

save

wat

er (a

nd th

us c

ost),

but

als

o m

eans

a

smal

ler R

O-p

lant

can

be

cons

truct

ed, w

hich

will

co

st le

ss a

nd th

e us

age

of e

lect

ricity

will

be

low

er.

Furth

erth

eam

ount

ofre

vers

eos

mos

isw

ater

will

46

surf

ace

wou

ld b

e 19

2,00

0 m

2 . Tog

ethe

r with

the

9,50

0 m

2 pra

ctic

e fa

cilit

ies,

desc

ribed

in

1.1.

2.2.

5.2

the

tota

l am

ount

of g

olf c

ours

e to

irrig

ate

wou

ld b

e 20

1,50

0 m

2 . Th

e re

quire

d am

ount

s of i

rrig

atio

n w

ater

wou

ld th

en b

e:

Seas

hore

pas

palu

m: 2

20,6

43 m

3 /yea

r (m

ax: 1

,567

m3 /

day,

ave

rage

: 605

m3 / d

ay)

Ber

mud

a gr

ass:

337

,714

m3 /

year

(max

: 2,5

07 m

3 / day

, ave

rage

: 925

m3 / d

ay)

In M

aint

enan

ce o

f the

gol

f cou

rse

ther

e w

ill b

e ar

ound

49

jobs

. To

stop

wee

ds a

nd b

ugs f

rom

des

troyi

ng th

e go

lf co

urse

, it w

ill b

e ne

cess

ary

to u

se

herb

icid

es.

Impa

ct:

• 49

jobs

in m

aint

enan

ce

• Ir

rigat

ion

wat

er re

quire

d:

Seas

hore

pas

palu

m: 2

20,6

43 m

3 /yea

r (m

ax: 1

,567

m3 /

day,

ave

rage

: 605

m3 / d

ay)

Ber

mud

a gr

ass:

337

,714

m3 /

year

(max

: 2,5

07 m

3 / day

, ave

rage

: 925

m3 / d

ay)

• La

nd u

se: 1

92,0

00m

2 •

Use

of h

erbi

cide

s

Furth

er th

e am

ount

of r

ever

se o

smos

is w

ater

will

be

redu

ced,

thus

dec

reas

ing

the

pote

ntia

l pro

blem

s w

ith b

uild

-up

of sa

lt ar

ound

the

isla

nd. M

ore

abou

t sav

ing

wat

er in

1.1

.1.2

.

1.1.

2.2.

6 T

rans

port

atio

n Th

e ve

hicl

es w

ill n

eed

mai

nten

ance

, it i

s est

imat

ed th

at th

is w

ill re

quire

at l

east

3

empl

oyee

s. R

oads

will

be

4m w

ide

and

run

at le

ast a

long

the

full

leng

th o

f the

cou

rse

and

alon

g th

e co

ndom

iniu

ms a

nd h

otel

room

s. Th

is m

eans

the

road

wou

ld h

ave

to b

e ar

ound

10

,000

m. W

ith a

wid

th o

f 4 m

, thi

s mea

ns 4

0,00

0 m

2 Im

pact

: •

Tran

spor

t req

uire

men

t for

abo

ut 1

95 o

ne-w

ay tr

ips.

85 o

ne-w

ay tr

ips t

o th

e ai

rpor

t an

d ba

ck (3

.3 k

m),

110

trips

to lo

catio

ns o

n th

e is

land

(3.6

km

on

aver

age)

. (H

arbo

ur

4.4

km)

• 41

5 kW

h el

ectri

city

per

day

•

12 –

16

Jobs

as d

river

for t

he sh

uttle

veh

icle

s. •

6 Jo

bs m

aint

enan

ce/ r

ent

• R

oads

spac

e: 4

0,00

0 m

2

Miti

gatin

g tr

ansp

orta

tion

Whe

n tra

nspo

rtatio

n us

es c

ombu

stio

n en

gine

s thi

s ca

n cr

eate

noi

se p

ollu

tion.

For

bot

h tra

nsit

serv

ice

betw

een

the

reso

rt an

d th

e ci

ty/ a

irpor

t and

gol

f ca

rts o

n th

e gr

ound

s ele

ctric

al c

arts

are

ava

ilabl

e.

It sh

ould

be

poss

ible

to p

ower

the

carts

by

use

of

win

d en

ergy

. Thi

s wou

ld c

reat

e a

0-em

issi

on a

nd

“gre

en”

trans

port

acro

ss th

e co

urse

and

to th

e co

urse

. Sim

ilar t

rans

port

is a

lread

y in

use

for a

lo

ng ti

me

at th

e Sw

iss m

ount

ain

tow

n of

Zer

mat

t, al

thou

gh h

ere

pow

ered

by

wat

er e

nerg

y. T

hey

are

bein

g us

ed to

tran

spor

t peo

ple

as w

ell a

s car

go to

th

e up

scal

e fa

cilit

ies.

1.

1.2.

2.6.

1 O

ff th

e gr

ound

s Tr

ansp

orta

tion

of th

e gr

ound

s mea

ns tr

ansp

orta

tion

outs

ide

of th

e re

sort.

A b

ig p

art o

f thi

s tra

nspo

rtatio

n w

ill b

e tra

nspo

rtatio

n to

the

isla

nd a

nd th

e tra

nsfe

r fro

m a

nd to

the

airp

ort.

At t

he m

omen

t the

re is

no

sche

dule

d fe

rry

serv

ice,

whi

ch m

eans

the

arriv

als f

rom

the

Kee

ping

the

mon

ey o

n th

e is

land

W

hen

the

reso

rt pr

ovid

es th

e ta

xi se

rvic

e of

f gr

ound

s, th

e m

oney

goe

s to

the

fore

ign

inve

stor

s.

47

harb

our w

ill b

e ne

glig

ible

. Th

e ex

pect

ed tr

ansp

ort t

o an

d fr

om th

e ai

rpor

t equ

als t

he a

irlift

exp

ecta

tion,

gen

erat

ed b

y th

e st

ayin

g ac

com

mod

atio

n (1

.1.2

.2.4

). 85

gue

sts i

n ea

ch d

irect

ion

(to a

nd fr

om th

e re

sort)

. Si

nce

the

reso

rt w

ill b

e lo

cate

d at

the

north

ern

part

of th

e is

land

, slig

htly

aw

ay fr

om th

e to

wn

(3.6

km

), an

othe

r par

t of t

he o

ff g

roun

ds tr

ansp

ort w

ill b

e tra

vel t

o th

e ce

ntre

and

to

the

sout

h (B

otan

ical

gar

den,

vol

cano

trai

ls).

It is

ass

umed

that

on

a da

ily b

asis

10%

of t

he

gues

t will

mak

e us

e of

off

gro

und

trans

port

for t

hese

pur

pose

s. Fr

om th

e 55

2 gu

ests

, thi

s m

eans

55

gues

ts.

A sh

uttle

serv

ice

to a

nd fr

om th

e ai

rpor

t/ ci

ty c

ould

use

larg

er g

olf c

ars,

for u

p to

7

pass

enge

rs a

nd d

rive

on fi

xed

rout

es. T

hese

gol

f car

ts a

re a

lso

avai

labl

e el

ectri

cally

or

gaso

line

pow

ered

. A

ssum

ing

a 5-

pers

on c

ar th

e di

stan

ce p

er d

ay w

ould

be

135

km/d

ay. T

he a

vera

ge fu

el

need

ed is

0.2

5 –

0.5

kWh/

mile

[IL1

4]. A

ssum

ing

the

high

er fi

gure

due

to th

e sl

opin

g te

rrai

n an

d th

e la

rge

carts

nee

ded,

the

pow

er u

se w

ould

be

42 k

Wh

daily

. O

n av

erag

e th

e re

sort

will

cre

ate

a re

quire

men

t for

46

pass

enge

rs p

er d

ay p

er d

irect

ion

to

and

from

Sta

tia. D

ue to

the

curr

ent l

arge

st a

ircra

ft be

ing

used

(a B

omba

rdie

r Das

h 8-

100)

, gr

oups

to b

e tra

nspo

rted

to a

nd fr

om th

e ai

rpor

t will

nev

er e

xcee

d 37

pas

seng

ers o

n on

e fli

ght;

the

num

ber o

f gue

sts o

f the

reso

rt pe

r flig

ht w

ill b

e lo

wer

thou

gh. O

n m

ost f

light

s th

ere

is o

nly

an a

ircra

ft ca

paci

ty o

f 19

seat

s, w

hich

will

als

o ha

ve a

lot o

f sea

ts fi

lled

by

peop

le li

ving

on

the

isla

nd.

The

calc

ulat

ed a

ir tra

nspo

rt gi

ves a

n av

erag

e pe

r day

. With

org

aniz

ed (g

roup

) tra

vel t

here

w

ill m

ost l

ikel

y be

one

or t

wo

days

of c

once

ntra

ted

arriv

als a

nd d

epar

ture

s. Fo

r Am

eric

an

gues

ts th

is w

ill m

ostly

be

conc

entra

ted

arou

nd th

e w

eeke

nds.

Ass

umin

g tw

o th

irds o

f the

gu

ests

will

arr

ive

in tw

o da

ys, t

his m

eans

107

pas

seng

ers a

day

, per

dire

ctio

n.

Thes

e gu

ests

will

hav

e to

tran

sfer

at S

t Maa

rten,

San

Juan

or S

t Kitt

s. In

the

wee

kend

s, 74

se

ats a

re a

vaila

ble

from

St.

Kitt

s and

San

Juan

, how

ever

thes

e ne

ed to

be

shar

ed w

ith

peop

le tr

avel

ling

betw

een

San

Juan

and

St K

itts.

Aro

und

84 se

ats a

re a

vaila

ble

betw

een

St

Maa

rten

and

St E

usta

tius,

alth

ough

38

of th

ese

need

to b

e sh

ared

with

peo

ple

trave

lling

be

twee

n St

Maa

rten

and

Saba

. Nex

t to

the

70 e

xtra

pas

seng

ers t

hat a

re e

stim

ated

, the

re

are

alre

ady

pass

enge

rs tr

avel

ling

on th

e ro

utes

. The

St M

aarte

n fli

ghts

hav

e a

high

load

Whe

n lo

cal e

ntre

pren

eurs

pro

vide

the

serv

ice,

the

mon

ey st

ays o

n th

e is

land

. For

the

impa

ct o

n th

e is

land

it w

ould

ther

efor

e be

ben

efic

ial o

f a lo

cal

com

pany

cou

ld ru

n th

e of

f gro

und

serv

ice,

pe

rhap

s und

er su

perv

isio

n of

the

reso

rt.

Tran

spor

t A

s the

airc

raft

betw

een

St. M

aarte

n an

d St

. Eu

stat

ius a

re n

ot o

f the

com

fort

that

wou

ld b

e re

quire

d to

tran

spor

t ups

cale

tour

ists

, mor

e co

mfo

rtabl

e ai

rcra

ft w

ould

be

requ

ired.

A la

rger

ai

rcra

ft, fo

r exa

mpl

e on

e fr

om C

arib

bean

Sun

(D

ash

8) o

pera

ting

twic

e a

day

on th

is ro

ute

wou

ld g

ive

an a

dditi

onal

36

seat

s to

St M

aarte

n an

d so

lve

the

com

fort

prob

lem

s. Th

ese

fligh

ts

shou

ld b

e sc

hedu

led

arou

nd th

e ar

rivin

g an

d de

parti

ng A

mer

ican

and

Eur

opea

n fli

ghts

. Whe

n th

e fli

ghts

from

San

Juan

to S

t. M

aarte

n w

ould

no

long

er o

pera

te v

ia S

t Kitt

s, th

is w

ould

giv

e an

othe

r cap

acity

incr

ease

of a

roun

d 34

seat

s. In

to

tal t

hese

two

mea

sure

s wou

ld a

dd 7

0 se

ats,

110%

of w

hat i

s nee

ded.

Sc

hedu

les f

or fl

ight

s sho

uld

be m

ore

clos

ely

mat

ched

aro

und

the

fligh

ts to

the

USA

and

Eu

rope

, as a

t the

mom

ent w

aitin

g tim

es fo

r co

nnec

ting

fligh

ts c

an b

e up

to 4

or 5

hou

rs.

Gue

sts t

rave

lling

from

the

USA

can

tran

sfer

at

San

Juan

, pos

sibl

y w

ith b

ette

r con

nect

ion

times

. A

boa

t ser

vice

is b

eing

look

ed a

t bet

wee

n St

atia

an

d th

e is

land

s of S

t Maa

rten,

Sab

a an

d St

. Kitt

s. It

will

mos

t lik

ely

not b

e us

ed b

y gu

ests

com

ing

in

from

the

USA

or E

urop

e, h

owev

er p

endi

ng th

e sc

hedu

le c

an b

e us

ed fo

r day

, or s

hort

trips

from

th

ese

isla

nds t

o th

e go

lf re

sort.

Res

ort g

uest

s can

al

so d

o da

ytrip

s to

othe

r isl

ands

in th

e ar

ea u

sing

th

e bo

at se

rvic

e. A

boa

t can

take

aro

und

80

48

fact

or; a

ssum

ed to

be

arou

nd 8

0%. T

his m

eans

onl

y 17

add

ition

al se

ats p

er d

ay w

ould

be

avai

labl

e. T

he C

arib

bean

sun

fligh

t is a

ssum

ed to

hav

e a

load

fact

or o

f 65%

, whi

ch m

eans

26

seat

s are

ava

ilabl

e pe

r day

(with

two

fligh

ts in

the

wee

kend

). In

tota

l thi

s giv

es a

n av

aila

bilit

y of

, on

aver

age,

43.

Ano

ther

64

seat

s are

ther

efor

e re

quire

d.

It m

ay b

e ex

pect

ed th

at g

olf r

esor

ts g

uest

s arr

ive

with

thei

r ow

n ai

rcra

ft. T

here

are

cu

rren

tly n

o pa

rkin

g pl

aces

for m

ediu

m o

r lar

ger p

rivat

e je

ts a

nd o

nly

limite

d ap

ron

spac

e fo

r sm

all a

nd m

ediu

m si

zed

turb

opro

p co

rpor

ate

airc

raft

and

light

jets

. Im

pact

: •

Tran

spor

t req

uire

men

t for

abo

ut 1

95 o

ne-w

ay tr

ips.

85 o

ne-w

ay tr

ips t

o th

e ai

rpor

t an

d ba

ck (3

.3 k

m),

110

trips

to lo

catio

ns o

n th

e is

land

(3.6

km

on

aver

age)

. (H

arbo

ur

4.4

km)

• El

ectri

city

: 42

kWh.

pass

enge

rs a

nd w

ill ta

ke 1

hr 3

0min

from

St.

Maa

rten

to S

t. Eu

stat

ius.

A b

oat s

ervi

ce b

etw

een

Stat

ia a

nd S

t Kitt

s will

miti

gate

the

effe

cts o

f a

loss

of t

he fl

ight

s bet

wee

n th

ese

two

isla

nds.

Air

port

apr

on

Exte

ndin

g th

e ai

rpor

t apr

on m

ay st

imul

ate

arriv

als

of p

rivat

e tu

rbop

rops

and

jets

. Res

earc

h w

ould

ha

ve to

be

done

to d

eter

min

e th

e de

man

d fo

r thi

s ki

nd o

f flig

hts t

o th

e is

land

and

the

amou

nt o

f ai

rcra

ft th

at w

ould

hav

e a

stay

ove

r per

iod

at th

e ai

rpor

t.

1.1.

2.2.

6.2

On

the

grou

nds

On

the

grou

nds i

tsel

f gol

fers

may

wan

t to

mak

e us

e of

gol

f car

ts. D

epen

ding

how

spre

ad

out t

he h

otel

room

s are

, oth

er tr

ansp

ort,

like

a sh

uttle

serv

ice

on th

e gr

ound

s, m

ay a

lso

need

to b

e pr

ovid

ed.

A ro

und

of g

olf t

ypic

ally

last

s 4hr

s. W

ith a

flig

ht (g

roup

of g

olfe

rs, m

axim

um 4

), le

avin

g ev

ery

5min

. Sup

pose

they

are

all

taki

ng a

gol

f car

t, an

d su

ch a

car

t can

hol

d 4

pers

ons,

this

mea

ns th

at th

e nu

mbe

r of g

olf c

arts

nee

ded

is (4

* 6

0 / 5

=) 4

8. T

hese

car

ts ty

pica

lly

run

on e

ither

ele

ctric

ity o

r gas

olin

e.

48 C

arts

on

elec

trici

ty, o

n av

erag

e dr

ivin

g ar

ound

25

km, w

ould

requ

ire 3

73 k

Wh

per d

ay.

A sh

uttle

serv

ice

on th

e go

lf re

sort

coul

d us

e la

rger

gol

f car

s, fo

r up

to 7

pas

seng

ers a

nd

driv

e on

fixe

d ro

utes

. The

se g

olf c

arts

are

als

o av

aila

ble

elec

trica

lly o

r gas

olin

e po

wer

ed.

Ano

ther

opt

ion

wou

ld b

e to

hav

e a

golf

cart

for e

very

hot

el ro

om. T

his w

ould

elim

inat

e th

e ne

ed fo

r shu

ttle

serv

ice,

as p

eopl

e ca

n dr

ive

thei

r ow

n ve

hicl

es a

roun

d th

e gr

ound

s. If

a

vehi

cle

per t

wo

pers

ons w

ere

assu

med

, at a

max

imum

cap

acity

of 5

12 g

uest

s, th

e ne

cess

ary

amou

nt o

f gol

f car

ts w

ould

be

256.

On

elec

trici

ty th

is w

ould

mea

n a

pow

er

usag

e of

1,9

89 k

Wh

per d

ay.

Impa

ct:

• 37

2.9

kWh

or 1

,989

kW

h pe

r day

.

49

• 6

Jobs

rent

1.1.

2.2.

7 C

ater

ing

faci

litie

s Th

e ca

terin

g fa

cilit

ies i

nclu

de th

e re

stau

rant

s, ba

rs, p

rivat

e ch

efs a

nd th

e br

eakf

ast

faci

litie

s. Th

e re

sort

will

off

er th

e op

tion

for a

priv

ate

chef

. Sup

pose

5%

of t

he g

uest

s (at

70%

oc

cupa

ncy)

will

requ

est s

uch

a se

rvic

e, th

is w

ill d

eliv

er 1

8 jo

bs. T

he g

uest

s in

the

cond

omin

ium

s hav

e a

kitc

hen

and

can

prep

are

thei

r ow

n m

eals

. N

ot a

ll gu

ests

will

use

din

ner a

t the

sam

e tim

e. If

it is

ass

umed

that

50%

of t

he g

uest

s will

us

e th

e re

stau

rant

faci

lity

at th

e sa

me

time,

the

max

imum

cap

acity

wou

ld b

e 15

6 gu

ests

. Th

is w

ill re

quire

15

jobs

in th

e ki

tche

n an

d 30

wai

ters

. The

re is

als

o a

need

for s

taff

ru

nnin

g th

e re

stau

rant

, whi

ch k

eep

track

of t

he in

vent

ory,

who

kee

p tra

ck o

f the

stoc

k an

d cl

eane

rs fo

r the

rest

aura

nts.

This

is a

ssum

ed to

add

an

addi

tiona

l 20

jobs

. The

kitc

hen

shou

ld b

e st

affe

d 24

-hrs

a d

ay, t

o al

low

for r

oom

serv

ice.

Thi

s mea

ns th

at th

e 15

jobs

sh

ould

be

tripl

ed to

allo

w fo

r 3-s

hifts

. Thi

s giv

es a

tota

l num

ber o

f kitc

hen

pers

onal

of 4

5.

A g

uide

line

for a

rest

aura

nt is

that

it ta

kes a

bout

4 m

2 per

gue

st. I

f hal

f of t

he g

uest

will

ar

rive

at th

e sa

me

time,

592

m2 o

f res

taur

ant s

pace

is n

eede

d. T

erra

ces a

re n

eede

d, a

s wel

l as

a se

para

te d

inni

ng, b

reak

fast

room

and

bar

. Eve

n th

ough

they

can

all

be se

rved

from

th

e sa

me

kitc

hen,

this

will

requ

ire a

dditi

onal

spac

e; 1

,200

m2 w

ill b

e re

serv

ed fo

r the

se

para

te c

ater

ing

faci

litie

s, 30

0 m

2 for t

he k

itche

n. A

n ad

ditio

nal 3

00 m

2 will

be

rese

rved

fo

r sto

rage

and

free

zers

. Thi

s mak

e th

e to

tal s

pace

use

d 1,

800

m2 .

Food

and

bev

erag

es w

ill h

ave

to b

e bo

ught

and

tran

spor

ted

to th

e re

sort.

A si

mila

r res

ort

alre

ady

in o

pera

tion

in th

e C

arib

bean

buy

s 20%

of i

ts p

rodu

cts l

ocal

ly a

nd a

roun

d 80

% is

im

porte

d. O

nly

Seaf

ood

and

som

e fr

uit a

nd v

eget

able

s are

bou

ght l

ocal

ly, a

s wel

l as s

ome

30%

of t

he b

ever

ages

. Mos

t of t

he m

ain

supp

lies a

re fl

own

in fr

om th

e U

SA. T

he to

tal

spen

ding

on

food

and

bev

erag

es is

aro

und

US$

2 m

illio

n a

year

, with

mos

t of t

he c

ost

bein

g tra

nspo

rt. A

ssum

ing

50%

of t

he c

osts

goe

s int

o tra

nspo

rt th

is le

aves

US$

1 m

illio

n sp

end

on th

e ac

tual

acq

uirin

g of

the

food

and

bev

erag

es. W

ith o

nly

20%

bou

ght l

ocal

ly

the

mon

ey sp

end

on th

e is

land

wou

ld o

nly

be U

S$ 2

00,0

00 a

yea

r. In

stea

d of

on

the

isla

nd

whe

re th

is si

mila

r res

ort i

s hou

sed,

Sta

tia d

oes n

ot p

rodu

ce fi

sh o

r any

subs

tant

ial

amou

nts o

f fru

it an

d ve

geta

bles

(alth

ough

a p

roje

ct h

as b

een

set u

p to

star

t pro

duci

ng th

e la

st tw

o).

If b

ough

t on

the

isla

nd th

e go

ods m

ay si

mpl

y be

del

iver

ed, b

ut if

by

boat

, a tr

uck

will

be

need

ed to

get

the

good

s fro

m th

e ha

rbou

r. It

may

be

nece

ssar

y to

incr

ease

the

amou

nt o

f

Loca

l pro

duct

s Th

ere

are

very

few

loca

l pro

duct

s bei

ng p

rodu

ced.

Th

is m

eans

that

the

reso

rt w

ill h

ave

to b

uy a

ll ca

terin

g pr

oduc

ts fr

om a

broa

d. B

y cr

eatin

g lo

cal

prod

ucts

add

ition

al jo

bs c

an b

e ge

nera

ted

and

mon

ey w

ill st

ay o

n th

e is

land

, ins

tead

of g

o ab

road

. A

noth

er o

ptio

n to

cre

ate

addi

tiona

l inc

ome

on th

e is

land

wou

ld b

e to

star

t a w

hole

sale

on

the

isla

nd.

A w

hole

sale

cou

ld c

ater

bot

h to

the

exis

ting

busi

ness

and

supe

rmar

kets

on

the

isla

nds a

s wel

l as

the

reso

rt. N

ext t

o ad

ditio

nal i

ncom

e fo

r the

is

land

a w

hole

sale

wou

ld a

lso

crea

te n

ew jo

bs. A

si

mila

r res

ort g

ets l

arge

par

ts o

f its

(fre

sh)

prod

ucts

from

the

USA

how

ever

, eve

n w

hen

who

lesa

les a

re a

vaila

ble

on n

earb

y is

land

s. It

wou

ld th

eref

ore

not b

e ce

rtain

that

a w

hole

sale

co

uld

coun

t on

a la

rge

part

of th

e pu

rcha

ses o

f a

reso

rt.

A b

ig o

ppor

tuni

ty c

ould

als

o be

fish

ery.

In th

e w

ater

s aro

und

the

isla

nd th

ere

is a

lot o

f fis

h.

Cur

rent

ly fi

sh is

bro

ught

in fr

om a

s far

aw

ay a

s Ta

iwan

, loc

al fi

sher

men

cou

ld c

atch

fres

h fis

h fo

r th

e re

sort,

but

als

o fo

r the

loca

l peo

ple.

O

n a

limite

d sc

ale,

agr

icul

ture

wou

ld a

lso

be

poss

ible

and

cou

ld su

pply

the

reso

rt w

ith fr

esh

prod

ucts

like

frui

t and

veg

etab

les.

A p

roje

ct is

cu

rren

tly u

nder

way

to st

art p

rodu

cing

on

a sm

all

scal

e; su

ch p

roje

cts s

houl

d be

supp

orte

d to

furth

er

impr

ove

the

econ

omy.

50

frei

ght c

apac

ity to

the

isla

nd. T

here

are

pla

ns to

star

t a m

ixed

frei

ght a

nd p

asse

nger

se

rvic

e to

the

isla

nd. T

his w

ould

be

a go

od o

ppor

tuni

ty fo

r fur

ther

impr

ovem

ent w

ithin

th

e pr

ogra

m o

f cre

atin

g a

self-

sust

aina

ble

isla

nd. B

y ha

ving

its o

wn

boat

serv

ice,

the

isla

nd is

no

long

er d

epen

dant

on

fore

ign

com

pani

es a

nd e

ver i

ncre

asin

g fr

eigh

t pric

es.

Als

o th

is w

ould

cre

ate

a lim

ited

num

ber o

f job

s and

wou

ld k

eep

the

mon

ey n

ow sp

end

on

fore

ign

com

pani

es o

n th

e is

land

. To

look

at t

he e

ffec

ts o

n th

e ha

rbou

r, w

hich

is th

e po

int o

f ent

ry fo

r virt

ually

all

frei

ght,

a ne

w sy

stem

bea

rer w

as a

dded

, “pr

ovid

e ha

rbou

r fac

ilitie

s”. T

his w

as a

dded

as 1

.1.1

.6.

The

kitc

hen

will

use

wat

er fo

r the

pre

para

tion

of fo

od a

nd to

cle

an. W

aste

will

be

liqui

d an

d so

lid. T

he w

ater

use

acc

ordi

ng to

an

aver

age

is 1

2gal

l per

per

son

per d

ay. [

IL12

] Thi

s is

45.

5 lit

res p

er p

erso

n pe

r day

. With

one

full

mea

l a d

ay p

er p

erso

n an

d tw

o sm

alle

r m

eals

(bre

akfa

st a

nd lu

nch)

, whi

ch w

ill b

e co

unte

d as

hal

f a m

eal e

ach,

2 m

eals

per

pe

rson

will

be

coun

ted.

Thi

s mea

ns o

ne p

erso

n us

es 9

1 lit

res o

f wat

er. T

his m

eans

a to

tal

of 5

0.2

m3 o

f wat

er u

sed

for c

ater

ing

purp

oses

on

a da

ily b

asis

. Sin

ce re

stau

rant

wat

er

incl

udes

wat

er u

sed

for t

he to

ilets

, it w

ill b

e as

sum

ed th

at 2

5% o

f the

wat

er u

sed

is fo

r the

to

ilet.

This

mak

es th

at 2

5%, o

r 12.

6 m

3 of t

he in

com

ing

wat

er c

an b

e gr

ey w

ater

, 37.

7 m

3 ne

eds t

o be

pot

able

. The

out

goin

g w

ater

will

be

37.7

m3 ‘g

rey’

and

12.

6 m

3 ‘bla

ck’

was

tew

ater

. Th

e so

lid w

aste

will

be

in th

e ra

nge

of o

ne lb

per

seat

per

day

. Eve

n th

ough

not

all

gues

ts

will

go

to e

at a

t the

rest

aura

nt, t

here

will

still

be

was

te, a

s the

y ha

ve to

eat

som

ewhe

re.

The

solid

was

te fo

r the

con

dom

iniu

ms i

s inc

lude

d in

the

figur

es fo

r the

stay

ing

faci

litie

s (1

.1.2

.2.4

.2),

so th

is le

aves

the

hote

l roo

ms.

With

3 m

eals

a d

ay, t

his w

ill b

e co

unte

d as

tw

o fu

ll m

eals

, so

2 lb

per

gue

st p

er d

ay, w

hich

, with

312

gue

sts,

give

s a to

tal o

f 624

lb/

day.

Thi

s is 2

27,8

00 lb

or 1

03.3

met

ric to

ns p

er y

ear.

103.

3 m

etric

tons

mea

ns 5

20 m

3 / ye

ar.

Ener

gy w

ill b

e re

quire

d fo

r airc

o, li

ghts

, etc

. In

the

kitc

hen

ener

gy w

ill b

e re

quire

d to

pr

epar

e fo

od. A

stud

y w

as p

erfo

rmed

in H

awai

i, w

hich

has

a so

mew

hat s

imila

r clim

ate,

w

hich

foun

d an

ene

rgy

use

of 7

5.5

kWh

per s

q fe

et p

er y

ear f

or a

rest

aura

nt. W

ith 5

92 m

2 , w

hich

is 6

,372

ft2 , t

he e

nerg

y us

e w

ill b

e 48

1,00

0 kW

h pe

r yea

r. Im

pact

: •

113

jobs

•

Wat

er re

quire

men

t: 38

m3 p

otab

le, 1

3 m

3 gre

y (p

er d

ay)

51

• W

aste

wat

er: 3

8 m

3 gre

y, 1

3 m

3 bla

ck (p

er d

ay)

• So

lid w

aste

: 520

m3 /

year

•

Ener

gy: 4

81,0

00 k

Wh/

yea

r •

Spac

e us

ed a

bout

1,8

00 m

2

1.1.

2.2.

8 C

onst

ruct

ion

Con

stru

ctio

n of

a si

mila

r res

ort o

n th

e ne

arby

isla

nd o

f Ang

uilla

will

take

3 y

ears

. At

Ang

uilla

the

mai

n co

ntra

ctor

is a

com

pany

from

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es. F

or th

e re

sort

at S

tatia

th

e co

ntra

ctor

will

als

o ha

ve to

be

from

off

the

isla

nd, s

ince

the

cont

ract

ors o

n th

e is

land

ha

ve n

o ex

perie

nce

and

do n

ot h

ave

the

capa

city

to h

andl

e pr

ojec

ts o

f thi

s siz

e. T

he lo

cal

com

pani

es c

an b

e hi

red

as su

b-co

ntra

ctor

for c

erta

in p

arts

of t

he jo

b.

In A

ngui

lla th

e w

orkf

orce

on

the

proj

ect c

an b

e di

vide

d be

twee

n th

e w

ork

on th

e go

lf co

urse

and

the

wor

k on

the

reso

rt. T

he c

onst

ruct

ion

of th

e go

lf co

urse

, acc

ordi

ng to

Dr.

A.

Har

igga

n, o

f the

Ang

uilla

gov

ernm

ent,

is n

ot v

ery

labo

ur in

tens

ive

and

requ

ires a

larg

e de

al o

f hea

vy e

quip

men

t in

land

scap

ing

the

terr

ain.

50

Ang

uilli

ans d

o th

e w

ork,

with

one

of

f-is

land

supe

rvis

or.

The

cons

truct

ion

of th

e re

sort

villa

s is v

ery

labo

ur in

tens

ive.

On

Ang

uilla

ther

e ar

e 45

0 pe

rson

s wor

king

on

cons

truct

ion,

with

100

add

ition

al w

orke

rs to

be

adde

d so

on. O

f the

se

450,

300

are

loca

l res

iden

ts o

f Ang

uilla

. 150

per

sons

are

com

ing

from

the

CA

RIC

OM

re

gion

[IL1

3], w

hich

con

sist

s out

of a

larg

e gr

oup

of C

arib

bean

and

som

e so

uth

Am

eric

an

coun

tries

. The

se p

eopl

e ha

ve a

long

-term

resi

denc

e fo

r Ang

uilla

. The

100

add

ition

al

wor

kers

are

bro

ught

in o

n a

tem

pora

ry b

asis

from

the

Dom

inic

an R

epub

lic.

The

area

that

the

golf

reso

rt us

es o

n A

ngui

lla is

aro

und

115

hect

ares

(286

acr

es).

The

reso

rt on

Sta

tia c

ould

pot

entia

lly ta

ke 1

71 h

ecta

res a

t Ven

us B

ay a

nd 7

1 he

ctar

es a

t Ze

elan

dia,

alth

ough

mos

t lik

ely

the

reso

rt w

ill n

ot u

se a

ll th

is la

nd. A

ngui

lla is

look

ing

at

20 e

stat

e ho

mes

, 16-

ocea

nfro

nt v

illas

and

97

hote

l roo

ms.

For S

tatia

this

num

ber i

s 40

cond

omin

ium

s and

156

hot

el ro

oms.

The

cons

truct

ion

proj

ect a

t Sta

tia w

ill th

eref

ore

not

diff

er g

reat

ly fr

om th

e on

e on

Ang

uilla

, exp

ect f

or th

e m

ore

mou

ntai

nous

terr

ain,

whi

ch

will

add

som

e co

nstru

ctio

n ch

alle

nges

. The

am

ount

of c

onst

ruct

ion

pers

onal

cur

rent

ly

used

at A

ngui

lla is

take

n as

indi

cato

r for

the

amou

nt th

at w

ill b

uild

the

Stat

ia re

sort.

The

re

quire

d la

bour

for S

tatia

will

ther

efor

e al

so b

e ar

ound

50

for t

he g

olf c

ours

e an

d 45

0 fo

r th

e re

sort

cons

truct

ion.

Th

e co

nstru

ctio

n of

the

golf

cour

se w

ill ta

ke a

roun

d 2

year

s, w

ith o

n av

erag

e 50

peo

ple

wor

king

on

it. If

they

mak

e on

ave

rage

US$

12,

000

p.p.

the

inco

me

tax

will

be

US$

996

Miti

gatio

n re

quir

ed p

erso

nnel

Th

e re

quire

d 45

0-co

nstru

ctio

n w

orke

rs a

re n

ot

avai

labl

e on

the

isla

nd. E

ven

if 50

of t

he

unem

ploy

ed S

tatia

ns c

an b

e us

ed a

s con

stru

ctio

n w

orke

rs, t

here

are

still

abo

ut 3

50 c

onst

ruct

ion

wor

kers

requ

ired.

The

num

ber o

f wor

kers

can

be

redu

ced

in tw

o w

ays.

Firs

tly b

y ex

tend

ing

the

perio

d of

tim

e th

at th

e co

nstru

ctio

n is

allo

wed

to

take

, for

exa

mpl

e fr

om 2

yea

rs to

3 y

ears

, the

am

ount

of w

orke

rs n

eede

d m

ay w

ell g

o do

wn

from

450

to 3

00. A

ssum

ing

the

sam

e 10

0 co

nstru

ctio

n w

orke

rs a

nd u

nem

ploy

ed a

vaila

ble

on th

e is

land

s, th

is w

ould

onl

y le

ave

a re

quire

men

t for

200

fore

ign

wor

kers

. Thi

s alre

ady

assu

mes

that

the

golf

cour

se a

nd g

olf r

esor

t are

co

nstru

cted

afte

r eac

h ot

her a

nd n

ot a

t the

sam

e tim

e.

Furth

er, c

reat

ing

a pl

anni

ng b

ased

on

the

avai

labl

e pe

rson

nel,

it m

ay b

e po

ssib

le to

rear

rang

e th

e ph

asin

g of

con

stru

ctio

n in

such

a w

ay th

at fe

wer

pe

rson

nel i

s req

uire

d. T

his c

ould

per

haps

save

an

othe

r 10%

on

the

staf

f, le

avin

g 27

0 pe

rson

s re

quire

d to

bui

ld th

e re

sort.

170

peo

ple

wou

ld

have

to b

e br

ough

t in

to th

e is

land

. M

itiga

tion

hous

ing

pers

onne

l Th

e co

nstru

ctio

n pe

rson

nel f

rom

abr

oad

have

to

find

hous

ing

for t

he d

urat

ion

of th

e co

nstru

ctio

n pr

ojec

t. Si

nce

this

is te

mpo

rary

labo

ur, t

hey

will

no

t req

uire

a p

erm

anen

t hou

se a

nd w

ill m

ost

likel

y no

t brin

g fa

mili

es. F

or th

e re

sort

pers

onne

l

52

per p

erso

n. F

or 5

0 pe

rson

s thi

s will

ther

efor

e be

US$

49,

800

a ye

ar. O

ver a

con

stru

ctio

n pe

riod

of 2

yea

rs th

is re

sults

in U

S$ 9

9,60

0.

The

cons

truct

ion

of th

e go

lf re

sort

will

als

o ta

ke tw

o ye

ars;

how

ever

on

aver

age

450

peop

le w

ill b

e w

orki

ng o

n th

is p

roje

ct. I

f the

y ha

ve th

e sa

me

aver

age

inco

me,

this

will

re

sult

in a

tax

inco

me

of U

S$ 4

48,2

00 a

yea

r, so

for t

wo

year

s in

US$

896

,400

. A

ccor

ding

to th

e C

BS

[200

3] th

ere

are

102

peop

le w

orki

ng in

con

stru

ctio

n on

the

isla

nd

of S

tatia

. Nex

t to

the

cons

truct

ion

of th

e re

sort,

the

“nor

mal

” co

nstru

ctio

n of

hou

ses

wou

ld a

lso

cont

inue

. Not

all

102

peop

le w

ill th

eref

ore

be a

ble

to st

art w

orki

ng o

n th

e co

nstru

ctio

n of

the

reso

rt. S

uppo

se 5

0% o

f the

per

sonn

el c

an b

e se

t asi

de, t

hen

51 w

ould

be

ava

ilabl

e. T

his m

eans

the

golf

cour

se c

an p

oten

tially

be

build

by

Stat

ian

cont

ract

ors,

unde

r sup

ervi

sion

of a

fore

ign

cons

truct

ion

man

agem

ent,

for e

xam

ple

a co

nstru

ctio

n m

anag

er fo

r one

of t

he g

olf c

ours

e de

sign

firm

s. Fo

r the

con

stru

ctio

n of

the

reso

rt, th

ere

is

a sh

orta

ge o

f 400

peo

ple.

The

re a

re w

ays t

o re

duce

the

num

ber o

f peo

ple

need

ed fo

r the

co

nstru

ctio

n; th

ese

are

hand

led

in th

e m

itiga

tion

sect

ion

on th

e rig

ht. A

larg

e pa

rt of

the

cons

truct

ion

wor

kers

wou

ld h

owev

er h

ave

to b

e fo

und

abro

ad. T

hese

peo

ple

will

requ

ire

hous

ing

on th

e is

land

. Th

e co

ntra

ctor

will

hav

e to

pay

turn

over

tax.

Thi

s is 3

% o

ver t

he tu

rnov

er. I

t is h

ard

to p

ut

a pr

ice

tag

on th

e re

sort

on fo

reha

nd. T

he p

rice

can

seve

rely

diff

er fr

om o

ne re

sort

to th

e ot

her,

depe

ndin

g on

the

qual

ity a

nd lu

xury

leve

l. Th

e re

sort

at S

t Kitt

s cos

t aro

und

US$

10

0 m

illio

n. T

he re

sort

at A

ngui

lla is

said

to c

ost a

roun

d U

S$ 3

00 m

illio

n. In

the

first

ca

se th

e po

tent

ial t

urno

ver t

ax w

ould

be

US$

3 m

illio

n. In

the

2nd c

ase

it w

ould

be

arou

nd

US$

9 m

illio

n.

Ther

e is

als

o a

tax

over

the

prof

it th

at th

e co

ntra

ctor

wou

ld m

ake;

this

is a

per

cent

age

of

34,5

%. I

n ca

se o

f a 5

% p

rofit

on

the

tota

l cos

t, th

e pr

ofit

wou

ld b

e 5

to 1

5 m

illio

n do

llars

. Th

e pr

ofit

tax

wou

ld th

en b

e U

S$ 1

,7 to

5,2

mill

ion.

Th

e to

tal t

ax in

com

e fr

om c

onst

ruct

ion

for t

he g

over

nmen

t cou

ld th

eref

ore

be U

S$ 5

,7 –

15

,2 m

illio

n do

llar o

ver 4

yea

rs o

f con

stru

ctio

n. B

ecau

se th

e am

ount

of t

ax is

sign

ifica

nt,

ther

e w

ill b

e ne

gotia

tions

bet

wee

n th

e go

vern

men

t and

the

inve

stor

s/ c

ontra

ctor

abo

ut th

e am

ount

of t

ax to

be

paid

. It w

ill m

ost l

ikel

y re

sult

in a

fixe

d su

m b

eing

pai

d th

at is

su

bsta

ntia

l, bu

t als

o su

bsta

ntia

lly lo

wer

then

the

calc

ulat

ed a

mou

nts.

To

look

at t

he e

ffec

ts o

n th

e ha

rbou

r, w

hich

will

be

the

poin

t of e

ntry

for a

ll fr

eigh

t, a

new

sy

stem

solu

tion,

“pr

ovid

e ha

rbou

r fac

ilitie

s” w

as a

dded

(1.1

.1.6

), as

par

t of t

he in

crea

se

ther

e is

a re

quire

men

t of a

bout

165

apa

rtmen

ts. I

f th

ese

coul

d be

con

stru

cted

firs

t, pr

ior t

o th

e st

art

of c

onst

ruct

ion

of th

e re

sort,

the

pers

onne

l fro

m

abro

ad c

ould

use

thes

e ho

uses

. Ano

ther

opt

ion

is

to b

ring

in b

arra

cks a

nd h

ouse

the

pers

onne

l in

thes

e, n

ear t

he c

onst

ruct

ion

yard

. The

firs

t opt

ion

shou

ld b

e st

imul

ated

how

ever

, bec

ause

it w

ill

brin

g in

add

ition

al in

com

e fo

r the

isla

nd

(esp

ecia

lly if

the

hous

es a

re fi

nanc

ed a

nd o

wne

d by

loca

l peo

ple)

.

53

serv

ices

solu

tion.

1.2

Isla

nd p

rom

otio

n m

ater

ial

The

golf

reso

rt w

ill sp

end

a lo

t of m

oney

on

adve

rtisi

ng. N

ext t

o pr

omot

ing

the

reso

rt its

elf,

it w

ill a

lso

prom

ote

the

isla

nd, w

hich

can

hav

e a

posi

tive

effe

ct o

n th

e to

uris

m

indu

stry

on

the

isla

nd.

A g

ood

exam

ple

of th

e pr

omot

iona

l cap

abili

ties o

f a re

sort

is th

e Sa

ndal

s res

ort,

on S

t. Lu

cia,

whi

ch is

pro

mot

ing

the

reso

rt an

d th

e is

land

with

com

mer

cial

s on

CN

N. O

n A

ngui

lla th

e go

vern

men

t is n

ot p

artic

ipat

ing

in th

e pr

omot

ion

and

adve

rtise

men

t on

the

reso

rt, o

ther

then

pro

mot

ing

it vi

a th

eir w

ebsi

te a

nd th

e w

ebsi

te o

f the

tour

ism

boa

rd.

The

budg

et fo

r pro

mot

iona

l act

iviti

es, l

ike

adds

on

TV, t

he ra

dio,

pap

ers a

nd m

agaz

ines

by

the

reso

rt fa

r exc

eed

the

budg

et th

at th

e is

land

cou

ld e

ven

have

to p

rom

ote

itsel

f.

Impa

ct:

• Li

kely

incr

ease

in to

uris

m, a

lso

outs

ide

of th

e re

sort.

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d

1.4

Incr

ease

inha

bita

nts

The

num

ber o

f peo

ple

that

wou

ld h

ave

to c

ome

and

wor

k on

the

reso

rt fr

om o

utsi

de th

e is

land

is a

bout

330

. Sin

ce th

ey w

ill in

clud

e pa

rtner

s and

chi

ldre

n, th

e to

tal s

ize

of th

e gr

oup

will

be

arou

nd 4

90, i

nclu

ding

75

child

ren.

The

pre

fere

nce

wou

ld b

e to

attr

act

Stat

ians

that

left

the

isla

nd d

ue to

the

unav

aila

bilit

y of

wor

k or

car

eer o

ppor

tuni

ties.

The

requ

ired

amou

nt o

f hou

sing

is a

s fol

low

s:

Impa

ct:

• 16

5 si

ngle

hom

es ->

165

peo

ple

• 12

4 fa

mily

hom

es ->

322

peo

ple

(of w

hich

75

are

child

ren)

. Nex

t to

an in

crea

se in

the

num

ber o

f hou

ses a

nd p

eopl

e, th

ere

will

als

o be

an

incr

ease

in

the

dem

and

for s

choo

ls, h

ealth

car

e, e

lect

ricity

, gro

cerie

s, et

c. A

s ind

icat

ed a

bove

, the

re

will

be

an a

dditi

onal

75

child

ren

on th

e is

land

, whi

ch w

ill in

crea

se th

e de

man

d fo

r sc

hool

s.

Hea

lth c

are

is h

andl

ed in

1.1

.1.3

. Ele

ctric

ity u

se o

f a h

ouse

is a

roun

d 5,

914

kWh

/ yea

r in

Cal

iforn

ia p

er h

ouse

hold

. Sin

ce th

e cl

imat

e in

Cal

iforn

ia is

not

that

diff

eren

t, th

e sa

me

usag

e co

uld

be e

xpec

ted

here

. For

a y

ear a

nd 2

89 h

ouse

hold

s thi

s mea

ns a

pow

er

requ

irem

ent o

f 1,7

10,0

00 k

Wh/

yea

r, or

4,7

00 k

Wh/

day

.

Hou

sing

A

ccor

ding

to 1

.4.1

.4 th

ere

is a

pot

entia

l nee

d fo

r 16

5 ap

artm

ents

or s

ingl

e pe

rson

hou

sing

and

a

furth

er n

eed

for 1

24 h

ouse

s for

fam

ilies

. Bec

ause

St

atia

ns li

ving

abr

oad

are

an im

porta

nt g

roup

that

is

bei

ng fo

cuse

d on

, the

act

ual n

eed

for h

ousi

ng

will

be

low

er. A

num

ber o

f Sta

tians

livi

ng o

ff

isla

nd a

lread

y ha

s a h

ouse

on

Stat

ia. N

o re

cord

s ar

e ke

pt a

bout

the

amou

nt o

f hou

ses t

hat a

re

empt

y or

the

amou

nt o

f Sta

tians

livi

ng a

broa

d th

ough

. Th

e go

lf co

urse

will

pro

babl

y at

firs

t attr

act a

la

rge

num

ber o

f ‘si

ngle

’ em

ploy

ees.

They

will

re

quire

apa

rtmen

ts. W

hen

they

are

stay

ing

on th

e is

land

for a

long

er ti

me

they

may

wan

t to

mov

e to

fa

mily

hou

sing

. The

dem

and

for a

partm

ents

may

th

eref

ore

be g

ettin

g lo

wer

, whi

le th

e de

man

d fo

r ho

uses

may

go

up. I

t wou

ld th

eref

ore

be ju

stifi

ed

to c

reat

e ho

uses

in th

e fir

st p

lace

and

acc

ept t

hat

54

Impa

ct:

• 4,

700

kWh/

day

. ho

usin

g w

ill n

ot c

ompl

etel

y fit

the

first

in

habi

tant

s req

uire

men

ts, o

r to

mak

e th

e ap

artm

ent b

uild

ings

flex

ible

. The

flex

ibili

ty

mea

ns th

at th

e ap

artm

ents

shou

ld b

e ea

sy to

re

conf

igur

e in

to m

ulti

room

apa

rtmen

ts, s

uita

ble

for m

ore

then

one

per

son.

1.4.

1 R

ecru

it pe

ople

off

is

land

O

f the

530

jobs

that

are

pre

dict

ed to

com

e in

to e

xist

ence

with

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f the

re

sort,

330

will

hav

e to

be

fille

d by

peo

ple

not c

urre

ntly

livi

ng o

n St

atia

. The

se p

eopl

e w

ill re

quire

a h

ome,

or a

partm

ent o

n th

e is

land

. For

330

jobs

the

num

ber o

f peo

ple

will

be

high

er, b

ecau

se o

f fam

ilies

and

chi

ldre

n. 4

87 p

eopl

e is

an

estim

ated

num

ber o

f peo

ple

who

may

cam

e to

the

isla

nd a

s a c

onse

quen

ce o

f the

gol

f res

ort.

Im

pact

: •

Look

for S

tatia

ns fi

rst

• 33

0 Jo

bs fo

r peo

ple

off-

isla

nd

• 49

0 pe

ople

com

ing

to th

e is

land

in to

tal

Rec

ruiti

ng p

eopl

e A

16%

incr

ease

in p

opul

atio

n on

the

isla

nd is

ex

pect

ed. T

he e

ffec

t thi

s has

is b

oth

posi

tive

and

nega

tive.

Pla

nnin

g th

eir a

rriv

al in

adv

ance

can

m

itiga

te n

egat

ive

effe

cts l

ike

a sh

orta

ge o

f ho

usin

g. B

uild

ing

sust

aina

bly

can

parti

ally

redu

ce

othe

r eff

ects

like

an

incr

ease

d de

man

d fo

r pow

er.

The

eff

ects

the

addi

tiona

l peo

ple

have

are

de

scrib

ed in

this

repo

rt; m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s will

be

giv

en p

er e

ffec

t.

1.

4.1.

1 Fi

nd p

eopl

e 33

0 pe

ople

nee

d to

be

foun

d of

f-is

land

. Pre

fera

bly

thes

e w

ould

be

Stat

ians

livi

ng o

ff th

e is

land

. A p

rimar

y ta

rget

gro

up w

ould

be

Stat

ians

who

had

to m

igra

te o

ff th

e is

land

be

caus

e of

a la

ck o

f wor

k, b

ut w

ant t

o re

turn

. No

reco

rds a

re b

eing

kep

t abo

ut th

e am

ount

of

Sta

tians

livi

ng a

broa

d. Im

mig

ratio

n an

d em

igra

tion

data

is a

vaila

ble.

Thi

s sho

ws o

ver

the

last

10

year

s tha

t 438

Sta

tians

left

the

isla

nd a

nd 5

27 re

turn

ed to

Sta

tia. T

his i

s not

a

com

plet

e fig

ure,

as S

tatia

ns g

oing

for e

xam

ple

to th

e U

SA w

ill u

sual

ly re

mai

n re

gist

ered

in

Sta

tia.

The

CB

S in

the

Net

herla

nds o

nly

track

s the

num

ber o

f peo

ple

from

the

Dut

ch A

ntill

es

and

Aru

ba. I

n 20

04 a

tota

l of 1

30,5

38 p

eopl

e fr

om th

e D

utch

Ant

illes

and

Aru

ba w

ere

livin

g in

the

Net

herla

nds.

The

num

ber d

oes n

ot se

para

te b

etw

een

the

popu

latio

ns o

f the

si

x is

land

s. Th

e la

rges

t gro

up h

owev

er is

the

peop

le fr

om C

urac

ao, w

here

a la

rge

unem

ploy

men

t has

mot

ivat

ed p

eopl

e to

imm

igra

te to

the

Net

herla

nds.

This

gro

up is

said

to

be

abou

t 70%

of a

ll th

e pe

ople

from

the

Dut

ch A

ntill

es a

nd A

ruba

livi

ng in

the

Net

herla

nds.

This

is 9

1,37

6 pe

ople

and

leav

es 3

9,16

2 fo

r the

oth

er is

land

s. To

div

ide

this

nu

mbe

r a v

ery

roug

h es

timat

e w

ould

be

to lo

ok a

t the

size

of t

he to

tal p

opul

atio

n pe

r is

land

and

ass

ume

the

perc

enta

ge o

f peo

ple

livin

g on

that

isla

nd c

ompa

red

to th

e to

tal o

f pe

ople

is a

n in

dica

tion

for h

ow th

e gr

oup

in th

e N

ethe

rland

s is d

ivid

ed. T

he to

tal

popu

latio

n of

the

Dut

ch A

ntill

es a

nd A

ruba

, but

with

out C

urac

ao is

146

,948

[CB

S20

03]

Fin

ding

peo

ple

It is

ass

umed

that

aro

und

655

Stat

ians

are

livi

ng in

th

e N

ethe

rland

s. A

larg

e pa

rt of

them

will

still

be

at sc

hool

or a

re a

lread

y on

a p

ensi

on. F

rom

thos

e w

ho a

re a

ble

to w

ork

at th

e re

sort,

not

all

will

w

ant t

o re

turn

to S

t. Eu

stat

ius,

beca

use

they

hav

e bu

ild a

live

in th

e N

ethe

rland

s, or

hav

e fo

und

a go

od jo

b, e

tc. I

f 5%

wou

ld b

e w

illin

g to

retu

rn

that

wou

ld fi

ll 20

jobs

. Ass

umin

g an

othe

r 80

Stat

ians

can

retu

rn fr

om th

e ot

her i

slan

ds o

f the

N

ethe

rland

s Ant

illes

, the

USA

and

oth

er

coun

tries

, 100

add

ition

al jo

bs c

ould

be

fille

d by

St

atia

ns.

This

wou

ld le

ave

230

jobs

to b

e fil

led

by n

on-

Stat

ians

. The

une

mpl

oym

ent o

n th

e ne

arby

is

land

s, es

peci

ally

St M

aarte

n, is

hig

h en

ough

to

prov

ide

even

all

empl

oyee

s for

the

golf

reso

rt. S

t. M

aarte

n is

hig

hly

mul

ti cu

ltura

l, a

larg

e gr

oup

of

55

peop

le. T

he n

umbe

r of p

eopl

e in

the

sam

e ye

ar is

2.4

98 [C

BS

2003

], w

hich

giv

es S

tatia

a

perc

enta

ge o

f 1.7

%.

This

per

cent

age

from

39,

162

peop

le w

ould

giv

e an

est

imat

ed 6

65

Stat

ians

livi

ng in

the

Net

herla

nds.

This

is h

owev

er p

urel

y ba

sed

on th

e ab

ove-

men

tione

d as

sum

ptio

ns. A

ssum

ing

thes

e pe

ople

are

of a

ll ag

es, o

nly

arou

nd 5

0% w

ould

be

at a

n ag

e w

here

they

cou

ld w

ork

at th

e re

sort.

Of t

hese

330

Sta

tians

, it i

s a q

uest

ion

how

man

y ar

e w

illin

g to

leav

e th

e N

ethe

rland

s and

thei

r cur

rent

job

to c

ome

back

to S

tatia

, no

num

ber

is a

vaila

ble,

if 5

% is

ass

umed

, abo

ut 2

0 St

atia

ns w

ould

be

retu

rnin

g to

the

isla

nd. T

he

Net

herla

nds h

as a

big

app

eal t

o th

e N

ethe

rland

s Ant

illes

bec

ause

of t

he ti

es b

etw

een

the

two

coun

tries

and

the

poss

ibili

ties f

or e

duca

tion.

The

oth

er is

land

s of t

he D

utch

Ant

illes

, ot

her n

earb

y is

land

s and

the

USA

als

o ha

ve re

lativ

ely

larg

e gr

oups

of S

tatia

ns. F

rom

ta

lks w

ith M

r. W

. Ber

kel i

t can

be

assu

med

that

the

USA

has

at l

east

a si

mila

r am

ount

of

Stat

ians

, fig

ures

from

the

Dut

ch A

ntill

es a

nd o

ther

nea

rby

isla

nds a

re u

nkno

wn.

If it

wer

e as

sum

ed th

at a

sim

ilar a

mou

nt (2

0 pe

rson

s eac

h) o

f Sta

tians

wou

ld b

e av

aila

ble

from

the

USA

, St M

aarte

n an

d 40

from

oth

er c

ount

ries a

nd is

land

s (fo

r exa

mpl

e C

urac

ao, S

t M

aarte

n, S

t Kitt

s), a

n ad

ditio

nal 8

0 w

ould

be

avai

labl

e, m

akin

g th

e to

tal a

mou

nt o

f av

aila

ble

Stat

ians

from

out

side

the

isla

nds,

arou

nd 1

00.

For t

he re

mai

ning

jobs

the

focu

s sho

uld

shift

to p

eopl

e fr

om th

e ot

her D

utch

Ant

illea

n is

land

s. Th

e ne

arby

isla

nds o

f St M

aarte

n en

Sab

a ha

ve m

ore

or le

ss th

e sa

me

cultu

re so

th

e cu

ltura

l im

pact

of p

eopl

e co

min

g fr

om th

ese

isla

nds w

ill b

e m

inim

al. T

he

unem

ploy

men

t on

Saba

, acc

ordi

ng to

the

CB

S [2

003]

, is 3

9 pe

ople

; the

une

mpl

oym

ent

on S

t Maa

rten

in 2

003

was

3.4

33 p

eopl

e. T

his m

eans

that

a sm

all p

art o

f the

une

mpl

oyed

on

St M

aarte

n w

ould

alre

ady

be e

noug

h to

fill

the

jobs

for t

he g

olf r

esor

t. Im

pact

: •

530

tota

l job

s del

iver

ed b

y th

e re

sort

• 20

0 jo

bs fi

lled

by S

tatia

ns o

n th

e is

land

•

100

jobs

fille

d by

Sta

tians

off

the

isla

nd

• 23

0 ad

ditio

nal p

eopl

e re

quire

d

the

unem

ploy

ed w

ill b

e pe

ople

from

the

surr

ound

ing

isla

nds,

it ca

n be

exp

ecte

d th

at

porti

ons o

f the

em

ploy

ees o

f the

reso

rt w

ill

ther

efor

e be

from

Dom

inic

a, th

e D

omin

ican

re

publ

ic, G

uyan

a, e

tc. S

t. Eu

stat

ius i

s alre

ady

mul

ti et

hnic

, with

resi

dent

s fro

m a

ll of

thes

e lo

catio

ns, c

hina

and

the

USA

and

Eur

ope.

The

ai

m sh

ould

be

to g

et a

s man

y St

atia

ns a

nd

resi

dent

s in

the

Dut

ch A

ntill

es to

wor

k at

the

reso

rt, o

ther

gro

ups w

ill h

owev

er m

ost l

ikel

y al

so

be n

eede

d to

get

eno

ugh

empl

oyee

s.

1.4.

1.2

Ext

ra c

lass

room

s To

det

erm

ine

the

impa

ct o

n sc

hool

s, in

terv

iew

s wer

e co

nduc

ted

at tw

o sc

hool

s, w

ith a

n in

form

al c

onve

rsat

ion

at a

third

. The

two

form

al in

terv

iew

s too

k pl

ace

at th

e G

wen

daly

n va

n Pu

tten

scho

ol, a

seco

ndar

y sc

hool

and

the

Gol

denr

ock

Elem

enta

ry sc

hool

, a sc

hool

fo

r prim

ary

educ

tion.

75 a

dditi

onal

chi

ldre

n m

ean

that

ther

e w

ill a

lso

be a

n in

crea

se in

the

dem

and

for e

duca

tion.

The

scho

ol sy

stem

on

Stat

ia is

sim

ilar t

o th

e D

utch

syst

em. W

ith

prim

ary

scho

ol fr

om th

e ag

e of

4 to

11

and

seco

ndar

y sc

hool

from

12

to a

roun

d 16

(the

hi

ghes

t edu

catio

n is

HA

VO

, whi

ch ta

kes 5

yrs,

so to

17)

. On

the

isla

nd th

ere

are

323

pers

ons a

ge 0

to 9

and

465

age

10

to 1

9. A

ssum

ing

thes

e st

uden

ts a

re e

qual

ly d

ivid

ed o

ver

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d

56

the

ages

and

are

repr

esen

tativ

e fo

r the

chi

ldre

n co

min

g to

the

isla

nd, t

he im

pact

for t

he

scho

ols c

an b

e ca

lcul

ated

. Ano

ther

ass

umpt

ion

is th

at c

hild

ren

over

the

age

of 1

6 w

ill n

ot

be c

omin

g to

Sta

tia w

ith th

eir p

aren

ts b

ecau

se th

ere

is n

o sc

hool

ing

avai

labl

e.

In to

tal t

here

are

323

chi

ldre

n be

twee

n 0

and

9. T

hey

have

to g

o to

scho

ol w

hen

they

turn

4,

so 6

0% o

f the

chi

ldre

n ar

e in

prim

ary

scho

ol, w

hich

mea

ns 1

94 in

tota

l. Th

ere

are

465

child

ren

aged

10

to 1

9. P

rimar

y sc

hool

is u

p to

the

age

of 1

1, so

that

mea

ns 2

0% o

f thi

s gr

oup

is in

prim

ary

scho

ol; 9

3 in

tota

l. Th

is m

eans

that

at t

he m

omen

t the

re a

re a

bout

287

ch

ildre

n in

prim

ary

scho

ol. F

rom

12

to 1

6 is

the

perio

d fo

r sec

onda

ry sc

hool

, whi

ch

mea

ns 4

0% o

f 465

, whi

ch is

186

stud

ents

. O

f the

tota

l gro

up o

f 602

chi

ldre

n be

twee

n 0

and

16 li

ving

on

the

isla

nd, 1

86 g

o to

se

cond

ary

scho

ol, 2

87 g

o to

prim

ary

scho

ol. W

ith 7

5 ch

ildre

n be

twee

n th

e ag

e of

0 a

nd

16 c

omin

g to

the

isla

nd, t

his w

ill a

dd, u

sing

this

sam

e pa

rtitio

n, 2

3 ch

ildre

n at

seco

ndar

y sc

hool

and

36

at p

rimar

y sc

hool

. O

n th

e se

cond

ary

scho

ol n

o ef

fect

s are

exp

ecte

d. T

he 2

3 st

uden

ts c

an b

e ha

ndle

d by

the

curr

ent n

umbe

r of t

each

ers a

nd b

y m

akin

g ch

ange

s to

the

scho

ol ti

met

able

any

ext

ra

clas

ses c

an b

e ac

com

mod

ated

in th

e pr

esen

t cla

ssro

oms.

Fo

r the

prim

ary

scho

ol th

e ef

fect

s are

als

o sm

all.

Rec

ently

a 3

rd p

rimar

y sc

hool

was

ad

ded

on th

e is

land

, tak

ing

som

e st

uden

ts o

f the

oth

er tw

o. O

n th

e go

lden

rock

el

emen

tary

scho

ol th

e nu

mbe

r of s

tude

nts w

ent d

own

from

ove

r 170

to 1

46 a

t the

m

omen

t. Th

is m

eans

at t

his s

choo

l alo

ne th

e ca

paci

ty is

read

ily a

vaila

ble

to ta

ke a

t lea

st

24 st

uden

ts.

One

of t

he p

robl

ems t

hat t

he sc

hool

s hav

e is

that

the

fund

ing

has t

o co

me

from

the

gove

rnm

ent.

The

gove

rnm

ent a

t the

mom

ent h

as a

larg

e de

ficit

and

thus

can

not s

pend

a

lot o

f mon

ey o

n th

e sc

hool

s. W

ith th

e in

crea

sed

gove

rnm

ent i

ncom

e, m

ore

mon

ey w

ould

be

ava

ilabl

e fo

r sch

ools

, whi

ch c

ould

incr

ease

the

qual

ity.

Impa

ct:

• 36

chi

ldre

n at

prim

ary

scho

ol

• 23

chi

ldre

n at

seco

ndar

y sc

hool

1.4.

1.3

Ext

ra st

aff a

t sc

hool

s It

is n

ot e

xpec

ted

that

the

scho

ols r

equi

re a

dditi

onal

staf

f due

to th

e in

crea

se in

stud

ents

.

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d

57

Impa

ct:

• N

one

1.

4.1.

4 Pr

ivat

e ho

uses

It

is a

ssum

ed th

at 5

0% o

f the

peo

ple

who

are

wor

king

at t

he re

sort

and

golf

cour

se a

re

sing

le. T

hey

will

be

com

ing

to th

e is

land

alo

ne a

nd n

eed

hous

ing

for o

ne p

erso

n. T

he

othe

r gro

up w

ill b

e fa

mili

es. I

n 20

03 th

e nu

mbe

r of p

eopl

e liv

ing

on th

e is

land

was

2,4

98

(cur

rent

ly 3

,100

), w

ith 9

65 h

ouse

hold

s. Th

is m

eans

the

aver

age

hous

ehol

d co

nsis

ts o

ut o

f 2.

59 p

eopl

e. F

urth

er it

is a

ssum

ed th

at 5

0% o

f the

fam

ilies

will

hav

e bo

th a

dults

and

the

othe

r 50%

will

hav

e on

e ad

ult w

orki

ng a

t the

reso

rt. T

his w

ill re

sult

in 1

65 si

ngle

s and

16

5 pe

ople

with

fam

ilies

. Of t

he g

roup

with

fam

ilies

50%

, so

82 p

eopl

e, h

ave

both

adu

lts

wor

king

in th

e re

sort.

Thi

s gro

up h

as a

size

of 1

07 p

eopl

e, 2

5 of

whi

ch a

re c

hild

ren.

The

ot

her 5

0% o

f the

fam

ilies

has

onl

y on

e ad

ult w

orki

ng a

t the

reso

rt, re

sulti

ng in

a g

roup

si

ze o

f 215

peo

ple,

50

of w

hich

are

chi

ldre

n.

Acc

ordi

ng to

the

St. E

usta

tius H

ousi

ng F

ound

atio

n th

ere

will

not

be

any

prob

lem

s co

nstru

ctin

g th

e ho

uses

. At t

he m

omen

t the

re a

re p

lans

for c

onst

ruct

ing

arou

nd 5

0 ho

uses

by

the

Hou

sing

Fou

ndat

ion.

The

gov

ernm

ent i

s als

o co

nstru

ctin

g ho

usin

g. It

is e

xpec

ted

that

the

curr

ent w

aitin

g lis

t of 5

0 pe

ople

that

are

look

ing

for h

ousi

ng w

ill g

o do

wn

to a

su

rplu

s of 2

5 ho

uses

. Th

ere

are

no p

robl

ems e

xpec

ted

in th

e am

ount

of l

and

that

is a

vaila

ble.

An

apar

tmen

t bu

ildin

g fo

r 12

apar

tmen

ts c

ould

take

abo

ut 2

5 x

40 m

eter

s (90

0 m

2 ). A

sing

le h

ouse

co

uld

be a

bout

10

x 15

m (1

50 m

2 ). Th

is m

eans

that

the

hous

ing

alon

e w

ould

take

abo

ut

15,3

75 m

2 in a

partm

ents

and

23,

250

m2 in

fam

ily h

ouse

s. Th

e re

quire

d ro

ads w

ould

use

ab

out 6

m in

wid

th, a

nd a

roun

d 1

km lo

ng (t

o co

ver a

ll th

e ho

usin

g). T

his w

ould

add

an

addi

tiona

l 6,0

00 m

2 . It i

s the

refo

re e

stim

ated

that

hou

sing

will

take

at l

east

4.5

hec

tare

s or

abou

t 11

acre

’s.

Cur

rent

ly a

hou

sing

pro

ject

is g

oing

on

at W

hite

Wal

l, bu

t als

o th

ere

is a

lso

land

ava

ilabl

e or

cur

rent

ly b

eing

use

d to

con

stru

ct h

ouse

s at L

odi (

enou

gh sp

ace

for 2

5 ap

artm

ents

), co

mpa

gnie

(50

acre

s), g

rove

l (60

acr

es) a

nd th

e En

glis

h qu

arte

r (71

0 ac

res)

. Gro

vel i

s lo

cate

d ne

ar th

e re

sort,

whi

ch w

ould

be

idea

l in

term

s of t

rave

lling

dis

tanc

e fo

r the

em

ploy

ees.

Hav

ing

the

hous

ing

at W

hite

wal

l can

pot

entia

lly c

ause

traf

fic p

robl

ems,

as a

ll tra

ffic

goi

ng fr

om W

hite

wal

l to

the

reso

rt ha

s to

pass

thro

ugh

Ora

njes

tad.

Fur

ther

mor

e th

is is

the

long

est d

ista

nce

hous

ing

can

be p

lace

d aw

ay fr

om th

e re

sort,

mak

ing

Whi

te

wal

l not

the

mos

t fav

oura

ble

loca

tion.

Th

e St

. Eus

tatiu

s Hou

sing

Fou

ndat

ion

is w

illin

g an

d ab

le to

fina

nce

the

cons

truct

ion

of

Con

sum

ptio

n Th

e am

ount

of w

aste

that

the

addi

tiona

l hou

sing

pr

oduc

es is

sign

ifica

nt. B

ecau

se n

o re

cycl

ing

or

was

te re

duct

ion

prog

ram

s exi

st o

n th

e is

land

, m

itiga

ting

the

amou

nt o

f was

te is

not

pos

sibl

e.

Mor

e ab

out t

he e

ffec

ts o

f the

was

te o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

t in

2.5

Hou

sing

Th

e ho

usin

g ca

n be

pro

vide

d by

the

hous

ing

foun

datio

n. A

s lon

g as

they

hav

e a

guar

ante

e th

at

the

reso

rt w

ill b

e co

nstru

cted

. The

hou

sing

can

be

finan

ced

by th

e ho

usin

g fo

unda

tion.

A

lim

ited

amou

nt o

f hou

sing

shou

ld b

e av

aila

ble

befo

re st

art o

f con

stru

ctio

n, to

allo

w fo

reig

n co

nstru

ctio

n w

orke

rs to

live

on

the

isla

nd (a

lso

see

1.1.

2.2.

8).

On

near

by re

sorts

staf

f hou

sing

for e

x-pa

ts

(peo

ple

from

abr

oad

wor

king

on

the

reso

rt) is

av

aila

ble

on th

e re

sort

grou

nds.

This

cou

ld b

e do

ne fo

r the

reso

rt on

St.

Eust

atiu

s as w

ell,

how

ever

the

reve

nue

from

thes

e ho

uses

will

then

go

to th

e re

sort.

If h

ousi

ng is

pro

vide

d lo

cally

, for

ex

ampl

e by

the

hous

ing

foun

datio

n, th

e m

oney

w

ill st

ay o

n th

e is

land

.

58

the

hous

es (g

ettin

g lo

ans f

rom

ban

ks).

The

thin

g th

ey w

ould

nee

d fr

om th

e re

sort

how

ever

is

a g

uara

ntee

that

the

hous

es w

ill b

e fil

led

at le

ast f

or 8

0%. T

o ha

ve th

e ho

uses

read

y at

th

e sa

me

time

the

reso

rt op

ens,

they

wou

ld n

eed

abou

t 3 y

ears

adv

ance

not

ifica

tion.

Th

e w

ater

for t

he c

urre

nt h

ouse

s on

Stat

ia is

take

n fr

om th

e ra

inw

ater

. Thi

s is s

tore

d in

a

cist

ern

and

used

for a

ll so

urce

d in

stea

d of

drin

k w

ater

, for

whi

ch b

ottle

d w

ater

is u

sed.

Th

is is

a su

stai

nabl

e sy

stem

, apa

rt fr

om th

e w

ater

bot

tles,

whi

ch a

re n

ot re

cycl

ed b

ut

thro

wn

away

ont

o th

e du

mp.

W

aste

will

be

prod

uced

in q

uant

ities

of a

bout

500

kg

per p

erso

n pe

r yea

r. W

ith 4

87

peop

le, t

here

will

be

245,

000

kg o

f was

te p

er y

ear.

On

aver

age

an m

3 of w

aste

wei

ghs

abou

t 200

[IL9

]. Th

is m

akes

for a

yea

rly w

aste

pro

duct

ion

of 1

,220

m3

The

hous

es re

quire

a p

hone

and

inte

rnet

con

nect

ion,

just

like

the

reso

rt ne

eds a

pho

ne a

nd

inte

rnet

con

nect

ion.

For

this

reas

on ‘p

rovi

de te

leco

mm

unic

atio

n’ w

as a

dded

as f

unct

ion

0.6.

1.3.

Im

pact

: •

165

sing

le h

omes

-> 1

65 p

eopl

e •

124

fam

ily h

omes

-> 3

22 p

eopl

e (o

f whi

ch 7

5 ar

e ch

ildre

n).

1.

4.2

Edu

catio

n m

inim

um fo

r im

mig

ratio

n

Acc

ordi

ng to

the

St. E

usta

tius T

ouris

m D

evel

opm

ent F

ound

atio

n th

ere

is a

larg

e ch

ance

th

at p

eopl

e fr

om n

earb

y is

land

s, w

illin

g to

wor

k fo

r law

wag

es, w

ill b

e at

tract

ed b

y th

e pr

ojec

t. If

man

y of

them

find

a jo

b at

the

reso

rt, th

e ef

fect

s for

Sta

tians

may

be

grea

tly

redu

ced;

thes

e pe

ople

may

send

mos

t mon

ey b

ack

to th

eir f

amili

es o

n th

e ot

her i

slan

ds.

The

low

er in

com

e an

d th

e m

oney

dis

appe

arin

g fr

om th

e is

land

will

dec

reas

e th

e ta

x in

com

es a

nd th

e un

empl

oym

ent o

n th

e is

land

may

not

dro

p.

Miti

gatio

n lo

w c

ost w

orke

rs

The

gove

rnm

ent s

houl

d ha

ve a

rese

rved

atti

tude

ag

ains

t im

mig

ratio

n fr

om p

eopl

e w

ho a

re n

ot

livin

g on

the

Net

herla

nds A

ntill

es. E

mpl

oyee

s fr

om o

utsi

de th

e N

ethe

rland

s Ant

illes

will

mos

t lik

ely

turn

out

to b

e ne

cess

ary,

but

car

e sh

ould

be

take

n th

at th

ey d

o no

t tak

e th

e bu

lk o

f the

jobs

and

th

at th

e pe

ople

from

the

Net

herla

nds A

ntill

es m

iss

out.

2.0

Sust

aina

ble

deve

lopm

ent

The

maj

or w

orry

for t

his s

ectio

n, su

stai

nabl

e de

velo

pmen

t, is

the

solid

and

liqu

id w

aste

. O

n th

e is

land

ther

e ar

e no

pro

cess

ing

plan

ts a

vaila

ble

for e

ither

of t

hem

. Sol

id w

aste

is

dum

ped

as is

in a

land

fill;

liqui

d w

aste

is d

ispo

sed

mai

nly

by so

cal

led

cess

pool

s, w

hich

m

eans

the

drai

npip

e en

ds in

a h

ole

in th

e gr

ound

, the

was

tew

ater

ent

ers t

he g

roun

d di

rect

ly. S

eptic

tank

s are

use

d at

a li

mite

d nu

mbe

r of l

ocat

ions

. Eve

n if

they

are

use

d, th

ey

still

dra

in in

to th

e gr

ound

. For

bot

h so

rts o

f was

te, t

he re

sort

wou

ld h

ave

to c

reat

e its

ow

n

Solid

was

te

The

reso

rt ca

n pa

rtial

ly re

duce

the

solid

was

te th

at

it ha

s to

disp

ose

of, f

or e

xam

ple

by su

pply

ing

thei

r ow

n bo

ttled

pot

able

wat

er fr

om th

e re

vers

e os

mos

is p

lant

in g

lass

bot

tles t

hat a

re re

usab

le.

The

rem

aini

ng a

mou

nt o

f was

te w

ill h

owev

er st

ill

59

inst

alla

tion

to b

e su

stai

nabl

e.

Two

spec

ies o

f ani

mal

s hav

e to

be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt. F

irstly

the

Igua

na, w

hich

is li

ving

in

Ven

us B

ay a

nd in

fact

mos

t of t

he n

orth

ern

hills

are

a. It

is e

ndan

gere

d sp

ecie

; on

the

isla

nd th

ere

are

som

e 42

5 Ig

uana

’s. B

ecau

se th

ey li

ve in

and

feed

off

the

trees

, cle

arin

g th

e tre

es fo

r a g

olf c

ours

e is

a p

oten

tial d

ange

r to

thes

e re

ptile

s. N

o pr

oble

ms a

re e

xpec

ted

thou

gh if

the

reso

rt is

pla

ced

at V

enus

Bay

and

the

golf

cour

se a

t Zee

land

ia. I

t may

als

o in

crea

se th

e ap

peal

for t

he g

olf r

esor

t hav

ing

igua

nas o

n th

e gr

ound

s of t

he re

sort.

H

avin

g th

e re

sort

at V

enus

Bay

and

the

cour

se a

t Zee

land

ia w

ould

als

o be

ben

efic

ial f

or

the

Sea

turtl

es. Y

oung

sea

turtl

es n

eed

dark

ness

to fi

nd th

eir w

ay to

the

beac

h. H

avin

g a

golf

cour

se a

t Zee

land

ia w

ill e

nsur

e da

rkne

ss a

t nig

ht. I

t will

als

o cr

eate

a q

uiet

en

viro

nmen

t for

the

adul

t tur

tles t

o co

me

asho

re a

nd la

y th

eir e

ggs.

It is

pos

sibl

e to

use

the

beac

h fo

r tou

rism

as w

ell a

s sea

turtl

e ne

stin

g. P

eopl

e si

tting

and

w

alki

ng o

n th

e be

ach

will

pos

e no

thre

at to

the

nest

s. Si

nce

the

sea

turtl

es u

se th

e be

ach

at

nigh

t, an

d pe

ople

dur

ing

the

day,

this

will

not

con

flict

eith

er. C

reat

ing

a ba

rrie

r in

the

sea,

fo

r exa

mpl

e w

ith re

ef b

alls

, will

not

onl

y m

ake

swim

min

g po

ssib

le, b

ut w

ill a

ctua

lly

incr

ease

the

size

of t

he b

each

by

abou

t 15m

due

to p

reve

ntio

n of

ero

sion

. A to

p la

yer o

f w

hite

sand

can

be

adde

d fo

r vis

ual a

ppea

l. M

akin

g to

uris

ts a

war

e of

the

envi

ronm

ent a

nd th

e pr

esen

ce o

f sea

turtl

es a

nd ig

uana

’s c

an

decr

ease

the

nega

tive

impa

ct, a

s peo

ple

will

kno

w w

hat n

ot to

do

(like

litte

ring

on th

e be

ach)

. Com

mer

cial

use

of t

he b

each

will

als

o m

ean

it w

ill b

e cl

eane

d fr

om w

aste

com

ing

in fr

om th

e se

a; th

is is

cur

rent

ly n

ot b

eing

don

e an

d po

ses a

n eq

ually

larg

e ris

k fo

r the

tu

rtles

. Fr

om th

e la

ndsi

de e

rosi

on is

als

o pl

ayin

g a

role

. Rai

nwat

er c

an, a

fter h

eavy

rain

, rai

n do

wn

Zeel

andi

a an

d er

ode

the

beac

h. T

his c

ause

s dee

p tre

nche

s in

the

beac

h an

d po

tent

ially

allo

ws s

eaw

ater

, dur

ing

high

seas

, to

ente

r fur

ther

on

the

land

, cre

atin

g ev

en

mor

e er

osio

n. T

he sa

nd th

at e

nter

s the

wat

er in

this

way

cou

ld p

oten

tially

har

m th

e re

efs,

whe

n er

osio

n is

stop

ped

this

wou

ld th

eref

ore

also

be

bene

ficia

l for

the

reef

s. B

y st

orin

g th

e ra

inw

ater

in a

n irr

igat

ion

pond

, the

wat

er is

no

long

er fl

owin

g ov

er th

e be

ach,

thus

elim

inat

ing

the

eros

ion.

The

wat

er c

an n

ow b

e us

ed fo

r irr

igat

ion

purp

oses

, pr

ovid

ing

a fr

ee w

ater

sour

ce fo

r the

gol

f cou

rse.

By

crea

ting

wat

er c

hann

els f

rom

the

surr

ound

ing

area

to th

e irr

igat

ion

pond

, ero

sion

of t

he su

rrou

ndin

g ar

ea c

an b

e pr

even

ted

in c

ase

trees

and

bus

hes n

eed

to b

e re

mov

ed a

nd e

ven

mor

e w

ater

will

be

avai

labl

e fo

r

be si

gnifi

cant

and

hav

e a

sign

ifica

nt e

ffec

t on

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Liqu

id w

aste

Th

e liq

uid

was

te c

an b

e cl

eane

d ef

fect

ivel

y by

ru

nnin

g it

thro

ugh

a th

ree-

stag

e se

ptic

tank

, fo

llow

ed b

y a

reed

land

(act

ing

as a

bio

logi

c fil

ter)

. Thi

s sol

utio

n w

ill n

eed

the

coop

erat

ion

of

the

gues

ts, a

s che

mic

als b

eing

flus

hed

thro

ugh

the

sink

or t

oile

t can

dam

age

the

reed

land

. If

impl

emen

ted

succ

essf

ully

this

syst

em w

ill

how

ever

redu

ce th

e im

pact

of t

he li

quid

was

te to

a

less

then

sign

ifica

nt e

ffec

t.

60

irrig

atio

n. R

eef d

amag

e, c

ause

d by

sand

reac

hing

the

reef

, can

als

o be

redu

ced

whe

n an

irr

igat

ion

pond

is c

onst

ruct

ed.

The

Ven

us B

ay a

rea

is c

urre

ntly

pro

tect

ed u

nder

the

stat

us o

f ‘un

ique

land

scap

e’. O

n th

e ba

sis o

f the

law

ther

e ar

e no

reas

ons w

hy a

per

mit

coul

d be

giv

en fo

r bui

ldin

g in

this

are

a.

Ther

efor

e a

law

cha

nge

will

be

requ

ired,

whi

ch e

ither

allo

ws “

sust

aina

ble

deve

lopm

ent”

as

bas

is fo

r a p

erm

it to

bui

ld o

r whi

ch re

mov

es th

e st

atus

of p

rote

cted

are

a fr

om V

enus

B

ay.

Soci

ally

, sus

tain

abili

ty is

ach

ieve

d by

pro

mot

ing

Stat

ians

to c

ome

back

and

wor

k at

the

golf

reso

rt. S

tatia

ns a

re u

sed

to li

ving

on

the

isla

nd a

nd m

ay h

ave

depa

rted

beca

use

no

wor

k w

as a

vaila

ble.

The

y w

ill h

ave

the

leas

t tro

uble

ble

ndin

g in

with

the

curr

ent

popu

latio

n an

d sh

are

the

sam

e be

lieve

s and

val

ues.

It w

ill a

lso

mea

n th

at fa

mili

es c

an g

et

toge

ther

and

live

toge

ther

. Im

pact

: •

For s

ea tu

rtle

nest

ing

the

beac

h sh

ould

be

clea

n of

tras

h •

Dur

ing

the

nest

ing

seas

on th

ere

shou

ld b

e no

vis

ible

ligh

ts fr

om th

e la

ndsi

de.

• A

gol

f cou

rse

at Z

eela

ndia

, with

the

golf

reso

rt at

Ven

us B

ay w

ill p

reve

nt h

atch

lings

to

mov

e in

land

inst

ead

of to

the

sea,

bec

ause

a g

olf c

ours

e do

es n

ot h

ave

to b

e lit

up

at

nigh

t. •

Peop

le w

alki

ng a

nd si

tting

on

the

beac

h w

ill d

o no

dam

age

to th

e eg

gs

Sea

turtl

es u

se th

e be

ach

at n

ight

; peo

ple

usua

lly d

o no

t use

the

beac

h at

nig

ht.

• R

emov

al o

f tre

e’s a

nd b

ushe

s will

incr

ease

the

flow

of w

ater

and

ther

efor

e po

tent

ially

in

crea

se th

e er

osio

n.

• La

w c

hang

e re

quire

d to

use

the

land

scap

e pr

otec

ted

Ven

us B

ay a

rea

• Lo

ss o

f a h

ikin

g ar

ea to

loca

ls a

nd n

on-g

olf r

esor

t tou

rist

• A

ltera

tions

in a

uni

que

land

scap

e ar

ea

• M

ake

tour

ists

aw

are

of th

e en

viro

nmen

t and

ther

eby

redu

ce th

e ne

gativ

e im

pact

. •

For i

guan

a pr

otec

tion,

gol

f res

ort a

t Ven

us B

ay, g

olf c

ours

e at

Zee

land

ia.

• A

gol

f cou

rse

at V

enus

Bay

wou

ld b

e a

maj

or th

reat

to th

e ig

uana

. •

Fam

ilies

can

stay

toge

ther

•

Littl

e so

cial

or c

ultu

ral c

hang

e

2.1

Prot

ect s

ea tu

rtle

ST

ENA

PA h

as in

dica

ted

that

the

Zeel

andi

a be

ach

area

is a

nes

ting

grou

nd fo

r sea

turtl

es.

Law

pro

tect

s sea

turtl

es, m

akin

g th

at it

is fo

rbid

den

to h

ave

a Se

a tu

rtle

in p

osse

ssio

n, o

r ta

ke it

or k

ill it

. It i

s als

o ill

egal

to d

amag

e or

des

troy

turtl

e ne

sts o

r to

take

sea

turtl

e eg

gs

Miti

gatio

n im

pact

on

Sea

Turt

les

Sea

turtl

es a

nd u

se o

f the

bea

ch fo

r tou

rism

can

go

toge

ther

. The

re a

re tw

o ef

fect

s tha

t nee

d

61

or h

atch

lings

from

thei

r nes

t. Th

e in

tern

atio

nal l

aws p

rote

ctin

g th

e tu

rtles

are

the

CIT

ES

treat

y, w

hich

is m

ostly

cen

tred

arou

nd m

ovin

g th

e an

imal

s, th

e U

NEP

SPA

W, w

hich

is a

pr

otec

tion

treat

y be

twee

n se

vera

l Car

ibbe

an n

atio

ns a

nd th

e In

ter A

mer

ican

Con

vent

ion

for t

he p

rote

ctio

n an

d co

nser

vatio

n of

Sea

Tur

tles (

IAC

).

In a

leaf

let a

bout

turtl

e pr

otec

tion,

seve

ral t

hrea

ts a

re m

entio

ned.

The

se in

clud

e th

e tra

nsfo

rmat

ion

of a

nes

ting

beac

h in

to a

recr

eatio

nal b

each

. In

this

cas

e “c

oast

al

deve

lopm

ent,

light

s, no

ise,

pol

lutio

n, b

each

dri

ving

and

gen

eral

har

assm

ent c

an c

hase

tu

rtle

s aw

ay”

[Ste

napa

, sea

turtl

e le

afle

t]. A

s a si

mpl

e so

lutio

n, e

duca

tion

and

prot

ectio

n ar

e m

entio

ned.

Whe

n pe

ople

stic

k to

the

rule

s, re

crea

tion

and

turtl

e pr

otec

tion

can

go

hand

in h

and.

Ano

ther

thre

at to

the

turtl

es is

pos

ed b

y tra

sh. T

he a

nim

als s

ee th

is a

s foo

d an

d it

can

also

ob

stru

ct n

estin

g gr

ound

s and

trap

em

ergi

ng h

atch

lings

. A si

mpl

e so

lutio

n w

ould

be

to

keep

the

beac

h cl

ean

of li

tter a

nd la

rger

obj

ects

, not

to d

rive

on th

e be

ach

or d

ump

any

toxi

ns a

s oil

or p

estic

ides

. A

ccor

ding

to S

TEN

APA

it is

pos

sibl

e to

use

the

beac

h fo

r bot

h re

crea

tiona

l pur

pose

s and

fo

r sea

turtl

e ne

stin

g. A

lso

see

1.1.

2.1.

Im

pact

: •

For s

ea tu

rtle

nest

ing

the

beac

h sh

ould

be

clea

n of

tras

h •

Dur

ing

the

nest

ing

seas

on th

ere

shou

ld b

e no

vis

ible

ligh

ts fr

om th

e la

ndsi

de.

• A

gol

f cou

rse

at Z

eela

ndia

, with

the

golf

reso

rt at

Ven

us B

ay w

ill p

reve

nt h

atch

lings

to

mov

e in

land

inst

ead

of to

the

sea,

bec

ause

a g

olf c

ours

e do

es n

ot h

ave

to b

e lit

up

at

nigh

t. •

Peop

le w

alki

ng a

nd si

tting

on

the

beac

h w

ill d

o no

dam

age

to th

e eg

gs

• Se

a tu

rtles

use

the

beac

h at

nig

ht; p

eopl

e us

ually

do

not u

se th

e be

ach

at n

ight

.

miti

gatio

n, w

hich

is th

e lig

htin

g ne

ar th

e be

ach.

Th

is sh

ould

be

min

imiz

ed d

urin

g th

e ne

stin

g se

ason

. Als

o th

e w

aste

on

the

beac

h sh

ould

be

min

imiz

ed. T

he fi

rst c

an b

e ac

hiev

ed b

y ad

just

ing

the

loca

tion

of th

e go

lf re

sort.

By

havi

ng th

e go

lf co

urse

at Z

eela

ndia

and

the

reso

rt at

Ven

us B

ay

the

light

s can

be

min

imiz

ed a

roun

d th

e be

ach

at

nigh

t.

2.1.

1 L

ight

ing

setu

p H

atch

lings

, whi

ch a

re th

e Se

a tu

rtles

that

are

just

com

ing

out o

f the

egg

s, ar

e us

ing

the

light

refle

ctin

g of

the

sea

to fi

nd th

eir w

ay to

the

wat

er. I

f the

re a

re a

ny b

right

ligh

ts o

n th

e la

ndsi

de, t

hey

will

mov

e th

ere.

Dur

ing

the

nest

ing

seas

on th

is m

eans

that

ligh

ts

shou

ld b

e se

tup

in su

ch a

way

that

they

are

not

vis

ible

from

the

beac

h.

By

havi

ng th

e go

lf re

sort

at V

enus

Bay

and

the

golf

cour

se a

t Zee

land

ia, l

ight

pol

lutio

n at

Ze

elan

dia

will

be

kept

at a

min

imum

, bec

ause

the

golf

cour

se w

ill n

ot b

e lit

up

at n

ight

.

Ligh

ts n

ear t

he b

each

To

pro

tect

the

youn

g ha

tchl

ings

from

mov

ing

in

the

wro

ng d

irect

ion

(they

are

mov

ing

tow

ards

the

light

that

is re

flect

ed fr

om th

e O

cean

) the

ligh

ts

near

the

beac

h sh

ould

be

min

imiz

ed a

t nig

ht. B

y ha

ving

the

golf

reso

rt at

Ven

us B

ay a

nd th

e go

lf co

urse

at Z

eela

ndia

, lig

ht p

ollu

tion

at Z

eela

ndia

w

ill b

e ke

pt a

t a m

inim

um, b

ecau

se th

e go

lf

62

Impa

ct:

• A

gol

f cou

rse

at Z

eela

ndia

, with

the

golf

reso

rt at

Ven

us B

ay w

ill p

reve

nt h

atch

lings

to

mov

e in

land

inst

ead

of to

the

sea,

bec

ause

a g

olf c

ours

e do

es n

ot h

ave

to b

e lit

up

at

nigh

t.

cour

se w

ill n

ot b

e lit

up

at n

ight

.

2.1.

2 E

gg p

rote

ctio

n W

heth

er Z

eela

ndia

bea

ch is

mad

e su

itabl

e fo

r sw

imm

ing

or re

mai

ns a

s is,

it ca

n be

ex

pect

ed th

at to

uris

t will

use

the

beac

h. C

urre

ntly

the

beac

h is

mos

tly d

eser

ted,

but

with

a

reso

rt ho

usin

g ov

er 5

00 to

uris

ts, t

his m

ay w

ell c

hang

e.

Peop

le w

alki

ng o

r sitt

ing

on th

e be

ach

will

not

do

dam

age

to th

e ne

sts (

acco

rdin

g to

ST

ENA

PA).

The

adul

t sea

turtl

es c

ome

asho

re a

t nig

ht to

lay

thei

r egg

s and

the

hatc

hlin

gs

are

com

ing

out a

t nig

ht a

s wel

l for

thei

r trip

bac

k in

to th

e se

a. T

he b

each

will

usu

ally

not

be

use

d by

tour

ists

dur

ing

the

nigh

t. To

be

sure

the

beac

h, d

urin

g th

e ne

stin

g se

ason

, co

uld

be c

lose

d of

f dur

ing

the

nigh

t. Im

pact

: •

Peop

le w

alki

ng a

nd si

tting

on

the

beac

h w

ill d

o no

dam

age

to th

e eg

gs

• Se

a tu

rtles

use

the

beac

h at

nig

ht; p

eopl

e us

ually

do

not u

se th

e be

ach

at n

ight

.

Egg

pro

tect

ion

To p

rote

ct th

e se

a tu

rtle

eggs

veh

icle

s on

the

beac

h sh

ould

be

prev

ente

d. W

alki

ng o

r lyi

ng o

n th

e be

ach

is n

o pr

oble

m.

2.2

Info

rm to

uris

t ab

out e

nvir

onm

ent

Acc

ordi

ng to

the

a le

afle

t abo

ut tu

rtle

prot

ectin

g, p

rovi

ding

info

rmat

ion

to th

e to

uris

ts

abou

t the

sea

turtl

es o

r the

igua

na’s

can

redu

ce li

tterin

g an

d ha

rmfu

l beh

avio

ur. T

his w

ill

decr

ease

the

nega

tive

impa

ct th

at to

uris

ts h

ave.

Im

pact

: •

Mak

e to

uris

ts a

war

e of

the

envi

ronm

ent a

nd th

ereb

y re

duce

the

nega

tive

impa

ct.

Info

rmat

ion

prog

ram

M

ake

tour

ists

aw

are

of th

e sp

ecia

l wild

life

in th

e ar

ea a

nd e

xpla

in h

ow th

ey c

an d

ecre

ase

thei

r im

pact

on

them

. Thi

s cou

ld b

e in

the

form

of

info

rmat

ion

boar

ds, l

eafle

ts a

nd w

arni

ng si

gns.

2.3

Prot

ect i

guan

a ST

ENA

PA in

dica

tes t

hat t

he A

ntill

ean

igua

na, l

ivin

g on

the

north

ern

part

of th

e is

land

, is

enda

nger

ed. W

hen

youn

g it

lives

mos

tly o

n th

e gr

ound

, adu

lts sp

end

mos

t of t

heir

time

in

trees

. The

y fe

ed o

n le

aves

and

frui

ts/ v

eget

able

s tha

t can

be

foun

d in

the

trees

. Th

e sp

ecie

is e

ndan

gere

d m

ostly

due

to fr

ee ro

amin

g go

ats a

nd th

e di

sapp

earin

g of

its

habi

tat d

ue to

tour

ism

dev

elop

men

t. Th

ey li

ve m

ostly

in th

e N

orth

ern

hills

. Acc

ordi

ng to

th

e la

test

est

imat

es th

ere

are

som

e 42

5 ig

uana

’s li

ving

on

the

isla

nd. V

enus

Bay

is o

ne o

f th

e m

ajor

livi

ng a

reas

for t

hese

rept

iles.

No,

or v

ery

few

, igu

ana’

s can

be

foun

d at

Ze

elan

dia.

A

gol

f cou

rse

at Z

eela

ndia

wou

ld d

o lit

tle d

amag

e to

the

Igua

na’s

or a

ny o

ther

spec

ie. F

or

Miti

gatio

n im

pact

on

Igua

na

For t

he Ig

uana

the

trees

are

impo

rtant

. As l

ong

as

the

trees

can

, to

a la

rge

exte

nd, b

e ke

pt, t

here

will

be

no

dang

er to

the

Igua

na. F

or th

is re

ason

it

wou

ld b

e ad

visa

ble

to c

reat

e th

e go

lf co

urse

at

Zeel

andi

a, a

s it w

ill re

quire

ext

ensi

ve la

ndsc

apin

g.

The

reso

rt co

uld

then

be

built

in V

enus

Bay

. R

evie

win

g th

e cu

rren

t situ

atio

n in

Ven

us B

ay, t

he

chan

ce th

at a

sign

ifica

nt n

umbe

r of t

rees

hav

e to

be

rem

oved

is sm

all.

63

igua

na p

rote

ctio

n it

wou

ld b

e be

st if

the

golf

reso

rt is

bui

ld a

t Ven

us B

ay, w

hile

the

golf

cour

se is

con

stru

cted

at Z

eela

ndia

. Th

e ig

uana

is p

rote

cted

bot

h by

isla

nd le

gisl

atio

n an

d by

the

wor

ld c

onse

rvat

ion

Uni

on

(IU

CN

). Im

pact

: •

For i

guan

a pr

otec

tion,

the

golf

reso

rt sh

ould

be

plac

ed in

Ven

us B

ay a

nd th

e go

lf co

urse

in Z

eela

ndia

. •

A g

olf c

ours

e in

Ven

us B

ay w

ould

be

a m

ajor

thre

at to

the

igua

na.

2.

3.1

Prot

ect t

rees

To

pro

tect

the

igua

na fr

om e

xtin

ctio

n it

is im

porta

nt to

pro

tect

the

trees

they

use

for

feed

ing.

Igua

na’s

can

mix

per

fect

ly w

ith th

e sm

all h

otel

bui

ldin

gs, a

s lon

g as

a la

rge

part

of th

e tre

es c

an b

e sa

ved.

Acc

ordi

ng to

STE

NA

PA it

wou

ld b

e no

pro

blem

to h

ave

the

golf

reso

rt (th

e ho

tel p

art)

in V

enus

Bay

. It w

ould

be

a pr

oble

m if

the

area

is c

ompl

etel

y la

ndsc

aped

and

tree

s rem

oved

for t

he p

urpo

se o

f bui

ldin

g a

golf

cour

se.

Impa

ct:

• G

olf c

ours

e at

Zee

land

ia, r

esor

t at V

enus

Bay

wou

ld g

ive

an a

ccep

tabl

e im

pact

on

the

igua

na’s

•

Gol

f cou

rse

in V

enus

Bay

wou

ld b

e a

maj

or th

reat

to th

e ig

uana

.

See

2.3

2.4

Att

ract

Sta

tian

wor

kers

A

ccor

ding

to S

TEB

A, a

ttrac

ting

Stat

ians

, eith

er th

ose

livin

g on

the

isla

nd a

t the

mom

ent,

or th

ose

that

had

to m

ove

away

or s

taye

d ab

road

afte

r the

ir st

udy

due

to a

lack

of j

obs,

will

ass

ist t

o m

inim

ize

the

nega

tive

impa

ct o

n th

e so

ciet

y. T

he la

rge

posi

tive

effe

ct w

ould

be

that

it w

ould

ena

ble

fam

ilies

to st

ay c

lose

r tog

ethe

r. N

ext t

o th

at, S

tatia

ns sh

are

the

sam

e cu

ltura

l bac

kgro

und

and

will

find

it e

asie

r to

fit in

to th

e so

ciet

y on

the

isla

nd a

gain

. Im

pact

: •

Fam

ilies

can

stay

toge

ther

•

Littl

e so

cial

or c

ultu

ral c

hang

e Th

e is

land

at t

he m

omen

t is a

lread

y m

ulti

cultu

ral/

mul

ti et

hnic

; the

re a

re si

gnifi

cant

po

pula

tions

from

Chi

na, G

uyan

a, th

e D

omin

ican

repu

blic

, the

oth

er D

utch

Ant

illes

, the

U

SA a

nd E

urop

eans

on

the

isla

nd.

Miti

gatio

n at

trac

ting

Stat

ian

wor

kers

Si

nce

it is

not

sure

that

ther

e ar

e en

ough

Sta

tians

w

illin

g to

retu

rn to

Sta

tia to

fill

all j

obs,

othe

r gr

oups

shou

ld a

lso

be lo

oked

at.

A g

ood

sour

ce o

f w

orke

rs w

ould

be

the

near

by is

land

of S

t Maa

rten.

Th

is is

land

is a

lso

part

of th

e N

ethe

rland

s Ant

illes

an

d th

eref

ore

will

shar

e so

me

of th

e sa

me

cultu

re

and

hist

ory.

A st

udy

in 2

003,

by

the

cent

ral

bure

au o

f sta

tistic

s, sh

owed

une

mpl

oym

ent o

f 3.

433

peop

le (1

7.5%

). Th

is m

eans

that

if n

ot

enou

gh S

tatia

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

to w

ork

at th

e go

lf co

urse

, a p

art o

f the

une

mpl

oyed

at S

t. M

aarte

n or

Sa

ba c

an fi

nd w

ork.

The

re a

re m

ore

then

eno

ugh

unem

ploy

ed to

be

able

to fi

ll th

e jo

bs w

ithou

t the

64

Dat

a fr

om th

e is

land

s cen

sus b

urea

u sh

ows t

hat o

ver t

he la

st 1

0 ye

ars,

438

Stat

ians

hav

e le

ft th

e is

land

, prim

arily

to th

e N

ethe

rland

s and

to th

e ot

her i

slan

ds o

f the

Dut

ch A

ntill

es.

This

figu

re m

ay n

ot b

e co

mpl

ete,

as f

or e

xam

ple

Stat

ians

mov

ing

to th

e U

SA u

sual

ly st

ay

writ

ten

in o

n St

atia

. The

num

ber o

f Sta

tians

who

com

e ba

ck to

the

isla

nd in

the

last

10

year

s is 5

27. I

t is m

ostly

unk

now

n w

here

they

cam

e fr

om. T

he e

mig

ratio

n an

d im

mig

ratio

n fig

ures

can

ther

efor

e no

t tel

l a lo

t abo

ut th

e nu

mbe

r of S

tatia

ns li

ving

abr

oad,

ot

her t

hen

that

this

num

ber d

ecre

ased

by

89 in

the

last

10y

rs.

need

for p

eopl

e fr

om e

lsew

here

. Hav

ing

peop

le

from

the

two

othe

r win

dwar

d is

land

s com

ing

to

Stat

ia e

nsur

es th

at th

e ne

gativ

e So

cial

impa

ct, d

ue

to c

ultu

ral d

iffer

ence

s is l

imite

d.

2.5

Dis

char

ge o

f was

te

Was

te o

n th

e is

land

of S

t. Eu

stat

ius i

s cur

rent

ly n

ot ta

ken

care

of i

n a

sust

aina

ble

way

. So

lid w

aste

is d

umpe

d in

a la

ndfil

l, bu

t ine

ffec

tive

man

agem

ent o

f the

was

te fl

ows m

eans

th

at it

regu

larly

pile

s up

arou

nd th

e la

ndfil

l. Th

ere

are

plan

s to

upgr

ade

the

solid

was

te

faci

litie

s, by

intro

duci

ng w

aste

sepa

ratio

n, b

ut so

far t

his h

as n

ot h

appe

ned.

Ef

fluen

t wat

er fr

om h

ouse

s is n

ot c

olle

cted

cen

trally

or p

ut th

roug

h a

sew

age

treat

men

t pl

ant.

Mos

t hou

ses h

ave

a ce

sspo

ol, w

hich

is h

ole

in th

e gr

ound

whe

re th

e se

wag

e is

du

mpe

d. D

ue to

the

poro

us so

il, th

e w

aste

will

flow

dow

n in

to th

e gr

ound

and

gr

ound

wat

er. T

here

are

onl

y ve

ry li

mite

d ho

uses

that

hav

e a

sept

ic ta

nk. E

ven

the

sept

ic

tank

ove

rflo

ws d

irect

ly in

to th

e gr

ound

. Sep

tic ta

nks a

re n

ot e

mpt

ied,

nor

or t

here

any

fa

cilit

ies t

o do

so. T

his m

eans

that

eff

ectiv

ely

all t

he se

wag

e w

ill d

isap

pear

into

the

grou

nd. T

his i

nclu

des a

ny c

hem

ical

s (Fo

r exa

mpl

e th

e po

pula

r cle

anin

g m

ean,

chl

orid

e)

bein

g flu

shed

thro

ugh

the

toile

t or s

ink.

Thi

s is a

hig

hly

unsu

stai

nabl

e so

lutio

n an

d po

tent

ially

has

ver

y ne

gativ

e co

nseq

uenc

es fo

r the

soil

and

grou

ndw

ater

qua

lity.

See

2.5.

1 an

d 2.

5.2

2.5.

1 D

isch

arge

eff

luen

t w

ater

Ef

fluen

t wat

er fr

om h

ouse

s is n

ot c

olle

cted

cen

trally

or p

ut th

roug

h a

sew

age

treat

men

t pl

ant.

Mos

t hou

ses h

ave

a ce

sspo

ol, o

nly

a fe

w h

ave

a se

ptic

tank

. Bot

h dr

ain

into

the

grou

nd. S

eptic

tank

s are

not

em

ptie

d, n

or o

r the

re a

ny fa

cilit

ies t

o do

so. T

his m

eans

that

ef

fect

ivel

y al

l the

sew

age

will

dis

appe

ar in

to th

e gr

ound

. Thi

s inc

lude

s any

che

mic

als

bein

g flu

shed

thro

ugh

the

toile

t or s

ink.

Thi

s is a

hig

hly

unsu

stai

nabl

e so

lutio

n an

d po

tent

ially

has

ver

y ne

gativ

e co

nseq

uenc

es fo

r the

soil

and

grou

ndw

ater

qua

lity.

A

s sus

tain

able

is d

efin

ed a

s som

ethi

ng th

at is

abl

e to

be

cont

inue

d in

defin

itely

with

out a

si

gnifi

cant

neg

ativ

e im

pact

on

the

envi

ronm

ent o

r its

inha

bita

nts,

this

solu

tion

can

not b

e se

en a

s sus

tain

able

. The

impa

ct o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

t, es

peci

ally

the

cont

amin

atio

n of

the

grou

nd a

nd th

e gr

ound

wat

er, c

an b

e la

rge.

The

gro

undw

ater

is c

urre

ntly

bei

ng u

sed

as

drin

king

wat

er fo

r cat

tle. T

he q

ualit

y is

acc

epta

ble,

alth

ough

con

tain

ing

a hi

gh a

mou

nt o

f m

iner

als (

due

to th

e vo

lcan

ic n

atur

e of

the

isla

nd).

The

grou

ndw

ater

als

o re

ache

s the

sea

thou

gh, w

here

it c

an p

oten

tially

hur

t the

env

ironm

ent a

nd p

ose

a th

reat

for t

he sa

fety

of

Dis

char

ge o

f eff

luen

t wat

er

In th

eory

a th

ree-

stag

e se

ptic

tank

with

an

over

flow

into

a re

ed la

nd c

an fi

lter b

lack

wat

er to

a

qual

ity w

here

it c

an b

e re

turn

ed in

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t.

Ther

e ar

e ho

wev

er re

stric

tions

to th

is sy

stem

, for

ex

ampl

e th

e us

e of

che

mic

als (

for c

lean

ing

the

toile

ts, e

tc) c

an d

amag

e th

e re

ed fi

eld.

If su

ch a

sy

stem

is c

hose

n bi

odeg

rada

ble-

clea

ning

pro

duct

s sh

ould

be

used

and

not

ices

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to

tour

ists

not

to fl

ush

chem

ical

s thr

ough

the

toile

t or

sink

.

65

drin

king

wat

er.

The

only

was

tew

ater

that

the

reso

rt pr

oduc

es is

the

blac

k w

ater

; the

gre

y w

ater

can

be

reus

ed. B

lack

wat

er p

rodu

ctio

n is

37

m3 p

er d

ay.

Impa

ct:

• N

o av

aila

ble

sew

age

purif

icat

ion

plan

ts o

n th

e is

land

•

Stan

dard

solu

tion

(sew

age

tank

with

ove

rflo

w to

the

soil)

is n

ot a

dequ

ate

for s

ewag

e pu

rific

atio

n an

d w

ill c

onta

min

ate

grou

nd, g

roun

dwat

er a

nd p

ossi

bly

the

seaw

ater

ar

ound

the

isla

nd.

2.

5.2

Dum

p so

lid w

aste

Th

e re

sort

will

pro

duce

solid

was

te a

t an

estim

ated

am

ount

of a

roun

d 1,

105.

7 m

3 / ye

ar.

The

490

addi

tiona

l peo

ple

livin

g on

the

isla

nd, a

ccor

ding

to 1

.4.1

.4, w

ill c

reat

e 1,

220

m3 /

year

. So

the

tota

l add

ition

al w

aste

flow

will

be

arou

nd 2

,300

m3 /

year

. Tha

t is a

n ar

ea o

f ro

ughl

y 34

by

34m

, 2m

hig

h. T

he la

ndfil

l at t

he c

urre

nt ra

te o

f was

te p

rodu

ctio

n is

ex

pect

ed to

last

no

mor

e th

en 5

yea

rs, a

ccor

ding

to M

r. Ti

mbe

r fro

m th

e D

iens

t Ope

nbar

e w

erke

n. B

ecau

se n

o so

rting

or r

ecyc

ling

of th

e w

aste

take

s pla

ce th

e w

aste

flow

is m

uch

larg

er th

en it

cou

ld b

e. T

here

is n

o se

para

tion

of th

e w

aste

and

the

grou

ndw

ater

. C

hem

ical

s and

oil

rem

ains

can

flow

dow

n to

the

grou

ndw

ater

and

flow

into

the

sea.

Thi

s ca

n ca

use

cont

amin

atio

n of

the

wat

er a

roun

d th

e is

land

. It h

as th

e po

tent

ial t

o ha

rm th

e se

a lif

e, m

ake

the

wat

er m

ore

expe

nsiv

e to

con

vert

into

drin

king

wat

er, o

r eve

n m

ake

it un

fit fo

r thi

s pur

pose

. Unc

lean

wat

er c

an a

lso

hurt

tour

ism

in g

ener

al.

Impa

ct:

• N

o av

aila

ble

sust

aina

ble

solid

was

te p

roce

ssin

g so

lutio

ns o

n th

e is

land

•

A w

aste

dum

p is

ava

ilabl

e; sp

ace

at c

urre

nt lo

catio

n w

ill ru

n ou

t in

5 ye

ars,

the

dum

p po

sses

a th

reat

to g

roun

dwat

er a

nd th

e en

viro

nmen

t.

Solid

was

te m

itiga

tion

Plan

s alre

ady

exis

t for

priv

atiz

ing

the

was

te

gath

erin

g an

d pr

oces

sing

. By

priv

atiz

ing

the

thou

ght i

s tha

t the

priv

ate

com

pany

will

find

way

s to

recy

cle

thos

e pa

rts o

f the

was

te th

at d

eliv

er

mon

ey. I

t will

pre

vent

a la

rge

part

of th

e w

aste

(f

or e

xam

ple

gree

n w

aste

, gla

ss, e

tc.)

from

end

ing

up a

t the

dum

p.

Ther

e ar

e so

me

othe

r sim

ple

mea

sure

s, w

hich

may

sa

ve a

lot o

f was

te th

ough

. For

exa

mpl

e w

orki

ng

out a

dep

osit

syst

em o

n th

e w

ater

bot

tles.

Bec

ause

no

drin

king

wat

er is

ava

ilabl

e fr

om th

e ta

p, m

any

peop

le d

rink

bottl

ed w

ater

. The

(pla

stic

) bot

tles a

ll en

d up

at t

he d

ump

or a

re th

row

n aw

ay e

lsew

here

on

the

isla

nd.

Cha

rgin

g m

oney

from

isla

nds r

esid

ents

bas

ed o

n th

e am

ount

of w

aste

that

is p

rodu

ced

can

pote

ntia

lly a

lso

save

a lo

t of w

aste

.

2.7

Ero

sion

pre

vent

ion

Eros

ion

of th

e be

ach,

acc

ordi

ng to

STE

NA

PA, i

s a m

ajor

pro

blem

. Ero

sion

is ta

king

pla

ce

both

from

the

side

of t

he la

nd a

nd fr

om th

e se

a. E

rosi

on fr

om th

e se

a ca

n be

stop

ped

with

re

ef b

alls

, see

1.1

.2.1

. Thi

s has

the

adde

d ad

vant

age

that

the

beac

h w

ill g

row

by

abou

t 15

m a

nd sw

imm

ing

will

be

poss

ible

.

Prev

ent e

rosi

on

For t

he c

onst

ruct

ion

of th

e go

lf co

urse

a la

rge

part

of th

e ve

geta

tion

that

can

cur

rent

ly b

e fo

und

at th

e Ze

elan

dia

area

will

hav

e to

be

rem

oved

. Bec

ause

th

e bu

shes

and

tree

s are

hol

ding

bac

k th

e w

ater

,

66

Eros

ion

from

the

land

is c

ausi

ng d

eep

trenc

hes i

n th

e be

ach,

as w

ell a

s fur

ther

in th

e w

ater

, cre

atin

g da

nger

ous u

nder

tow

s. In

cas

e tre

es a

nd b

ushe

s are

rem

oved

at Z

eela

ndia

th

e er

osio

n ca

n in

crea

se. N

ext t

o da

mag

ing

the

beac

h, th

e sa

nd th

at th

e w

ater

car

ries a

way

ca

n po

tent

ially

als

o da

mag

e th

e re

efs,

furth

er in

the

wat

er.

Col

lect

ing

the

wat

er fr

om th

e la

ndsi

de c

an st

op th

is fo

rm o

f ero

sion

. The

add

ed a

dvan

tage

is

that

the

wat

er c

an b

e us

ed fo

r irr

igat

ion

purp

oses

. Im

pact

: •

Rem

oval

of t

ree’

s and

bus

hes w

ill in

crea

se th

e flo

w o

f rai

nwat

er to

the

sea

and

ther

efor

e po

tent

ially

incr

ease

the

eros

ion.

rem

ovin

g th

em w

ill in

crea

se th

e am

ount

of r

unof

f w

ater

and

ther

efor

e in

crea

se e

rosi

on p

robl

ems a

t Ze

elan

dia.

By

stor

ing

the

wat

er in

an

infil

tratio

n po

nd, b

efor

e it

reac

hes t

he b

each

, it c

anno

t cre

ate

eros

ion

dam

age.

Rep

lant

ing

new

bus

hes a

nd tr

ees

arou

nd th

e go

lf co

urse

will

als

o m

itiga

te e

rosi

on.

2.7.

1 U

se e

xist

ing

land

scap

e B

y m

inim

izin

g la

ndsc

apin

g, th

e ar

ea w

ill k

eep

its o

rigin

al sh

ape

and

rain

wat

er w

ill b

e he

ld b

ack,

inst

ead

of fl

ow d

irect

ly to

the

sea.

The

hill

s aro

und

the

area

and

the

Zeel

andi

a ar

ea it

self

can

pote

ntia

lly c

olle

ct a

lot o

f rai

nwat

er. B

y cr

eatin

g an

irrig

atio

n la

ke a

nd

chan

nelli

ng w

ater

from

the

surr

ound

ing

area

into

the

lake

, wat

er c

an b

e st

ored

for

irrig

atio

n pu

rpos

es a

nd a

t the

sam

e tim

e it

can

be p

reve

nted

that

wat

er fl

ows o

ver t

he

beac

h in

to th

e se

a, c

ausi

ng e

rosi

on.

Impa

ct:

• U

sing

the

land

scap

e an

d in

stal

ling

an ir

rigat

ion

pond

and

som

e ch

anne

ls m

akes

it

poss

ible

to c

olle

ct ir

rigat

ion

wat

er, w

hile

bea

ch e

rosi

on is

stop

ped

by c

olle

ctin

g th

e w

ater

bef

ore

it re

ache

s the

bea

ch, i

nste

ad o

f let

ting

it ru

n ov

er th

e be

ach

and

into

the

sea.

See

2.7.

1

2.7.

2 U

se e

xist

ing

flora

C

urre

ntly

larg

e pa

rts o

f Zee

land

ia a

re c

over

ed w

ith b

ushe

s and

som

e tre

es; m

ost o

f the

se

are

thor

n bu

shes

, whi

ch a

re g

row

ing

all o

ver t

he is

land

. The

y ar

e no

t pro

tect

ed o

r en

dang

ered

. The

y do

how

ever

use

wat

er a

nd w

ill k

eep

som

e of

the

rain

wat

er fr

om

flow

ing

to a

nd o

ver t

he b

each

. Whe

n th

ey a

re re

mov

ed, t

he w

ater

will

flow

dow

n in

the

dire

ctio

n of

the

beac

h fa

ster

and

in la

rger

qua

ntiti

es, i

ncre

asin

g th

e er

osio

n of

the

beac

h.

Impa

ct:

• Po

tent

ially

cle

arin

g tre

es a

nd b

ushe

s can

cau

se w

ater

to ru

n do

wn

to th

e se

a fa

ster

, ta

king

with

it th

e so

il an

d th

us c

reat

ing

eros

ion.

By

limiti

ng th

e am

ount

of c

lear

ing,

or

repl

antin

g an

d ch

anne

lling

the

wat

er d

own

to th

e irr

igat

ion

pond

, thi

s can

be

prev

ente

d.

See

2.7.

1

67

2.8

Cha

nge

(env

iron

men

tal)

law

V

enus

and

Ven

us B

ay a

re p

rote

cted

are

as, a

mon

g ot

her s

ectio

ns o

f the

Nor

ther

n pa

rt of

th

e is

land

. Arti

cle

5 an

d 6

of th

e ‘is

land

regu

latio

n pr

otec

tion

faun

a an

d flo

ra’ g

ive

this

pr

otec

tion.

Arti

cle

5 st

ates

that

a re

gion

or p

art o

f the

isla

nd c

an b

e cl

assi

fied

as u

niqu

e la

ndsc

ape.

Arti

cle

6 de

term

ines

that

a re

gion

app

oint

ed in

arti

cle

5 ca

n on

ly b

e ch

ange

d fo

r the

reas

ons o

f: en

dang

ered

traf

fic sa

fety

, the

safe

ty o

f priv

ate

belo

ngin

gs o

r sci

entif

ic

rese

arch

. Im

pact

: •

Law

cha

nge

requ

ired

to u

se th

e la

ndsc

ape

prot

ecte

d V

enus

Bay

are

a •

Loss

of a

hik

ing

area

to lo

cals

and

non

-gol

f res

ort t

ouris

t •

Alte

ratio

ns in

a u

niqu

e la

ndsc

ape

area

Cha

nge

law

Th

e cu

rren

t law

blo

cks d

evel

opm

ent i

n V

enus

B

ay. A

n ex

empt

ion

of th

e la

w c

anno

t be

prov

ided

fo

r any

reas

on th

at a

gol

f cou

rse

with

fit u

nder

. Th

e is

land

gov

ernm

ent w

ill h

ave

to c

hang

e th

e la

w to

mak

e de

velo

pmen

t pos

sibl

e. T

here

are

two

poss

ible

solu

tions

for c

hang

ing

the

law

. The

firs

t on

e is

to e

limin

ate

the

prot

ecte

d st

atus

of V

enus

B

ay, a

s gra

nted

in a

rticl

e 5

of th

e ‘is

land

re

gula

tion

prot

ectio

n flo

ra a

nd fa

una’

. Ano

ther

op

tion

is c

hang

ing

artic

le 6

by

incl

udin

g ‘e

cono

mic

and

soci

al d

evel

opm

ent’

as re

ason

for

gran

ting

an e

xem

ptio

n. T

o di

min

ish

wor

ries a

bout

th

e im

pact

, in

artic

le 6

ther

e ca

n al

so b

e in

clud

ed

‘sus

tain

able

eco

nom

ic a

nd so

cial

dev

elop

men

t’.

This

will

mak

e su

re th

at th

e re

ques

ting

party

has

th

ough

t abo

ut a

nd c

an p

rove

the

sust

aina

bilit

y of

th

e pr

ojec

t. Th

is a

lso

ensu

res t

hat t

he a

rea

is n

ot

spoi

led,

but

can

be

used

for t

he re

ason

of s

ocia

l an

d ec

onom

ical

dev

elop

men

t. Th

e la

w h

as b

een

crea

ted

by th

e lo

cal g

over

nmen

t an

d th

eref

ore

can

also

be

chan

ged

by th

e lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent.

Whe

n th

ey a

re c

onvi

nced

that

the

golf

reso

rt pr

ojec

t will

be

bene

ficia

l for

the

isla

nd

they

will

cha

nge

this

law

.

2.9

Rem

ote

loca

tion

To m

aint

ain

the

peac

eful

‘lai

dbac

k’ a

ppea

ranc

e of

the

isla

nd, t

he g

olf r

esor

t sho

uld

be

‘sep

arat

ed’ f

rom

the

mos

t inh

abite

d pa

rt is

land

. The

loca

tion

at V

enus

Bay

and

Zee

land

ia

is p

erfe

ct fo

r thi

s pur

pose

. Ven

us B

ay c

anno

t be

seen

from

Ora

njes

tad

or th

e ho

uses

on

the

Vol

cano

, Zee

land

ia is

als

o in

a v

alle

y, w

hich

obs

truct

s the

vie

w to

it fr

om m

ost o

f the

is

land

. For

the

peop

le o

n th

e is

land

this

mea

ns th

at th

e pr

ojec

t will

not

be

very

vis

ible

. In

Zee

land

ia th

ere

are

only

5 to

6 h

ouse

s and

an

aban

done

d an

d ru

inou

s hot

el a

t Ze

elan

dia.

The

hot

el is

in su

ch a

bad

stat

e th

at it

can

not b

e us

ed a

nym

ore

and

will

hav

e to

be

dem

olis

hed.

The

hou

ses a

re m

ostly

bui

lt to

the

side

of v

alle

y at

Zee

land

ia, w

hich

m

akes

that

they

shou

ld n

ot b

e in

the

way

for g

olf c

ours

e co

nstru

ctio

n. D

urin

g th

ede

sign

Miti

gatio

n cu

rren

t hou

ses Z

eela

ndia

D

epen

ding

on

the

final

des

ign

of th

e go

lf co

urse

, it

may

be

nece

ssar

y to

rem

ove

hous

es. I

n ca

se th

is

shou

ld h

appe

n, th

e go

lf re

sort

has a

neg

ativ

e im

pact

for t

hese

hou

se o

wne

rs, i

n th

e se

nse

that

th

ey m

ay lo

ose

thei

r hom

e. T

hey

shou

ld o

bvio

usly

be

wel

l com

pens

ated

, eith

er fi

nanc

ially

or b

y pr

ovid

ing

a si

mila

r hou

se in

a d

iffer

ent l

ocat

ion

on th

e is

land

or b

oth.

68

of th

e go

lf co

urse

this

will

hav

e to

bec

ome

clea

r if t

he h

ouse

s are

not

in th

e w

ay o

f a g

ood

desi

gn. I

n al

l cas

es a

rran

gem

ents

will

hav

e to

be

mad

e w

ith th

e ho

use

owne

rs, b

ecau

se

thei

r hou

ses m

ay e

nd u

p en

circ

led

by th

e go

lf re

sort.

If a

ny h

ouse

s sho

uld

get i

n th

e w

ay

of a

goo

d go

lf co

urse

they

may

hav

e to

be

rem

oved

. Th

e ro

ad fr

om th

e ai

rpor

t to

the

loca

tion

of th

e re

sort

does

not

pas

s thr

ough

Ora

njes

tad,

on

ly a

cou

ple

of h

ouse

s will

be

affe

cted

by

addi

tiona

l tra

ffic

.

Hou

ses i

n th

e Ze

elan

dia

area

will

see

an in

crea

se

in v

alue

, but

may

als

o se

e a

dete

riora

ting

view

and

a

limite

d am

ount

of n

oise

pol

lutio

n. T

hese

cas

es

shou

ld b

e in

divi

dual

ly re

view

ed a

nd w

here

ap

prop

riate

, com

pens

atio

n m

ay b

e gi

ven.

3.0

Incr

ease

go

vern

men

t inc

ome

Impa

ct:

• D

irect

inco

me:

US$

8,0

00,0

00

• R

oom

tax:

US$

2,9

00,0

00

• Tu

rnov

er ta

x: U

S$ 4

30,0

00

• Pr

ofit

tax:

US$

3,7

00,0

00

• La

nd le

ase:

US$

710

,000

•

Wag

e ta

x: U

S$ 2

90,0

00

• In

dire

ct in

com

e: U

S$ 9

4,50

0 •

Prof

it ta

x (3

4,5%

): U

S$ 7

3,50

0 •

Turn

over

tax

(1%

): U

S$ 2

1,00

0 •

Tota

l ext

ra ta

x in

com

e go

vern

men

t: U

S$ 8

,100

,000

•

Som

e ta

xes (

mai

nly

prof

it ta

x) a

nd th

e la

nd le

ase

cost

may

be

wai

ved,

furth

er

inve

stig

atio

n is

requ

ired

to re

sear

ch th

e be

st so

lutio

n fo

r the

gov

ernm

ent t

o at

tract

and

st

imul

ate

inve

stor

s, bu

t stil

l get

a g

ood

inco

me

from

the

reso

rt (f

or e

xam

ple

by u

se o

f PP

P). W

hen

prof

it ta

x an

d th

e la

nd le

ase

wou

ld b

e w

aive

d, th

e go

vern

men

t tax

in

com

e w

ould

go

dow

n to

US$

3,4

00,0

00 (N

Af.

6,12

0,00

0), w

hich

obv

ious

ly is

su

bsta

ntia

lly lo

wer

and

als

o st

ill le

aves

the

gove

rnm

ent w

ith a

bud

get d

efic

it.

• Ex

pect

ed re

duct

ion

in ‘s

ocia

l job

s’ a

t the

gov

ernm

ent

3.1

Incr

ease

tax

inco

me

Gov

ernm

ent i

ncom

e is

incr

ease

d by

way

of t

axes

and

inco

me

from

land

use

. A

ccor

ding

to th

e ST

EBA

, Ven

us B

ay b

elon

gs c

ompl

etel

y to

the

gove

rnm

ent.

They

go

vern

men

t pre

fers

the

use

of a

long

-term

leas

e co

ntra

ct in

stea

d of

selli

ng th

e gr

ound

. Th

e la

nd le

ase

rate

is N

af 0

.35

per m

2 . Acc

ordi

ng to

the

“Dom

ein”

(dom

ain)

off

ice

the

Ven

us B

ay a

rea

has a

surf

ace

of 4

24 a

cre’

s, or

172

hec

tare

s. Th

is in

clud

es m

ost o

f the

su

rrou

ndin

g hi

lls a

s wel

l. A

ssum

ing

that

the

reso

rt w

ill w

ant t

he re

nt th

e w

hole

are

a of

V

enus

Bay

, the

inco

me

is U

S$ 6

02,0

00 p

er y

ear.

Ze

elan

dia

is p

artia

lly o

wne

d by

the

gove

rnm

ent a

nd p

artia

lly p

rivat

ely

owne

d by

an

Am

eric

an g

roup

. The

priv

atel

y ow

ned

piec

e is

100

acr

es, o

r 40.

5 he

ctar

es. T

he la

nd p

rice

Tax

wai

ver

A ta

x w

aive

r, ev

en if

‘onl

y’ fo

r the

firs

t 10

year

s, w

ill c

ost t

he g

over

nmen

t a lo

t of i

ncom

e. F

urth

er

rese

arch

shou

ld b

e pe

rfor

med

to m

etho

ds b

y w

hich

the

gove

rnm

ent c

an p

rom

ote

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f a g

olf r

esor

t, bu

t will

not

loos

e m

ore

then

hal

f of t

he in

com

e. T

his m

ay b

e po

ssib

le b

y pa

rtici

patin

g as

inve

stor

(for

exa

mpl

e by

brin

ging

in th

e la

nd) a

nd b

y ot

her f

orm

s of

publ

ic p

rivat

e pa

rtner

ship

(PPP

).

69

is a

max

imum

of a

roun

d U

S$ 6

per

m2 , w

hich

wou

ld re

sult

in a

tota

l cos

t of t

he la

nd o

f U

S$ 2

,430

,000

.The

tota

l Zee

land

ia a

rea

is 7

1.5

hect

ares

, whi

ch m

eans

the

rem

aini

ng

piec

e th

at c

an b

e re

nted

from

the

gove

rnm

ent i

s 31

hect

ares

, whi

ch w

ould

resu

lt in

rent

al

cost

s of U

S$ 1

08,5

00 p

er y

ear.

The

inco

me

from

land

rent

al fo

r the

gov

ernm

ent i

s US$

710

,500

ann

ually

. Nex

t to

that

th

e A

mer

ican

ow

ned

piec

e w

ill c

ost t

he g

olf r

esor

t US$

2,4

30,0

00.

Ther

e ar

e a

num

ber o

f tax

es:

• R

oom

tax

is a

rais

ed o

ver t

he h

otel

and

oth

er ro

om re

ntal

pric

es. I

t is a

7%

tax

over

th

e pr

ice

char

ged

for t

he ro

om.

• Tu

rnov

er ta

x is

3%

ove

r any

spen

ding

; it i

s non

-ded

uctib

le a

nd w

ill b

e ch

arge

d ev

ery

time

mon

ey is

spen

t.

• A

pro

fit ta

x is

rais

ed o

ver t

he p

rofit

that

a b

usin

ess m

akes

; it i

s 34,

5% o

f the

pro

fit.

With

sim

ilar r

esor

ts, t

he ro

om p

rices

star

t at U

S$ 2

00, w

ith a

stan

dard

rate

of U

S$ 6

95

and

high

er ra

tes u

p to

US$

1,0

95 p

er n

ight

. Ass

umin

g a

60%

occ

upan

cy a

t the

stan

dard

ra

te, t

he ro

om ta

x in

com

e w

ould

be

.6 (o

ccup

ancy

) * 5

52 (g

uest

s) /

2 (p

er ro

om) *

695

(r

ate)

* 0

.07

(tax)

= U

S$ 8

,050

per

day

. Per

yea

r thi

s wou

ld b

e U

S$ 2

,900

,000

. Th

ere

is a

3%

turn

over

tax

on a

ny sp

endi

ng. I

t is e

stim

ated

that

the

golf

cour

se, a

fter t

he

2nd y

ear,

will

star

t gen

erat

ing

abou

t US$

5.5

mill

ion

reve

nue.

Thi

s mea

ns th

at th

ere

is a

ta

x in

com

e of

US$

165

,000

ove

r thi

s am

ount

. For

the

reso

rt th

is m

eans

3%

ove

r at l

east

th

e ro

om in

com

e. A

ssum

ing

60%

occ

upan

cy, t

he tu

rnov

er fr

om th

e ro

om re

nt a

lone

w

ould

be

(.6 *

156

* 6

95 *

0.0

3 *

365)

US$

712

,000

. Th

e ac

tual

am

ount

wou

ld h

owev

er b

e hi

gher

, as t

he h

otel

gue

sts w

ill sp

end

mon

ey o

n dr

inks

and

din

er a

nd o

ther

act

iviti

es a

s wel

l. A

ssum

ing

this

to b

e U

S$ 2

00 p

er d

ay (a

si

mila

r res

orts

cha

rge

US$

194

for a

mea

l pla

n), t

he a

dditi

onal

tax

(turn

over

) inc

ome

wou

ld b

e (.6

occ

upan

cy *

156

room

s * 2

per

sons

* 2

00 sp

endi

ng/ d

ay *

0.0

3 ta

x *

365

days

) US$

410

,000

. Th

e to

tal t

urno

ver t

ax w

ould

ther

efor

e be

US$

1,2

90,0

00. T

he to

tal a

mou

nt fi

rst g

oes t

o th

e na

tiona

l gov

ernm

ent i

n C

urac

ao. A

third

then

com

es b

ack

to th

e is

land

, res

ultin

g in

an

inco

me

of U

S$ 4

30,0

00 fo

r the

isla

nd.

The

empl

oyee

s nee

d to

pay

tax

over

thei

r inc

ome.

With

an

aver

age

wag

e of

US$

12,

000,

th

eav

erag

ean

nual

inco

me

tax

wou

ldbe

US$

670

pery

ear.

Fora

tota

lof4

30jo

bs(1

00

Kee

ping

the

mon

ey o

n th

e is

land

Th

e m

ajor

ity o

f sha

reho

lder

s or i

nves

tors

for t

he

reso

rt w

ill b

e fo

reig

n. T

his m

eans

that

a lo

t of t

he

mon

ey th

e re

sort

gene

rate

s will

als

o go

abr

oad.

Th

e ch

alle

nge

for t

he g

over

nmen

t and

the

priv

ate

sect

or w

ould

be

to k

eep

as m

uch

of th

e m

oney

on

the

isla

nd. O

ne w

ay to

do

this

is to

mak

e su

re

thos

e to

uris

t fac

ilitie

s and

attr

actio

ns a

re o

wne

d an

d op

erat

ed b

y lo

cal e

ntre

pren

eurs

and

not

by

the

reso

rt. F

or e

xam

ple

if th

e re

sort

wou

ld o

ffer

boa

t re

ntal

, the

inco

me

wou

ld g

o to

the

reso

rt an

d th

e m

oney

wou

ld g

o to

fore

ign

inve

stor

s. If

a lo

cal

com

pany

wou

ld o

ffer

boa

t ren

tal,

the

mon

ey

wou

ld st

ay w

ith th

e lo

cal c

ompa

ny a

nd th

us o

n th

e is

land

. Thi

s las

t situ

atio

n is

muc

h be

tter f

or th

e is

land

. The

gov

ernm

ent s

houl

d pr

omot

e th

e st

artu

p of

tour

ism

rela

ted

faci

litie

s and

attr

actio

ns

for t

he to

uris

m se

gmen

t tha

t the

gol

f cou

rse

aim

s fo

r. If

add

ition

al a

ttrac

tions

and

serv

ices

can

spar

k th

e gu

ests

to sp

end

anot

her U

S$10

0 pe

r per

son

per

day,

this

wou

ld in

turn

over

tax

alon

e ad

d U

S$20

5.00

0 (a

ssum

ing

a 60

% o

ccup

ancy

of t

he

reso

rt). I

f thi

s mon

ey st

ays o

n th

e is

land

, the

ec

onom

y in

crea

ses w

ith U

S$ 1

2 m

illio

n. If

10%

of

this

is p

rofit

, the

pro

fit ta

x in

com

e fo

r the

go

vern

men

t wou

ld in

crea

se w

ith U

S$ 4

20.0

00.

Add

ition

al e

xpen

ses

It w

as in

dica

ted

ther

e w

ould

be

addi

tiona

l cos

ts

for n

urse

s and

a d

octo

r and

for r

oads

. The

road

s ar

e a

one-

time

inve

stm

ent,

they

will

nee

d so

me

mai

nten

ance

ove

r the

yea

rs, b

ut th

e im

pact

is n

ot

sign

ifica

nt. T

he h

ospi

tal,

whe

n it

is e

xpen

ded,

will

re

quire

add

ition

al m

oney

. Mos

t of i

t will

hav

e to

co

me

from

the

patie

nts a

nd in

sura

nce

com

pani

es

how

ever

. With

mor

e pa

tient

s, th

eco

st o

f car

e

70

the

aver

age

annu

al in

com

e ta

x w

ould

be

US$

670

per

yea

r. Fo

r a to

tal o

f 430

jobs

(100

pe

rson

s are

alre

ady

assu

med

to h

ave

a jo

b, so

are

alre

ady

payi

ng th

is ta

x) th

is m

eans

a

tax

inco

me

of U

S$ 2

90,0

00 p

er y

ear.

A

ccor

ding

to th

e fe

asib

ility

stud

y fo

r the

gol

f cou

rse,

the

prof

it fo

r the

cou

rse

alon

e w

ould

be

arou

nd U

S$ 3

.85

mill

ion

in fu

ll op

erat

ion

(fro

m th

e 3rd

yea

r of o

pera

tion)

. With

a

larg

er tu

rnov

er, t

he p

rofit

of t

he re

sort

coul

d be

dou

ble

that

am

ount

, aro

und

US$

7

mill

ion.

The

tota

l of t

he tw

o to

geth

er w

ould

then

be

arou

nd U

S$ 1

0,85

0,00

0 pe

r yea

r. Th

e pr

ofit

tax

is 3

4.5%

, whi

ch c

omes

to U

S$ 3

,700

,000

per

yea

r. Th

e sp

in-o

ff e

ffec

ts, l

ike

incr

ease

d sp

endi

ng o

n th

e is

land

by

the

new

inha

bita

nts w

ill

have

rela

tivel

y lit

tle e

ffec

t on

the

tax

inco

me

com

pare

d w

ith th

e am

ount

s tha

t the

reso

rt is

br

ingi

ng in

. Sup

pose

1/3

rd o

f the

inco

me

is b

eing

spen

t on

the

isla

nd, 5

30 p

eopl

e w

ill

spen

d U

S$ 2

.12

mill

ion.

The

turn

over

tax

(3%

) ove

r tha

t am

ount

is U

S$ 6

3,60

0, o

f w

hich

1%

goe

s to

the

loca

l gov

ernm

ent.

Nex

t to

this

, the

shop

s will

pro

babl

y be

abl

e to

ge

t a h

ighe

r pro

fit a

nd w

ill g

et a

hig

her t

urno

ver.

If th

ey m

ake

a 10

% p

rofit

ove

r the

US$

2.

12 m

illio

n th

e pr

ofit

tax

(34.

5%) i

ncom

e w

ill in

crea

se b

y U

S$ 7

3,14

0. S

o ro

ughl

y th

e in

crea

se in

tax

inco

me

due

to th

e in

crea

se sp

endi

ng b

y th

e em

ploy

ees o

n th

e is

land

will

be

aro

und

US$

94,

500.

Th

ere

will

als

o be

a n

umbe

r of c

osts

, for

exa

mpl

e th

e co

sts o

f put

ting

dow

n ro

ads f

or th

e ne

w h

ouse

s and

the

cost

of e

xpan

ding

the

hosp

ital a

nd th

e w

ages

for a

doc

tor a

nd n

urse

s. Se

e m

itiga

tion

unde

r add

ition

al e

xpen

ses.

It is

als

o im

porta

nt to

revi

ew h

ow th

e im

pact

is sh

ared

of t

he st

akeh

olde

rs. T

he b

ulk

of th

e in

com

e of

the

reso

rt w

ill g

o to

the

inve

stor

s. Th

e to

tal i

ncre

ase

in g

over

nmen

t inc

ome,

not

ye

t tak

ing

into

acc

ount

tax

holid

ays,

exem

ptio

ns, o

r oth

er a

rran

gem

ents

, is a

roun

d U

S$ 7

m

illio

n. N

ext t

o th

e ta

x th

ere

is a

lso

a U

S$ 7

10,0

00 la

nd re

ntal

inco

me.

The

tota

l inc

ome

of th

e go

vern

men

t cou

ld th

eref

ore

be U

S$ 7

.7 m

illio

n a

year

. The

bud

get d

efic

it of

the

isla

nd c

urre

ntly

is U

S$ 6

.1 m

illio

n, w

hich

mea

ns th

e go

lf re

sort

can

deliv

er e

noug

h m

oney

to m

ake

the

isla

nd se

lf su

stai

nabl

e.

To a

ttrac

t inv

esto

rs so

me

tax

exem

ptio

ns o

r tax

hol

iday

s will

hav

e to

be

gran

ted

or o

ther

ar

rang

emen

ts to

redu

ce th

e co

st fo

r the

reso

rt w

ill h

ave

to b

e m

ade.

The

opt

ions

of

wai

ving

the

prof

it ta

x an

d th

e la

nd re

ntal

hav

e be

en m

entio

ned.

Thi

s wou

ld c

ost t

he

gove

rnm

ent a

yea

rly a

mou

nt o

f US$

4.4

mill

ion,

or m

ore

then

hal

f the

am

ount

that

they

co

uld

rece

ive.

shou

ld n

ot h

ave

to g

o up

, due

to sc

ale

adva

ntag

es;

the

cost

may

act

ually

go

dow

n. T

he im

pact

of

addi

tiona

l cos

t will

ther

efor

e be

less

then

si

gnifi

cant

.

71

Nex

t to

the

gove

rnm

ent a

nd th

e in

vest

ors,

anot

her l

arge

par

t of t

he in

com

e go

es to

the

530

peop

le w

ho c

an fi

nd a

job

at th

e re

sort

and

will

ther

efor

e no

w b

e ab

le to

supp

ort

them

selv

es a

nd p

lay

an im

porta

nt ro

le in

the

isla

nds e

cono

my.

The

tota

l inc

ome

from

th

ese

empl

oyee

s, at

an

aver

age

inco

me

of U

S$ 1

2,00

0, w

ill b

e U

S$ 6

.36

mill

ion.

Fo

r the

peo

ple

curr

ently

livi

ng o

n th

e is

land

, 200

peo

ple

(Abo

ut 6

% o

f the

pop

ulat

ion)

w

ill fi

nd a

job

with

the

golf

reso

rt. T

he re

mai

ning

jobs

will

go

to p

eopl

e w

ho a

re n

ot

curr

ently

livi

ng o

n th

e is

land

. For

the

peop

le o

n th

e is

land

not

get

ting

a jo

b w

ith th

e re

sort

the

prim

ary

adva

ntag

e w

ill b

e an

incr

ease

in g

over

nmen

t inc

ome,

whi

ch w

ill

enab

le to

gov

ernm

ent t

o ex

ecut

e pr

ojec

t tha

t it a

re b

enef

icia

l for

all,

but

can

not b

e ex

ecut

ed a

t the

mom

ent d

ue to

mon

ey sh

orta

ge, l

ike

impr

ovin

g th

e ro

ads,

the

harb

or, t

he

airp

ort,

etc.

Ano

ther

adv

anta

ge fo

r the

m c

an e

xist

if th

ey st

art t

o pr

ovid

e th

eir o

wn

faci

litie

s or s

ervi

ces f

or th

e gu

ests

. 3.

2 D

ecre

ase

unem

ploy

men

t Th

e un

empl

oym

ent r

ate

on th

e is

land

of S

t. Eu

stat

ius,

in 2

003,

was

8.5

% [C

BS

2003

]. Fr

om th

e av

aila

ble

1,13

4 ec

onom

ical

ly a

ctiv

e pe

ople

in th

e po

pula

tion,

this

mea

ns th

at

ther

e ar

e 96

une

mpl

oyed

. Th

e re

sort

will

hav

e th

e fo

llow

ing

impa

ct:

Impa

ct:

• Ef

fect

ivel

y re

duci

ng u

nem

ploy

men

t on

the

isla

nd to

a fi

gure

nea

r 0, i

n th

eory

ev

eryb

ody

who

doe

s not

hav

e a

job

on th

e is

land

now

can

find

wor

k w

ith th

e re

sort.

•

Dec

reas

ing

or so

lvin

g th

e hi

dden

une

mpl

oym

ent,

incr

easi

ng th

e ef

ficie

ncy

of

busi

ness

/ gov

ernm

ent.

• St

atia

ns o

n is

land

cur

rent

ly u

nem

ploy

ed a

nd fi

ndin

g a

job:

94.

•

Tota

l num

ber o

f Sta

tians

on

isla

nd fi

ndin

g a

golf

reso

rt re

late

d jo

b at

the

golf

reso

rt:

200.

•

255

sing

le h

omes

-> 2

55 p

eopl

e •

191

fam

ily h

omes

-> 4

95 p

eopl

e (o

f whi

ch 1

13 a

re c

hild

ren)

. •

1,74

8 m

3 of s

olid

was

te p

rodu

ctio

n an

nual

ly

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d

3.2.

1 A

ttra

ct u

nem

ploy

ed

Stat

ians

It

is h

ard

to fi

nd a

real

num

ber o

f une

mpl

oyed

peo

ple

on S

t. Eu

stat

ius.

The

labo

ur o

ffic

e on

ly tr

acks

thos

e th

at a

re re

gist

ered

with

the

offic

e an

d ha

ve n

o jo

b. A

t the

end

of 2

005

the

num

ber o

f peo

ple

who

wer

e no

t em

ploy

ed a

nd w

ritte

n in

with

the

labo

ur o

ffic

e w

as

15. W

hen

aske

d fo

r an

estim

ate

the

labo

ur o

ffic

e in

dica

ted

the

real

num

ber o

f un

empl

oyed

is p

roba

bly

arou

nd 3

0. If

the

unde

rem

ploy

men

t is t

aken

into

this

num

ber

rises

to 4

5 pe

ople

. Und

erem

ploy

men

t mea

ns p

eopl

e ha

ve a

job,

but

for l

ess h

ours

then

No

miti

gatio

n re

quire

d.

72

they

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d w

ant t

o w

ork.

Th

e un

empl

oym

ent r

ate

on S

t. Eu

stat

ius i

n 20

03, a

ccor

ding

to th

e C

entra

l Bur

eau

of

Stat

istic

s, w

as 8

.5%

[CB

S 20

03].

From

the

avai

labl

e 1,

134

econ

omic

ally

act

ive

peop

le in

th

e po

pula

tion,

this

mea

ns th

at th

ere

wer

e 96

peo

ple

unem

ploy

ed.

Bot

h th

e un

der e

mpl

oym

ent a

nd th

e un

empl

oym

ent a

re n

ot re

cord

ed. T

he

unde

rem

ploy

men

t may

be

rela

tivel

y hi

gh. T

he g

over

nmen

t for

exa

mpl

e ha

s hire

d pe

ople

on

a so

cial

bas

is, w

here

by th

ey h

ave

a fu

ll tim

e jo

b, b

ut o

nly

wor

k se

vera

l hou

rs a

day

. At

the

slau

ghte

rhou

se th

ere

are

also

jobs

that

hav

e se

vera

l ful

l tim

e w

orke

rs w

ho a

re o

nly

requ

ired

to w

ork

an h

our a

day

. By

incr

easi

ng th

e ef

ficie

ncy

of p

erso

nnel

, the

num

ber o

f av

aila

ble

jobs

with

cur

rent

bus

ines

ses w

ill d

ecre

ase,

incr

easi

ng th

e am

ount

of p

eopl

e fr

om

the

isla

nd th

at c

an w

ork

with

the

golf

reso

rt. B

ecau

se h

idde

n un

empl

oym

ent i

s by

defin

ition

not

vis

ible

, it i

s har

d to

giv

e an

indi

catio

n ho

w m

any

peop

le th

is c

once

rns.

A

figur

e of

10%

, whi

ch is

104

per

sons

from

the

1,03

8 pe

ople

cur

rent

ly e

mpl

oyed

, wou

ld

mos

t pro

babl

y no

t be

an o

vers

tate

men

t, so

this

wou

ld in

crea

se th

e nu

mbe

r of S

tatia

ns

curr

ently

livi

ng o

n th

e is

land

who

wou

ld b

e ab

le to

get

a jo

b at

the

Gol

f res

ort t

o 20

0. T

he

rem

aini

ng p

erso

nnel

wou

ld h

ave

to c

ome

from

out

side

the

isla

nd. F

or th

is g

roup

see

1.4.

Im

pact

: •

Effe

ctiv

ely

redu

cing

une

mpl

oym

ent t

o 0

• D

ecre

asin

g or

solv

ing

the

hidd

en u

nem

ploy

men

t, in

crea

sing

the

effic

ienc

y of

bu

sine

ss/ g

over

nmen

t. •

Num

ber o

f une

mpl

oyed

find

ing

a jo

b at

the

reso

rt: 9

4.

• To

tal n

umbe

r of S

tatia

ns o

n th

e is

land

abl

e to

find

wor

k du

e to

gol

f res

ort:

200.

3.2.

2 T

rain

ing

prog

ram

B

ecau

se th

e pe

ople

cur

rent

ly u

nem

ploy

ed m

ay h

ave

little

or n

o ex

perie

nce

in th

e fie

ld o

f ho

spita

lity,

cle

anin

g, m

aint

enan

ce, e

tc, t

rain

ing

will

be

requ

ired.

Tra

inin

g w

ill n

orm

ally

be

don

e by

the

reso

rt ch

ain

and

will

mos

t lik

ely

take

pla

ce o

ff-is

land

. Tra

inin

g is

an

impo

rtant

par

t to

mat

ch th

e un

empl

oyed

with

the

new

jobs

.

Une

mpl

oyed

do

not f

it re

sort

nee

d B

y su

pply

ing

train

ing

to th

e un

empl

oyed

Sta

tians

lo

okin

g fo

r a jo

b at

the

reso

rt th

ey c

an b

e m

ade

to

fit th

e jo

b de

scrip

tions

they

can

per

form

at t

he

reso

rt.

3.3 Alternative projects A project does not have to be executed, the simplest alternative to doing a program or project like making the island less dependant on the Netherlands, or creating a golf resort is to do nothing (0-option). Another alternative for the golf course, fitting the same program goal of making the island more self-sustainable is eco-tourism. These two alternatives will be discussed in more detail. 3.3.1 0-option The 0-option is the option of not executing a project. This option reviews what will happen when no projects are executed. A zero options does not exclude development There are already, outside this program, plans for projects that will most likely become reality, regardless of the program to improve the self-sustainability of the island. This option has been briefly described in the feasibility study for the golf course. Tourism at the moment is mainly limited to dive tourists. There are currently around 71 rooms available on the island; the largest hotels only have 20 rooms, making it difficult to organize group travel (for larger groups). In a 0-option, only limited hotel capacity will be added, at most 50 rooms. With no other facilities or attractions being constructed these rooms will most likely attract divers, perhaps allowing organized dive trips to the island. When the occupancy rate is around 70% annually and people stay around 1 week on average, there will be an additional 1,825 people coming to the island annually. For the transport to and from the island this means 5 passengers per day in each direction on top of the current amount of passengers. This will most likely not be enough to maintain the current Caribbean Sun connection to San Juan and St. Kitts. With 50 rooms and a less luxurious hotel then a 5-star+ facility would be, the number of employees will be limited to around 25. The prices will also be lower then can be charged for a resort, similar (but smaller) hotels on the island charge around US$ 150 per night. With such a room price, the annual income of the 50-room hotel, at 70% occupancy rate, would be around US$ 1,916,250 per year. Room tax, which is income for the government, would be around US$ 134,000. A 10% profit over this amount would give US$ 66,000 profit tax and a 1% turnover tax would give an additional income of US$ 19,500. Assuming the hotel would be placed on the Caribbean side of the island, it can be connected to the water plant and getting electricity from the net should be no problem either. The Harbour expansion plans, including a marina would still continue. A boat link to St. Maarten, St. Kitts and Saba is planned and will continue to be looked at independently of any other project. In conclusion the zero option will have the following effects: • Increasing the hotel room capacity to around 120 rooms. • Making organized (dive) tourism possible. • Reducing unemployment. • Slight increase government income, around US$ 220,000. • High chance of loss of the Caribbean Sun airline connection to San Juan and St Kitts. • Harbour expansion, including marina. • Possible boat connection to St. Maarten, Saba and St. Kitts

74

3.3.2 Eco-tourism option The Eco-tourism option will be a development happening next to the 0-option. The 0-option is the development that is likely to happen independent of the program. The program level goals for the program are a self-sustainable island, supporting business, sustainable development and increase government income. Like golf, eco-tourism is a “booming” business. Current activities for eco-tourism on the island are hiking and diving, other activities need to be developed, like lodging, horse riding, mountain climbing (white wall), yachting, etc. The big difference with the golf course project is the budget of tourists that are attracted. On the nearby island of Saba there is an eco-lodging hotel, which has 11 cabins, for 4 persons per cabin. This hotel charges around US$ 85 per night, per cabin. Suppose 50 ecotourism lodges were placed on the island, this would allow 200 tourists to stay. At a 70% occupancy rate, the average amount of tourists would 140. If on average 3 people share a lodge, the amount of lodges taken will be 46. At US$ 85 a night, this will result in US$ 3,910 per night, or US$ 1.427.150 per year. A 7% room tax would give a government income of US$ 99,900. A 10% profit over this amount would give US$ 49,000 profit tax and a 1% turnover tax would give an additional income of US$ 14,500. The lodges do not necessarily have to offer electricity, depending on their location; a kitchen may be required as well as water. The eco-lodges on Saba have a restaurant on the ground where people can have lunch and dinner. 50 lodges, for 4 persons on average, would make organized (group) ecotourism travel possible. With 140 people staying on average a week, the amount of transport to and from the island that is needed would be 20 seats per day, in each direction. This would most likely be sufficient to keep the current Caribbean Sun connection to San Juan and St Kitts. The number of employees required for the ecotourism hotel will probably be limited, the eco-lodges will most likely have to be cleaned by the guests and the service level required will be low. One, or more, restaurants would require staff; say around a 15 person staff for the restaurant and a 5 person staff to run the hotel. Next to the eco-hotel, there would be attractions, like the cliff (white wall) climbing, horse riding and yachting that would require personnel. The increase in diving may also create a number of new jobs for dive instructors. The amount of additional jobs created in this way is hard to predict, but it is assumed it will be around 14. The total amount of additional jobs would therefore be 34. To get the same number of employees that a golf resort can deliver (630), at least 925 eco-lodges would be required. At 70% occupancy this would mean 2590 tourists are required to be on the island (on average). At this size, the government would receive around US$3,000,000 in additional tax income per year. The sustainability of this option is high; eco-tourism is a growing market and is expected to keep growing as people become more aware of their impact of the environment. The negative impact of ecotourism is very small and sustainable. An eco-resort will not be able to spend as much on marketing as a large golf resort. The importance of marketing can be seen at Nevis, this island was put on the map by the Four Seasons resort. The Harbour expansion plans, including a marina would still continue. A boat link to St. Maarten, St. Kitts and Saba is planned and will continue to be looked at independent of any other project.

75

In conclusion the eco-tourism option will have the following effects: (Assuming the construction of 50 lodges, of a similar time to those at the nearby island of Saba) • Creating eco-lodges on the island, which can accommodate a maximum of 200 persons • Creating tourists attractions like climbing, hiking, yachting, additional diving opportunities, horse

riding, etc. • With an average 70% occupancy of the eco-resort the Caribbean Sun connection will most likely

remain. Eco-tourist will most likely have no problems with the comfort of the current Winair connection.

• Reducing the unemployment by an estimated 34 jobs • Around US$ 163,000 tax income for the government

76

4 Conclusions and recommendations 4.1 Remaining impact and mitigation measures 4.1.1 Transportation Transportation to St. Eustatius relies heavily on aircraft. There are two airlines serving the island, with four destinations; St. Maarten, St. Kitts, San Juan and Saba, only the first three offer connections to other destinations. The aircraft between St. Maarten and St. Eustatius are not of the comfort that would be required to transport upscale tourists, more comfortable aircraft would be required. A larger aircraft, for example one from Caribbean Sun (Dash 8) operating twice a day on this route would give an additional 36 seats (each way) to St Maarten and would also solve the comfort problems. These flights should be scheduled around the arriving and departing American and European flights. When the flights from San Juan to St. Maarten would no longer operate via St Kitts, this would give another capacity increase of around 34 seats. In total these two measures would add 70 seats. It is estimated that currently about 45 seats are open on a daily basis, in total around 110 seats will be required on busy days (Saturday/ Sunday). Making the San Juan to St Eustatius flight a direct one and changing two flights to St Maarten to a Dash 8 will give the required airlift. Schedules for flights should be more closely matched around the flights to the USA and Europe, as at the moment waiting times for connecting flights can be up to 4 or 5 hours. Guests travelling from the USA can transfer at San Juan, possibly with better connection times. A boat service is being looked at between Statia and the islands of St Maarten, Saba and St. Kitts. It will most likely not be used by guests coming in from the USA or Europe, however pending the schedule can be used for day, or short trips from these islands to the golf resort. Resort guests can also do daytrips to other islands in the area using the boat service. A boat can take around 80 passengers and will take 1hr 30min from St. Maarten to St. Eustatius. A boat service between Statia and St Kitts will mitigate the effects of a loss of the flights between these two islands if the San Juan flight is operating directly to and from St. Eustatius. Without having the check-inn time at the airport, a boat connection may not take much longer then the aircraft, probably around an hour. Extending the airport apron may stimulate arrivals of private turboprops and jets. Research would have to be done to determine the demand for these kinds of flights to the island and the amount of aircraft that would have a stay over period at the airport. When transportation uses combustion engines this can create noise pollution and use non-renewable energy. For both transit service between the resort and the city, airport or harbour and transportation on the resort grounds, electrical carts should be used. Preferably the carts will be powered by use of wind energy. This would create a 0-emission and “green” transport across the course and to the course. Similar transport is already in use for a long time at the Swiss mountain town of Zermatt, although here powered by water energy. They are being used to transport people as well as cargo to the upscale facilities. Using electric carts will increase the status of the resort as a “green resort”. With consumers becoming more aware of the environmental impact they have, this can be a key selling point. Remaining negative impact; No significant negative effects expected 4.1.2 Additional activities and services Currently the island is not oriented to up-class tourism. There are no other specific facilities or services for this group. By not having any facilities for these people, like a couple of good restaurants, guided tours, boat rental, boat tours, etc, additional money that can potentially be obtained will be wasted. So to mitigate this effect, additional tourism facilities, for example those previously mentioned, should be created.

77

When local companies and not the resort provide activities and services, the money spend by tourists will stay on the island. This will be beneficial for the economy and also increase tax income for the government. Services could be upscale restaurants, activities like Para-sailing, surfing, jet ski rental, boat rental, boat trips, diving, etc. When a resort is created the government should promote, perhaps with tax measures or subsidies, the creation of these facilities as keeping as much of the tourists money on the island is important for the economy. There are very few local products being produced. This means that the resort will have to buy all catering products from abroad. By creating local products additional jobs can be generated and money will stay on the island, instead of go abroad. Another option, to create additional income on the island, would be to start a wholesale. A wholesale could cater both to the existing business and supermarkets on the islands as well as the resort. Next to additional income for the island a wholesale would also create new jobs. A big opportunity for local products could be fishery. In the waters around the island there is a lot of fish. Currently fish is brought in from as far away as Taiwan, local fishermen could catch fresh fish for the resort, but also for the local people. On a limited scale, agriculture may also be possible and could supply the resort with fresh products as well. Remaining negative impact: When no additional activities are created, potential guests may select another island that offers a similarly luxurious golf resort, but because of the islands itself or the activities it provides offers that little more then St. Eustatius can currently offer. Adding additional activities like mentioned above therefore are important, if done by the resort the money will go the resort chain and the investors, for the island it would therefore be better if local persons start offering additional services and attractions aimed at the upper class tourists. Adding the above-mentioned services will create even more jobs and will keep additional money on the island. 4.1.3 Irrigation & Water The golf course uses most of the water that a golf resort requires. To prevent water being wasted the golf course should have a fine meshed drainage system. This water should drain back into the storage tank for re-use. Creating any form of open water storage will mean a lot of loss due to evaporation. The yearly average evaporation is around 2160mm. This means that the less water surface there is, the better. Water storage ponds should therefore be created as deep as possible, to get the most amount of storage with the least amount of water surface. There are some worries about using a reverse osmosis plant. The salinity of the ocean is normally around 34,500 PPM (Parts per Million). Due to the use of reverse osmosis plants, at some places in the Middle East the salinity has gone up as high as 40,000 PPM. This can potentially hurt the sea life. Since the Sea and especially the coral are major tourist attractions for the island, care should be taken not to damage it in this way. The first three measures that can be taken are all intended to reduce the amount of water that is required. These mitigation measures are: • Selecting the Seashore Paspalum grass instead of the commonly used Bermuda grass, 34% water

and electricity cost can be saved. • The yearly savings from an irrigation pond with rainwater are 5 – 8% • Water for the toilet can be supplied by rainwater and by collecting and reusing water from the

shower and sink. Another measure can be taken to reduce the effect, which is to discharge the effluent water of the RO-Plant at a place where there is a large enough current to disperse the water containing the higher salt percentage:

78

• Discharging the effluent water of the RO-plant using a tube to such a location where the current

will disperse the water of a large area will mitigate the potential negative effect of salinity build-up.

Therefore the water will have to be pumped to Venus Bay. Because the amount of water needed at the Zeelandia (golf course) side is much larger, the RO-plant should be placed here. This will save on the amount of water that has to be transported. The water in Venus Bay should be stored at least 10 m above the highest facility there, this way the water distribution at Venus Bay can be a free flow system. No pumps will be required in that case. By using a more drought resistant grass specie, Seashore Paspalum instead of the more common Bermuda grass, 37.5% water can be saved. This is, on a yearly basis, 117,100 m3. This will not just save water (and thus cost), but also means a smaller RO-plant can be constructed, which will cost less and the usage of electricity will be lower. Further the amount of reverse osmosis water will be reduced, thus decreasing the potential problems with build-up of salt around the island. Remaining negative impact: The required amount of water for a golf course remains high. Because no natural fresh water is available on the island, reverse osmosis is always required. When the outlet for the reverse osmosis plant is placed at a point where the water is quickly dispersed there should be no significant remaining effect. 4.1.4 Land use The amount of land occupied by the resort is significant, but cannot be mitigated. The northern sub-sector should be kept reachable. This can be done by creating a new route over the hills, or allowing everybody to enter the pass between Venus Bay and Zeelandia and thus the grounds of the golf resort. This is not uncommon, at least during the day resorts located on St Maarten also allow non-guests on their grounds. Remaining impact: The resort will use around 4% of the total surface area of the island. Since large parts are already built-on area, or not suitable for construction, the area of land that would be suitable for other projects will be reduced by more then this 4%. With a high certainty there are however no projects that at the same location would be more beneficial to the island. The loss of land available for other projects remains significant however. 4.1.5 Electricity The electricity usage of a resort is very high. Some large energy consumers are the air-conditioning and the heating of water for the tap or the shower. During most times of the year air-conditioning will be required; the electricity usage for this cannot be mitigated. The bulk of the water to be heated will be shower water. This water does not have to be boiling hot, most people will take a shower with water no warmer then around 40 degrees at most. To save on electricity, a solar boiler could provide the water for the shower. A 9m2 catchment area solar boiler costs about EUR10.558 to install1. In the Netherlands such a system can save around 3500 – 4000kWh/ year on electricity per one family household2, or on average 4 persons. With 552 guests in the resort, this comes down, assuming the lower number of 3500kwh/ year, to a 483.000kWh saving per year. This means total electricity savings of about US$ 972,000. The total cost of installing water boilers would be US$ 1.9 million. That makes the use of solar boilers have a return on investment time of less than two years.

1 http://iwssolar.ch/pages/solarthermik/sunrise2000/sunrise2000.html 2 http://www.solar.ch/Solar-Boiler_System/Solar_Boiler.htm

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To reduce the environmental impact and especially the use of diesel fuels and the emissions it causes, renewable energy sources could be used. Possible sources are wind, solar and wave energy. Since solar and wave energy are highly expensive, wind energy would be the most affordable solution. Using data gathered in Friesland, the Netherlands, four wind turbines could power the resort at moments when sufficient wind is available. An additional two would be needed as backup due to maintenance and breakdowns. 6 windmills could power the resort, backed up with 2 or 3 generators. This setup has a payback time of over 10 years. Remaining negative impact: Even when windmills would be used, which is questionable seeing that they do not pay back very fast, significant amounts of non-renewable fuels are required to power the resort and course. Windmills could help to provide the resort with a “green” image and can possibly reduce the requirement for non-renewable energy by 50 to 75%. 4.1.6 Housing There is a potential need for 165 apartments or single person housing and a further need for 124 houses for families. Because Statians living abroad are an important group that is being focused on, the actual need for housing will be lower. A number of Statians living off island already has a house on Statia. No records are kept about the amount of houses that are empty or the amount of Statians living abroad though. The golf course will probably at first attract a large number of ‘single’ employees. They will require apartments. When they are staying on the island for a longer time they may want to move to family housing. The demand for apartments may therefore be getting lower, while the demand for houses may go up. It would therefore be justified to create houses in the first place and accept that housing will not completely fit the first inhabitants requirements, or to make the apartment buildings flexible. The flexibility means that the apartments should be easy to reconfigure into multi room apartments, suitable for more then one person. This requirement can be taken into account during the design process of the apartments at little or no extra cost. The housing can be provided by the housing foundation, as long as they have a guarantee that the resort will be constructed. The housing can also be financed by the housing foundation. On nearby resorts staff housing for ex-pats (people from abroad working on the resort) is available on the resort grounds. This could be done for the resort on St. Eustatius as well, however the revenue from these houses will then go to the resort. If housing is provided locally, for example by the housing foundation, the money will stay on the island. Remaining negative impact: When enough houses are constructed, the increase in inhabitants will not pose any problems, they will be able to move to the island and work at the resort. Even though a lot of extra houses need to be built, the negative effect will be less then significant. 4.1.7 Finding and recruiting people A 16% increase in population on the island is expected. The effect this has is both positive and negative. Planning their arrival in advance can mitigate negative effects like a shortage of housing. Building sustainably can partially reduce other effects like an increased demand for power. It is assumed that around 655 Statians are living in the Netherlands. A large part of them will still be at school or are already on a pension. From those who are able to work at the resort, not all will want to return to St. Eustatius, because they have build a live in the Netherlands, have a good job they do not want to resign from, etc. If 5% would be willing to return that would fill 20 jobs. Assuming another 80 Statians can return from the other Netherlands Antilles and the USA and other countries, 100 additional jobs could be filled by Statians.

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This would leave 230 jobs to be filled by non-Statians. The unemployment on the nearby islands, especially St Maarten, is high enough to provide even all employees for the golf resort. St. Maarten is highly multi cultural, a large group of the unemployed will be people from the surrounding islands, it can be expected that portions of the employees of the resort will therefore be from Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, etc. St. Eustatius is already multi ethnic, with residents from all of these locations, China and the USA and Europe. The aim should be to get as many Statians and residents of the Dutch Antilles to work at the resort, other groups will however most likely also be needed to get enough employees. By supplying training to the unemployed Statians, looking for a job at the resort, they can be made to fit the job descriptions they can perform at the resort. The government should have a reserved attitude against immigration from people who are not living on the Netherlands Antilles. Employees from outside the Netherlands Antilles will most likely turn out to be necessary, but care should be taken that they do not take the bulk of the jobs and that the people from the Netherlands Antilles and Statia especially, do not miss out. Remaining negative impact: No significant negative effects are expected due to the increase in population if mainly people originally from Statia and from the nearby islands of St Maarten and Saba find jobs at the resort. 4.1.8 Construction The construction personnel from abroad will have to find housing for the duration of the construction project. Since this is temporary labour, they will not require a permanent house and will most likely not bring families. For the resort personnel there is a requirement of about 165 apartments. The construction personnel can use these same apartments. They will have to be ready before the first personnel from abroad is brought in though. Another option is to bring in barracks and house the personnel in these, near the construction yard. The first option should be stimulated however, because it will bring in additional income for the island (especially if the houses are financed and owned by local people). The required 450-construction workers are not available on the island. Even if 50 of the unemployed Statians can be used as construction workers, there are still about 350 construction workers required. The number of workers can be reduced in two ways. Firstly by extending the period of time that the construction is allowed to take, for example from 2 years to 3 years, the amount of workers needed may well go down from 450 to 300. Assuming the same 100 construction workers and unemployed available on the islands, this would only leave a requirement for 200 foreign workers. This already assumes that the golf course and golf resort are constructed after each other and not at the same time. Further, creating a planning based on the available personnel, it may be possible to rearrange the phasing of construction in such a way that fewer personnel is required. This could perhaps save another 10% on the staff, leaving 270 persons required to build the resort. 170 people would have to be brought in to the island. Remaining negative impact: By default a construction project is temporary, any negative effects will therefore also be temporary. Temporary negative effects could be materials that have to be moved over the island from the harbour to Zeelandia and Venus Bay and noise pollution will most likely occur. No significant permanent negative effects are expected. 4.1.9 Environmental effects Sea turtles and use of the beach for tourism can go together. There are two effects that need mitigation, which is the lighting near the beach and littering on the beach. The first should be minimized during

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the nesting season by adjusting the location of the golf resort. By having the golf course at Zeelandia and the resort at Venus Bay the lights can be minimized around the beach at night. By installing some litter bins on the beach and putting up signs to explain why it is important not to litter the amount of littering can be reduced. To maintain a clean beach for the guests it is also important to clear rubble originating from the sea. A clean beach is as much in the interest of the resort and its guests as it is to Stenapa and the Sea turtles. To protect the sea turtle eggs, vehicles on the beach should be prevented. Walking or lying on the beach is no problem. Littering and damaging of nests could also be reduced by making tourists aware of the special wildlife in the area and explain how they can decrease their impact on them. This could be in the form of information boards, leaflets and warning signs. For the Iguana the trees are important. As long as the trees can, to a large extend, be kept, there will be no danger to the Iguana. For this reason it would be advisable to create the golf course at Zeelandia, as it will require extensive landscaping. The resort could then be built in Venus Bay. Reviewing the current situation in Venus Bay, the chance that a significant number of trees have to be removed is small. To lay out the golf course a large part of the fruit trees that can currently be found at the Zeelandia area have to be removed. Because the trees are currently holding back the water, removing them will increase the amount of runoff water and therefore increase the erosion problems at Zeelandia. By storing the water, short of the beach, in an infiltration pond the water will not reach Zeelandia beach, where it can do damage and this will have the added advantage that the water can be used for irrigation purposes and not be lost. Herbicides will enter the groundwater and can flow to the sea. Here they can affect the sea life, like the coral and the sea turtles. There are a couple of measures that can be taken to prevent the herbicides to reach the sea. Firstly, according to STENAPA, the stronger the herbicides are, the faster they degrade. By a good drainage system, as mentioned in 1.1.2.2.5.4 the herbicides that enter the ground and are not used by the grass will be caught. During periods of rainfall the herbicides could runoff with the surface water. This water should also be collected and send to the irrigation pond or storage tank. A strong herbicide will break down in just about 2 days. For the construction of the golf course a large part of the vegetation that can currently be found at the Zeelandia area will have to be removed. Because the bushes and trees are holding back the water, removing them will increase the amount of runoff water and therefore increase erosion problems at Zeelandia. By storing the water in an infiltration pond, before it reaches the beach, it cannot create erosion damage. Replanting new bushes and trees around the golf course will also mitigate erosion. Remaining negative impact: With the above measures, no significant negative effects for the environment are expected. 4.1.10 Law change The current law blocks development in Venus Bay. An exemption of the law cannot be provided for any reason that a golf course with fit under. The island government will have to change the law to make development possible. There are two possible solutions for changing the law. The first one is to eliminate the protected status of Venus Bay, as granted in article 5 of the ‘island regulation protection flora and fauna’. Another option is changing article 6 by including ‘economic and social development’ as reason for granting an exemption. To diminish worries about the impact, in article 6 there can also be included ‘sustainable economic and

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social development’. This will make sure that the requesting party has thought about and can prove the sustainability of the project. This also ensures that the area is not spoiled, but can be used for the reason of social and economical development. The law has been created by the local government and therefore can also be changed by the local government. They have indicated that when they are convinced that the golf resort project will be beneficial for the island they will change this law. Remaining negative impact: If the law is changed then no negative impact remains, if the law is left unchanged then the effect is very significant, with the current law, no construction can take place in Venus Bay and no exemption can be granted for construction based upon this law. 4.1.11 Effects on current owners Depending on the final design of the golf course, it may be necessary to remove houses. In case this should happen, the golf resort has a negative impact for these house owners, in the sense that they loose their home. They should obviously be well compensated, either financially or by providing a similar house in a different location on the island or both. Houses in the Zeelandia area will see an increase in value, but may also see a deteriorating view and a limited amount of noise pollution. These cases should be individually reviewed and where appropriate, compensation may be given. Remaining negative impact: If houses need to be removed, this is a negative impact for the families involved. Should this be required then this is a significant remaining negative impact. 4.1.12 Economical effects A tax waiver, even if ‘only’ for the first 10 years, will cost the government a lot of income. Further research should be performed to methods by which the government can promote the development of a golf resort, but will not loose more then half of the income tax income, which is what a tax waiver would cause. A possibility may be that the government is participating as investor (for example by bringing in the land) and by other forms of public private partnership (PPP). The majority of shareholders or investors for the resort will be foreign. This means that a lot of the money the resort generates will also go abroad. The challenge for the government and the private sector would be to keep as much of the money on the island. One way to do this is to make sure those tourist facilities and attractions are owned and operated by local entrepreneurs and not by the resort. For example if the resort would offer boat rental, the income would go to the resort and the money would go to foreign investors. If a local company would offer boat rental, the money would stay with the local company and thus on the island. This last situation is much better for the island. The government should promote the start-up of tourism related facilities and attractions for the tourism segment that the golf course aims for. If additional attractions and services can spark the guests to spend another US$ 100 per person per day, this would in turnover tax alone add US$ 205,000 (assuming a 60% occupancy of the resort). If this money stays on the island, the economy increases with US$ 12 million. If 10% of this is profit, the profit tax income for the government would increase with US$ 420,000. There are very few local products being produced. This means that the resort will have to buy all catering products from abroad. By creating local products additional jobs can be generated and money will stay on the island, instead of go abroad. Another option to create additional income on the island would be to start a wholesale on the island. A wholesale could cater both to the existing business and supermarkets on the islands as well as the

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resort. Next to additional income for the island a wholesale would also create new jobs. A similar resort gets large parts of its (fresh), up to 80%, products from the USA however. It would therefore not be certain that a wholesale could count on a large part of the purchases of a resort. A big opportunity could also be fishery. In the waters around the island there is a lot of fish. Currently fish is brought in from as far away as Taiwan, local fishermen could catch fresh fish for the resort, but also for the local people. On a limited scale, agriculture would also be possible and could supply the resort with fresh products like fruit and vegetables. A project is currently underway to start producing on a small scale; such projects should be supported to further improve the economy. There will be additional cost for laying roads to and around the new houses for personnel. They are an onetime investments, although they will requires some maintenance over the years. The impact is not significant though. With more patients, the hospital will see increased income. Remaining negative impact: No significant remaining effects 4.1.13 Waste Plans already exist for privatizing the waste gathering and processing. By privatizing it is expected that the private company will find ways to recycle those parts of the waste that deliver money. It will potentially prevent a large part of the waste (for example green waste, glass, etc.) from ending up at the dump. The resort can partially reduce the solid waste that it has to dispose of, for example by supplying their own bottled potable water from the reverse osmosis plant in glass bottles that are reusable. The remaining amount of waste will however still be significant and have a significant effect on the environment. For the liquid waste a three-stage septic tank with an overflow into a reed land can filter black water to a quality where it can be returned into the environment. There are however restrictions to this system, for example the use of chemicals (for cleaning the toilets, etc) can damage the reed field. If such a system is chosen biodegradable-cleaning products should be used and notices should be given to tourists not to flush chemicals through the toilet or sink. If implemented successfully this system will however reduce the impact of the liquid waste to a less then significant effect. Remaining negative impact: If the three-stage septic tank, reed field and the measures to prevent chemicals to be flushed down are implemented successfully this system will reduce the impact of the liquid waste to a less then significant effect. For the solid waste some of the measures above can soften the impact. There will however be a significant increase in waste, which will put additional pressure on an already non-sustainable system. The additional waste is a significant negative effect for the environment and due to non-sustainable handling at the dump also a threat for the health of the people on the island. 4.2 Requirements review At the start of the project a number of requirements for the golf resort project were gathered and constraints were set. With the whole project reviewed, the mitigation measures determined and the remaining impact known, the final question is whether the project meets the requirements set at the start of the impact analysis. This can be confirmed by checking the constraints that were set at the start of the project. If the project stays within the set constraints, it meets the requirements.

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When this is done, it is determined that, taking into account the mitigation measures, the project does not meet all requirements. The attractions (0.5.3), including accommodations (0.1.1) and the required energy that has to be provided (0.6.1.2) are running into problems with sustainability. There are no plans or mitigation measures that can effectively solve the waste management problem. This means that over the coming 50 years waste will likely remain to be handled in a non-sustainable way. Diesel generators, using non-renewable energy, deliver the electricity. Economically the requirement was to increase the income of the government by NAf. 11 million per year (0.2.1), thus solving the budget deficit. When tax and or land lease waivers are given this requirement cannot be met. Further investigation, for example into PPS constructions, has to be done to review if these constructions can for fill this requirement. The government has no plans to stop or discourage ‘low cost’ workers from nearby islands to enter St. Eustatius by setting any limits, for example one on education minimums (0.3.1 and 0.7.2.2). This was part of the requirement to maximize the number of Statian and other Dutch Antilleans getting a job at the resort. Requirement 0.7.2.1.1.4 states that potable, safe and clean water should be available to the employees of the golf resort. There is no water main on St. Eustatius and the private houses and apartments for new employees are therefore most likely build with a rainwater catchment system. All requirements not mentioned above are met by the golf course project.

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4.3 Golf Resort versus alternative projects The golf course is a project within a program. The program is attempting to make the island more self-sustainable and less dependant on, mostly, the Netherlands. While this document focuses mainly on the golf resort project and its impacts, two other alternatives were reviewed for their main impact features. The first option is always not to execute a project at all. The result of that would be an expected increase of hotel capacity by around 50 rooms in the next years, mainly for dive tourism. The creation of this hotel capacity will most likely not be enough to keep the Caribbean Sun airlines flight to St. Kitts and San Juan. A 50-room hotel, at 70% occupancy and at US$ 150 a night (average) would create a room tax alone of US$ 134,138. Most likely it will be get a tax exemption for other taxes for about 10 years. The hotel would deliver some jobs, how many really depends on the service that the hotel will want to deliver. The second option is to create an ecological resort, comparable to Saba, but larger. Eco tourism, like golf tourism, is a rapidly growing market. If 50 eco-lodges would be created, there would be space for 200 tourists. This would be a large enough market to keep the Caribbean Sun airlines connection. At a cheaper US$ 85 per cabin per night, the room tax income would only be around US$ 100,000 per year. For this facility as well tax exemption for the other taxes are expected for about 10 years. The eco-resort would deliver around 34 jobs. The golf resort will consist of 156 rooms, and 40 condominiums. In total this gives capacity for 552 guests on the island. These guests would be willing to pay substantially higher prices per night. Even at a moderate price level of US$ 695 per night, the yearly income due to the taxes for the government could be around US$ 7.8 million. More realistically the resort and the government will negotiate about the amount of money the resort has to pay. In the worst case the resort will get a full exemption for the profit tax and the land lease, which leaves a tax income of US$ 3.4 million. A public private partnership may be a solution to reduce the load on the golf resort, but still give the government a good income from the resort. The Caribbean Sun airlines connection would most definitely stay; in fact the increased requirement for transport may spark more frequent or more direct flights and larger aircraft to operate to the island. The project would create around 530 jobs. The resort would create a large amount of waste, at the moment waste is not handled in a sustainable way and there is no reason to assume that this will change if the golf resort is build. This means that a substantial additional amount of waste will be dumped on the island, posing an ever-growing risk at contaminating the ground water and water around the island. The resort will use a large amount of electricity. Windmills can partially create the required amount of energy, but it is unlikely that the resort will install windmills, due to the long payback time. The resort therefore will likely use a large amount of non-renewable energy. The land use of a golf resort is very large as well; it will use Venus Bay and most of the Zeelandia area. Finally a big potential negative effect could be way the income is distributed. There are no services and facilities aimed at the upscale tourism market; currently they are more aimed at the dive-tourism and eco-tourism segment. This gives the risk that the golf resort will decide to run all the services and facilities by themselves. Virtually all the money spent by the guests will then go to the resort and therefore to the foreign investors. When facilities and services are provided by local people the impact on the economy of the island will be much larger, as the money is kept on the island. The island government should focus on this point, as the question about the amount of impact that the resort will have very much depends on the amount of money that can be kept on the island by providing services and facilities to resort tourists, independent of the resort itself. From the three projects, the golf course creates by far the largest economical impact. With 530 jobs, it would be the largest employer on the island, potentially reducing the unemployment to a figure near 0. The golf resort will also have the largest negative effects, mainly in the fields of waste management,

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non-renewable electricity and the high land use. The direct (tax and land lease) and indirect effect of the golf course far exceeds to other two projects. The economy off the island will get a boost from tourism, especially if also local people start providing attractions and services to the golf resort tourists. When no cuts would be made in the amount of tax that the golf resort needs to pay, this project does succeed in achieving the program goal of creating a self-sustainable island, for which US$ 6.1 million in tax income is required. The likely exemptions will however in the worst case bring the income back to US$ 3.4 million, in which case the project brings the budget deficit of the government back by about 55%. The other projects both deliver only around US$ 56,000, which is negligible compared to the budget deficiency. A PPP construction should be found that would increase the government’s income above the worst-case scenario of giving an exemption of profit tax and land lease for the first 10 years, preferably in such a way that the income for the government would be around the required US$ 6.1 million.

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Literature & references Books and papers: Blokvoort, R. and Tiggeloven, T. (2005). Feasibility study, First salute golf course St. Eustatius. Enschede: Stichting ABC Advies. CBS (2003). The Netherlands Antilles, statistical orientation. Willemstad (Curacao): CBS. Henderson, R., Parmerlee, J., Powel, R. (2005). ‘Reptiles and Amphibians of the Dutch Caribbean - St Eustatius, Saba and St Maarten’. St. Eustatius: Stenapa. STEBA (2004). Economic development program 2004 – 2007. St. Eustatius: STEBA. Internet: • Nature & Environmental Policy Plan, Netherlands Antilles 2004 - 2007:

[IL1] http://www.mina.vomil.an/Beleid/main.html • Basisbegrippen windenergie (Basic concepts wind energy)

[IL2] http://home.wxs.nl/~windsh/basics.html • Wavegen – Tidal energy

[IL3] http://www.wavegen.com/ • Case study Environmental Management System

[IL4] http://www.jhta.org/eastproject_main2.htm • Solar boilers

[IL5] http://iwssolar.ch/pages/solarthermik/sunrise2000/sunrise2000.html [IL6] http://www.solar.ch/Solar-Boiler_System/Solar_Boiler.htm

• Duurzaam toerisme, ecokamer (Sustainable tourism; eco chamber) [IL7] http://www.mina.vomil.an/Archive/nieuwsbrief-99sep.html#ecokamer

• Waste generation and quantities [IL8] http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/WasteChar/WasteGenRates/Service.htm [IL9] http://www.boxmeer.nl/documenten/PDF/Toelichting_aanvraagformulier_Wm_industrieel.pdf [IL10] http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/WasteChar/WasteGenRates/Residential.htm

• Day Spa information [IL11] http://www.woodhousefranchises.com/

• Water usage

[IL12] http://www.duffcompany.com/tips/SizingSoftners.pdf • Environmental law:

[IL13] http://www.caricomlaw.org

• Electricity powered vehicles [IL14] http://vtpi.org/evben.pdf

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Appendix I – Functions to system solutions:

Number Functions Hidden Evident Frill



E Attributes: Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), complete (I), 5-star+ (M), Sustainable (M) Provide accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a quality that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating that is sustainable over a period of at least 50 years. Constraints: • 5-star+ • Sustainable for a minimum of 50 years

System solution: • 5-star+ hotel [1.1.2.2.4.1] • 5-star+ condominiums [1.1.2.2.4.2]

0.1.2 Provide eating facilities (for golf resort)

E Attributes: Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), high quality (M), good choice (W), fine drinks (W) Provide eating facilities for the golf resort of a high quality, which means the option to select from different facilities and providing a high standard (5-star+ quality). Constraints: • Full catering facilities • High quality

System solution: • Catering facilities [1.1.2.2.7]

0.1.3 Provide health care facilities (for golf resort)

E Attributes: Personal (I), luxurious (I), service (W), basic healthcare service (M) Provide medical care, which is able to give basic healthcare and first aid and make sure arrangements are in place to be able to quickly transport clients to the islands or other nearby hospitals. Constraints: • Ability to provide basic health care • Ability to provide first aid • Agreements with local hospital • Agreements with other hospitals and transport services

System solution: • Doctors office [1.1.1.3.1] • Hospital/ Airlift agreements [1.1.1.3.3]

0.1.4 Create golf resort E Attributes: 18-holes (M), challenging (W), using landscape (I), nice views (I), luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (I), theme (I), high quality (W), good choice (I),

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fine drinks (W), service (M), Low water usage (M), Renewable water source (W), Sustainable (M) Create a golf resort with a minimum of 18 holes, which is woman friendly, has a high service level, meaning a golf shop, practice drive range and putting greens and has pro’s in house as well as a restaurant and clubhouse. Finally it has to be sustainable over a period of at least 50 years. Constraints: • 18-holes or more • Golf shop • Practice driving range, putting greens • Pro’s in house • Restaurant • Clubhouse • Sustainable for 50yrs or more

System solution: • 18-hole golf course [1.1.2.2.5] • Golf shop [1.1.2.2.5.1] • Driving range [1.1.2.2.5.2.1] • Putting greens [1.1.2.2.5.2.2] • Restaurant & Clubhouse [1.1.2.2.5.3] • Water plant [1.1.1.2]

0.2.1 Increase tax revenues H Attributes: Airport tax (M), Income tax (M), Tourist tax (M) Increase the tax incomes resulting from the airport, income and tourist tax. Constraints: • Increase revenue from taxes, preferably up to or above current budget

deficit (NAf. 11 million).

System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1] • Support current businesses [1.0] • Create new businesses [1.0] • Island promotion material [1.2]

0.2.2 Decrease unemployment H Attributes: Statians (M), hidden unemployment (Government) (W), Sustainable (M) Decrease unemployment by getting Statian people to work for the golf course or for the companies that will be started or grow due to the golf resort’s existence Constraints: • Decrease unemployment, no amount set • Make sure this happens in a sustainable way so in 50yrs there is still a

decreased unemployment due to this project.

System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1]

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• Support current businesses [1.0] • Create new businesses [1.0] • Island promotion material [1.2]

0.3.1 Increase inhabitants H Attributes: Statians living abroad (M), United States (W), Europe (W), not low cost countries like the Dominica (I), Sustainable (M) Increase the number of people living on the island by creating jobs to attract Statians living abroad and make sure the increase in inhabitants is in a sustainable way, which means that the increase will still be there in 50yrs. Constraints: • Growth should mainly come from Statians living abroad supplemented by

people from the Dutch Antilles and nearby islands. • Limit the amount of “low cost” workers by setting education limit for

immigration • Make sure this happens in a sustainable way so in 50yrs there are still an

increased number of people living on the island.

System solution: • Support current businesses [1.0] • Create new businesses [1.0] • Attract unemployed Statians [3.2.1] • Set education minimums for immigration [1.4.1]

0.3.2 Promote island E Attributes: Golf course (M), island promotion (M), hiking (W), golden rock (W), Sustainable (M) Promote the golf course and the island in a sustainable way by attracting the right type of tourists and not mass tourism. Constraints: • Do not attract mass tourism, attract the upper class of the tourist industry • Promote the island as to encourage sustainable tourism taking place

System solution: • Island promotion material [1.2]

0.4.1 Ensure accessibility H Attributes: Airport (W), harbour (W), taxi (M), private jet (W), private yacht (I) Ensure accessibility of the island by providing taxi service to tourist Constraints: • Increase the taxi service on the island so guests can be transported from and

to the point of entry and across the island.

System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1] • Offer shuttle service [1.1.1.4]

0.4.2 Upgrade airport E Attributes: Comfortable (W), drinks (W), dinner (W), VIP room (W), safe (W), promote tourism (W), Business jet parking, taxi / transfer service (M), Sustainable (M)

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Upgrade the airport with a taxi service and or a transfer service to the resort and make sure the airport is sustainable. Constraints: • Provide a taxi/ transfer service from the airport to the resort • Provide an airport that will ensure a sustainable operation of the resort for at

least 50 yrs.

System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1] • Offer shuttle service [1.1.1.4]

0.5.1.1 Offer Tennis court H Attributes: Large (W), safe (M), clean (W), big (W), tropic (W), cool (W), good surface (W), Sustainable (M) Offer four tennis courts that are safe and make sure they are sustainable for at least 50yrs. Constraints: • Four tennis courts • Safe and sustainable for at least 50yrs.

System solution: • Tennis court [1.1.2.2.3] • Tennis equipment rent [1.1.2.2.3.2]

0.5.1.2 Offer swimming pool H Attributes: Safe (M), large (W), clean (M), supervised (W), renewable energy sources (W), limit water use (M), Sustainable (M) Offer a safe, clean swimming pool, that is limited in the use of fresh water and is sustainable for at least 50yrs. Constraints: • Offer at least a 500m2-pool • Limited use of water • Sustainable for 50yrs • Supervised

System solution: • Swimming pool [1.1.2.2.2]

0.5.2 Create Beach H Attributes: Clean (W), sandy (W), white (I), safe (M), large (W), offer drinks (W), offer lifeguard (M), renting equipment (I), let out seats (I), let out boats (I) Offer a safe beach, with lifeguard service. Constraints: • Lifeguard service • Block dangerous currents

System solution: • Beach [1.1.2.1]

0.5.3 Create attractions F Attributes: Safe (M), fun (W), for target group (M), Sustainable (M)

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Create other attractions that are safe and intended for the target group and that are sustainable for at least 50 years. Constraints: • Intended for the target group, which is the upper class of the tourists. • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.

System solution: • 5-star+, 18 holes golf resort [1.1.2.2] • Beach [1.1.2.1]

0.6.1.1 Provide water H Attributes: Potable (M), clean (M), cheap (W), reliable (M), cold (W), safe (M), Sustainable (M) Provide a reliable source of water, which delivers potable, clean and safe water in a sustainable way for at least 50 yrs. Constraints: • Potable, reliable, safe and clean water source • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.

System solution: • Water purification plant [1.1.1.2] • Water catchment/ pump [1.1.1.2.1] • Water testing [1.1.1.2.2] • Water storage [1.1.1.2.3] • Water distribution [1.1.1.2.4]

0.6.1.2 Provide electricity H Attributes: Renewable (W), reliable (M), 110v 60hz (W), clean (W), cheap (W), Sustainable (M) Provide reliable energy that is sustainable for at least 50yrs. Constraints: • Reliable 99% uptime. • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.

System solution: • Reliable power plant [1.1.1.1.1] • Backup power plant [1.1.1.1.2]

0.7.1.1.2 Increase facilities H Attributes: Supermarkets (W), shops (W), Restaurants (W), Sustainable (M), Upscale market (M) Increase the facilities aimed for tourists from the high end of the tourist market on the island in a sustainable way. Constraints: • Increase the upscale facilities on the island • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.

System solution: • Increase facilities

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0.7.1.1.3 Increase services H Attributes: ATM’s (W), airport (W), taxi (M), bicycle rent (W), car rent (W), harbour (W), Sustainable (M) Increase the services on the island sustainably, offering at the very least an improved taxi service around the island. Constraints: • Increase the services on the island. • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.

System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1] • Offer taxi service [1.1.1.4]

0.7.2.1.1.1 Provide housing (new inhabitants)

H Attributes: Cheap (W), near site (W), Sustainable (M) Provide sustainable housing Constraints: • Sustainable housing for at least 50 yrs.

System solution: • Private houses [1.4.1.4]

0.7.2.1.1.2 Provide schools (new inhabitants)

H Attributes: Good quality (W), Sustainable (M) Sustainably provide schooling Constraints: • Sustainable schools for at least 50 yrs.

System solution: • Extra classrooms [1.4.1.2] • Extra staff at schools [1.4.1.3]

0.7.2.1.1.3 Provide electricity (new inhabitants)

H Attributes: Renewable (W), reliable (M), 110v 60hz (W), clean (W), cheap (W), Sustainable (M) Sustainably provide electricity which is reliable Constraints: • Reliable, 99% of the time. • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.

System solution: • Power plant [1.1.1.1.1] • Backup power plant [1.1.1.1.2]

0.7.2.1.1.4 Provide water (new inhabitants)

H Attributes: Potable (W), clean (M), cheap (W), reliable (W), cold (W), safe (M), Sustainable (M) Sustainably provide water that is reliable, safe, clean and potable. Constraints: • Potable, safe and clean water • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.

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System solution: • Water catchment/ pump [1.1.1.2.1] • Water storage [1.1.1.2.4]

0.7.2.1.1.5 Provide health care (new inhabitants)

H Attributes: Personal (I), luxurious (I), service (W), basic healthcare service (M), Sustainable (M) Sustainably provide basic health care. Constraints: • Ability to provide basic health care • Ability to provide first aid • Agreements with local hospital • Agreements with other hospitals and transport services

System solution: • Doctors office [1.1.1.3.1] • Hospital/ Airlift agreements [1.1.1.3.3]

0.7.2.1.2 Attract local workers H Attributes: Unemployed (M), government workers (M), Sustainable (M) Attract local workers sustainably by providing jobs and training to make Statians have to opportunity to reach all positions within the organization. Constraints: • Attract local workers, reduce firstly the unemployed, secondly reduce the

surplus government workers • Provide training to make sure Statian involvement is sustainable.

System solution: • Training program [3.3.2] • Attract unemployed Statians [3.3.1]

0.7.2.2 Maintain crimelessness H Attributes: Statians (M), Statians living abroad (W), US (I), EU (I) Maintain crimelessness by attracting mostly people from Statia and Statians living abroad. Constraints: • Attract Statians and Statians living off-island • Discourage others to come to the island by setting education standards

System solution: • Set education standard for immigration [2.6] • Attract Statian workers [3.2.1]

0.7.2.3 Maintain quietness H Attributes: Invisible (M), discreet (W), separated (M) Maintain quietness (and the laidback culture) by separating the resort and making it as invisible as possible from the island. Constraints • Physically separate resort from the main populated areas on St. Eustatius

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System solutions: • Remote location [2.8]

0.7.3.1 Protect Iguana H Attributes: Protect trees (M), inform tourists (M), Sustainable (M) Protect the Iguana in a sustainable way by protecting the trees they feed on and live in, as well as by informing tourist about the presence and the need for protection. Constraints: • Protect the iguana trees and the iguana sustainably over the next 50yrs from

any damage the golf resort may pose to it. • Inform public about Iguana

System solution: • Protect iguana trees [2.3.1] • Environmental information program [2.2]

0.7.3.2 Protect Coral H Attributes: Ensure water quality (M), inform tourists (M), Sustainable (M) Protect the Coral in a sustainable way by ensuring the water quality does not get outside the tolerance of coral for a period of at least 50 yrs, as well as by informing tourist about the presence and the need for protection. Constraints: • Protect the coral sustainably over the next 50yrs from any damage the golf

resort may pose to it. • Inform public about Coral and its protection

System solution: • Discharge clean effluent water [2.5.1] • Environmental information program [2.2]

0.7.3.3 Protect Fishery H Ensure water quality (M), prevent toxic entering the water (W), Sustainable (M) Protect the sustainability of the local fishery by ensuring the water quality does not get outside the tolerance of fish for a period of at least 50 yrs. Constraints: • Protect the fishery over the next 50yrs from any damage the golf resort may

pose to it.

System solution: • Discharge clean effluent water [2.5.1]

0.7.3.4 Protect Sea turtles H Protect beach (W), inform tourists (M), protect eggs (M), limit seashore lights (M), Sustainable (M) Protect the Sea Turtles in a sustainable way, by informing the tourists about the presence of these animals and by protecting their eggs for a period of at least 50yrs. Constraints: • Limit seashore lights • Protect eggs on the beach for at least 50 yrs.

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• Information program for the tourists System solution: • Discharge clean effluent water [2.5.1] • Egg protection program on beach [2.1.2] • Lighting setup to prevent seashore lights [2.1.1] • Environmental information program [2.2]

0.7.3.5 Fit (golf course) in environment

H Use landscape (M), limit landscaping (W), use island materials (W), Sustainable (M) Fit the golf course into the environment in a sustainable way by using the existing landscape and by preventing erosion or other damages to the landscape a golf resort may bring about. Constraints: • Use existing landscape, which means only a limited amount of landscaping. • Prevent erosion of the landscape due to interference creating a sustainable

landscape for at least 50 years.

System solution: • Erosion prevention [2.7] • Design to fit landscape [2.7.1] • Use existing flora and fauna [2.7.2]

0.7.3.6 Change law H Unbiased (W), completely (W), all effects (W), Sustainable (M) Change law to unblock the Venus Bay area for economic development, but do so in a way that allows for sustainable development of the area and does not spoil it. Constraints: • Change law, in such a way that development for an economic purpose is

allowed, but sustainable development of the area is mandatory.

System solution: • Change law [2.6]

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Appendix II - Rainwater availability

Rainwater is free source of fresh water; it will automatically irrigate the grass without any technical requirements. Rainwater is also a sustainable source, in the sense that it will be available in the future as well. The availability of rainwater is, obviously, not constant though. The average rainfall at the island of St. Eustatius over the period 1971 – 2000 is displayed in table 2 below.

St. Eustatius, Roosevelt Airport (1971-2000)

Element Unit JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR Avg. Rainfall mm 52 50.5 48.8 55.7 87.1 60.6 74.1 106.9 123.2 106.5 128.6 74.6 985.8Table 2 – Source: Meteorological service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba The above table shows an average annual rainfall of 985.8mm at St. Eustatius Roosevelt Airport. The average rainfall does not say anything about the extremes though. It is therefore necessary to find a statistically certain amount of rainfall, which will be available monthly or yearly.

With statistics it is required to select a certainty. For the calculation of the rainfall per month, a certainty of 95% will be used. This means that it is 95% sure that the amount of rain calculated will be reached or surpassed for the month. This also means that in 5% of the cases there will be less than the calculated amount of rainwater available.

To calculate the amounts, more information is needed about the actual rainfall over a period of several years. Unfortunately the underlying data of the averages of table 2 is not available. There is however data available from the period 1919 – 1937. Because there is no reason to suspect that the amount of rainfall will have changed substantially over the last century, this data should still be valid. It is shown in table 3. The data is taken at a different place on the island; Oranjestad instead of the airport. This may explain the different average yearly rainfall, which in this case is 1087,67mm (measured over the years where complete data is available).

St Eustatius, Oranjestad

Year Unit JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR 1919 mm 66.7 13.6 116.5 102 23 88.4 39.5 33 142.5 299.4 219 X 1143.6

1920 mm 28.5 95 55.3 2 30.4 41.2 42 59.4 102 172.2 115.5 54 797.5

1921 mm 125.2 86.9 96.6 46.2 46.2 22.4 144.5 94.7 109.7 148.3 86.7 66.6 1074

1922 mm 33.1 53.9 73.7 31.2 30.8 93.4 96.8 121.4 149.4 156.7 55 85.6 981

1923 mm 31.4 48.6 125.6 30.7 50.3 171.8 138.7 136.6 63.9 279.3 54.7 50.9 1182.5

1924 mm 75 88.4 5 68.9 113.4 79.2 128.3 175.1 132.6 171.5 51.5 82.8 1171.7

1925 mm 36.8 20.6 28 96 36.4 74.4 58.5 90.3 131.8 181.7 73.5 9.5 837.5

1926 mm 71 86 41 47.3 154 179 76 143 198.2 118 182.2 90 1385.7

1927 mm X 18.6 X 108 76 81 218 46 62 81 158 64 912.6

1928 mm 32 58 134 20 20 89 75 99 85.2 176.5 38 68 894.7

1929 mm 61.5 39 65.4 19 94 158 134 109.5 159 107 146 115 1207.4

1931 mm 12.5 46 26 97 114 69 82.3 125.9 46.5 66.5 208.6 144.6 1038.9

1932 mm 130 26.2 38.5 104.2 36.8 121 134.8 181.8 122 206.5 414 94 1609.8

1933 mm 73 18 58 66 77.5 32.9 150.7 41.1 306.5 42 107 177.3 1150

1934 mm 94.4 33.5 110.9 17.8 35 22.7 101.4 201.6 155.9 66.6 189 136.1 1164.9

1935 mm 76 52.5 21 51 52.5 76 115 81.8 93.6 176 204.2 68.5 1068.1

1936 mm 71.5 75 3 23 101.5 38.5 160 136.3 105 143.5 126 110.3 1093.6

1937 mm 171 31 16 48.5 33 48 39.6 127.8 42.5 94 63.1 30.9 745.4 Table 3 – Source; KNMI 1919 – 1937

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Using the statistic gumbel distribution the 95% certain rainfall per month can be calculated [Smink 2004]. The following formula is used;

( )[ ][ ]1/lnln +−−= niτ For the month February the calculation is as follows:

The figures are placed in a graph and using linear

regression the formula of the black line is calculated. This is 24.428T + 36.791. This T for a certainty of 95% is –ln(-

ln(0.05)) = -1.097. The 95% certain rainfall in February can then be calculated: (24.428 · -1.097) + 36.791 ≈

10mm. For the other months the same calculation has been performed. The 95% certain rainfall is

shown below:

Table 5

These values can be used as the minimum available rainfall per month. The lowest rainfall is in March, with no rainfall at all; the highest rainfall is October with a 95% certainty of 47mm. Using the same calculation, the 95% certain yearly rainfall (calculated over the years with full data available) is 764.8mm.

The conclusion of this calculation is that, with a certainty of 95%, the yearly rainfall will be 764.8mm or more. With the same certainty, the minimum monthly rainfall is as is indicated in table 5. Note that the sum of the 95% monthly rainfall is only 235.7mm. As calculated the yearly rainfall is 764.8mm, which means that even though some months can be very dry, the yearly rainfall will still be relatively high.

F(X) = i /(n+1) Τ = -LN(-LN(F(X))) Rainfall February

0.053 -1.080 13.6

0.105 -0.812 18

0.158 -0.613 18.6

0.211 -0.443 20.6

0.263 -0.289 26.2

0.316 -0.142 31

0.368 0.001 33.5

0.421 0.145 39

0.474 0.291 46

0.526 0.443 48.6

0.579 0.604 52.5

0.632 0.778 53.9

0.684 0.969 58

0.737 1.186 75

0.789 1.442 86

0.842 1.761 86.9

0.895 2.196 88.4

0.947 2.918 95

Table 4

Jan Feb Mrt Apr Mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec 8.239 9.989 0.000 4.381 5.848 11.873 36.525 40.201 32.883 47.136 7.358 31.266

y = 24.428x + 36.791R2 = 0.9514

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-1.500 -1.000 -0.500 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500

Graph 1

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Appendix III – Water system: This study will review the provisional design of the water system for the resort. It will make a choice between different sources of water to reach a durable water delivery solution. To achieve this solution the following questions will be answered: What are the necessary water quantities? What are the water sources and how much can they sustainably provide? Can a sustainable water system for the resort be created and what would it look like? What are the necessary water quantities? The necessary water quantities have been determined in the impact analysis to be the following:

• Potable water: 74.2 m3 / day • Grey: 37 m3 / day • Irrigation: (depending on type of grass)

Seashore paspalum grass: 220,643m3 / year (max: 1,567 m3 / day) Bermuda grass: 337,714 m3 / year (max: 2,507 m3 / day)

What are the water sources and how much can they sustainably provide? Water sources that are available on the island are:

• Rainwater • Seawater • Groundwater • Waste water • Existing RO-plant (Reverse Osmosis)

Rainwater The availability of rainwater is unpredictable; there is no certainty when rain will fall. A yearly or monthly figure can be calculated however. For St. Eustatius this has been done in appendix II. For the calculation, a certainty of 95% was chosen. This means that it is expected that only in 5% of the years there will be less rainfall then 764.8mm per year. Rainwater is ideally suited for use as irrigation water and with the right treatment as drinking water. Rainwater availability depends on the catchment area. On a solid surface, like concrete roads, or roofs, 90% of the rainwater can be collected. On soft surfaces, like grass or the golf course, about 50% of the water will infiltrate immediately. Only about 25% can be collected. The following amounts can be used: • Direct infiltration on the golf course will be: .5 · 764.8 mm = 382.4 mm, with 201,500 m2 of golf

course surface, this means a yearly amount of 77,053 m3 direct infiltration. • Collectable rainwater from soft surface: .25 · 764.8 mm = 191.2 mm, 25% of the water of the golf

course will runoff and can be stored in an irrigation pond. This is 38,526.8 m3 yearly. • Runoff from ground outside the golf course: .10 · 764.8mm = 76.48 mm, the area around the golf

resort in Zeelandia can be landscaped in such a way that the rainwater will partially runoff into the irrigation pond. To be on the safe side only 10% is considered to runoff, this will most likely be higher. With a remaining area of 195,400 m2 the runoff will be 14,940 m2.

• Rainwater from roads and rooftops: .90 · 764.8 mm = 688.3 mm. There is about 6,400m roadway, following the courses. If the road on average is 4.20 m wide (including a gut to transport the water to the pond), the surface would be 26,880 m2. This would deliver 24,192 m3 of water for the irrigation pond.

• Rainwater falling on water: 1.0 · 764.8 mm = 764.8 mm depending on the size of the irrigation pond, 764.8 mm of rainwater would yearly be added to the pond. The evaporation from the pond however is as high as 2,190mm per year.

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77,053 m3 is available for direct infiltration. This will happen regardless of any irrigation solution. From roofs, roads and run-off, another 77,660m3 is available. This amount would have to be stored in an irrigation pond. Because it is unsure when the rain falls, the full amount has to be able to be stored in this pond. Suppose this pond is 5m deep on average, it would measure 125 by 125m. Seawater Seawater is available in unlimited quantities. A large problem however is the salinity of seawater. On average there is about 3.5% salts in the water. If no desalination takes place, the salt makes this water unfit for consumption or irrigation. It could be used for the toilet, so as source for grey water. For seawater catchment a pump would be required. If desalination takes place it would most likely be with a reverse osmosis plant, which converts seawater into (nearly) salt free water. A 1,500 m2 RO-plant uses around 4.2 kWh per cubic meter of water produced3. In the case of Seashore paspalum it would be around 924,494 kWh per year (2,533 kWh/ day average), in the case of Bermuda grass, it would be 1,415,021 kWh per year (3,877 kWh/ day average). Groundwater Due to the size of the island, groundwater is limited. Since the solid waste is dumped in a landfill and the toilet and other wastewater of houses is also dumped into the ground, the groundwater is either already or will in the future be of a very poor quality. For both these reasons, groundwater should not be used as it is not sustainable or of reliable quality. Wastewater Wastewater can be reused. For example water that was used for the shower or the sink is clean enough to be reused in the toilet. The daily production of grey water, which is the water from the shower and sink, is 70.85m3. Using wastewater for the toilet will reduce the demand on other sources of water, which increases the sustainability. Since no sewer or sewage treatment plants are available on the island, the black wastewater will also have to be treated on the resort. After treatment this water can also be reused (40.35m3). Existing reverse osmosis plant The existing reverse osmosis plant has a capacity of 250 m3 per day of potable reverse osmosis water. At the moment only a small number of offices and hotels that are located on the Caribbean sea coast are connected to the plant. A plan to lay water pipes up to some parts of the island and connect more houses to the plant exists. The 250 m3 is far too little for the golf resort, so this is no source that can be used. Can a sustainable water system for the resort be created and what would it look like? Seen over a full year, the direct rainwater infiltration on the golf course would be 77,053m3. This happens in all cases. This would leave 143,590 m3 to be supplied by other sources in the case of Seashore Paspalum and 260,661 m3 in case of Bermuda grass. For the resort 74.2 m3 of potable water and 37 m3 of grey water would be required. The maximum capacity of the irrigation water supply has to be 1,567 – 2,507 m3 / day. These quantities cannot be delivered by a rainwater system without extensive landscaping. The choice here has to go to a system that uses reverse osmosis water. The Temenos resort that is currently build on Anguilla for example uses an RO-plant4 that produces up to 4,732 m3 of water per day, of this amount, a maximum of 1,817m3 can be produced as drinking water, with the remaining part used for irritation. For the golf resort on Statia a reverse osmosis plant could produce the required 74.2 m3 of potable water and 1,567 – 2,507 m3 of irrigation water from seawater. The maximum capacity should then be around 1,800 – 2,850 m3 / day. At an energy usage of 4.19 kWh per m3 of water, this would give an electricity usage of 715,120 – 1,205,648 kWh / year. If taken from the net, that would cost NAF. 107,535 – 181,114 / year.

3 http://www.desalco.ky/d-pdfs/valley.pdf 4 http://www.tsgwater.com/client_9.htm

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Constructing an infiltration pond could reduce the amount of required water. 77,660m3 is available for storage; this would be a lake, 5m deep, and 125 by 125m. If constructed, 34,219 m3 will evaporate from this lake yearly, 11,950 m3 will be added by rainfall. The total yearly available amount from this lake will therefore be 55,481 m3. This means an annual saving of US$ 4,600. It is therefore not economically feasible to construct a large lake for a relatively small saving. A smaller lake should still be used to catch excess irrigation water, so it can be reused. The grey water could be provided by either the rainwater from the roofs of the houses, or by the effluent water from the tap and the shower. The first source will deliver about 11,203 m3 of water, or 30.7 m3 daily. The 2nd source will deliver around 74m3 daily. This together is more then enough to provide a sustainable source for grey water, which is to be used in the toilet. Conclusion No matter what kind of grass is chosen, the irrigation will always have to rely for a large part on a RO-plant. The RO-plant will also provide the resort with drinking water. If the Bermuda grass is used, a RO-plant is needed with a maximum capacity of around 2,850m3 per day. The yearly cost for powering this installation are expected to be around US$ 100,650 per year. A large saving could be the use of Seashore Paspalum instead. This grass uses about 34% less water. The maximum capacity of the RO-plant in that case could be 1,800 m3 / day. The electricity consumption per year would be around US$ 59,750. Creating a large irrigation pond would save around US$ 4,623 annually. The resorts grey water supply, for flushing the toilet, can be provided by collecting the water from the shower and rainwater from the roofs.

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Appendix IV - Definitions: Sustainable Able to be continued indefinitely without a significant negative impact

on the environment or its inhabitants www.weblife.org/humanure/glossary.html

Appendix V - References: Benevolent foundation (USA) Mr. W. Berkel – Director

Census Office Mr. D. Simmons, Census Office

Dienst Openbare werken (Public works) Mr. M. Timber, D.R.O.B. Executive

Eutel Mr. G. Berkel, Managing director

GEBE (Electricity company) Mr. F. Cuvalay, GEBE Executive

Mr. P. Pompier, GEBE Mr. P. Ideler, Distribution manager GEBE

Goldenrock elementary school Mrs. D. Brown, School principal

Government of Anguilla (Anguilla) Dr. A. Hariggan, Director of Economic planning

Gwendalyn van Putten School Mrs. J. Lopez, School principal

Harbour Office Mr. M. Gittens, Harbour executive

Hensel Phelps (Anguilla) Mr. C. Molson, Construction manager

Island government Mr. R. Hooker, Commissioner

Labour Office Mrs. C. Duinkerk, Executive

Marriot resort, golf facilities (St. Kitts) Mr. G. Downer – Director of Golf Mr. G. Lende – Resort manager

Queen Beatrix Hospital Mr. Odongo, General practitioner Mrs. M. Pantophlet, Head nurse

Raffles Resort (Canouan Island) Mr. C. Ganster, Executive Assistant Manager

St Eustatius National Parks (STENAPA) Mrs. N. Esteban, STENAPA Executive Mr. R. Courtar, STENAPA Executive

St. Eustatius Business Association Mr. K. Sneek, STEBA president

St. Eustatius Housing Foundation Mr. V. R. Fortin, Managing director

Tourist Office Mrs. A. Francis, Tourist Office Executive

0.0Self-

sustainable island

0.7.1Economic

sustainablility

0.7.2Social

sustainability

0.7.3Biophysical

sustainability

0.1Create golf-resort

0.1.4Create golf-

course

0.7.2.1Offer

employment

0.7.2.2Maintain

crimelessness

0.7.3.1Protect Iguana

0.7.3.2Protect Coral

0.7.3.3Protect Fishery

0.7.3.4Protect Sea-

Turtle

0.1.1Provide

accommodation

0.1.2Provide eating

facilities

0.1.3Provide health care facilities

0.5.1Provide facilities

0.7.2.1.1Attract non-local

workers

0.7.2.1.2Attract local

workers

0.7.2.1.1.3Provide electricity

0.7.2.1.1.2Provide schools

0.7.2.1.1.4Provide water

0.7.2.1.1.5Provide health

care

0.7.2.1.1.1Provide housing

1.1.2.2.4.25-Star+ Time-share

appartments

1.1.2.2.4.15-Star+ hotel

1.1.2.2.7Catering facilities

1.1.1.3.1Doctors office

1.1.1.3.3Local hospital agreements

1.1.1.3.2Other hospital

agreements and transport services

1.1.2.2.3Tennis court

1.4.1.4Private houses

1.4.1.2Extra classrooms

30.0Increase water

supply

3.2.1Attract umemployed

Statians

0.5.1.1Create

tenniscourt

0.5.1.2Create

swimmingpool

2.3.1Protect iguana trees

1.4.2Education standard for

immigration

1.4.1Recruit people living off

island

2.5.1Discharge clean effluent

water

2.2Inform tourist about

environment

2.1.2Egg protection on beach

Scope Function bearers

0.3.2Promote Island

0.7.1.1Self-supporting

Island

How Why

0.2.1Increase tax-

revenues

0.6.1Provide services

1.1.1.2.2Water purification plant

1.1.1.1.2Power backup

0.7.3.5Fit (golf course) in environment

2.7.1Use existing landscape

2.7.2Use existing flora and

fauna

2.4Recruit Statian living

abroad first

0.2.2Decrease

unemployment

0.6.1.1Provide water

0.6.1.12Provide electricity

0.7.3.6Change law

2.8Change environmental

law

0.2Increase economy

0.3Promote business

0.3.1Increase

inhabitants

Basic functions

Supporting functions

0.4Guarantee ease

0.6Guarantee reliability

0.5Captivate

stakeholders

0.7Satisfy

stakeholders

0.5.2Create Beach

0.5.3Create

attractions

0.4.2Upgrade airport

1.1.1.4Offer taxi/shuttle service

0.4.1Ensure

accessability

1.1.2.2 Golf resort 5-star+

1.1Offer tourist attractions

1.0Support current

businesses

1.0Create new businesses

1.2Island promotion material

1.4.2Set educational minimums for immigration

1.1.2.2.3.2Tennis equipment rent

1.1.1.2.2Water purification

1.1.1.2.1Water catchment/

obtaining

1.1.1.2.4Water Storage

1.1.1.1Engery plant

1.4.1.3Extra staff at schools

3.2.2 Training program

2.1.1Lighting setup to prevent

seashore lights

2.7Erosion prevention

1.1.1.2.5Water distribution

1.1.2.2.1.2Fitness

1.1.2.2.1.1Beautifarm

0.5.1.2Create Spa

3.0Increase government

income

1.1Offer tourist attractions

2.9Remote location

0.7.2.3Maintain quietness

1.1.2.1Beach

0.6.1.3Provide

telecommunication

1.1.1.5 Telecommunication

infrastructure

Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius

1.1.

2.2.

4.2

5-St

ar+

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dom

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ms

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1.1.

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1.1.

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1.1.

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1.1.

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1.1.

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5.3

Res

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cl

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use

1.1.

2.2.

5.4

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stem

1.1

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ttrac

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1.0

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usin

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otio

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ater

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2.6

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for

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1.1.

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ater

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1.1.

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1.4.

1.3

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1.1.

1.3.

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3.2.

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1.1.

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f Res

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1.1.

1.3

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ater

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me

1.4.

1.1

Find

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OG

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com

mun

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infra

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1.6

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ide

harb

our f

acili

ties

2.9

Rem

ote

loca

tion

Pro

visi

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des

ign

bloc

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agra

m –

Gol

f res

ort S

t. E

usta

tius

Task

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