new approaches to chemical risk assessment approaches to chemical risk assessment ... - macro...
TRANSCRIPT
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New Approaches to Chemical
Risk Assessment
IAFP’s European Symposium
on Food Safety 2016, Athens, Greece
Wednesday 11 May, 13.30-15.00
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Introduction to Chemicals in
Food
Dr Benoît Schilter,
Nestlé Research Centre, Switzerland
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Food is chemicals
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starch
asparagine
ascorbic acid
potassium
folate
iron
albumin
globulin
phenylalanine
amylase
lead cadmium
DDT chaconine
lectin
proteinase inhibitor
phytate
oxalic acid
anthocyanins
etcc…
deltamethrin
glyphosate
propham
4-nonylphenol
Isopropylthioxantone
acrylamide styrene
furan
hydoxymethylfurfural
dimethylpyrazine methylbutanal
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Food is chemicals
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Nutrients: - Macro (proteins, carbohydrate, lipids) - Micro (vitamins, minerals)
Anti-nutritional: - reduce digestibility (e.g. protease inh.) - Reduce bioavailibility (phytate)
Inherent toxicants - glycoalkaloids (chaconine, solanine)
Additives: - preservatives - Antioxidants - Flavors - …
Agricultural residues: - pesticides - veterinary drugs - sanitizers/disinfectants - packaging migrants
Process contaminants - thermal (acrylamide, furan, flavors) - fermentation - pH - ….
Contaminants - Industrial (heavy metals, dioxins, …) - Natural (heavy metals, mycotoxins)
intr
insi
c
extr
insi
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Sources of chemicals in food
milk as an example
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Raw milk
Dairy products
Agri./vet. Practices: • antibiotics • hormones • agrochemicals
Environment: pollutants Mycotoxins Agrochemicals
Milk production: Milking ustensils Teat treatments Sanitation
• additives • sanitizers • disinfectants • migrants
Manufacturing: Processing Packaging
• additives • sanitizers • disinfectants • migrants
• hormones • allergens • ….
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Examples of chemicals in food
Pesticides
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• Pesticide are widely used in agriculture:
• Control detrimental organisms:
• Fungi, insects, rodents, weeds
• Increase availability of plant foods • Residues (parent, metabolites) occur
in raw materials and finished foods
• 800 active substances
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safety safety
• EU-plastic regulation: >900 substances • Swiss regulation on inks: 6000 substances • Belgium database: > 10000 substances (monomers, additives, ink comp., adhesives, NIAS…)
Migration into food?
Packaging increasingly seen as source of food contaminations
Examples of chemical in food
Packaging migrants
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Examples of chemicals in food
process related contaminants
R
OH
O
NH2
R
H2N
O
OH
O
NH2
H2N
O
• Reducing sugars • Heat
Asn acrylamide
Asp acrylic acid
Gln butenamide
Glu butenoic acid
23 free amino acids 26 vinylogous compounds
EU-HEATOX 800 chemicals
Other processes …..
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Examples of chemicals in food
inherent toxicants from food plants
toxicants Typical food Effects (human) mechanism structure
Glycyrrhizic acid Licorice Hypokalemia, arrhytmia, hypertension
Inh. rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone
Linamarin Cassava Headache, Neurological, convulsions
Cyanide binding to cytochrone oxidase
a-solanine potato Gastro-intest. Neurological
AChE-inhibition, Disrupt. cell membrane
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200 tropane alkaloids (musc. ach recept. Inh.)
350 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (some carcinogenic)
Examples of chemicals in food
inherent toxicants from non-food plants
• Present in datura seeds • Impurities in soy beans, millet, buckwheat seeds • Produced by many plants
• Seeds of such plants may contaminate food/feed • Transfered in milk • Found in honey
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• Intentional and economically-motivated
adulteration of foods.
• Fraudulent addition of non-authentic
substances
• Could (but not necessarely) result in safety
issues: Farmed salmon sold as wild
Milk adulterated with melamine
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Examples of chemicals in food
Adulterants/food fraud
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Examples of chemicals in food
Melamine in milk
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Food is chemicals:
What the problem?
Peanut proteins-allergenic
Vitamin A-teratogenic
zearalenone-toxic for reproduction
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Chemicals produce toxicity
e.g. acute effects
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Key words:
• chemical specific
• potency
• natural/artificial
• health impact
• conditions
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Toxic effects are diverse
• Acute (fast):
• Organophosphorus (respiratory arrest)
• Allergens (anaphylactic chock)
• …
• Chronic (slow):
• Aflatoxin B1 (liver cancer)
• Cadmium (kidney failure)
• Cyanide (konzo, neurodegenerative disease)
• …
• Delayed:
• Lead (development of nervous system)
• Vitamin A (teratogenicity)
• Endocrine disruptors (reproduction)
• …
Key words:
• chemical specific
• potency
• severity
• time-course
• target organs
• subpopulations
• natural/artificial
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Toxicity depends on chemical structure food mycotoxin zearalenone as example
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200x
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Food is chemicals
So what the problem?
Chemicals may compromise food safety, but ….
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Risk assessment-risk management
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Risk perception
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Chemicals in food
Summary & Conclusion
• Food is chemicals.
• Chemicals may compromise food safety.
• Chemicals have to be managed.
• Chemicals to be managed need to be
identified.
• Risk assessment is the tool to establish
priorities.
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