neuroscience of learning: an introduction to mind, brain, health, … · spring, 2016 conditions...
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Spring,2016
NeuroscienceofLearning:AnIntroductionto
Mind,Brain,Health,andEducation
Week11:AttentionHarvardUniversityExtensionSchool(PSYCE-1609)
April7,2016JuliaVolkman,TA&ALMCandidate
1
Spring,2016
Today’sfocus
• Defineattention• Reviewkeyattentionalnetworks• LookatExternalAttention
o Testourownvisualattentiono DefineFlow
• LookatInternalAttentiono Defaultmodenetwork
• TalkaboutADHD:Challenges&Benefits
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Spring,2016
Weattendtotheworldoutsideandinside
• Sensoryperception:What’shappeningwith/toourbody
• Internalattention:Whatarewethinkingabout,feeling,planning,orintending(goals),innerlanauge/self-talk
Chun,Golomb,&Turk-Browne,2011 3
Spring,2016
Definition
“Attentionisacorepropertyofallperceptualandcognitiveoperations.Givenlimitedcapacitytoprocesscompetingoptions,attentionalmechanisms
o select,o modulate,ando sustainfocus[vigilance]oninformationmostrelevantforbehavior.”
Chun,Golomb,&Turk-Browne,2011,p.73 4
Spring,2016
Definition
“Attentionisacorepropertyofallperceptualandcognitiveoperations.Givenlimitedcapacitytoprocesscompetingoptions,attentionalmechanisms
o select,o modulate,ando sustainfocus[vigilance]oninformationmostrelevantforbehavior.”
Attentionandmemoryarethefoundationsoflearning
Chun,Golomb,&Turk-Browne,2011,p.73 5
Spring,2016
Definition
“Attentionisacorepropertyofallperceptualandcognitiveoperations.Givenlimitedcapacitytoprocesscompetingoptions,attentionalmechanisms
o select,o modulate,ando sustainfocus[vigilance]oninformationmostrelevantforbehavior.”
Thereismoregoingonouttherethanwecanprocess!
Chun,Golomb,&Turk-Browne,2011,p.73 6
Spring,2016
Wedon’tperceiveeverythingthathappens,onlywhatweattendto
Simons&Chabris, 1999
SelectiveAttentionTest
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Wedon’tperceiveeverythingthathappens,onlywhatweattendto
Simons&Chabris, 1999
GorillaPoll
Whydidn’twenotice?Priming?Whathappenstoinformationwedon’tnotice?
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AttentionisbothBottom-up&Top-down
Miller&Buschman, 2013 9
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Bottom-up&Top-downPoll
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CompetitionforVisualAttention
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Watchcarefully
http://journal.sjdm.org/7512/jdm7512.htm 12
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Watchcarefully
http://journal.sjdm.org/7512/jdm7512.htm 13
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http://journal.sjdm.org/7512/jdm7512.htm 14
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http://journal.sjdm.org/7512/jdm7512.htm 15
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http://journal.sjdm.org/7512/jdm7512.htm 16
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http://journal.sjdm.org/7512/jdm7512.htm 17
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Whatchanged?
http://journal.sjdm.org/7512/jdm7512.htm 18
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Watchcarefully
http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/ 19
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http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/ 21
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http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/ 23
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Whatchanged?
http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/ 25
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Watchcarefully
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av/18/gif/airplane.gif 26
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http://7e.biopsychology.com/av/18/gif/airplane.gif 30
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Whatchanged?
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av/18/gif/airplane.gif 32
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Watchcarefully
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 33
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http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 35
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Watchcarefully
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 37
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Watchcarefully
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What changed?
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 39
Spring,2016
Watchcarefully
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 40
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Watchcarefully
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Watchcarefully
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 42
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Watchcarefully
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Watchcarefully
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 44
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Watchcarefully
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Spring,2016
Whatchanged?
http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 46
Spring,2016
Changeblindness
Lookingisnotthesameasnoticing…attentionmodulatesperception
47
Spring,2016
Damagetotheattentionnetworkleadsto“neglect”ofvisualinput
• Seeninstrokepatientswithdamagetorightparietallobe
• Visualperceptionisintact• Patientsdon’t“see”thatpartsaremissingintheirdrawings
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/representational-neglect.html 48
Spring,2016
Therearemany attention-relatednetworksinthebrain
49Sylvester,etal.2012
Spring,2016
Theydoalotofdifferentthings
• Fronto-parietalo Executivecontrol
• Cingulo-opercularo Saliency(errordetection)
• Ventralattentiono Orientingtoaparticularlocation(“where”pathway)
• Defaultmodeo Self-referential;internalattention
• Dorsalattention=“What”pathway(objectidentification)
• Visual=Visualprocessing• Sensorimotor=Sensorimotorprocessing
50Sylvester,etal.2012
Spring,2016
Attentionnetworks
• Alerting
• Orienting
• Executive
Petersen&Posner,2012 51
Spring,2016
Alertingattentionnetwork
Petersen&Posner,2012(imageofamacaquebrain);Raz &Buhl,2006 52
• Weedsoutthecompetition!• Arousal• ReticularActivatingSysteminbrainstem• “Payattention/Warning”signalreleasesNE
Spring,2016
Orientingattentionnetwork
Arnsten,2012;Petersen&Posner,2012;Raz&Buhl,2006 53
• Selection/Preferenceofinput• Facilitatessensoryprocessing
• DopamineandNorepinephrinehelpregulate
Spring,2016
Executiveattentionnetworks
• Fronto-parietalnetworko Taskinitiation,switching,&adjustment
o Self-Regulation:Cognitivecontrol&inhibition…overlapsexecutivefunction
• Cingulo-opercularnetwork
o Maintainstaskperformance[vigilanceanderrordetection]
• DecisionMaking!
Petersen&Posner,2012 54
Spring,2016
Dopaminepathwaysinfluenceattention
http://brainsupplements.org/nadh-benefits-brain-fog/ 55
Spring,2016
Ritalinkeepsdopamineinthesynapse
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/ritalin/ 56
Spring,2016
Attentionalnetworksdevelopovertime
Rueda,2015 57
Spring,2016Shannon,etal.,2011
©2011 by National Academy of Sciences
Networkconnectivitychangesovertime
58
Spring,2016
Let’splay:NamethatNetwork!
• Fronto-parietalo Executivecontrol
• Cingulo-opercularo Saliency(errordetection)
• Ventralattentiono Orientingtoaparticularlocation(“where”pathway)
• Defaultmodeo Self-referential;internalattention
• Dorsalattention=“What”pathway(objectidentification)
• Visual=Visualprocessing• Sensorimotor=Sensorimotorprocessing
59Sylvester,etal.2012
Spring,2016
Attentionisvariable
• Geneticvariationso Heritableo Dopamine-relatedgenes
• Environmental/educationvariationso Controlling/intrusiveparenting/teachingmaydecreaseselfregulation
o LowerSESassociatedwithloweralerting&executiveattentionscores
• Trainingeffecto Computerizedprogramso Meditation
Rueda,2015 60
http://brainsupplements.org/nadh-benefits-brain-fog/
Spring,2016
Attentionvarieswithinindividuals
• Sleepdeprivation• Cognitiveload(butincasesoflimitedattention,emotionsareprioritized)
• Top-downattentionismodulatedby:o Emotionalstateso Goalsorotherinternalfactorso Competitiono Externalevents(e.g.,loudnoises)
Sörqvist,Stenfelt,&Rönnberg,2012;Vuilleumier,2005 61
Spring,2016
Attentionvigilancestartstofailafter24hoursofsleepdeprivation
Lim&Dinges,2008 62
PVT=PsychomotorVigilanceTest
Spring,2016
SignsofSleepDeprivation
Durmer &Dinges,2005 63
Spring,2016
Competingattentiondecreasessensoryinput
• Focusingonasound(activelistening)inducedmoreauditory-evokedbrainstemactivity
• Backgroundlisteningwhileperformingtaskswithincreasedcognitivedemanddecreasedauditory-evokedbrainstemactivity
Sörqvist,Stenfelt,&Rönnberg,2012 64
Spring,2016
AttentionRestorationTheory:Cannatureresetourinformationoverload?
Berman,Jonides,&Kaplan,2008 65
Spring,2016
InfluenceofEmotionsontop-downattentionregulation
• TheamygdalabothreceivesvisualinputANDsendsvisualoutputbacktovisualprocessingareas
• Theamygdalainfluencesvisualprocessing
• Peoplepaymoreattentiontoemotionalthanneutralstimuli
Vuilleumier,2005 66
Spring,2016
Wearesociallearners:Jointattentionincreasesattention
First,makeeyecontact Then,followthegaze
Oberwelland,etal.,2016 67
Spring,2016
SustainingAttentionRequiresEffort(top-downorexecutiveattention)
68
Spring,2016
Flow=Effortless,CompleteAttention
• CompleteAbsorptioninanActivity
• Weperceivenothingelse
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Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Spring,2016
OurBrainslikeEffortlessCompleteAttention
“…acompleteinvolvementthatrequiresintenseconcentrationofattention…” isperceivedbyourbrainsas
rewarding.
70Csikszentmihalyi, 2010
Spring,2016
FlowCharacteristics
1. Completefocus/attention2. Ecstasy3. Clarity
▪ Knowingwhatneedstobedoneandhowtodoit
4. Achievability▪ Knowingyoucandoit
5. Serenity6. Timelessness
▪ Hourspassasminutes
7. Intrinsicmotivation▪ Noexternalreward
71http://www.cognitivedissident.org/2009/08/christopher-mcdougall-born-to.html
Spring,2016
Flowmatchesskillsanddemands
• Goalwellmatchedtoyourskills• Activityprovidesimmediatefeedback• Increasingconcentration• Completeabsorptioninthetask
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Flow:OptimalChallenge&Skill
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EnterflowfromherewhenyouPushyourself toacquirenewskill
Flow:OptimalChallenge&Skill
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EnterflowfromherewhenyouPushyourself toacquirenewskill
Andherewhenyouincreasechallenge
Flow:OptimalChallenge&Skill
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Spring,2016
Flow:OptimalChallenge&Skill
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X
X
X X X
Spring,2016
FlowQuiz#1
• ThinkaboutsomethingyouLOVEtodo(e.g.,playMoonlightSonataonthepiano,playtennis,research,etc.)
• Onascalefrom9(highest)to1(lowest)ratethatactivity:• ___Howchallengingistheactivity• ___Whatlevelofskilldoestheactivityrequire?• ___Howimmediateisthefeedback?
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FlowQuiz#2
• ThinkaboutsomethingyouareREQUIREDtodobutdon'tenjoy(e.g.,conversewithadifficultperson,balanceyourcheckbook,jazzercize,etc.)
• Onascalefrom9(highest)to1(lowest)ratethatactivity:• ___Howchallengingistheactivity• ___Whatlevelofskilldoestheactivityrequire?• ___Howimmediateisthefeedback?
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InternalAttention
79
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DefaultModeNetwork=
Effortless SwitchingofAttention
FromExternal/task-based ToInternal/reflective
80
Spring,2016
DMNHistory
81Raichle, 2010
EEGs:• GreatwithTiming• Originally,notsogreatwithlocation(betternow)
HansBergerInventoroftheEEG
Spring,2016
DMNUsesLotsofEnergyDefault Mode Brain Activity
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0
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100
OffTask%EnergyConsumption
Spring,2016
DMNUsesLotsofEnergy•Overall brain activity (approx. 5% increase when on task)
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%EnergyConsumption
0
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OnTask
OffTask
Spring,2016 Immordino-Yang, 2012;Raichle, 2001;Raichle, 2010
WhatdowedoinDefaultMode?
• DMNactivityincreaseswhenwe'renotpayingattentiono Introspectiveimaginingo Processingabstractinformation(theoryofmind)
o Daydreamingo Memoryconsolidation
o DMNissuppressedwhenattendingtotasks/externalstimuli
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POPQUIZ:DMNActiveorInactive?
85
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Suppressed DMN
POPQUIZ:DMNActiveorInactive?
86
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POPQUIZ:DMNActiveorInactive?
87
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Active DMN
POPQUIZ:DMNActiveorInactive?
88
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POPQUIZ:DMNActiveorInactive?
89
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POPQUIZ:DMNActiveorInactive?
Suppressed DMN
TheDefaultModeNetworkissuppressedduringtheflowstate
90
Spring,2016
POPQUIZ:
IsYourDMNActiveRightNow?
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Spring,2016
ConditionswithAtypicalDMNActivity
v ADHD/Impulsivity:DecreasedDMNconnectivityandactivity;impairedDMNtoggling(deactivation)
v Schizophrenia:HeightenedDMNactivity;HyperDMNconnectivity
v Autism:Weak,non-deactivatingDMN
v Anxietydisorders:Increasedfrontal-parietalDMNconnectivity;Decreasedinsula-cingulateDMNconnectivity
v Depression:Increasedthalamic/cingulateactivity;Increasedconnectivity
v Alzheimer's:Decreased/Disruptedconnectivity;Atrophy intheDMN
v AcutePain:ActivatestheDMN
v ChronicPain:ReducedDMNDeactivation
92-Baliki, 2008;Etkin, 2009;Immordino-Yang, 2012;Minassian, 2012;Raichle, 2010;Uddin, 2008
Spring,2016
ConditionswithAtypicalDMNActivity
v ADHD/Impulsivity:DecreasedDMNconnectivityandactivity;impairedDMNtoggling(deactivation)
v Schizophrenia:HeightenedDMNactivity;HyperDMNconnectivity
v Autism:Weak,non-deactivatingDMN
v Anxietydisorders:Increasedfrontal-parietalDMNconnectivity;Decreasedinsula-cingulateDMNconnectivity
v Depression:Increasedthalamic/cingulateactivity;Increasedconnectivity
v Alzheimer's:Decreased/Disruptedconnectivity;Atrophy intheDMN
v AcutePain:ActivatestheDMN
v ChronicPain:ReducedDMNDeactivation
93-Baliki, 2008;Etkin, 2009;Immordino-Yang, 2012;Minassian, 2012;Raichle, 2010;Uddin, 2008
Canyouexperienceanxietyordepressionwheninthestateof
flow?
Spring,2016
ConditionswithAtypicalDMNActivity
v ADHD/Impulsivity:DecreasedDMNconnectivityandactivity;impairedDMNtoggling(deactivation)
v Schizophrenia:HeightenedDMNactivity;HyperDMNconnectivity
v Autism:Weak,non-deactivatingDMN
v Anxietydisorders:Increasedfrontal-parietalDMNconnectivity;Decreasedinsula-cingulateDMNconnectivity
v Depression:Increasedthalamic/cingulateactivity;Increasedconnectivity
v Alzheimer's:Decreased/Disruptedconnectivity;Atrophy intheDMN
v AcutePain:ActivatestheDMN
v ChronicPain:ReducedDMNDeactivation
94-Baliki, 2008;Etkin, 2009;Immordino-Yang, 2012;Minassian, 2012;Raichle, 2010;Uddin, 2008
Spring,2016
CanyouexperienceflowifyouhaveADHD?
95
Spring,2016
PeteRosehasADHD
96
PeteRose
Spring,2016
ADHD
• Aneurodevelopmentaldisordercharacterizedby:▪ Difficultystayingfocusedandpayingattention▪ Difficultycontrollingbehavior(impulsivity;inhibitiondelay)▪ Hyperactivity(over-activity)
97AmericanAcademyofPediatrics, 2000;NIMH, 2013
Spring,2016
ADHDDiagnosis
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html 98
Spring,2016
ADHDDiagnosis,part2
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html 99
Spring,2016
Mirrortraits:Challenges&benefits
http://www.hallowellnyc.com/HallowellNYC/LivingwithADD/BenefitsYesBenefitsofHavingADDA/index.cfm 100
Spring,2016
ADHDcelebrities
http://www.hallowellnyc.com/HallowellNYC/LivingwithADD/FamousPeopleWithADDADHD/index.cfm 101
MichaelPhelps,OlympicGoldMedalist
JustinTimberlake,Musician
DavidNeeleman,FounderofJetBlueAirlines
PaulOrfalea,FounderofKinko’s
KatherineEllison,PulitzerPrizeWinningAuthor
Spring,2016
ADHDPoll
102
Spring,2016
Howlongistheattentionspan?
103
Spring,2016
Howlongistheattentionspan?
104
• Juliathinkswedon’tknow…• TheonlystudyI’vebeenabletofindonthistopic(Packard,1970)isutterlyunconvincing
• MichaelPosneremailedTraceysaying...o WecantestattentionspanbutthattherearesomanymultiplepathwaysthatitishardtosaywehaveXamountofattention
o Itdependsoncontext,motivation,aswellaswhichmodalityismatchedwithwhichactivity
Spring,2016
AdultADHDandtheDMN
• Patients:▪ 20adultswithADHDand20matchedcontrols▪ NootherDSMdiagnoses▪ Nopsychotropicdruguse/Stimulantsallowed
• Method:RestingStatefMRI• Results:ADHDPatientshad
▪ Decreasedactivityinprecuneus/anteriorcingulatecortex(ACC)▪ Decreasedconnectivityamongprecuneus,vmPFC,anteriorposteriorcingulatecortex,andothers
105Castellanos, 2008
Spring,2016
ChildhoodADHDandtheDMN
• Patients:▪ 255childrenand316controlsfromADHDimagingdatabase▪ Somewith,somewithoutmedication
• Methods:RestingStatefMRI• Results:
▪ Decreasedprecuneus connectivitywithdorsalattentionnetworks▪ Decreasedcorticostriatal andparietalconnectivitythatmayberelatedtoimpairedDMNinhibition
106Tomasi,2012
Spring,2016
ChildhoodADHDandtheDMN
107Tomasi,2012
FCD=Functional ConnectivityDensity
Spring,2016
ChildhoodADHDandtheDMN
108Tomasi,2012
FCD=Functional ConnectivityDensity
Spring,2016
IsthistheSpongeBobvs.Caillou effect?
• Ifattentionistreatedasshort,doesitbecomeshort?
Lillard &Peterson,2011 109
Spring,2016
DMNConnectivityPredictsImpulsivity
• Patients:o 122incarceratedjuvenileoffenders(ages14to19)o 95controls(ages7to31)
• Method:RestingstatefMRIs• Results:
o PMdr(premotorregions)functionallyconnectedtoattentionnetworksinlessimpulsivepatients/controls
o PMdrfunctionallyconnectedtoDMNinmoreimpulsivepatients/juvenileoffenders
o PMdrconnectivityshiftswithtypicaldevelopmentfromDMNtoattentionnetworks(seenincontrols)
o Hypotheses:▪ DMNconnectionsareprunedduring normaldevelopment▪ DevelopmentofDMNisdelayedinimpulsivepatients
110Shannon,etal.,2011
Spring,2016
TypicalDMNConnectivity
Shannon,etal.,2011
©2011 by National Academy of Sciences
111
Spring,2016Shannon,etal.,2011
©2011 by National Academy of Sciences
AtypicalDMNConnectivityin Impulsivity
112
Spring,2016
CanwestrengthentheDMN?
Thereissomeevidencetosupport:• Constructiveinternalreflection:Relaxedmind-wandering/daydreaming;down-time
• Taskpracticethatco-activatestargetedbrainregions(tostrengthenconnectivity)
• Effortfulinternalfocus
SeeJulia’srecordedflow/DMNvideofordetails!
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Spring,2016
CanwetreatADHD?• TheMain-Stream:
o Parent-Trainingo Stimulantmedicationisusedinover56%ofchildhoodADHDcasesinEurope▪ 30.8%ofpatientshadfullsymptomcontrol▪ 31.8%ofphysicianswereverysatisfiedwithtreatment
o CognitiveBehavioralTherapyo Psychologicaltreatmento Nodifferencebetweenoutcomesforbehavioralandpharmacologicintervention (Zima,etal.,2010)
• Alternativesupportso Omega3&6fattyacidso Eliminationdietso Meditation/mindfulnesso Exerciseo Sleepinterventions
Hodgkins,etal.,2013;Murphy,etal.,2014;Nigg,etal.,2014;Perera,etal.,2012;Zima,etal.,2010 114
Spring,2016
Evidenced-basedBehavioralTherapies
Attention-DeficitS.O(2011) 115
Spring,2016
AssessingsleepdisordersinADHD
Owens,2009 116
Spring,2016
Nosilverbullet
• Attentionisnotaunitaryconcept…itisalloverthebrain• Sotreatmentshouldbemultimodal
117
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Mechanismsofattentionalplasticity
Posner&Rothbart,2010 118
Spring,2016
Summary
• Defineattention• Reviewkeyattentionalnetworks• LookatExternalAttention
o Testourownvisualattentiono DefineFlow
• LookatInternalAttentiono Defaultmodenetwork
• TalkaboutADHD:Challenges&Benefits
119
Spring,2016
Questions?And“3-2-1”
Pleasedo“3-2-1”Assignment:
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Spring,2016
References
Inthe bundles…
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