Slide 1

Neurons and The Nervous System

Slide 2

Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists Neuron a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system

Slide 3

Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses

Slide 4

http://youtu.be/WyQbME6ilV4

Slide 5

Action Potential a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membrane Threshold the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse http://youtu.be/R0TdXkxBOkE http://youtu.be/R0TdXkxBOkE

Slide 6

Motor (Efferent) Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands Sensory (Afferent) Neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system Interneurons CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Slide 7

MotorSensoryInter NEURONS

Slide 8

Synapse junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft The average neuron has 1,000 synapses with other neurons.

Slide 9

What does a synapse look like? Electron Micrograph Microscopy with Fluorescent Proteins Microscopy with Fluorescent Proteins http://youtu.be/LT3VKAr4roo

Slide 10

Neurotransmitters

Slide 11

Using the definition of a neurotransmitter and your knowledge of a neuron, draw a picture that you could use to explain a neurotransmitter to a 10-year-old

Slide 12

Slide 13

* There are dozens of different neurotransmitters (NT) in the neurons of the body. * NTs can be either excitatory or inhibitory * Each neuron generally synthesizes and releases a single type of neurotransmitter * http://youtu.be/haNoq8UbSyc http://youtu.be/haNoq8UbSyc *

Slide 14

Slide 15

Heroin is an agonist for endorphins Alcohol is an antagonist for glutumate (excitatory)

Slide 16

Neurotransmitter molecule Receiving cell membrane Receptor site on receiving neuron Agonist mimics neurotransmitter Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter

Slide 17

Nicotine and Dopamine transmission Nicotine binds to the presynaptic receptors exciting the neuron to fire more action potentials causing an increase in dopamine release. Nicotine also affects neurons by increasing the number of synaptic vesicles released. Is nicotine an agonist or antagonist for dopamine?

Slide 18

Serotonin Pathways Dopamine Pathways

Slide 19

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) affect the level of serotonin in the brain. What would this look like as it relates to your neurotransmitter diagram?

Slide 20

Nervous System http://youtu.be/cqvoV4R7T2ghttp://youtu.be/cqvoV4R7T2g the bodys speedy, electrochemical communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems Nerves neural cables containing many axons part of the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs http://youtu.be/vGxho71tScM http://youtu.be/vGxho71tScM

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Central (brain and spinal cord) Nervous system Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Somatic Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) Peripheral

Slide 24

Autonomic Nervous System the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) Sympathetic Parasympathetic Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal muscles Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Slide 25

http://youtu.be/YFYRosjcVuU Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations Parasympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

Slide 26

Peripheral Nervous System Label the chart above to include the parts and functions of the peripheral nervous system

Slide 27

Peripheral Autonomic: controls glands and muscles Sympathetic: arouses the body Parasympathetic: calms the body Somatic: controls skeleton

Slide 28

Slide 29

Reflex a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus Skin receptors Muscle Sensory neuron (incoming information) Motor neuron (outgoing information) Brain Interneuron Spinal cord

Slide 30

Slide 31

Neural Networks interconnected neural cells with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning InputsOutputs Neurons in the brain connect with one another to form networks The brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback

Slide 32

Nervous System Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous System System Brain Spinal cordAutonomic Somatic SympatheticParasympathetic