lecture biological psychology
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
1/49
A system that controls all of theactivities of the body.
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
2/49
Your Amazing Brain
Receives information within a fraction of a second, toominuscule to measure
Acts on the external universe allows you to cry, walk,
play a musical instrument
Utilizes language one of your most advanced functions
Possesses emotions creates your affective universe
Thinksis responsible for your memory, intelligence,
your thoughts
Controls your autonomic functions heart rate,
breathing, homeostasis
Controls your immune system protects you from
viruses
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
3/49
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
4/49
Central Nervous
SystemPeripheral Nervous System
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
5/49
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
SpinalCord
Brain
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
6/49
The Spinal Cord
Protected by a column of bones
Connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system
Sends messages to the brain
Produces some behaviors of its own without the help ofthe brain
These spinal reflexes are automatic, requesting noconscience effort
Sometimes they are influenced by thought and emotion
Example: touching a hot iron
The spinal cord sends messages to the brain.
The spinal cord sends messages to the brain.
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
7/49
The Brain
Areas of the Brain
The Four Lobes of the Brain
Lateralization
Contralateral function
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
8/49
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
9/49
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
10/49
The Hind Brain Medulla breathing, heart rate, digestion, other
vital reflexes(swallowing,coughing,vomiting,sneezing)
Pons sleeping, walking, dreaming
Reticular Activating System alertness,
arousal, attention
Cerebellum balancecoordinated, rapid
voluntary movements
e.g., playing thepiano, kicking,
throwing, etc.
http://www.math.tu-dresden.de/~belov/brain/stem.gif -
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
11/49
The Midbrain
Thalamus"central switching station"relays and processesincoming sensoryinformation (except
olfactory) to the higherbrain centers The sight of sunset is
directed to a visual area
The only sense that
completely bypasses thethalamus is the sense ofsmell, which has itsprivate switching station,the olfactory bulb
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
12/49
The Midbrain
The Limbic System
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
13/49
Hypothalamus
Contains nuclei involved in a variety of behaviors
sexual behavior
hunger, thirst
sleep water and salt balance
body temperature regulation
circadian rhythms
role in hormone secretion
Hypothalamus releases hormones or releasing factors
which in turn cause pituitary gland to release its
hormones
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
14/49
Amygdala
Inputs come from all
senses
Amygdala readsemotional significance
of inputs
Output influences
such functions as
heart rate, adrenaline
release
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
15/49
Amygdala and Emotion
Identify emotion
from facial
expressions
Amygdala damage
makes this task
difficult
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
16/49
Hippocampus
Important in
forming new
memories
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
17/49
The Forebrain
The CerebrumHigher forms of thinking take place in it
It is divided into two halves called thecerebral hemispheres that are connectedby a large band of fibers called the
corpus callosum
They have different tasks (lateralization)
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
18/49
The Forebrain
The Cerebral Cortex
The cerebrum is covered by several thin
layers of densely packed cells known asthe cerebral cortex
On each cerebral hemisphere, deep fissures
divide the cortex into 4 lobes
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
19/49
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
20/49
The Four Lobes of the
Cerebral Cortex
Occipital
Lobes
Parietal
Lobe
Temporal
Lobes
Frontal
Lobes
-at the
back of thehead
-Visual
cortex
-at the top
of thebrain
-Somato-
sensorycortex
-pressure,
touch, pain
-at the
sides ofthe brain
-Auditory
cortex-memory,
perception
, emotion,
language
-toward the
front of thebrain
-Motor cortex
-voluntary
movement of
muscles-decision,
problem-
solving,
planning
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
21/49
Functions of the Cortex
Motor Cortex an area ofthe frontal lobes thatcontrols voluntarymovements.
It sends messages out tothe body.
When stimulating,specific parts of theregion in the left or right
hemisphere, specificbody parts moved on theopposite side of the body.
Somatosensory CorteMotor Cortex
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
22/49
Contralateral Motor Control
Movements controled by motor area
Right hemisphere controls left side of
body
Left hemisphere controls right side
Motor nerves cross sides in spinal cord
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
23/49
Functions of the CortexSensory Cortex the area
at the front of the parietallobes that receives,
registers, and processes
body sensations.
Association Functions
areas of the cerebral
cortex that are not
involved in primary motor
or sensory functions;rather, they are involved
in higher mental
functions such as
learning, remembering,
thinking, and speaking.
Somatosensory CortexMotor Cortex
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
24/49
LateralizationLeft Hemisphere
Verbal competence
Speaking, reading,
thinking & reasoning
Processes info in sequence
One piece of data at a time
logical
Right Hemisphere
Nonverbal areasComprehension, spatial
relationships, drawing,music, emotion
Processes info. As a whole
Intuitive
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
25/49
Peripheral Nervous System contains only nerves and
connects the brain and spinalcord (CNS) to the rest of thebody.
3 kinds of neurons connect
CNS to the body sensory
motor
interneurons
Motor - CNS to muscles andorgans
Sensory - sensory receptorsto CNS
Interneurons: Connections
Within CNS
SpinalCord
Brain
Nerves
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
26/49
Peripheral Nervous System
S ke le ta l
(S o ma t ic)
S ymp a t h e t ic P a ra symp a t h e t ic
A u t o n o mic
P e rip h e ra l Ne rvo u s S yst e m
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
27/49
Somatic System
Nerves to/fromspinal cord control muscle
movements
somatosensoryinputs
Both Voluntary
and reflex
movements Skeletal
ReflexesMuscle
Motor
Neuron
Interneuron
Skin receptors
SensoryNeuron
Brain
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
28/49
Autonomic System
Two divisions: sympathetic
Parasympatheitic
Control involuntary functions heartbeat blood pressure
respiration
perspiration digestion
Can be influenced by thought and
emotion
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
29/49
Sympathetic
Fight or flight
response
Release adrenalineand noradrenaline
Increases heart rate
and blood pressure
Increases blood flow
to skeletal muscles
Inhibits digestive
functions
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain
Spinalcord
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
Secretion of adrenaline,nonadrenaline
Relaxes bladder
Stimulates ejaculationin male
Sympatheticganglia
Salivaryglands
Lungs
Heart
Stomach
PancreasLiver
Adrenalgland
Kidney
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
30/49
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
system
Calms body to
conserve and
maintain energy
Lowers heartbeat,
breathing rate,
blood pressure
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain
PARASYMPATHETIC
Spinal
cord
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates activity
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erectionof sex or ans
Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts pupil
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
31/49
Summary of autonomic
differencesAutonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupilsdilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPERATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decrease secretion
of stress hormones
Basic Tasks of the Nervous
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
32/49
Basic Tasks of the Nervous
SystemSensory Input:
Monitor bothexternal and internal
environments.
Integration: Process
the information andoften integrate it with
stored information.
Motor output: If
necessary, signaleffector organs to
make an appropriate
response.
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
33/49
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
34/49
Cell body:
functional portion
Dendrites: shortextensions that
receive signals
Axon: long
extension thattransmits impulses
away
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
35/49
Nerve Impulse - The Action PotentialThreshold potential will trigger
an action potential ornerveimpulse
The action potential is an all-or-
none response
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
36/49
How does a signal move from
one neuron to another?
The junction between a nerve cell and anothercell is called a synapse. The space between twocells is known as the synaptic cleft.
Messages travel within the neuron as an electricalaction potential.
To cross the synaptic cleft requires the actions ofneurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters are biochemical substances
which carry information. stored in small synaptic vessicles clustered at the
tip of the axon and released by the signal cell(axon) to the receiver cell(dendrite).
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossN.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossN.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.html -
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
37/49
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
38/49
Types of chemical synapse
Acetylcholine: neuromuscular junctions,
glands, brain and spinal cord
Norepinepherine: affects brain regions
concerned with emotions, dreaming
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
39/49
Chemical Messengers in the
NS
Neurotransmitters
Endorphins
Hormones
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
40/49
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters travel from one neuron
to another. Changes occur in the
receiving neurons membrane,
The ultimate effect is either:
Excitatory: the probability that the receiving
neuron will fire increases
Inhibitory: the probability that the receivingneuron will fire decreases
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
41/49
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperatureregulation, pain suppression, and mood
DopamineVoluntary movement, learning, memory, and
emotion
Acetylcholine
Muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, andemotion
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
42/49
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Increased heart rate and the slowing of
intestinal activity during stress, learning,
memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, andemotion
GABA
(gama-aminobutyic acid)The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the
brain
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
43/49
Hormones
Insulin
Produced by the pancreas
Regulates the bodys use of glucose & affects
appetite
Melatonin
Secreted by the pineal gland
Helps to regulate daily biological rhythms andpromotes sleep.
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
44/49
Hormones
Adrenal HormonesProduced by the adrenal glands are involved in
emotion and stress. They rise in response tononemotional conditions, such as cold, heat, pin
injury, and physical exercise, and in response tosome drugs such as caffeine and nicotine.
The Outer Part
Cortisol
The Inner PartEpinephrine & Norepinephrine
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
45/49
Hormones
Sex Hormones
Are secreted by the gonads and by the
adrenal glands
Androgens
Masculinizing Hormones
EstrogensFeminizing Hormones
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
46/49
Neurotransmitters & Hormones
Acetylcholine
Shortage in acetylcholine may be associated with
Alzheimers disease
DopamineThe degeneration of brain cells that produce and
use another neurotransmitter, dopamine,
appears to cause symptoms of Parkinsons
disease.
Low levels of dopamine may cause ADHD
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
47/49
Neurotransmitters & Hormones
Serotonin
Decrease in norepinephrine and serotonin is
associated with depression. Elevated levels
along with other biochemical and brainabnormalities have been implicated in childhood
autism.
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and adrenaline are
associated with excitement and stress.
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
48/49
Neurotransmitters & Hormones
Cortisol
Cortisol is associated with stress. Increase in cortisoldamages the brain and may be associated withposttraumatic stress.
GABAAbnormal GABA levels have between implicated in sleep
and eating disorders and in compulsive disorders.
Glutamate
Glutamate, serotonin, and high levels of dopamine havebeen associated with schizophrenia
-
7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology
49/49