neuroanatomy laboratory guide 2011

7/28/2019 Neuroanatomy Laboratory Guide 2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/neuroanatomy-laboratory-guide-2011 1/8

NEUROANATOMY LABORATORY GUIDE

In this laboratory experience you will study "wet" specimens ranging from whole brains to bits

and pieces of brains. IT IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL THAT THESE SPECIMENS BE KEPT MOIST BECAUSE

WITHOUT FREQUENT "WETTING DOWN" THEY WILL DRY OUT QUITE READILY AND BECOME USELESS.

ALSO USE

GLOVES

WHILE

HANDLING

BRAIN

SPECIMENS.

With the great advancements in imaging now available and further developments on the horizon,

knowledge of the salient features of brain morphology is no longer the esoteric subject once thought

to be the turf of neuropathologists, neuroradiologists, and neurosurgeons. By making the laboratory

an anchor (not the only anchor) of the Neuroscience course, the correlation of much of the lecture

material and the enhancement of comprehension of Neuroscience information are reasonable

objectives for the laboratory component of the course. Unless students relate basic function to the

structures studied in the laboratory, the whole exercise is useless. Use glossary from Nolte and

Angevine book

(P.

213

‐245)

for

structural/functional

correlation

for

structures

on

the

checklist

for

each of the labs

At first you will be challenged simply by the terminology and the identification of bumps, grooves,

light spots, dark spots, and spaces seen in gross brain specimens. However, as the intimidation of

vocabulary subsides and you become more comfortable with the material, it is absolutely essential

early on to assign basic functions to the structures. This cannot be and will not attempt to be

exhaustive rehashing of lecture material, but major functions and deficits resulting from lesions in

specific areas are reasonable objectives.

One complaint

commonly

uttered

by

frustrated

students

in

neuroscience

laboratory

is

that

the

various specimens used in the laboratory frequently fail to closely match the figures in the atlas.

Suffice it to say, the brains of future patients may well fail you in the same way. In spite of numerous

variations, however, the basic gross structure of brains tends to follow a consistent, general pattern

of structure. Do not dwell on rare variations, but rather on the "typical" within reasonable range of

"normal." Utilize faculty assistance during scheduled labs, and discipline yourselves to study

specimens at other tables.

Included within the presentations for the various laboratory sessions will be information which

utilizes or applies the laboratory material. The questions for the laboratory practical, therefore, will

include identification,

physical

relationships

of

structures,

and

basic

functions.

The

information

needed to respond correctly to these questions will be contained within this laboratory guide. The

goal of this approach is to facilitate gaining clearer comprehension of the material and appreciate its

applications to clinical problems.

Use assigned photographs and diagrams in Nolte and Angevine book to identify the various

structures on the checklist for each of the laboratory assignments. Faculty will be available during

scheduled laboratory time to also assist you with identification, etc.



NEUROANATOMY LABORATORY GENERAL DIRECTIONS

(1) Always use gloves while handling brain tissue

(2) Handle brain tissue carefully as it is delicate

(3) Keep brain tissue always moist and store it in buckets filled with water

(4) Use the “Human Brain Atlas by Nolte and Angev ine” (3rd edition) for Identification and Study

Guide

1st Laboratory Directions (Lab 1)

Identify the 3 primary landmark sulci of the cerebral hemispheres: (Use Figs. 1‐1 to 1‐8 from Atlas)

Longitudinal Cerebral sulcus/fissure

Lateral sulcus

Central sulcus

Identify the 5 lobes, (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, limbic) of the cerebral hemispheres

Identify the sulci, gyri and other important structures of the cerebral hemispheres, and correlate their

functional role

Identification Checklist

Frontal Lobe

Anterior ramus of lateral sulcus

Ascending ramus of lateral sulcus

Central Sulcus

Frontal pole

Gyrus rectus

Inferior frontal gyrus & sulcus

pars opercularis

pars orbitalis

pars triangularis

Lateral sulcus

Medial frontal gyrus

Middle frontal gyrus

Orbital gyri

Paracentral lobule

Precentral gyrus & sulcus

Superior frontal gyrus & sulcus

Parietal

Lobe

Inferior parietal lobule

angular gyrus

supramarginal gyrus

Paracentral lobule

Parieto‐occipital sulcus

Postcentral gyrus & sulcus

Precuneus

Superior parietal lobule

Occipital Lobe

Calcarine sulcus

Cuneus

Lingual gyrus

Occipital pole & gyri

Occipitotemporal gyrus

Preoccipital notch

Parieto‐occipital

sulcus

Temporal Lobe

Inferior temporal gyrus & sulcus

Middle temporal gyrus

Occipitotemporal gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

Superior temporal gyrus & sulcus

Temporal pole

Transverse temporal gyri

Uncus

Limbic Lobe (medial view)

Cingulate gyrus

Cingulate sulcus & marginal branch

Isthmus of cingulate gyrus

Paraterminal gyrus (septal nuclei)

Parahippocampus

Subcallosal gyrus/area



Other important structures of the brain (Lab I continued)

Anterior commissure

Body of corpus callosum

Body of the fornix

Columns of the fornix

Genu of

corpus

callosum

Hypothalamus

Insula

Interventricular foramen

Lateral ventricles

Lamina terminalis

Medulla

Midbrain

Olfactory bulb and tract

Optic nerves, chiasm &tract

Pineal gland

Pons

Rostrum of corpus callosum

Septum pellucidum

Splenium of corpus callosum

Thalamus



2nd

Laboratory Directions (Lab. 2)


Identify the components of the diencephalon by studying brain material and the special dissections as

provided in lab. (Figs. 1‐5, 1‐7; 1‐8 from Atlas)

Anterior thalamic nucleus

Fornix (crus, fimbria, body, columns)

Habenular (nuclei)

Hypothalamic sulcus

Hypothalamus

Interthalamic adhesion

Lamina terminalis

Lateral geniculate body

Mamillary bodies

Medial geniculate body

Optic chiasm

Optic recess

Optic tract

Pineal gland

Pulvinar

Septal nuclei

Stria medullaris (thalami)

Stria terminalis

Subthalamus

Thalamus

Third ventricle

Tuber cinereum

Identify the components of the ventricular system and adjacent structures by studying brain

material and the special dissections as provided in lab. (Fig. 1‐7; Fig 1‐8; Figs. 4‐1 to 4‐3 from

Atlas)

Caudate nucleus (head and body)

Cerebral aqueduct

Choroid plexus

Fornix (4

parts)

Fourth ventricle

Infundibular recess

Interventricular foramen (2)

Lateral ventricle –

Body Frontal horn Occipital horn Temporal horn Trigone

Optic recess

Pineal recess

Third ventricle

Review (from Gross Anatomy) and identify the components of the meninges by studying brain

material and the special dissections as provided in lab.

Arachnoid granulations

Confluence of sinuses

Cranial dura

Falx cerebri

Filum terminale

Inferior sagittal sinus

Sigmoid sinus

Straight sinus

Superior sagittal sinus

Tentorium cerebelli

Transverse sinuses



Identify the components of the blood supply to the CNS by studying brain material and the special

dissections as provided in lab (Fig. 1‐6 from Atlas)

Anterior cerebral arteries

Anterior communicating artery

Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA)

Anterior perforated

substance

Arterial circle (of Willis)

Basilar artery

Callosal marginal artery

Internal carotid arteries

Lenticulostriate arteries

Middle cerebral arteries

Pericallosal artery

Posterior cerebral arteries

Posterior communicating arteries

Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA)

Posterior perforated substance

Superior cerebellar arteries

Vertebral arteries



3rd

Laboratory Directions (Lab. III)

Identify the various components of the brainstem (Figures 1‐10 and 1‐11 from Atlas

Whole brainstems and brainstem models Longitudinal sections of brainstem

Cross‐sections of brainstem from text book and Dr. Gulati’s handout


Brachium of inferior colliculus

Brachium of Superior Colliculus

Cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral peduncles

Choroid plexus

CN II

CN III

CN IV

CN V

CN VI

CN VII

CN VIII

CN IX

CN X

CN XI

CN XII

Facial colliculus

Facial nerve

Fasciculus cuneatus

Fasciculus gracilis

Fourth Ventricle

Hypoglossal and vagal trigones

Inferior colliculus

Interpeduncular fossa

Lateral aperture

Medulla

Midbrain (tectum and tegmentum)

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Obex

Olivary nucleus

Pons Pontomedullary sulcus

Pyramidal decussation

Pyramids

Red nuclei

Rhomboid fossa

Stria medullaris 4th

ventricle

Substantia nigra

Sulcus limitans

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Superior colliculus

Superior medullary

vellum

Tectum (sup and inferior colliculi)

Tegmentum

Tuberculum cinereum

Tuberculum cuneatus

Tuberculum gracilis

Vestibular area (nuclei)



4th

Laboratory – Sections (Lab IV)

Identify the various components of the internal capsule in coronal and horizontal sections.

Also identify the relationship of the internal capsule to (Figures 5‐1 and 6‐3 from Atlas)

basal nuclei and ventricles.

Basal nuclei (4) Lateral ventricles

Thalamus Corona radiata Cerebral peduncles Parts of the corpus callosum

Anterior commissure

Cerebral peduncles

Corona

radiata

Internal capsule:

Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Retrolenticular limb and optic radiations

Corpus callosum (all parts)

Thalamus

Ventricles (all parts)

Identify the basal nuclei in Coronal and Horizontal section of the brain Internal capsule Lateral ventricle Thalamus Corona radiata Cerebral peduncle

Amygdala

Caudate nucleus –

Head Body Tail

Globus pallidus

Internal capsule

Lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)

Putamen

Striatum (caudate and putamen)

Substantia nigra

Clinical Imaging (Self study; Chapter 9 from Atlas; Structure list provided separately)

Identify the key structures from previous weeks in demonstration MRI's and labeled.

Review all the structures and associate functional significance to each structure. (as much as can

be done).



5th Laboratory Directions (Lab. V)


Identify the components of the cerebellum by studying whole brains, hemi‐brains, and

special dissections as provided in lab. (Fig. 1‐9 from Atlas)

Anterior Lobe Middle cerebellar peduncles

Cerebellar hemispheres Posterior lobe

Cerebellar medulla Superior cerebellar peduncles

Dentate nuclei Vermis

Flocculonodular lobe

Identify the components of the limbic system by studying brain material and the special

dissections as provided in lab. (Figs. 1‐1; 1‐7; 1‐8 from Atlas)

Amygdala Lamina terminalis

Anterior commissure Mamillary bodies

Anterior thalamic nucleus Olfactory cortex

Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus

Cingulum Septal area

Body of Fornix Splenium of corpus callosum

Columns of Fornix Stria medullaris thalami

Crus of Fornix Stria terminalis

Fimbria of Fornix Tegmentum of midbrain

Habenula (nucleus) Uncus

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

neuroanatomy laboratory guide 2011

Documents