networks 03 i main

8/3/2019 Networks 03 I Main

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F.L. Lewis, Assoc. Director for Research

Moncrief-ODonnell Endowed Chair

Head, Controls, Sensors, MEMS Group

Automation & Robotics Research Institute (ARRI)The University of Texas at Arlington

Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Machinery,Human Biofunctions, and BCW Agents

Sponsored byIEEE Singapore

SMC, R&A, andControl Chapters

Organized and

invited by

Professor Sam Ge,

NUS
http://www.uta.edu/


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Automation & Robotics Research Institute (ARRI)The University of Texas at Arlington

F.L. Lewis, Assoc. Director for Research

Moncrief-ODonnell Endowed Chair

Head, Controls, Sensors, MEMS Group

http://ARRI.uta.edu/acs

Wireless Sensor Networks
http://www.uta.edu/http://www.isphere.com/arri/


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Wireless MEMS Sensor Networks

Machinery monitoring & Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM / PHM / RUL)

Remote site biochemical warfare (BCW) toxin monitoring

Personnel monitoring and secure area denial

Optical MEMS human biosensors

New Initiative at ARRI$180K in ARO/ UTA/ Texas funding to set up ARRI MEMS lab$240K in MEMS & Network related Grants from NSF and ARO

Contact Frank Lewis

[email protected]

http://arri.uta.edu/acs

[email protected]

http://mems.uta.edu

C&C UserInterface forwireless

networks-


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PDA

BSC(Base Station

Controller,Preprocessing)BST

WirelessSensor

MachineMonitoring

Medical Monitoring

Wireless SensorWireless

Data CollectionNetworks

Wireless(Wi-Fi 802.11 2.4GHz

BlueToothCellular Network, -

CDMA, GSM)

Printer

Wireland(Ethernet WLAN,

Optical)

AnimalMonitoring

Vehicle Monitoring

Onlinemonitoring Server

transmitter

Any where, anytime to access

NotebookCellularPhone PC

Ship Monitoring

Wireless Sensor Networks

RovingHumanmonitor

Data DistributionNetwork

Management Center

(Database large storage,analysis)

Data AcquisitionNetwork
http://www.bestbuy.com/detail.asp?e=11190901&m=488&cat=526&scat=527http://www.bestbuy.com/detail.asp?e=11190901&m=488&cat=526&scat=527http://www.bestbuy.com/detail.asp?e=11190901&m=488&cat=526&scat=527http://www.bestbuy.com/detail.asp?e=11202591&m=488&cat=494&scat=495&cmp=IL14934


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Paul Baran, Rand Corp.Network of Networks


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Principal Problems in Army Communications

Paul Baran, Rand Corp.
http://www.isphere.com/arri/


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COTS Wireless SensorsBerkeley CrossbowMicrostrain

Wireless NetworksCellular networkWLANOther short range RF networksMultiple linked networks

Wireless CBM Research Areas

Sensor TechnologyMEMS ?

Node TechnologyDSPPower

RF link Remote Access Terminals

Wireless PDA, Wireless LaptopCellphone, Internet

Data managementSensor data storage

DSPData Access

Fault & Diagnostic Decision-Making Alarming
http://www.uta.edu/http://www.isphere.com/arri/


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Cellular Technologies

2G Systems

2.5G Systems

3G Systems

Other Short-range Technologies

Home RF

Bluetooth

IrDA IEEE 802.11

Wireless LAN Technology

2.4 GHz Wireless LAN

5 GHz Wireless LAN

Ad-hoc Mode Infrastructure Mode

Which Technology?

IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks

Long Range Technologies

Cordless Telephony (cellphone) Internet


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BerkeleyCrossbow

Sensor

Crossbowtransceiver

Which Hardware?

Crossbow Berkeley Motes

BerkeleyCrossbow

Sensor

Crossbowtransceiver


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MicrostrainV-Link

Transceiver

Microstrain

TransceiverConnect to PC

MicrostrainG-Sensor

Microstrain Wireless Sensors

RFID node

http://www.microstrain.com/index.cfm

MicrostrainG-Sensor

Microstrain

TransceiverConnect to PC

MicrostrainV-Link

Transceiver


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http://www.pctechguide.com/29network.htm

FDDI- Fibre Distributed

Data Interface specifies a

100 Mbit/s token-passing,

dual-ring LAN using fibre-

optic cable.

Network Topology

Self Healing NetDual Ring


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http://www.fiber-optics.info/articles/its-networks.htm

Bus Network with Backbone Interconnections Between Different Network Types

Token Ring Network Topology Self-healing Ring Topology

Two ringsStar Network Topology

Network Topology


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Ethernet LANFDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface

100 Mbps

Moshe Zalcberg and Benny Matityaho, Tel Aviv University

http://www2.rad.com/networks/1994/networks/preface.htm


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The Spider Web Net


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Centralized, Decentralized, Distributed

Neighbor Connectivity and RedundancyNetwork Topology


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Paul Baran, Rand Corp.Connectivity and Number of Links

Number of linksincreases

exponentially


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Basic 4-link ring element

Two ways to interconnect two rings

Two 2-D mesh networks

Mesh Networks

Standard ManhattanNew Topology

Alternating

1-way streets

Edge Binding- J.W. Smith, Rand Corp.

In any network, much of the routing power of

peripheral stations is wasted simply because

peripheral links are unused. Thus, messages

tend to reflect off the boundary into the interior

or to move parallel to the periphery.


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The Problem of Complexity

Communication Protocols in a network must be restricted andorganized to avoid Complexity problems

e.g. in ManufacturingThe general job shop allows part flows between all machinesThe Flow Line allows part flows only along specific Paths

We have shown that the job shop is NP-complete

but the reentrant flow line is of polynomial complexity

Think of the military chain of command


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Hierarchical Networks

Hierarchical ClusteringDual-RingHierarchical

Structure for level 2

Designation of Primary

Communication Ring

Hierarchical Clustering of 8x8 mesh

showing level 3 primary communication ring

Hierarchical Clustering of 8x8 mesh

showing all four communication rings

4 x 4 Mesh Net

Disable some links

Same structure--

Consistent

Hierarchy


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Disable some links to reduce complexity

The disabled links can be used as backups in case of failures

Note- this dual ring structure

Is a self-healing ring

htt // t h id /29 t k ht


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Ethernet

Ethernet was developed in the mid 1970's by the Xerox Corporation, and in 1979

Digital Equipment Corporation DEC) and Intel joined forces with Xerox to standardise

the system. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) released the

official Ethernet standard in 1983 called the IEEE 802.3 after the name of the working

group responsible for its development, and in 1985 version 2 (IEEE 802.3a) was

released. This second version is commonly known as "Thin Ethernet" or 10Base2, in

this case the maximum length is 185m even though the "2" suggest that it should be

200m.

Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet was officially adopted in the summer of 1995, two years after a group of

leading network companies had formed the Fast Ethernet Alliance to develop the

standard. Operating at ten times the speed of regular 10Base-T Ethernet, Fast Ethernet -also known as 100BaseT - retains the same CSMA/CD protocol and Category 5 cabling

support as its predecessor higher bandwidth and introduces new features such as full-

duplex operation and auto-negotiation.


http://www pctechguide com/29network htm


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FDDI

Developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards committee inthe mid-1980s - at a time when high-speed engineering workstations were beginning to tax

the bandwidth of existing LANs based on Ethernet and Token Ring - the Fibre Distributed

Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100 Mbit/s token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fibre-

optic cable.

Token Ring

In 1984, IBM introduced the 4 Mbit/s Token Ring network. Instead of the normal plug

and socket arrangement of male and female gendered connectors, the IBM data connector(IDC) was a sort of hermaphrodite, designed to mate with itself. Although the IBM

Cabling System is to this day regarded as a very high quality and robust data

communication media, its large size and cost - coupled with the fact that with only 4 cores

it was less versatile than 8-core UTP - saw Token Ring continue fall behind Ethernet in

the popularity stakes. It remains IBM's primary LAN technology however and the

compatible and almost identical IEEE 802.5 specification continues to shadow IBM'sToken Ring development.

http://www pctechguide com/29network htm


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Gigabit Ethernet

The next step in Ethernet's evolution was driven by the Gigabit Ethernet Alliance,

formed in 1996. The ratification of associated Gigabit Ethernet standards was

completed in the summer of 1999, specifying a physical layer that uses a mixture of

proven technologies from the original Ethernet Specification and the ANSI X3T11

Fibre Channel Specification:

Use of the same variable-length (64- to 1514-byte packets) IEEE 802.3 frame formatfound in Ethernet and Fast Ethernet is key to the ease with which existing lower-speed

Ethernet devices can be connected to Gigabit Ethernet devices, using LAN switches or

routers to adapt one physical line speed to the other.



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Client-Server

Client-server networking architectures became popular in the late 1980s and early

1990s as many applications were migrated from centralised minicomputers and

mainframes to networks of personal computers. The design of applications for a

distributed computing environment required that they effectively be divided into two

parts: client (front end) and server (back end). The network architecture on which

they were implemented mirrored this client-server model, with a user's PC (the client)typically acting as the requesting machine and a more powerful server machine - to

which it was connected via either a LAN or a WAN - acting as the supplying

machine.


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Peer-to-peer

In a Peer-to-peer networking architecture each computer (workstation) has equivalent

capabilities and responsibilities. There is no server, and computers simply connect with

each other in a workgroup to share files, printers, and Internet access. It is practical forworkgroups of a dozen or less computers, making it common in many SOHO

environments, where each PC acts as an independent workstation that stores data on its

own hard drive but which can share it with all other PCs on the network.

P2P computingBy early 2000 a revolution was underway in an entirely new form of peer-to-peer

computing. Sparked by the phenomenal success of a number of highly publicised

applications, "P2P computing" - as it is commonly referred to - heralded a new

computing model for the Internet age and had achieved considerable traction with

mainstream computer users and members of the PC industry in a very short space of

time.

The Napster MP3 music file sharing application went live in September 1999, and

attracted more than 20 million users by mid-2000


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IEEE 802.11

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ratified the original

802.11 specification in 1997 as the standard for WLANs. That version of 802.11

provided for 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s data rates and a set of fundamental signalling

methods and other services. The data rates supported by the original 802.11 standard

were too slow to support most general business requirements with and did little to

encourage the adoption of WLANs. Recognising the critical need to support higher

data-transmission rates, the autumn of 1999 saw the IEEE ratify the 802.11b standard

(also known as 802.11 High Rate) for transmissions of up to 11 Mbit/s.

http://wwwerg abdn ac uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/osi-example html


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http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/osi-example.html

The OSI reference model specifies standards for describing "Open Systems

Interconnection" with the term 'open' chosen to emphasise the fact that by using

these international standards, a system may be defined which is open to all other

systems obeying the same standards throughout the world. The definition of a

common technical language has been a major catalyst to the standardisation of

communications protocols and the functions of a protocol layer.

OSI-

Open Systems

Interconnection

http://www cs cf ac uk/User/O F Rana/data-comms/comms-lec1 pdf


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http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/User/O.F.Rana/data-comms/comms-lec1.pdf

http://ieee1451 nist gov/intro htm


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http://ieee1451.nist.gov/intro.htm

ProblemTransducers, defined here as sensors or actuators, serve a wide variety of industry's

needs- manufacturing, industrial control, automotive, aerospace, building, and

biomedicine are but a few. Many sensor control networks or fieldbus implementations

are currently available.

A problem for transducer manufacturers is the large number of networks on the markettoday. Currently, it is too costly for transducer manufacturers to make unique smart

transducers for each network on the market. Therefore a universally accepted

transducer interface standard, the IEEE P1451 standard, is proposed to be developed to

address these issues.

Objective of IEEE 1451The objective of this project is to develop a smart transducer interface standard IEEE

1451. This standard is to make it easier for transducer manufacturers to develop smart

devices and to interface those devices to networks, systems, and instruments by

incorporating existing and emerging sensor- and networking technologies.


http://ieee1451 nist gov/intro htm


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History of IEEE-1451

In September 1993, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)'s Technical Committee on Sensor

Technology of the Instrumentation and Measurement Society co-sponsored a meeting todiscuss smart sensor communication interfaces and the possibility of creating a standard

interface. The response was to establish a common communication interface for smart

transducers. Four technical working groups have been formed to address different aspects

of the interface standard.

P1451.1 working group aims at defining a common object model for smarttransducers along with interface specifications for the components of the model.

P1451.2 working group aims at defining a smart transducer interface module

(STIM), a transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS), and a digital interface to access

the data.

P1451.3 working group aims at defining a digital communication interface for

distributed multidrop systems. P1451.4 working group aims at defining a mixed-mode communication protocol

for smart transducers.

The working groups created the concept ofsmart sensors to control networks

interoperability and to ease the connectivity of sensors and actuators into a device or

field network.

http://ieee1451.nist.gov/intro.htm


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Network Independent

Hardware interface

Conway & Heffernan, Univ. Limerick


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Conway & Heffernan, Univ. Limerick

http://wwww.ul.ie/~pei


N d R l i P i i i & L li i


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Net

Entry-

invite

response

ponter

Startup

Node

ID nr.

Neighbor

info

I R P

Dist.

to

Neigh-

bors

Comm link mesh info Position grid info

(x,y)

coords.

and

Origin

Node ID

Hier.

routing

nr.

extra

T frame

repeat nextTDMA frame

Net

Entry-

invite

response

ponter

Startup

Node

ID nr.

Neighbor

info

I R P

Dist.

to

Neigh-

bors

Comm link mesh info Position grid info

(x,y)

coords.

and

Origin

Node ID

Hier.

routing

nr.

extra

T frame

repeat nextTDMA frame

TDMA frame for both communication protocols

and relative positioning

Node Relative Positioning & Localization

Ad hoc network- scattered nodes

Nodes must self organize

Calibrated network-Each node knows its relative position

I i d i l i i i i id


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1 2d12 x

a. Two nodes- define x & y axes

y

b. 3 node closed kinematic chain-

compute (x3, y3)

O 1 2d12 x

d23d13

3

y

x3

y3

213 x23O1 2d12 x1 2d12 x

a. Two nodes- define x & y axes

y

b. 3 node closed kinematic chain-

compute (x3, y3)

O 1 2d12 x

d23d13

3

y

x3

y3

213 x23O 1 2d12 x

d23d13

3

y

x3

y3

213 x23O

Integrating new nodes into relative positioning grid

1 2A12 x

A23

A13

3

y

O

x

y

O

TOO

A14

A34

A24

4

1 2A12 x

A23

A13

3

y

O

x

y

O

TOO

A14

A34

A24

4

Recursive closed-kinematic chain procedure for integrating new nodes

10

ii

i

pRA

One can write the relative location in frame O of the new point 3 in two ways. Thetriangle shown in the figure is a closed kinematic chain of the sort studied in [Liu

and Lewis 1993, 1994]. The solution is obtained by requiring that the two maps T13

and T123 be exactat point 3.

Kinematics

transformation


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jNjcjf sdTcjTtwts )()( /

where w(t) is the basic pulse of duration approx. 1ns, often a wavelet or a Gaussian

monocycle, and Tf is the frame or pulse repetition time. In a multi-node environment,

catastrophic collisions are avoided by using a pseudorandom sequence cj to shift

pulses within the frame to different compartments, and the compartment size is Tc sec.Data is transmitted using digital pulse position modulation (PPM), where if the data

bit is 0 the pulse is not shifted, and if the data bit is 1 the pulse is shifted by d. The

same data bit is transmittedNs times, allowing for very reliable communications with

low probability of error.

Ultra Wideband Sensor WebUWB

Precise time of flight measurement is possible.

Use UWB for all three:

Communications

Node Relative positioning

Target localization


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1 2

3

T

dd2

d3

x

yy

1 2

3

T

d d2

d3

x

xy

213

a. Target, transmitter node, and 2 receiving nodes b. Ellipsoid solution for multi-static target localizing

1 2

3

T

dd2

d3

x

y

1 2

3

T

dd2

d3

x

yy

1 2

3

T

d d2

d3

x

xy

213

1 2

3

T

d d2

d3

x

xy

213

a. Target, transmitter node, and 2 receiving nodes b. Ellipsoid solution for multi-static target localizing

Multi-Static Radar Target Localization

22

122

,2/,2/)( sabdsdda

Intersection of two ellipses with semimajor and semiminor axes

Simultaneous solution of two quadratic equations, one for each ellipse

1

1

BXX

AXX

T

T

Uses time of flight

i iti f t t

networks 03 i main

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