negative impact of smoking

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The Tobacco Industrys Negative Impact on the EnvironmentJune 2010

The harm caused to people's healthby tobacco industry products is well

known. The industry's impact on theplanet is less understood. Frombeginning to end, the process usedby manufacturers to turn tobaccoseeds into packaged cigarettes isenergy intensive and destructive tothe planet. The annual addition of 6trillion cigarette butts to theenvironment also has seriousenvironmental ramifications, as doesthe improper disposal of cigarettes.

Detailed analyses of tobacco'simpact on the planet have beencompleted.1This fact sheet is lesscomprehensive, but is intended toshine some light on the tobaccoindustry's contribution todeforestation, climate change, soildepletion, forest fires and cigarettebutt litter. Unfortunately, to date,these tobacco-related issues have

received little attention fromresearchers, environmental activistsand the public.

Deforestation

Tobacco growing plays asignificant role indeforestation in many areasof the world. If tobacco farmsare not already established,

land is cleared to grow theplants. More deforestationoccurs when farmers usewood as fuel for fires to dryand cure the green leaftobacco.

As well, a significant volume

of paper is needed for cigarettetubes and packaging, since tobacco

companies produce an estimated 6.3trillion cigarettes annually.2

Researcher Helmut Geist hasdetermined that 200,000 hectares offorests are cut downfor tobaccofarming each year.3Thisdeforestation mainly occurs in thedeveloping world and accountsfor 2-4% of all global deforestation.4

Environmental criticality exists or isemerging in 35 countries with anestimated serious, high, and mediumdegree of tobacco-related deforestation,mainly in southern Africa, middle east,south, and east Asia, South America,and the Caribbean. The hypothesis thatdeforestation from tobacco productiondoes not have a significant negative

effect has to be challenged.5

Although the data used in the graph

below is dated, it shows how criticalthe situation is in a variety ofcountries.6

Non-Smokers Rights Association 1


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Climate Change

Cigarette use is a contributor toanthropomorphic climate change(caused by human activities), as

cigarette smoke containsgreenhouse-effect-causing gasescarbon dioxide and methane.

Smoking worldwide releases about 2.6billion kilograms of carbon dioxide inthe air every year. It also releases about5.2 billion kilograms of methane every

year.7

Deforestation also plays a significantnegative role in climate change,

according to a World HealthOrganization body:

Although the global share ofagricultural land used for tobaccogrowing is less than 1%, its impact onglobal deforestation is 2-4%, makinga

visible footprint for climate change.8

A dry river bed in Kenya highlights theperils of catastrophic climate change.

Toxic Pestic ides & Soil Depletion

Agricultural practices associated withtobacco growing cause widespreadenvironmental and public healthproblems. A toxic cocktail ofagricultural pesticides and herbicidesused on tobacco farms runs off intostreams, rivers and lakes.

The intensive nature of tobaccofarming quickly leads to soilbecoming depleted of its naturallyoccurring minerals. Tobaccodepletes soil nutrients at a much

faster rate than most crops,exacerbated by specific growingpractices such as topping9anddesuckering (the removal, either byhand or chemical spraying, of youngshoots from a tobacco plant in orderto ensure the robust growth of largeleaves), thus triggering a massiveoutflow of nutrients from the soil.10

Mono-culture farming prevents

alternative crops from being able tothrive when tobacco is no longergrown.

Forest & Residential Fires

Cigarettes discarded irresponsiblyare a common cause of forest firesworldwide. Experts estimate thatsmokers who don't extinguish theircigarettes properly cause 10% of allforest fires.11

It has been estimated that 17,000people worldwide are killed annuallyby fires caused by cigarettes orcigarette lights, causing propertydamage in excessofUS$27 billion.121314

Fires caused by smokers in Albertain the first five months of 2010caused $4.1 million in damage.15InChina in 1987, a massive forest firecaused by cigarettes killed 300people, 5,000 more were madehomeless, and 1.3 millionhectaresof land were destroyed.16



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Cigarettes are the leading cause ofresidential fires in Canada and theleading cause of fire-related death.17Health Canada analyzed datacollected from 1995 to 1999 by the

Canadian Association of Fire Chiefsand found that during those fouryears:

14,030 fires were started inCanada by smokers' materials.

These fires killed 356 peopleand injured 1,615.

The fires caused more than$200 million in propertydamage.

Cigarette Butt L itter

Cigarette butts are a huge source oflitter on land, along shorelines and inwaterways. In an annual globalsurvey by the Ocean Conservancy,cigarettes/cigarette filters have beenthe most prevalent littered items forthe past 20 years.18

In 2008, during the annualInternational Coastal Cleanuporganized by the Conservancy, over3.2 million butts were removed frombeaches and inlandwaterwaysaround the world.19During the 2009Cleanup, cigarettes and cigarettefilters accounted for nearly twicethenumber of any other debris item.20

Cigarette butts are not

biodegradable. The paper andtobacco in cigarette butts arebiodegradable, but filters (most ofwhich are made of cellulose acetate,a form of plastic) are not.

Cellulose acetate is photodegradable butnot bio-degradable. Although ultravioletrays from the sun will eventually break the

filter into smaller pieces under idealenvironmental conditions, the sourcematerial never disappears; it essentiallybecomes diluted in water or soil.21

Estimates of the amount of time ittakes for a cigarette butt to degradevary greatly (from 1 to 10 years).22

Cigarette butts litter the street in Ottawaat a busy downtown intersection.

Montreal has estimated that 3 millioncigarette butts are discarded on theground every day in its downtown.23Toronto found that cigarette-relatedlitter made up 17% ofall small litter

found on its streets.24

San Franciscoestimates that cleaning up cigarettebutts costs the city about $7.5 milliona year.25

Cigarette Butts Toxic to Children,Wildlife & Pets

When ingested by children or otherliving organisms, cigarette butts arepoisonous. Poison control centres

worldwide report thousands ofincidents involving childreningestingcigarette butts annually.2627Thenicotine in cigarette butts ispoisonous and children under sixwho have ingested them suffersymptoms of vomiting, nausea, pale



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or flushedappearance, lethargy, andgagging.28

Research in the U.S. on the effectsof discarded cigarette butts on

marine life has found that just onefiltered cigarette was enough to killfish living in a one litre container ofwater. In response to the finding, aU.S. public interest group hasrecommended that cigarette butts beclassified as toxic hazardous wasteand that special requirements beplaced on consumers to ensure safedisposal.2930

Popular pets, such as dogs, are alsosusceptible to nicotine poisoning andhave experienced great discomfortwhen ingesting cigarette butts.31

Research has found that cigarette butts

can be toxic to children and animals.

Progress Is Slow, But It IsOccurring

Progress is lacking on holding thetobacco industry accountable for itsenvironmental impact. So far it is

mostly smokers who are being takento task for littering their cigarettebutts.

A 20-cent charge on each pack of

cigarettes sold in San Francisco wasenacted in October 2009 to helpoffset the $7 million the city says itspends annually cleaning upcigarette butts. However, that levymay bechallenged in court by PhilipMorris.32

Meanwhile, city officials in VilleMarie, a downtown borough inMontreal, have begun enforcing a

public cleanliness bylaw and areissuing $169 tickets to smokers whodiscard their cigarette butts onstreets and sidewalks.33

In Ontario, Liberal Dave Levac, theMPP for Brant, has introduced aPrivate Members Bill (Bill 28, theCigarette and Cigar Butt LitterPrevention Act, 2010) that wouldmake tossing a cigarette or cigarfrom a car window onto a road anoffence under the Highway Traffic

Act. The Bill would also amend theEnvironmental Protection Act toincrease the fine from $1,000 to$2,000 for a first conviction, andchange the maximum fine from$2,000 to $3,000.34The Bill receivedFirst Reading in April.

As of January 2010, 92 U.S.municipalities had prohibitedsmoking on their beaches, along withthe entire state of Maine.35Ninemunicipalities in Canada have alsoenacted similar smoking restrictionson beaches.36If properly enforced,these rules could lead to a reduction



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of cigarette butts littered in lakes,rivers and oceans.

A New York state politician hasproposed a bill to create a cigarette

butt recycling program that wouldrequire consumers to pay a one-centdeposit per cigarette.37Meanwhile,Chinese scientists have shown thatcigarette butts could be used to helpprotect a type of steel, widely usedby the oil industry, fromrusting evenunder harshconditions.3839

Tobacco Companies Try

to Seize the High Road

Since tobacco companiesare constantly trying todeflect attention away fromtheir own irresponsiblebehaviour, they have beenputting their own publicrelations spin on tobacco-related environmentalissuesthough some oftheir efforts have beengreeted with justifiablescorn.

Attempts by ImperialTobacco Canada, thewholly owned Canadiansubsidiary of British

American Tobacco (BAT),to advertise its newenvironmentally friendly cigarettepackaging were met with ridicule inMay 2009. The company waslambasted in theToronto Star, in anarticle written by the newspapersenvironment reporter, afteradvertisements for its du Mauriercigarettes appeared in numerouspublications across Canada (see ad

below). The ads, published inToronto Lifemagazine, freeentertainment weeklies and in barbathrooms, said: We have updatedour packaging to reduce its impact

on the environment. They statedthat Imperial had replaced foilwrapping with paper and that itscardboard packaging now meetsstandards supporting sustainableforest management.

But commentators in the Starwere

not buying it. Gideon Forman of theCanadian Association of Physiciansfor the Environment laughed whenasked about it. Later, when hestopped laughing, he said, Is itgreen washing? Yes. Are theymaking a product that is still toxic topeoples health? Yes. So they are



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now making a product with a little bitmore paper. Big deal.

Attempts to give themselves a greensheen are not uncommon among

tobacco companies. The industryhas surely noticed an upswing inconcern for the environment bycitizens in Canada and around theworld, largely due to scientificfindings related to climate change.For example, annual reports toshareholders by Japan Tobacco(and other tobacco companies) havedetailed the companys efforts toreduce the greenhouse gas

emissions associated with itsoperations. Imperial TobaccoCanada has a page on its websitethat boasts it is committed tofollowing the highest standards inenvironmental protection.40

BAT regularly funds tree plantinginitiatives, such as the oneadvertised below in Bangladesh.

Concerns held by the public andpoliticians about cigarette butt litterhave led tobacco companies to fundcampaigns intended to improve theirimage. For example, BAT and Altria

(owner of Philip Morris USA) bothregularly fund cigarette butt cleanupactivities.4142Japan TobaccoInternational recently distributedhandheld green pocket ashtrays at

fairs and publicevents in Italy (seephoto below).43These activities aredesigned to shift responsibility awayfrom the tobacco companiesthemselves and onto consumers.

Neither the tobacco controlcommunity nor the public should bedeceived by these cynical moves.The best way to reduce the negativeimpact tobacco companies have on

the planet is to drastically reduce thenumber of cigarettes being smoked.This goal can be achieved throughcomprehensive tobacco controlprogrammes, regulation andlegislation.



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