Necessity of understanding the global energy system

Mika Anttonen

11/22/20171 Necessity of understanding the global energy system

The global energy challenge

2

Fuel 2020 2030 2040

Coal 4 051 4 710 5 327

Oil 4 548 4 960 5 402

Gas 3 194 3 898 4 718

Nuclear 793 936 1 032

Hydro 375 450 515

Bioenergy 1 540 1 695 1 834

Other Renewables 319 535 809

Total 14 819 17 183 19 636

IEA: World Energy Outlook 2016

Current Policies Scenario

Energy Demand (Mtoe)

SOURCE: BP Energy Outlook – 2016 edition

11/22/2017 Necessity of understanding the global energy system

World Electricity generation outlook* . . .

* IEA, World Energy Outlook 201611/22/20173 Necessity of understanding the global energy system

Resulting Global Consequences

22.11.20174 Carbon Farming

Bottlenecks of the decarbonization through renewable energy

• Limited biomass amount

• Energy storage

• Distillation curve

Global warming

• Problems of the CCS have not been solved

• Carbon sequestration into biomass

Increasing and uncontrolled migration

• Population growth

• Worsening living conditions (desertification, erosion, aridity etc.)

Images http://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/2017-06-21/refugees-share-their-stories, https://www.crossculture.com/latest-news/mass-migration-or-refugee-crisis/, http://ete.cet.edu/gcc/?/resourcecenter/slideshow/3/1, Petroleum & BiofuelsAssociation Finland

What should be done?

1. Strong increase of biological carbon sinks

2. Restrictions for the production of fossil fuels

3. R&D to create environmentally sound solutions, which are affordable to people in developing countries

4. Social responsibility for developing countries focusing on education of women and girlsand preventing climate refugee crisis

5. Critical self review and scaling down of current Western consumer behaviour

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Balancing Global Carbon Cycle

Carbon capture from atmosphere = payment of “carbon debt”

eg. 10 % of 750 billion tons of carbon = 75 billion tons of carbon forest size equals 83 % of Sahara *

Fossil fuel carbon offset

6 billion tons of carbon compensation forest of 60 million ha planted annually *

Balance deforestation and land use change

0.9 billion tons of carbon replacement forest of 9 million ha planted annually *

* capturing CO2 during ~ 20 years of lifecycle

22.11.2017 Carbon Farming6

Source http://www.wrsc.org/attach_image/global-carbon-cycle, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_35&plugin=1

1 Pg = 1 billiontons

Note!• Probably the biggest source of confusion and errors in climate

discussions concerns “carbon” versus “carbon dioxide.• One ton of carbon equals 3.67 tons of CO2

• The central climate number is the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide

Carbon Farming Concept

22.11.20177

SeaW

ater DEMO PROJECT100 000 t

yearly carbon sink (CO2)

addition from roots or whole

forest (and bioproducts)

Carbon Farming

Po

tab

leW

ater

Food

Electricity and Thermal Energy

Bio

mass

Biocrude

Biocarbon

Irrigation Water

Bio

mas

s

Electricity and Thermal Energy

ENER

GY

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

WAT

ER P

RO

DU

CTI

ON

IRR

IGAT

ION

SYS

TEM

Irrigation Water

SolarField(s)

Geothermal Plant(s)

Images https://cleantechnica.com/2016/08/16/the-coming-solar-pv-revolution-will-be-electrifying/, http://www.st1.eu/news/st1-and-fortum-to-start-a-pilot-project-for-geothermal-heat-production-in-espoo, http://idadesal.org/desalination-101/desalination-by-the-numbers/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment#/media/File:WWTP_Antwerpen-Zuid.jpg, http://inhabitat.com/drought-in-california-and-texas-threatens-us-food-security/drought-soil-2, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Water_storage_-_Anstey_Hill_filtration_plant.JPG, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224830968_Economic_Feasibility_of_an_Eucalyptus_Agroforestry_System_in_Brazil, St1

Desalination

Waste watertreatment

Drop-byDrop

Irrigation

IrrigationWater

Storage

Long-termBioproducts eg.

Furniture & Houses

Agro-Forest Area

Carbon Sink

Biomass Conversionto Biocrude

Carbon Farming Concept

22.11.20178

Desalination

Agro-Forest Area

Carbon Sink

Sea

Wate

r

Drop-by-DropIrrigation

Wastewater Treatment and Biogas production

Geothermal Plant(s)

DEMO PROJECT100 000 t

yearly carbon sink (CO2)

addition from roots or whole

forest (and bioproducts)

Carbon Farming

Po

tab

leW

ate

r

Food

SolarField(s)

Electricity and Thermal Energy

Irrigation WaterStorage B

iom

ass

Biomass Conversionto Biocrude

Biocrude

Biocarbon

Irrigation water

Bio

mas

s

Long-term Bioproducts eg. Furniture & Houses

Electricity and Thermal Energy

ENER

GY

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

WAT

ER P

RO

DU

CTI

ON

IRR

IGAT

ION

SYS

TEM

Irrigation water

Carbon Farming

22.11.20179 Carbon Farming

Size of 5 000 ha agroforest

Images http://wca2014.org/soybean-wheat-cropping-sequence/#.WcTRGsgjGUk, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224830968_Economic_Feasibility_of_an_Eucalyptus_Agroforestry_System_in_Brazil, http://www.astronergy-solarmodule.de/en/presse-leser/astronergy-receives-licence-to-import-100-mw-of-solar-modules-to-turkey.html, https://blogs-images.forbes.com/uhenergy/files/2016/09/clean-drinking-water-1200x795.jpeg, google.com,

Biomass and CO2

• Afforestation/reforestation

• CO2 capture

Food

• Intercropping for food (eg. sesame, durra, wheat, sugar cane)

Energy

• Energy is collected from the sun by using solar PV or CSP

• Geothermal energy

Water

• Potable water

• Irrigation water is gained from waste water treatment, precipitation and desalination

Bioproducts

• Saw mill raw material (for furniture, houses)

• Liquid biofuels

• Biocarbon or biochar

TARGET OF THE DEMO PROJECT

Annual carbon sink 100 000 t CO2 captured 5 000-10 000 ha agroforest (size depends on selected case and growth conditions)

Let's make Sahara green again

Image http://clubofmozambique.com/news/southern-africa-join-great-green-wall-august-30-2016/