Strategic Outlook for Autonomous Heavy-duty Trucks

NEC5-18

February 2015

Autonomous Truck Capabilities to First Appear in the Form of Truck

Platooning by 2022

BRIEF SUMMARY

2 NEC5-18

Contents

Section Slide

Executive Summary 3

Research, Scope, Objectives, Background, and Methodology 19

Definitions and Segmentation 26

Mega Trends and Industry Convergence Implications 29

Introduction and Key Trends 32

Special Focus—Truck Platooning 43

Supporting Technologies Overview 47

Human Factors Associated with Automated Vehicles 57

Cost of Autonomous Commercial Vehicles 63

Market Drivers, Restraints, and Global Penetration Forecast 70

Autonomous Driving Technologies Roadmap 76

Regulatory and Societal Environment 87

OEM Implications 93

Conclusions and Future Outlook 102

Appendix 106

3

Executive Summary

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Summary of Key Findings Autonomous trucks and associated enabling technologies will be a major trend in the trucking industry over

the forecast period.

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Autonomous trucks are expected to enter the mass market as early as 2025, when global production will start

slowly and reach an estimated 7,970 units. As autonomous enabling technologies reach maturity and scalability,

Frost & Sullivan projects a global production total of 182,031 units by 2035. Level 4 fully autonomous trucks are

not expected before 2035.

The technology to produce an autonomous truck is available today, but it would drive the cost of a tractor up by

an estimated $20,000 to $25,000. Many regions of the world are highly price sensitive and will not adopt these

technologies unless mandated by the government. Investments in a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-

infrastructure (V2I) —together known as V2X—communication network are also needed for autonomous truck

safety in on-road applications.

Long-haul applications are expected to be optimal for autonomous trucks because they provide the ideal

platform—long miles driven, lifecycle, and driver environment—for return on investment (ROI) within 3 years.

Autonomous vehicles are already used in hazardous environments for defense, agriculture, and mining.

4

5

1

2

3

Japanese (Hino) and European (Daimler, Volvo) original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have taken the lead

in autonomous truck research. Daimler in 2014 unveiled the world’s first autonomous truck demonstration, while

Volvo and Hino have been major participants in, respectively, the Safe Road Trains for the Environment

(SARTRE) and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) truck platooning

projects. Competition is intensifying as many OEMs in the trucking industry vie to be the first to market with

autonomous enabling technologies that would provide a strong brand differentiation advantage.

Government regulations and insurance liability issues involving autonomous trucks are the biggest hurdles for

on-road applications, specifically in areas such as hours of service (HOS) rules, cybersecurity, and network

communication (e.g., dedicated short-range communication [DSRC], V2X). New and updated regulations that

support autonomous trucks are vital to the viability of these vehicles.

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Summary of Key Findings, Western Europe and North America, 2014–2025

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Top Market Trends Driving Autonomous Technologies in Trucks With autonomous driving technology development receiving widespread OEM focus, the future of the market is

dependent on the support of government policies and early consumer adoption.

Impact

High Low Certainty

Economic Recovery

Enabling Fleets to Invest in

Advanced Technologies

Infrastructure and

Communication

Network Development

Shortage of

Trained Drivers

and Technicians

OEM Strategy for Brand

Differentiation

Fleet and

Social

Acceptance

The potential of heavy-duty

autonomous driving

technologies is expected to

drive the trucking industry into a

period of dynamic change,

influenced heavily by these top

market trends. The individual

effects of these trends will

determine the level of autonomy

achieved in trucks by 2025.

Rising Demand for

Connectivity and Downtime

from Potential Young Drivers

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Top Trends, Western Europe and North America, 2014–2025

High

Low

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Declining Cost of

Autonomous Driving

Technologies

Gradually

Favorable

Legislative

Framework

Integration of

Safety Systems

OEM Focus on

Developing Smart

and Connected

Trucks

Availability and

Maturity of

Autonomous Driving

Technologies

Fuel Price

Volatility

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How OEMs Will Differentiate Their Brand in the Future All major OEM R&D focal points indicate automated mobility as a strategic priority and a key brand

differentiator.

POWERTRAIN

EFFICIENCY

SERVICE &

MAINTENANCE

ADVANCED

SAFETY

SUSTAINABILITY &

ENVIRONMENT

AUTOMATED

MOBILITY

QUALITY &

RELIABILITY

COMFORT &

CONVENIENCE

COST OF

OWNERSHIP

CONNECTIVITY &

SMART

HEALTH &

WELLNESS

PRE 2000 TODAY FUTURE Source: Frost & Sullivan

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Autonomous Commercial Vehicle Incremental Cost Analysis While the cost of ingredient technologies will vary between 2014 and 2025, the total incremental cost for the

autonomous driving technology module in heavy-duty trucks will not decline by more than 10%.

6%

41%

39%

6%

8%

2025

Telematics/ConnectivityHMIAlgorithms/ITDrivelineSensors

Key: HMI = human-machine interface; IT = information technology. Source: Frost & Sullivan

Cost ~$20,000 Cost ~$18,000

2014: ~$2,000

2025: ~$1,000

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Incremental Cost Analysis, Western Europe and North America, 2014 and 2025

Sensors

2014: ~$10,000

2025: ~$7,500

Driveline

2014: ~$1,000

2025: ~$1,000

HMI

2014: ~$5,000

2025: ~$7,000

Algorithms/IT

2014: ~$2,000

2025: ~$1,500

Connectivity

10%

50%

25%

5%

10%

2014

Telematics/ConnectivityHMIAlgorithms/ITDriveline

8 NEC5-18

Automated Driving Benchmark Truck OEMs have the capability to create semi- or highly automated vehicles today. The biggest challenge is

taking the driver out of the loop and providing a robust business case for fleet adoption.

Level of

Automation Level 1 Level 2

Truck

Platooning Level 3 Level 4

Enabling

Technology None

Electric power steering (EPS),

electric braking systems (EBS),

electronic throttle control, adaptive

cruise control (ACC), advanced

driver assistance systems (ADAS)

V2X, DSRC,

integrated safety

systems (ISS),

cameras,

sensors, ACC

Intersection assist,

redundancy backup for

connectivity, self-driving

capability until driver takes

over control

Multiple

redundancies

(hardware) and

artificial intelligence

(software)

Incremental

Cost $0 $5,000–$10,000 $5,000–$10,000 $20,000–$25,000 $30,000 +

Year

Expected Today ~2015–2020 ~2020–2025 ~2025–2030 ~ 2035 +

Distance/

Duration of

Automation

None Low Moderate Moderate-High High

Driver

Involvement Very High High Moderate Moderate-Low None

Vocation

Application

(Long-haul,

Regional,

Vocational)

All

Long-haul

Regional

Vocational

Long-haul

Regional

Vocational

Long-haul

Regional

Vocational

Long-haul

Regional

Vocational

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Levels of Automated Driving, Western Europe and North America, 2014

Source: Frost & Sullivan High Medium-High Medium Low

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Value Proposition of Automated Commercial Vehicles Automated driving paves the way for the automotive industry to address 3 key goals: save lives, save the

environment, and reduce human effort.

Parameter Present (Level 1 and 2 Automation) Future (Level 3 and 4 Automation)

Fleet Benefit Little to none in terms of productivity Improvements to fuel efficiency,

productivity, driver satisfaction

Traffic Deaths ~33,000 (2014 US) <20,000 (US by 2025)

Fuel Economy Benefit Little to none from ADAS ~3% due to efficient driving

~10% potential from platooning

Key Stakeholder OEM, Tier I suppliers Mobility integrator, IT companies,

insurance companies

Cost ~$5,000 to $10,000 ~$20,000 to $25,000

Driver Solution

Drivers will still need all standard training and

certification while adhering to all regulations

(e.g., Compliance, Safety, Accountability [CSA],

HOS); will help in improving safety of vehicles

Possible solution to global driver shortage,

reduced driver stress, improved work

conditions; will revolutionize on-road driving

environment

Functional Safety Systems ACCS, ACC, BSD, CMS, DIWS, ESC, LDW,

EOBR, DDWS, ISS

Fail-operational multiple redundancies

(sensors, cameras, software), artificial

intelligence, V2X, automated controls

Activities Allowed Talking on the phone, using the HMI, eating Sleeping, reading, using the Internet,

completing office work

Software Architecture Automotive Open System Architecture

(AUTOSAR)

AUTOSAR with timing specification,

Dedicated OS for automated driving

Note: A full list of abbreviations can be found in the Appendix. Source: Frost & Sullivan

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Parametric Analysis of Ecosystem, Western Europe and North America, 2014

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Penetration Phases by Vocation On-road applications have many challenges ahead of them such as regulatory policies, technology adoption,

and mass market acceptance. On-highway and refuse applications show the highest market applicability.

Application

Vocation

Short Term

(1–4 years)

Medium Term

(5–8 years)

Long Term

(9–11 years)

Future

(2035) Market Applicability

Construction

On-highway

Regional

Bus & Coach

Refuse

Source: Frost & Sullivan;

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Penetration Phases, Europe and North America, 2014–2025 and 2035

High Medium-High Medium Low Vocations with success potential during the forecast period

Low High

Low High

Low High

Low High

Low High

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Penetration Phases by Vocation (continued) Severe-duty applications have the potential to become the big beneficiary of fully automated vehicles due to

the nature of their operational environments, human hazards, and the use of dedicated routes.

Vehicle

Vocation

Short Term

(1–4 years)

Medium Term

(5–8 years)

Long Term

(9–11 years)

Future

(2035) Market Applicability

Mega

Factories

Port/Harbor

Agriculture

Defense

Off-highway /

Geophysical

Source: Frost & Sullivan;

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Penetration Phases, Europe and North America, 2014–2025 and 2035

High Medium-High Medium Low Vocations with success potential during the forecast period

Low High

Low High

Low High

Low High

Low High

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Automated Commercial Vehicles by Application Automated trucks will be used in all applications and operating environments to improve productivity, cost

efficiency, and safety.

2025 2014 2020 2035

Op

era

tio

na

l E

nvir

on

me

nt

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Commercial Vehicle Application Areas, Europe and North

America, 2014–2035

Op

en

R

es

tric

tive

S

em

i-R

es

tric

tive

2030

Time

Agriculture

Refuse

Construction

Bus & Coach

• Automated bus

rapid transit

• Semi-autonomous

coach buses

Regional

• Autonomous snow

plow trucks

• Dedicated route

freight delivery

On-highway

Off-highway

Defense

• Drones

• Driverless trucks for

logistics, transport,

and hazard detection

• Semi- or fully

automated tractors,

combines, and

harvesters

Stable Rising Declining

• Semi- or fully

autonomous material

hauling trucks • Semi-

autonomous city

garbage truck

pickup

• Semi- or fully

autonomous dump and

material handling trucks

• Semi-autonomous trucks

• Truck platooning

• Road train with 1 primary

driver leading convoy of

driverless trucks

Harbor/Port

• Semi- or fully

autonomous multi-

modal freight transfer

Mega Factories

• Semi- or fully

autonomous goods

transfer trucks and

vehicles

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Regulatory Changes Necessary for Accelerating Autonomous Trucks Regulatory changes and legislative framework regarding autonomous trucks are vital for their success.

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Regulation Current Status (2014) Future Status (2025) Significance

Driver Hours (HOS)

Maximum 11-hour driving limit after 10-consecutive-hour rest period

Must enter work hours into a logbook

Customized ruling for drivers in level 3 or above trucks to be able to log more hours consecutively while driving in autonomous mode

Emission

Environmental Protection Agency

Greenhouse Gas 2014 standards

Euro VI standards

Continued efforts to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions while making trucks run more efficiently

and effectively

Safety

Mandates for stability control systems

Proposed mandates for forward collision

mitigation, braking, and lane departure

warning

Every new truck will be required to have advanced

safety systems (e.g., sensors, cameras, electronic

controls, stability) installed, enabling the

proliferation of autonomous driving technologies

Cybersecurity None

Cybersecurity regulations will be new to the

trucking industry. With the increasingly threat of

cyber attacks, autonomous vehicles will need

protection

Communication

Network Proposed mandate for DSRC for

passenger vehicles

Trucking mandates for DSRC communication and

implementation of V2X communication networks,

which will be crucial for the safe operation of

autonomous vehicles

Liability None for autonomous vehicles; testing is

still required

Insurance and automotive industries, government,

and society will need to come to an understanding

of the risks and safety concerns regarding

autonomous vehicles on the road

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market : Regulatory Analysis, Western Europe and North America, 2014 and 2025

Moderate Important Unimportant

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Key Implications on Human Factors Autonomous driving technologies could significantly affect the trucking industry, especially regarding driver

shortages, driver performance, and driver safety.

Driver-related Fuel Efficiency • Automated vehicle technologies can

enhance fuel efficiency (~3%) through

improvements to driver behavior.

• The concept of platooning has shown

meaningful fuel cost savings with a

reasonable, incremental increase to a

truck's price, and can be leveraged by

long-haul fleets for significant cost savings.

Driver Wages • A challenge lies in packaging and

presenting a compelling value proposition for these trucks to fleets.

• If a driver still must be in the truck and be paid full salary, it would defeat the purpose for a fleet to pay a significant price premium for these vehicles.

Recruiting Drivers • The proliferation of level 2 and 3

autonomous driving technology is expected to still require a driver to have a commercial driver’s license.

• Autonomous commercial vehicles have the potential to change the image of truck driving, attracting young drivers.

Driver Performance • Driver performance regarding fuel

efficiency, safety, fatigue, and regulatory compliance is expected to improve.

• Driver and vehicle productivity will be enhanced through automated communication with shippers, receivers, fleet hubs, and service and maintenance infrastructure.

Productivity • In the future, connectivity technologies will

link trucks to freight and freight to trucks in ways that will change the dynamics of freight logistics.

• This technology will reduce empty miles considerably and maximize fleet uptime, equipment use rates, and freight efficiency.

Retaining Drivers • Driver health, wellness, and wellbeing

(HWW) has quickly become a focal point for all major OEMs and fleets.

• Autonomous technologies will help to lighten the workload for older drivers.

Driver Safety • The main reason for autonomous vehicles

is to improve highway safety while reducing the number and severity of traffic accidents, primarily caused by human error and driver fatigue.

• As more of these trucks operate on highways, enabled by V2X communications, safety will likely improve.

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Level 4 Automation • Level 4 autonomous driving vehicles that

replace the driver open new possibilities for dealing with driver shortages or driver-related overhead expenses.

• These vehicles have the potential to reshape and revolutionize trucking.

15 NEC5-18

Type Subtypes Examples

Hardware Standard installation,

optional installation

OEM one-time fee for complete autonomous driving technology installation,

retrofitted autonomous driving solution, subscription fee through service-centric

usage

On-road Shared mobility,

mobility-on-demand

V2V platooning-style road trains with trucks and passenger vehicles, truck sharing,

truck rentals, on-demand truck service

Freight

Freight movement,

logistics and

organization

Long-haul driver relief, co-pilot, truck platooning, advanced fleet and resource

management, unrestricted environment goods transfer, multimodal freight transfer,

truck driver pull and retention solution

Zero-

occupancy

Runs

Unmanned short trips,

hazardous

environments,

unmanned dedicated

routes

Restricted and semi-restricted environment goods transfer (mining and

agriculture), automated operations on dedicated routes (refuse), defense

applications in hazardous environments, vehicle return to trusted business/

location/co-worker, vehicle access from alternative coordinates

One to Many Public fleets for

unrestricted access Autonomous buses, autonomous shuttles

Note: Business models are not exclusive to each other.

Taxonomy of Future Automated Driving Business Models Besides the obvious ownership-based model, a new range of service-centric business models can

evolve to leverage autonomous trucks.

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Future Automated Business Models, Western Europe and North America, 2014

16 NEC5-18

Autonomous Truck Outlook Autonomous-enabling technologies exist and will require significant OEM support to reach scalability by the

2025, when level 3 autonomous trucks are expected to be introduced.

2014 2025

Autonomous

Driving

Technologies

• The market is in the introduction stage as many

individual advanced technologies that can enable

autonomous driving are entering.

• Available technology can produce a fully

autonomous truck; testing and demonstrations are

underway.

• The architecture and foundation for autonomous driving technologies in

trucks will reach scalability.

• Real-time dynamic navigation, integrated safety systems, and critical

event reporting will witness increasing adoption.

• Level 3 trucks are expected to be introduced.

OEM

Implications

• Most major OEMs have autonomous driving

technologies in their brand and product strategies.

• The autonomous truck goal provides an opportunity

for OEMs to vertically integrate their supply chain.

• Truck OEMs will strive to be the first to offer level 3 autonomous driving

capabilities and begin differentiating themselves through their

autonomous technologies.

• Truck OEMs are expected to begin offering proprietary, top-down

integrated system (e.g., safety, communication, powertrain, automation)

packages in all new trucks

Driver

Implications

• The focus on comfort and convenience is on the

rise as driver HWW becomes an important dynamic

in trucking.

• ACC, driver warning systems, and driver assist

systems are gaining traction in the market.

• Driver shortages and HOS rules are major

challenges.

• ACC is expected to reach 39,189 units by 2020 (latest available forecast).

• Truck driving as a profession is expected to be less stressful as

autonomous driving technologies and ADAS systems are increasingly

implemented

• Technologies such as LDW and driver drowsiness warning systems

(DDWS) are expected to be integrated with ISS for the next-generation

collision mitigation system, offering fleets better ROI through packaging of

several technologies.

Government

Regulations

• Safety system and wireless communication

regulations for trucks are still in their infancy.

• The government and insurance companies are

closely monitoring autonomous truck capabilities.

• No autonomous truck enabling regulations are in

place.

• HOS rules regarding logged driver hours when trucks are being operated

in autonomous driving mode will be updated.

• Implementation of safety and wireless communication

regulations/incentives will drive adoption of autonomous-enabling

technologies and eventual penetration of autonomous trucks.

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Outlook, Western Europe and North America, 2014 and 2025

17

Research Scope, Objectives, Background, and

Methodology

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Research Scope

Autonomous Heavy-duty Trucks Vehicle Type

2015–2025 Forecast Period

2014–2025, with an outlook to 2035 Study Period

2014 Base Year

Primarily North America and Western Europe Geographical Scope

Source: Frost & Sullivan

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Research Aims and Objectives

Aim

The aim of this study is to research, analyze, and forecast the key market factors and dynamics affecting

the major groups—OEMs, Tier I suppliers, fleets, IT companies, insurance companies—in the autonomous

heavy-duty truck market.

Objectives

• To provide a strategic overview of the autonomous heavy-duty truck market, including analysis of key

market trends, business models, technology trends, and penetration rates.

• To examine the feasibility of autonomous vehicles in the trucking industry and their effect on daily

operations

• To understand societal concerns, and environmental and financial implications

• To analyze competitive factors, competitor strategies, and product portfolios and capabilities

• To develop an actionable set of recommendations for OEMs, Tier I suppliers, and fleets to use in this

market.

Source: Frost & Sullivan

20 NEC5-18

Key Questions this Study Will Answer

What are the strategic approaches of OEMs and Tier I suppliers to the potential application of

autonomous driving technologies in the trucking industry?

How will autonomous driving technologies and vehicles affect the role of drivers?

Which advanced technologies will be used, and how much will it cost, to produce a heavy-duty

autonomous vehicle?

When will semi-autonomous (level 3) and fully autonomous (level 4) vehicles enter the market?

Source: Frost & Sullivan

What trends (e.g., regulatory, economic, and operational) are affecting the market?

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Key Questions This Study Will Answer, Western Europe and North America, 2014

21 NEC5-18

Research Background

This study is an original research service that also expands on content drawn from ongoing research in the

areas of Class 4-8 original equipment and aftermarket trends, including:

• NA53—Strategic Analysis of the Global Platform Strategies of Major HD OEMs

• NCD5—Strategic Outlook of North American Heavy-duty Truck Dealership Focused Revenue

Streams and Growth Opportunities

• NE32—Strategic Outlook of North American Class 6-8 Truck Safety Systems Market

• NAAF—Strategic Analysis of Engine Downsizing Trends of North American Heavy-duty Truck

Manufacturers

• N6A8—Strategic Analysis of the North American Heavy-duty (Class 4-8 Truck) Repair Industry

• ND7A—2014 Outlook of the Global Commercial Vehicle Industry

• N617—Strategic Analysis of the Class 4-8 Truck Powertrain Systems Aftermarket

• N838—Strategic Dashboard for Commercial Vehicle Telematics in Europe and North America—2011

Edition

• NCBE—Prognostics in the European and North American Trucking Industry—Big Data is Creating all

the Difference

The study is supplemented by ongoing interactions with vehicle manufacturers, Tier I suppliers, dealerships,

financial companies, and banks.

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Volvo/MACK Knorr Bremse (Bendix) TomTom

Navistar Meritor Qualcomm

Daimler WABCO Google

PACCAR Eaton QNX

Hino Delphi Valeo

Volkswagen Allison Peloton Technology

Research Methodology

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Partial List of Industry Participants, Western Europe and North America, 2014

Research Methodology: Frost & Sullivan’s research services are based on secondary and primary

research data.

Secondary Research: Information extracted from studies and project material in the Frost & Sullivan

database, as well as information gathered from technical papers, specialized magazines, seminars, and

Internet research.

Primary Research: More than 25 interviews were conducted over the phone by senior

consultants/industry analysts with OEMs, regulatory authorities, and distributors. Primary research

accounted for 80% of the total research.

23 NEC5-18

OEM Groups Compared in this Study

Group OEMs

Volvo Volvo, Mack, UD Trucks

Navistar International

Volkswagen MAN, Scania

PACCAR Kenworth, Peterbilt, DAF

Daimler Mercedes-Benz, Freightliner, Mitsubishi Fuso

Fiat/IVECO IVECO

The OEM groups compared in this study are:

Source: Frost & Sullivan

24

Definitions and Segmentation

25 NEC5-18

Automated Driving Definitions This study will follow National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) definitions of automated

driving levels.

Level of Automation Monitoring

roadway Active control

Responsibility for safe

operation

Driver/ occupant

availability

Level 0—

No Automation D D D Yes

Level 1—

Function-specific Automation D D and V D Yes

Level 2—

Combined Function Automation D V D Yes

Level 3—

Limited Self-driving Automation V V V Yes

Level 4—

Full Self-driving Automation V V V No

D = Driver V = Vehicle Automation Source: NHTSA; Frost & Sullivan;

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Levels of Automation Aligned with NHTSA Definition, US, 2014

26 NEC5-18

Automated Driving Definitions (continued) Driver availability in the vehicle is the boundary between automated and autonomous modes.

Level of

Autonomy

Type of

Automated

Driving

Definition

Assisted (Level 1)

The driver is responsible for motion control while the vehicle provides advisory information

and supportive actions when appropriate. Assistance systems include BSD, lane-keeping

assist (LKA), ACC, and autonomous emergency braking (AEBS).

Automated

Semi-automated

(Level 2)

ADAS functions take some control of the vehicle under specific circumstances and at the

driver’s discretion. It combines longitudinal (for speeding up or slowing down) and lateral (for

additional steering torque overlay or counter-steering) control based on driving conditions.

Highly Automated

(Level 3)

All aspects of vehicle control are automated. The driver can choose to control the vehicle and

override a specific set of commands. In some conditions, the driver will still be given a

request, through a suitable HMI, to resume control of the vehicle.

Autonomous Fully Automated

(Level 4)

The vehicle is capable of driving itself, in all traffic conditions, without the physical presence

of a human driver. These vehicles need to have redundancy in critical systems, such as

steering, braking, and powertrain, so they can be fail-operational.

Cooperative

Vehicles are fitted with wireless V2X communication modules that can share information with

other vehicles and with infrastructure. These vehicles coordinate their movement with the

driving environment and other vehicles to optimize safety and efficiency.

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Classification and Definition, Western Europe and North America, 2014

Research parameters regarding the study’s definition of an autonomous truck

27 NEC5-18

Market Engineering Methodology

One of Frost & Sullivan’s core deliverables

is its Market Engineering studies. They

are based on our proprietary Market

Engineering Methodology. This approach,

developed across the 50 years of

experience assessing global markets,

applies engineering rigor to the often

nebulous art of market forecasting and

interpretation.

A detailed description of the methodology

can be found here.

Source: Frost & Sullivan

28 NEC5-18

List of Abbreviations

• ACCS: Active Chassis Control Systems

• ACC: Adaptive Cruise Control

• AEBS: Autonomous Emergency Braking System

• BASIC: Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement

Categories

• BSD: Blind Spot Detection

• CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate

• CMS: Collision Mitigation System

• CSA: Compliance, Safety and Accountability

• DIWS: Driver Information and Warning Systems

• DDWS: Driver Drowsiness Warning Systems

• EOBR: Electronic Onboard Recorder

• ESC: Electronic Stability Control

• FMCSA: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

• GVWR: Gross Vehicle Weight Ratio

• HOS: Hours Of Service

• ISS: Integrated Safety Systems

• LDW: Lane Departure Warning Systems

• LKA: Lane-keeping Assist

• OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer

• RSC: Rollover Stability Control

• ROI: Return On Investment

• SwRI: Southwest Research Institute

• TBSA: Telematics-based Safety Applications

• TCO: Total Cost of Ownership

• TPMS: Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems

• V2I: Vehicle to Infrastructure

• V2V: Vehicle to Vehicle

• V2X: V2I + V2V