2 = 12 = 1

a = xa = xa + a = a + xa + a = a + x

2a – 2x = a + x - 2x2a – 2x = a + x - 2x2(a – x) = (a – x)2(a – x) = (a – x)

2 = 12 = 1

August 9, 1945August 9, 1945

Germany Imperial Navy U9 SubmarinGermany Imperial Navy U9 Submarin

19101910

19201920

The Flor do Mar was built in Lisbon in 1502. At The Flor do Mar was built in Lisbon in 1502. At 400 tons, it was the largest carrack yet built, 400 tons, it was the largest carrack yet built,

nearly twice the size of the largest ships at that nearly twice the size of the largest ships at that time.time.

15021502

Emulate Emulate &&

OriginalityOriginality

Emulate Emulate &&

OriginalityOriginality

DIPFSchloßstraße 2960486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany50.122544, 8.638403

Sunday February 7, 2010Sunday February 7, 2010A graduate teacher starts A graduate teacher starts at RM2,500 per month in at RM2,500 per month in Malaysia, compared to Malaysia, compared to RM6,196 in Singapore and RM6,196 in Singapore and RM15,661 in Hong Kong.RM15,661 in Hong Kong.

SubsidiesSubsidies

From 3% of government From 3% of government operating expenditure in 1998, operating expenditure in 1998, the cost of subsidies has the cost of subsidies has ballooned to almost 30% in ballooned to almost 30% in 2008. 2008.

The high cost of subsidies in turn The high cost of subsidies in turn restrains the Government‘s restrains the Government‘s

ability to upgrade infrastructures ability to upgrade infrastructures such as public transport, as well such as public transport, as well

as retards the government's as retards the government's ability to provide competitive ability to provide competitive incentives for attracting high-incentives for attracting high-

income activities into the countryincome activities into the country

NDTSNDTS

Why?Why?

Source : WTO 2001

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

800

Bill. $

Britain 280 Bill. $

Canada 277 Bill. $

China 249 Bill. $

USA 782 Bill. $

Germany 522 Bill. $

Japan 479 Bill. $

France 298 Bill. $

Italy235 Bill. $

Netherlands 212 Bill. $

Hongkong 202 Bill. $

Belgium 184 Bill. $

South Korea 173 Bill. $

Singapore 138 Bill. $

Spain 114 Bill. $

Russia 105 Bill. $

Malaysia 98 Bill. $

Sweden 87 Bill. $

Saudi Arabia 84 Bill. $

Taiwan 148 Bill. $

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

0 50 100 150

Multinational Companies …

Are Outgrowing the Countries

Siemens23.

0 50 100 150

Exxon Mobil1.

Wal-Mart Stores2.

General Motors3.

Ford Motor4.

5.

Royal Dutch/ Shell Group6.

Mitsubishi9.

Mitusi11.

Sumitomo18.

Daimler Chrysler

Toyota Motor10.

Malaysia

Gross National Income 2000 of Selected Countries in Billion US Dollars*

Source: fortune global 500 (06.06.2002). Source*: World Development Indicators database, World Bank, April 2002.

in Billion US $

200

200

N.Zeeland

Kuwait

IC-KL / Slide 4

HRDC-KL/ Slide 21

Orientation Marks for Training

Malaysia’s Economic Position In A Worldwide Perspective

• Malaysia’s gross national income for 2000: US $ 78.7 billion, compared to New Zealand US $ 49.7 billion. (World Development Indicators database, World Bank, April 2002). Exxon Mobil, the largest globally operating company, generated an income of US $ 210.4 billion for 2000 (Fortune Global 500 - 06.06.2002)

• As an exporting nation, Malaysia is ranked 17 internationally, at US $ 98 billion, behind Russia at US $ 105 billion and ahead of Sweden at US $ 87 billion. (WTO data, 2001)

Malaysia is a top exporting nation

Malaysia (like all other countries) has to accept the fact that we are part of a global market and have to observe the market rules and mechanisms

HRDC-KL/ Slide 22

CAUSES

Accelerated pace of information flow

Accelerated pace of technological

change

Effects Of Globalization

More work process-oriented k-workers needed to compete in a dynamic market

Borderless world of business competitors

How are we affected?

Increased workplace

complexitySkills become

obsolete faster

Skills increasingly need to have a

‘knowledge base’

HRDC-KL/ Slide 23

Consequently:Training of high-performing k-workers must be an absolute development priority for Malaysia

Training Is The National PriorityTraining Is The National Priority

(Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia, "Monthly Manufacturing Statistics, Malaysia: December 2001“, www.statistics.gov.my)

High Productivity To Maintain Malaysia‘s Competitive EdgeHigh Productivity To Maintain Malaysia‘s Competitive EdgeThe Emphasis:The Emphasis:

Wage increase 2000-2001 : 2.8%

Productivity drop 2000-2001 : -0.4%

This trend has to be broken to ensure Malaysia’s positionto compete on a high level

with other countries

Change in % Over the Prior Year for Wages Paid and Productivity (2000-2001)

%

Increase in Wages Paid

Decrease in Productivity

2000-2001

0 2.8-0.4-1 1 2

HRDC-KL/ Slide 24

Source : Georg Spöttl, The Dual System Project, 2002

The Increasing Complexity At The Workplace Of The Car Mechanic

The Increase in the The Increase in the Volume of Repair Manuals for Volume of Repair Manuals for

Opel Cars 1933-1998Opel Cars 1933-1998

An Illustration:An Illustration:

13,866

8,012

4,526

1,727

1,2131,253

1,175710

470210130 990663

255170202

No

. o

f P

ages

Year1933 1951 1966 1983 1998

1.2 L 1.3 L

Olympia 1.3

Olympia 1.5

Omega B

Omega A

Record E

Record D

Record C

Record B

Record A

Record P2

Record P1Olympia 47

Olympia 50

Olympia 53

HRDC-KL/ Slide 25

100%

Years20 4 51

TechnologicalKnowledge3 years

50%

3

50%

100% ComputerKnowledge1 year

Years20 1 3 4 5

The Extremely Rapid Pace Of Technological Change

The “Decay” Of Knowledge

KnowledgeNeeded to be inCharge is 100%

Based on data from IBM, 1994

Knowledge in HigherEducation

5 Years15

100%

0 10

50%

Malaysia today is in-between fast-growing high-income& developing economies

Deteriorating student performance

High income economies predominantly services focused

Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

USA

Singapore

Indonesia

Germany

Malaysia

Thailand

China

India

Hong Kong

Japan

Korea

Viet Nam

UK

Israel

TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX

Wage growth has been low

Workforce today still relatively unskilled

25% of students opt out of education after SPMand enter the workforce

SPM qualification limits ability to moveto higher level jobs and wages

Graduate unemployment rates by universities

Government expenditure to address graduate employability

Number of expatriates by sectors (2000-2008)

Percentage of expatriate over total labour force (2005)

Benchmark of economic demand for expatriates

NDTSNDTSDUAL GERMANYDUAL GERMANY

Mercedes Benz

RM10,200RM10,200

RM43,000RM43,000

ISCED: International Standard Classification of Education

HRDC-KL/ Slide 68

The Process And Outcome Of Training

Source: “Verification” 1998, n.p. (modified)

Assessment of Competencies(Sequence of Defined Competencies)

Competency-Based Training

Process of Teaching and Learning(“Learning Curve”)

Experience-Based Training

LEVEL OF DESIREDSKILLS(Competence accordingto CBET)

Skills

Time

Contents of Training

HRDC-KL/ Slide 69

Workplace And Classroom As The Fundamental Domains InThe “Dual System”

Classroom In The Training Institution Workplace In The Enterprise

Production

Efficiency

Profitability

Learning

Protected Zone

Individual Care

Tapping The Best Training Potential Of Both Domains: This Is The Strength of The „Dual System“ In Training

Classroom etc.

Workplace etc.

Coordinating Agent

HRDC-KL/ Slide 70

Learning EnvironmentType of Learning

Correlation Between Different Types Of Vocational LearningAnd Selected Learning Environments

Abstract Learning Classroom

Learning Structured Contentsthrough Demonstration and Doing

Laboratory

Learning Basic Functional Skills School Workshop

Learning Complex / Rare Functional Skills(with Expensive Equipment)

Central Training Facility

Source: Gert Loose, Forschungsbericht, 1988, updated 2002

The Workplace As The Supreme Learning Environment

Learning Basic or More ComplexFunctional Skills (with Expensive Equipment)

Training Facility at Workplace

Learning Functional and Extra-FunctionalSkills in Real Work Environment

Training Corner at Workplace

Workplace

1989

1993

2009

National Industrial Trade Training and Certification Board (NITTCB)

National Vocational Training Council (NVTC/MLVK)

2005

2006

2008

10th MP

2007

Malaysian Skills Certification Systems (L1-L5)

Department of Skills Development (DSD)NASDA 2006 (Act 652)

6 Regional offices &CIAST

National Dual Training Systems (NDTS/SLDN

MENGARUSPERDANAMENGARUSPERDANA TEVT TEVT (10(10thth MP) MP)

Skills Dev. Master Plan SDT 2008-2009 Cyberjaya Office

Toward DKM & DLKM recognition 2010

1971

STANDARD KEMAHIRAN PEKERJAAN STANDARD KEMAHIRAN PEKERJAAN KEBANGSAANKEBANGSAAN

NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL SKILL STANDARDS (NOSS)

NOSS ADALAH DOKUMEN YANG MENGGARISKAN KETERAMPILAN YANG DI PERLUKAN OLEH SESEORANG PEKERJA MAHIR YANG BERKERJA DI MALAYSIA BAGI SESUATU BIDANG DAN TAHAP PEKERJAAN SERTA LALUAN UNTUK MENCAPAI KETERAMPILAN TERSEBUT

APA ITU NOSS?

Daftar NOSS boleh diakses : www.dsd.gov.my

Daftar NOSS

Berasaskan keperluan pekerjaan. Mengikut struktur kerjaya di dalam sesuatu bidang pekerjaan. Dibangunkan oleh pakar industri dan pekerja mahir yang menjalankan pekerjaan.

CIRI-CIRI UTAMA NOSS

NOCC

from: www.jpk.gov.my

TEMPOH LATIHAN - NOSS

25,715,819 329,847 sq km

4,675 km highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m

male: 70.56 yearsfemale: 76.21 years

本当にありがとう