nbic lecture 2010

8/8/2019 Nbic Lecture 2010

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NEED & SCOPE

OF

CONVERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Preetam Kumar Sharma

6th Sem, CCT, Jaipur


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AGENDA

Introduction

Future Predictions from Past

What is NBIC

Scope of CCT

Summary

Problems???


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There is nothing permanent except change.

Heraclitus of Ephesus (ca. 525-475 B.C.)


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Brief History of Change

Generations Ago

100,000 Speech

750 Agriculture

500 Writing

400 Libraries

40 Universities

24 Printing

16 Accurate Clocks

5 Telephone

4 Radio

3 Television

2 Computer

1 Internet/e-Mail

0 ?


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Predicting Future

Everything that can be invented has been

invented.

-Charles H. Duell, Commissioner, U.S. Office of

Patents, 1899


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Predicting Future

I think there is a world market for maybe five

computers.

-IBM Chairman Thomas Watson, 1943


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Predicting Future

Computers in the future may have only 1,000

vacuum tubes and perhaps only weigh 1 1/2

tons.

-Popular Mechanics, 1949


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Predicting Future

640K ought to be enough for anybody.

-Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates, 1981


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The best way

to predict the futureis to invent it.


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the Lever of Technology

"Give me a lever, a fulcrum, and place to stand and I will

move the world."

Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC)


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What is NBIC?

Synergistic combination of four majorconverging technologies each of which

are currentlyprogressing at a rapid rate:

(a) nanoscience andnanotechnology;

(b) biotechnologyand biomedicine;

(c) information & comm. technology;

(d) cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience.


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NBIC

The integration and

synergy of these four

technologies (NBIC)originate from the

nanoscale, where the

building blocks of

matter are

established.


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NBIC

(a) nanoscience and nanotechnology;


(c) information & comm. technology;(d) cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience.


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Understanding nanoscale

Nanometer: A magical point on the lengthscale where the smallest man made devicesmeet the atoms and molecules of the natural

world.K.J.Klabunde


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Richard P. Feynman 1959


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ASuperminiature World Exists

Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom - December 29th 1959 Manipulating and controlling things on a small scale

Write the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin

How do we write small?

Information on a small scale

Better electron microscopes The marvelous biological system

Miniaturizing the computer

Miniaturization by evaporation

Problems of lubrication

A

hundred tiny hands Rearranging the atoms

Atoms in a small world

Norio Taniguchi coined the term Nanotechnologyin 1970s


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Nanotechnology is the common term used for

describing different types ofmaterials, Devicesand system which have one thing in common:

Their size is one to one hundred nanometres (one

nanometre is one millionth of a millimetre).

Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing

new areas in science and engineering ($ 1 trillion

business by 2015! )


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Nano Size

How big (small) are we talking about?


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BIG

106 M =1000 km


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BIGGER

108M (1 lakh Km)

View our planet

and around


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STILL BIGGER

109 M (1 million Km)

The moon's orbit aound

the Earth, the furthest

humans have ever

travelled.

Largest picture taken ~1026M


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NORMAL SIZE

1 meter (100 M)

A few localized plants


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SMALLER SIZE

10 centimeters

(10-1M)

A leaf of a plant


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STILL SMALLER SIZE

1 centimeter

(10-2 meter

= 0.01 meters)

A fly on a leaf


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NEED MAGNIFICATION OF SIZE

100 micrometers

(10-3M)

An eye

The fly's eye is made of hundreds of tiny

facets, resembling a honeycomb.

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm


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ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SIZE

10 micrometers

(10-4M)

fly's eye is made of hundreds

of smaller eyes. Each facet is a

small lens with light sensitivecells underneath.

Image necessitates an electron

microscope.



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MICRO SIZE

1 micrometer

(10-4M)

In between the facets are

bristles which give sensoryinput from the surface ofthe eye.



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100 nm SIZE

100 nanometers

(10-6M)

Further enlragement of

the briste



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10 nm SIZE

10 nanometers

(10-8M)

At the centre of the cell is a tightlycoiled molecule called DNA. It

contains the genetic materialneeded to duplicate the fly.



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1 nm SIZE

1 nanometer



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Fraction of nm

Carbon atom

An essential ingredient for life

is mostly empty space. A cloud of sixnegatively charged electrons orbits the

positively charged nucleus.


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NBIC


(b) biotechnology andbiomedicine;




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Biotechnology

Any technological application that uses biological

systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to

make or modify products or processes for specific

use.


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Periods of Biotechnology History

Pre- 1800: Early applications and speculation

1800-1900: Significant advances in basicunderstanding

1900-1953: Genetics

1953- 1976: DNA research, science explodes

1977- present: modern biotechnology


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Biotechnology Time Lines

The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in1665

The first man to witness a live cell under a

microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who in1674 described the algaeSpirogyra and named themoving organisms animalcules, meaning "littleanimals

Cell Theory: cells were the basic unit of life & theorywas given by three scientists: TheodorSchwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and RudolfVirchow In 1839.


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Charles Darwin in 1859 published 'The Origin of Speciesproviding idea ofnatural selection.

Gregor Mendel (1822 1884) published his laws thatgovern heredity (Father of genetics). In 1900 Hugo deVries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns republished

ideas of mendel. In 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan proved that genes are

carried on chromosomes.

In 1912 Lawrence Bragg discovered that X-rays.

Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin in 1928.

In 1953 Nature magazine published James Watson's andFrancis Crick's manuscript describing the double helixstructure of DNA.


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1966 the GENETIC CODE was "cracked". MarshallNirenberg

In 1972 Paul Berg isolated and employed a restrictionenzyme to cut DNA. Berg used ligase to paste two DNAstrands together to form a hybrid circular molecule. Thiswas the first recombinant DNA molecule.

In 1993 Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistryfor inventing the technology ofpolymerase chainreaction (PCR).

In 1994 The first genetically engineered food product,the Flavr Savr tomato, gained FDA approval.

2001 human genome project completed.


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NBIC






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Information & comm. technology

Information technology (IT) is "the study, design,development, implementation, support or managementof information systems". Information technology is ageneral term that describes any technology that helpsto produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/ordisseminate information.

Computer science or computing science (sometimesabbreviated CS) is the study of the theoreticalfoundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation andapplication in computer systems.


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CS & IT Time Lines

The abacus(Roman abacus) was early used forarithmetic tasks was used in Babylonia as early as 2400BC.

In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom inwhich the pattern being woven was controlledby punched cards. The series of cards could be changedwithout changing the mechanical design of the loom.This was a landmark achievement in programmability.

In 1833, Charles Babbage moved on from developinghis difference engine (for navigational calculations) to ageneral purpose design, the Analytical Engine, whichdrew directly on Jacquard's punched cards for itsprogram storage.


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CS & IT Time Lines By the 1900s, earlier mechanical calculators, cash registers,

accounting machines, and so on were redesigned to useelectric motors, with gear position as the representation forthe state of a variable. (state of the art machine )

In 1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator AndComputer) was built. That was the starting of digitalcomputing.

In 1947 William Shockley, John Bardeen and WalterBrattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States invented

transistor ("father of the transistor for invention ofgermanium transisitor).

Moores Law (1965): no of transistors on a chip are going tobe double every year.


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Size of Transistor Trends 10 m 1971

3 m 1975

1.5 m 1982

1 m 1985

800 nm (0.80 m) 1989

600 nm (0.60 m) 1994

350 nm (0.35 m) 1995

250 nm (0.25 m) 1998

180 nm (0.18 m) 1999

130 nm (0.13 m) 2000 90 nm 2002

65 nm 2006

45 nm 2008

32 nm 2010

22 nm approx. 2011

16 nm approx. 2013 11 nm approx. 2015

Future: quantum computer


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NBIC




(d) cognitive science and cognitive

neuroscience.


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Cognitive Science and Cognitive

Neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field

concerned with the scientific study of

biological substrates underlying cognition,

with a specific focus on the neural substrates

of mental processes. It addresses the

questions of how psychological /cognitive

functions are produced by the brain.


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Neuroscience Time Lines

Rene Descartes (1596-1650): Mechanistic view of brain. (brain

is a part of body and can have both way interaction). Before

Descartes there were beliefs about dualism and speculation

was done on the behavior of animals.

Luigi Galvani(1737-1798):Detected electricity in the nerves of

frogs.

Paul Broca(1824-1880): discovered the speech production

center of the brain located in the ventroposterior region ofthe frontal lobes (now known as Broca's area).

Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918): provided us with areal

division for brain.


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Neuroscience Time Lines

After this period work shifted towards the nerve

studies in human. Now the latest trend is to

understand how memory is stored, where is area for

intelligence etc (till now assumed that they are in

synapse but how ???). Future is about to understand

brain-computer interface.


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Scope of CCT

Carrier as a scientist in India KVPY

GATE (Graduate Aptitude test inEngineering)

CSIR-NET (Council of Scientific and IndustrialResearch-National Eligibility Test) : PhD + JRF

DBT-NET (Department of Biotechnology-NationalEligibility Test) : PhD + JRF

SRF (Senior Research Fellowship)

After PhD can apply for PDF (postdoctoralfellowship)


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Foreign Scientist

GRE (Graduate Record Examination)

General

Subject

IELTS (International English Language

Testing System)

TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign

Language)


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Other Options

MBAo Health Care Management

o Communication

o Environmental Management

o Information Systemso Internet Marketing

o Operations Management

o Human Resource Management

Placement in any organization (company)from CCT.

Faculty in Engineering College.


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What we are today comes from our thoughts of yesterday

our present thoughts build our life of tomorrow:

Our life is the creation of our mind.-Buddha


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SUMMARY

Dont Underestimate the power of technology and

be careful to call anything as impossible.

NBIC (Converging Technologies) are currentresearch topic and will shape human future.

CCT has a bright future.

You can do whatever you want because you are the

architect for your destiny.


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Fantasy is more important than knowledge !

(because knowledge is always limited) Albert Einstein


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LifePerspective

Atom 0.1 nm

DNA (width) 2 nm

Protein 5 50 nm

Virus 75 100 nm

Materials internalized by cells < 100 nm

Bacteria 1,000 10,000 nmWhite Blood Cell 10,000 nm

True Solution particles: < 1 nm (not visible to naked eyes)

Particles in Suspension: > 1000 nm (visible to naked eyes)

Colloidal Solution particles: 1-1000 nm (seen through scattering of light)

nbic lecture 2010

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