“nature vs. nurture” environment and gene expression gene expression can be affected by many...
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“Nature vs. Nurture”Environment and Gene Expression
Gene expression can be affected by many factors, including:
the activity of other genes climate conditions – Ex.: Siamese cat &
Himalayan rabbit fur, flower color in hydrangeas, etc.
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“Nature vs. Nurture”Environment and Gene Expression
Gene expression can be affected by many factors, including:
social environment of organism – Ex.: Japanese goby fish changes sex depending on the gender of other fish present
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“Nature vs. Nurture”Environment and Gene Expression
Gene expression can be affected by many factors, including:
internal environment of organism – diet (presence of nutrients) affects height; shyness in children is affected by socialization;
External environment of organism – Ex.: Mutagens/carcinogens – cancer development
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Refining Mendel’s LawsLinked Genes•Genes located on the same chromosome travel together into the same gamete; •the two traits are inherited together, instead of sorting independently•this is an exception to Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
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Intermediate Inheritance:Polygenic TraitsMost traits are polygenic – affected by more than one gene.
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Intermediate Inheritance: Incomplete Dominance – “no win”
Result of incomplete dominance: blending of traits in heterozygote
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Intermediate Inheritance:Codominance – “win-win”Codominance - both alleles in heterozygote express themselves fully
Ex.: blood types are determined by carbohydrates (sugars) on red blood cells; two alleles two types of carbohydrate molecules on RBCs.
Human blood types also havemultiple alleles (more than two):IA, IB and i (neither)
Rh factor (a different gene) (+, dominant or -, recessive) also determines blood type; ex.: A+, B-, etc.
Blood transfusions - People reject any blood factor they do NOT have.
BB
B A
AA
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Phenotype(blood type) Possible
genotype(s)Antigen on
RBCAntibody in
PlasmaCan Donate
to Blood Types
A
B
AB
O
AA or AO
BB or BO
Anti-B
Anti-A
Anti-A Anti-B
A and AB
B and AB
AB
OO
None AB
All Blood Types
A
A
A
B
BB
ABABA
B
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Sex-Linked Traits
&
Sex-Influenced Traits
* Add the missing examples
to your notes. *
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Which sex has more chromosomes?
Which sex has more genes?
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It starts at a young age and men just get worseBut wait! Things are not as bad as they seem…
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X Inactivation( A.K.A. Revenge for
Boys! ) Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X
chromosomes is randomly and permanently inactivated in cells other than egg cells.
This ensures that females, like males, have one functional copy of the X chromosome in each body cell.
Some genes on the X chromosome escape X-inactivation. Many of these genes are located at the ends of each arm of the X chromosome in areas known as the pseudoautosomal regions.
Although many genes are unique to the X chromosome, genes in the pseudoautosomal regions are present on both sex chromosomes, and many are essential for normal development.
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Tortoiseshell / Calico CatPrimary gene for coat color on the X chromosome has two co-dominant alleles,Orange (XO) & Black (XB)
X inactivation (random) in different embryonic cells (melanocytes) produces the pattern
Delayed melanocyte migration during development (another gene does this) creates white in the three-color cats (cells w/o pigment)
Male or female?Females, except for rare XXY males
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Early embryo
X chromosomes
Allele fororange fur
Allele forblack fur
Cell divisionand random
X chromosomeinactivation
Two cell populationsin adult
Active X
Inactive X
Inactive X
Active X
Orangefur
Black fur
Figure 11.5
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Sex-Linked Traits
Colorblindness
Hemophilia
Linked to X chromosome, are recessive
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Sex-Linked TraitsSex-linked traits are encoded by genes on the X or Y chromosomes.
Ex.: Hemophilia, a defect in blood clotting, is a recessive, X-linked trait (Xh) found mostly in boys.
Mom(carrier)
Dad
XH Y
XHXHXH
girlXHYboy
XhXHXh
girlXhYBoy*
* Since the Y chromosome does not have the gene for the blood clotting factor, this boy has no good copy of the gene and has the recessive phenotype.
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Hairy PinnaLinked to
Y chromosome
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Sex Influenced Trait
Gene is on an Autosome (#1 - #22), but the Phenotype is INFLUENCED by the SEX HORMONES which are controlled by the SEX CHROMOSOMES
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Sex Influenced Traits
Male Patterned Baldness
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Sex Influenced Trait
Male Female
Phenotype Phenotype
BB
B’B
B’B’
Hair Hair
HairPatterned Baldness
Patterned Baldness
Patterned Baldness