genetics part ii. nature vs. nurture what you are born with (your genes) only determines part of how...
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Genetics Part II
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Nature vs. Nurture• What you are born with (your genes) only determines
part of how you will develop (nurture)• Gene Expression: Genes need to be “turned on” or
activated to create specific proteins. Genes are influenced by other genes and they are influenced by the environment
• Genetic Predisposition: May have the genetics for a trait, however, the gene/genes may never be activated. “At-Risk” … you may or may not even have the genes.
• You control part of your nurture HOWEVER some is out of your control (examples of nurture that is out of your control: Air quality, your mother’s diet while she was pregnant)
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Vincent
• Genetically predisposed (99% probabilty) for heart failure
• Yet never has heart troubles• Assumes the identity of Jerome Morrow
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Jerome
• Genetically “superior” – however still fails
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In-Vitro Fertilization• Egg and sperm fertilized outside the human
body
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Patterns of inheritance• Autosomal Dominant• Autosomal Recessive• Co-dominance / Incomplete Dominance• Multiple Alleles• X-linked• Non-Disjunctive disorders• Polygenetic traits
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Polygenic traits• All the traits Mendel studied were
MONOgenetic (caused by a single gene)• Most traits are caused by multiple genes (POLY
= “MANY”) • Examples: Human height, intelligence
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Sex-Linked Traits
• Gene located on the X Chromosome
- Color blindness- Hemophilia
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You a man. Y. Yes that is correct!
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Non-disjunction• Result of when during Meiosis (the formation
of gametes) chromosome pairs do not separate correctly – Thus Mendel’s law of segregation is broken
• Results in individuals with too many or too few chromosomes
• Examples: Downs Syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Turners Syndrome
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Down Syndrome
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Amniocentesis
• Using a needle amniotic fluid is removed from the women and tested• Much different from an ultrasound
or sonogram that only uses sound waves to create a picture of the baby
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What is a Pedigree?
• A pedigree is a chart of the genetic history of family over several generations. A “family tree”
• Scientists or a genetic counselor would find out about your family history and make this chart to analyze.
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Constructing a Pedigree
• Male
• Female
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Connecting Pedigree Symbols
• Married Couple
• Siblings
Examples of connected symbols:
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Example
• What does a pedigree chart look like?
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Genetic DisordersAutosomal Recessive Disorders• Cystic Fibrosis• Sickle Cell Anemia• Tay-Sachs• PKU (Phenylketonuria)
Autosomal Dominant Disorders• Huntington’s• Marfan Syndrome
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Simple Human Traits
Monogenetic with only two alleles: Dominate and Recessive
(Most human traits DO NOT fall into this category)
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Cheek Dimples• Indentations along
side of mouth
• Dominant
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Cleft Chin
• Indentation in chin
• Dominant
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Earlobes• Can be free or attached
• Free are dominant, attached recessive
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Face Freckles
Dominant
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Hitchhiker’s Thumb• Ability to bend
thumb backwards at a 45-degree angle
• Recessive
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Widow’s Peak• V-shaped point in
hairline
• Dominant
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Morton’s Toe• Second toe longer
than first toe
• Recessive
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Tongue Rolling
Dominant