NATIVE AMERICANS

WESTWARD MIGRATION

• Manifest Destiny-Belief that the United States should extend to from the East Coast to the West Coast

WESTWARD MIGRATION

• Push Factors• Events or conditions

that force people to move elsewhere• Overpopulation• Home/Farm

ownership ($)• 2nd chance from

industrial revolution• (failed

Entrepreneurs)

• Pull Factors• Strongly attract people

to move elsewhere• Home/Farm land

available• Gold Rush 1849• Private Property and

Deeded land• (Measured and

Registered)

• Homestead Act-1862• 160 acres of land

WESTWARD MIGRATION

• Push Factors• Events or

conditions that force people to move elsewhere• Ethnic & Religious

repression (Mormons)

• Pull Factors• Strongly attract

people to move elsewhere• Morrill land act-Land

grant college SDSU, U of M• Pacific Railways acts- • Eminent Domain-

10 sq. miles on each side of the tracks

WESTWARD MIGRATION

• Land Speculators-buy land low, sell high• Homestead Act-1862• 160 acres of land• 21 yrs. old or have a family• American citizens or immigrants filing for

citizenship• House which measured at least 12x14• Lived in at least 6 months of the year• Farm the land for 5 years in row before claiming

ownership• 372,000 Farms created

WESTWARD MIGRATION

• Cattle Branded-Deeded land on cattle• Birth of the Cowboys and ranching from Mexico • Water rights for private use • Established Modern American Economic Concepts• Private Property• Private Enterprise (Capitalism)• Free-market Economies

• 1879- Benjamin “Pap” Singleton lead a group of southern blacks on a mass exodus out of the South• 1890s-Settlements dotted the prairie for every 10

miles due to mandatory stops for railroads.

THE UNITED STATES VS. THE NATIVE AMERICANS

SECTION 2

NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE

• Nomads- moving from place to place for food and shelter• What to do when 2 cultures clash?

ACTS BY THE GOVERNMENT

• 1830 Indian Removal Act• 1838 Forcible relocation of the Cherokee Indians from

Georgia to Oklahoma by the U.S. Government• 15,000 died on their way • “Trail of Tears”

• 1861-1886 Apache and Navajo wars• Geronimo

• Dakota War of 1862• Throughout North & South Dakota and Minnesota• Especially the Minnesota River Valley (Big stone lake to

Mankato)• 1864 Sand Creek Massacre• 500 Southern Cheyenne were killed by the army

CONFLICTS AND BATTLES

• 1861-1886 Apache and Navajo wars• Geronimo

• Dakota War of 1862• Throughout North & South Dakota and Minnesota

• Especially the Minnesota River Valley (Big Stone Lake to Mankato)• 1864 Sand Creek Massacre• 500 Southern Cheyenne were killed by the army

• 1876 Battle of the Little Big Horn • Black Hills, South Dakota• General George Custer sent in to destroy Sioux led by Crazy

Horse• But was ambushed and massacred, 200 men died

CONFLICTS AND BATTLES

• Battle of Wounded Knee 1890• Pine Ridge, South Dakota• Sitting Bull and the remenants of Custers 7th Calvelry clash• Sitting Bull is to surrender to authorities but is killed in a

gunfight along with 200 Sioux.

CHANGE IN CULTURE AND OPENING OF THE INDIAN TERRITORIES

• Assimilation-Forcible change from one culture to another• Dawes Act- Reservation land into individual plots,

“ownership”• BIA- Bureau of Indian Affairs

MINING, RANCHING AND FARMING

SECTION 3

MINING

• Mining• Famous Sites• 1859, Pikes Peak, Colorado Not a real gold rush • Comstock Lode, Nevada there was• Denver• Homestake mine in Black Hills, South Dakota

• New Technology• Placer Mining• Where you shovel dirt over boxes and run water

• When large Veins of gold ore are found they attracted large corporations, thus gold mining became an oligopoly

RANCHING

• Cattle boom• Cattle became a large business in Texas• Ranchers shipped purebred cattle west to bred them with

longhorns• Shipping costs were cut in half by the introduction of the

refrigerated rail cars

• Buffalo• Destruction of the buffalo were caused by• Popularity of buffalo robes • Hunting for sport• Their leather made them popular for belts in the industrial east• To force the Native Americans to grow their own food and make

room for settlers

RANCHING

• Cow Towns• Created specifically for receiving cattle • Cheyenne Wyoming, Dodge City and Ellsworth Kansas

• Birth of the Cowboys• Chisholm Trail- A route through Texas and Oklahoma to which

the cowboys drove herds to the cow towns of Kansas

• Cattle Barons• Wealthy ranchers who owned/operated huge cattle operations• Most Famous Charles Goodnight

FARMING

• Homesteaders• From the Homestead Act,

• Hardships for Homesteaders• Home building • Mostly earthen structures which were dugout of the

ground• Soddie-Sod home• Back-breaking work for homesteaders• Many troubles such as floods, dust storms, fire

storms and drought• By mid 1880s, many people returned home to the

east

FARMING

• Family Life• Well Defined roles for men and women• Men Worked the field, planted,

harvested, threshing and binding. Worked in the off-season in construction or laborers• Women Raised children, taught school,

cooked, cleaned, washed clothes, etc.

FARMING

• New Technologies• Water conservation• Steel plow with multiple furrows• Steam powered threshers, corn huskers and

corn binders• USDA- United States Department of Agriculture

created under the Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)• Educated farmers and collected statistics on

markets, crops and plant diseases

FARMING

• Farming and Big Business• Bonanza farms, large farm operations controlled by large

businesses, managed by professionals and raising massive quantities of a single cash crop

• PROBLEMS• Large amount of crops (Supply) caused a drop in prices due

to decrease in demand

THE FRONTIER MYTHS

• The “rugged” West had become much more modern and tame• The end of the frontier Even with sparse

populations, settlements became towns, towns grew into territories, and territories became states.• Turner Thesis That frontier life had a key role

into forming American Characteristics. (He failed to mention women, minorities and downplayed involvement of both businesses and the federal government

STEREOTYPES AND THE WEST

•Hero’s outlaws, miners, cowboys etc.• Buffalo Bill Cody-Good soldiers versus the bad Native Americans (Cowboys & Indians)•Males themes about enjoying freedom and opportunity while being tough.

POPULISMSECTION 4

POPULISM

•What is Populism?•Definition

FARMERS AND THE ECONOMY

•Collapse of the Railroads • Banks failed• Businesses over borrowed and failed•Unemployment went up• Federal Government rarely intervened to help stabilize the economy

FARMERS AND THE ECONOMY

• Tariffs taxes on imported goods to make them more expensive to encourage people to buy local• HOW Tariffs HELPED the farmers• 1) Protected farmers against imports

• HOW Tariffs HURT the farmers• 1) Raised the prices on manufactured goods, such as

machinery• 2) Kept foreign countries from earning U.S. Currency

to buy American crops

FARMERS AND THE ECONOMY

• Money, Money, Money• Value of money is linked to the national money supply• WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?????????• More money in the nation, the value of money drops• Less money in the nation, the value of money

increases• Deflation A drop in prices on goods• Monetary Policy The federal governments plan for

the makeup and quantity of the national money supply• THE FED Federal Reserve Systems which controls the

nations money supply was established in 1913 to promote stead economic growth without causing high inflation

FARMERS AND THE ECONOMY

• Money, Money, Money• THE GOLD STANDARD• The U.S. was put onto the gold standard which the money

supply was limited to the amount of gold held by the federal government

• This outraged silver mines and western farmers who thought that by ending silver as a money standard would lower farm prices

• 2 acts passed by congress to encourage silver production• Bland-Allison Act• Sherman Silver Purchase Act

• Both increased inflation in the nations economy.

FARMER PROTESTS

• The Grange Helped farmers create cooperatives which would buy goods in large quantities at lower prices• Farmers Alliances wanted federal control of railroads,

more money in circulation, creation of state departments of agriculture, anti-trust laws and farm credit. • They had a special importance for women, which were able to

hold office and supported political rights for women

• Both of these were formed in response to the government's inaction towards disasters which struck farms in the late 1880s

GOVERNMENT RESPONSE

• Fragmented politics• Where the president’s political party differed from

the political party that controlled congress

• WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?• Legislation was stuck either in congress without

support or the president would veto legislation that he didn’t like.• IMPORTANT QUOTATION from PRESIDENT GROVER

CLEVELAND• “though the people support the government, the

government should not support the people”

THE POPULISTS EMERGE

• Political platform• 1) Increased money in circulation• 2) Unlimited minting of silver• 3) A progressive income tax (More tax on the amount of

income is made)• 4) Government ownership of communications and

transportation systems

• They believed in a 8 hr. work day• Opposed the use of the Pinkertons• United African Americans and farmers because of

something they had in common

THE POPULISTS EMERGE

• William Jennings Bryant• Carried the presidential campaign of the western farmers but

none of the industrial states in the Mid-West and the East• Ran on the famous quote of “You shall not press down upon

the brow of labor this crown of thorns, You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold”

• Was supported by the farmers and the idea of a silver currency standard, but was defeated by William McKinley

THE POPULISTS DECLINE

•WHY?• Gold was discovered in Alaska and South

Africa, increasing the gold supply • Crop prices began to rise slowly, killing the

silver movement and with it, populism• HOWEVER, Populism regained a foothold

on American politics during the progressive era to deal with urban and industrial problems in society.