Nationalism, Imperialism and European Society

Nationalism, Imperialism and European Society1850 - 19142nd French Republic & Empire2nd Empire 1852-70 under Napoleon IIIParticipated in the Crimean War with Britain against Russia 1853-56 which shattered the Concert of EuropeMade many changes that benefited socialists and industrialists. Beautified Paris and made it the city it is today. Was very popular until his downfall as his rule went from authoritarian [1852-60] to liberal [1860-70]Supported the disastrous Mexican expedition of Maximilian of Austria 1861-67.

Napoleon IIINapoleon III & Foreign PolicyAs Emperor he needed a wife and heir. Chose a woman he loved rather than an arranged marriage. Eugenie de Monitjo of Spain.Crimean War 1854-56. Ended the Concert of Europe when he joined Britain in fighting Russia.Unification of ItalyAsia PolicyMission to JapanSecond Opium War 1860 occupation of ChinaFrench IndochinaMexico 1866Maximilian Hapsburg

Nationalism: ItalyNationalism: feelings of devotion and loyalty to ones country or ethnic groupItaly was dominated by Austria and FranceKingdom of Piedmont-SardiniaPM Camillo Cavour sided with France & Britain in the Crimean War in exchange for French support for Italian Unification

Unification of Italy 1850-1870

Unification of ItalyAssassination Attempt on Napoleon IIIAttempt by Italian Nationalist helped encourage Napoleons participationWar With AustriaCavour instigated an incident, France intervened and defeated AustriaPiedmont got Lombardy and Central Italy in exchange for giving France Nice and Savoy

Italian UnificationGaribaldis CampaignGiuseppe Garibaldi led 1000 nationalists on a campaign to capture Sicily and NaplesCavour sent troops into the South meeting up with Garibaldi Garibaldi was a Republican but gave in to CavourMarch 1861 Victor Emmanuel II became king of ItalyVenice & RomeVenice went to Italy in 1866 when Austria lost to PrussiaRome and Papal State went to Italy in 1870 when France lost to PrussiaDesired territories included the Tyrol and Dalmatian Coast

150 years 1861 - 2011Nationalism: GermanyUnification of Germany 1866-71Prussian King Wilhem IChancellor Otto von BismarckArchitect of unificationGreater GermanyA unified Germany including the Austrian EmpireLesser GermanyA unified Germany without Austria

German Unification: Bismarcks Blood & IronAustro-Prussian War of 1866Prussia defeated Austria in 6 weeks; eliminated Austria from interfering in German affairsUnited Northern Germany with PrussiaFranco-Prussian War of 1870Ems Telegram doctored by Bismarck to insult FrancePrussia defeated France and resulted in German unificationGermany is unified in Jan 1871Germany takes Alsace-Lorraine from FranceFrance vows revenge for the loss of Alsace-Lorraine

The Unification of Germany 1862-1871

France Under the 3rd RepublicParis CommuneMany Parisians felt betrayed by their own govt and formed The Commune to rule Paris separate from FranceThe new conservative govt sent an army to crush the communePoliticsFrance was a republic by default ruled by pro-monarchist generals and parliamentarians who couldnt agree on a successorThe Dreyfus Affair [1894-96] threatened to pull the republic apart. Dreyfus was a Jewish officer accused to giving secrets to the Germans. Eventually evidence against Dreyfus was proven to be forged but Conservatives, Catholics, and the Army blamed Dreyfus with the political left backing him. Showed the strength of Anti-Semitism in French politics.Split France into Right vs Left campsBritain Moves Toward DemocracyReform Bill of 1867Under the leadership of Tory Benjamin Disraeli the electorate was increased by 1 million. Large swaths of working class males could now vote.Education Act of 1870Under liberal William Gladstone government assumed responsibility for elementary educationCivil service exams replaced patronageHome Rule for IrelandAttempts at giving the Irish self government failed time and time again finally passing in 1914 but WWI prevented implementationEuropean Society2nd Industrial Revolution focused on steel, coal and railroads.Germany surpassed Britain in industrial production by 1900Eifel Tower became a symbol of Paris in 1889 along with Sacre Coeur {Church of Sacred Heart}Migration & UrbanizationPeople migrated to cities requiring improvements in sanitation [sewers], police & fire protectionHousing reform made great stridesImprovement in HospitalsBudapest had Continental Europes first subway by the late 1800s

European SocietySocial DistinctionsMiddle Class became a dominant class in late 1800sUpper middle class were factory owners, nouveu richePetit bourgeoisie were lower middle class, white collar workers [secretaries, clerks] and professionsConspicuous ConsumptionWomen and Legal BarriersMost legal systems treated women as minors in terms of owning property and divorce.Education was severely limited for womenEmployment limited to low skill, low payMovements to gain women the right to vote [suffragettes] increased especially in Britain under Emmeline PankhurstEuropean SocietySocialist Movements & their differencesFrance unionist here tended to avoid politics despite voting socialistFrench socialists had an anarchist influenceGermanySocialists here were greatly influenced by Marxian ideologyBy 1912, SPD [Social Democratic Party] was largest in the ReichstagWhen WWI arrived, the chose Nationalism over Internationalism BritainUnionist here often voted with Liberals. Fabian Socialists dominated in Britain who believed in reforming without confrontation.Not until after WWI would a British Labour Party emerge as a political forceRussiaInfluenced by anarchist elements as well. Socialists split into 2 factions Menshaviks [minority in Russian] although a majority of socialists and Bolsheviks [majority in Russian] although a minority of socialistsHapsburg AustriaFranz Josef & ElizabethElizabeth was his first cousin from BavariaElizabeth surrounded herself with Hungarian advisors, preferred to live in Hungary and speak Hungarian. She became a champion for Hungarian independenceThe Hapsburg CurseEldest daughter died at Age 2Son Rudolf heir to throne supposedly committed suicide at age 30 in 1889Elisabeth assassinated in 1898Franz Ferdinand: Fran Josefs nephew and heir after Rudolfs death is assassinated in 1914

Ethnic Tension in AustriaConflict among German, Magyar and Slavic groups threatened to pull the Empire apart. Austrias defeat to Prussia in 1866 brought the Hungarian question to the forefront once again.

Dual Monarchy of 1867Compromise [Ausgleich] of 1867 Eventually Franz Josef agreed to division of the Empire in Austrian and Hungarian parts. Each had its own government and parliaments but shared a common monarchy, army & foreign policy. Franz Josef and Elizabeth were crowned King & Queen of Hungary in Budapest.

Bismarcks Germany 1871-1890Kulturkampf 1871-1878Felt the Catholic Church had too much power in Germany but were only 1/3 of the populationCatholics priests and Bishops were arrested or forced into exileLaws proved very unpopular and encourages support for the Catholic Centre Party

Bismarcks Germany 1871-1890Anti-socialist LawsIn 1878 fear of socialism led Bismarck to persecute themForbid socialist meetings or newspapersFailed to prevent growth of the movementWelfare StateBismarck created Europes first old age pension, accident insurance, medical care and unemployment insurance in order to undercut socialist support

Bismarcks Foreign Policy 1871-1890RealpolitikWhat mattered most was what benefited Germany. Doing what was practical rather than ideologicalSystem of alliances to isolate FranceThree Emperors League {Russia, Austria, Germany}Reinsurance Treaty with Russia 1887Opposed the acquisition of colonies, too burdensomePre-emptive wars were stupid arguing it was like committing suicide because one is afraid of death

Imperialism & Germany 1890-1900Imperial ConflictWilhelm II, nephew of Queen Victoria. Wilhelm wanted an empire to match Germanys economic and military powerDid not like Bismarcks advice and fired him in 1890Ordered a massive expansion of the German navy which led to increased conflict with Great Britain.

Nationalism: The BalkansEuropes Powder KegOttoman Domination & CollapseAlbania & Bosnian conversions to IslamCrimean War treaty required Ottomans treat Christians & Muslims equallyThe Sick Man of EuropeBulgarian Uprising 1876Atrocities by Bashibazouk [Ottoman irregulars] led to international outrageRussia Defender of Slavs and Eastern Orthodoxy1877 Russo-Ottoman WarMajor Russian victoryLiberated Rumania and BulgariaRussian success frightened the European powersBashibazouk Atrocities

Imperialism in AfricaReasons for ImperialismEconomic: resources & marketsStrategic: bases for refuelingPrestigeWhite Mans BurdenRace for AfricaOnly 2 independent nations by 1900 [Ethiopia and Liberia]Stanley LivingstonEnglishman who explored the interior of AfricaJoseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness

Imperialism in AsiaFrench IndochinaControlled Vietnam, Laos and CambodiaEmergence of JapanUS Commodore Perrys visit in 1853 opened Japans eyes to modern technologyMeiji Restoration 1867Restored the monarchy and ended feudalism in JapanBegan a period of rapid modernizationSino-Japanese War 1895Seized Korea and Formosa [Taiwan] from ChinaRusso-Japanese War 1904-19051st time an Asia nation defeated a European

Imperialism in ChinaSpheres of InfluenceAll European powers carved out a piece of ChinaEach had extra-territorial statusBoxer Rebellion 1899-1901Chinese martial arts students rebel against European domination and Christian missionariesEuropean powers send in troops to put down the rebellion.Last Emperor 1908-12Emperor Puyi was 3 years old when he became Emperor. Revolution and civil followed his overthrow in 1912

Nationalism: The BalkansRussia and Pan-SlavismRussia agreed to a peace treaty with the Ottomans in Jan 1878 but proceeded to move toward Constantinople.Britain sent a fleet to intimidate the Russians from entering the cityCongress of Berlin 1878Bismarck called for a conference to end the conflictRomania & Serbia gain independenceBulgaria is autonomousBosnia-Herzegovina administered by Austria-Hungary

Balkans 1878-1914Balkan Tensions: Austria-HungaryEthnic tensionSerbia had designs on Austro-Hungarian lands. They coveted Bosnia-Herzegovina most.Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908. Triple Monarchy?Franz-Ferdinand: heir to the throne proposed a triple monarchy and self government for slavs.Serbs saw this as a threatEurope 1877

The Alliance SystemTriple AllianceGermanyAustria-HungaryItalyTriple EntenteGreat BritainFranceRussia

Decline of the RomanovsRomanov Dynasty 1613-1917Alexander II [1855-81]Reformed Russia politically, esp at the local levelFreed the serfs in 1861Assassinated by the Peoples Will

Assassination of Alexander IIDecline of the RomanovsAlexander III [1881-1894]2nd son not properly prepared to rule until after the death of his older brotherTall 64 imposing figure that rules as menacing as he lookedReturned to conservative policies creating more antagonisms in RussiaDied early at age 49 [kidney failure]

Decline of the RomanovsNicholas II [1894-1917]Unprepared to rule. Married a German, Alexandra, niece of Queen Victoria1905 RevolutionBloody Sunday, Father Gaspon led protestors to the Tsars winter palace. Soldiers opened fire killing 92Open Revolution ensued. Nicholas II granted the formation of a Duma [parliament]

Decline of the RomanovsThe Familys Dark SecretAlexis, the son had hemophilia BRussian doctors struggled to cure the boy when ill.Alex and Nicholas resorted to using the powers of a Siberian Monk, Gregory RasputinMany Russians could not understand why the family kept this man as an advisor.Support for the monarchy began to deteriorate

The Powder Keg ExplodesThe Balkan Wars 1912-19131st Balkan WarSerbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece vs the Ottoman empire2nd Balkan WarSerbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottoman Empire vs BulgariaAssassination 1914Sarajevo, Bosnia Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by Serbian terrorists and triggers WWI