national workshop on urban air quality and integrated traffic management karachi, september 13-14,...
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Income and Infant MortalityTRANSCRIPT
National Workshop on National Workshop on Urban Air Quality andUrban Air Quality and
Integrated Traffic Integrated Traffic ManagementManagement
Karachi, September 13-14, 2006Karachi, September 13-14, 2006
Environmental Degradation - about 6% GDP:Environmental Degradation - about 6% GDP:Share by Cause (Rp. bn per year)Share by Cause (Rp. bn per year)
112
6765
70
45
4.2
2.7Water supply, sanitationand hygiene
Indoor air pollution
Urban air pollution
Agriculture (soil salinityand erosion)
Lead exposure
Rangeland degradation
Deforestation
Income and Infant MortalityIncome and Infant Mortality Trend of Income and Infant Mortality, Benchmark Countries and Pakistan, 1960-
2003
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 100 200 300 400 500 600Per capita GDP ($US)
Pakistan Benchmark Countries
PM10 in Pakistan’s Cities: PM10 in Pakistan’s Cities:
48-hour averages – SUPARCO 2003/200448-hour averages – SUPARCO 2003/2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
ug/m
3
1st Cycle 03 2nd Cycle 03 3rd Cycle 04 4th Cycle 04
PM10 in other Cities - Annual averagesPM10 in other Cities - Annual averages
0
20
40
60
80
100
Con
cent
raci
ón P
M10
(u
g/m
3)
Lima downtownSantiago
Mexico City
Sao PaoloTokyo
Rio de Janeiro
Los AngelesMadrid Rome
New York Paris
PM10 in Dhaka: 24-hour averages – AQMP 2002PM10 in Dhaka: 24-hour averages – AQMP 2002
Seasonal AQI Trends in Dhaka
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1/04
/200
2
13/0
4/20
02
25/0
4/20
02
7/05
/200
2
19/0
5/20
02
31/0
5/20
02
12/0
6/20
02
24/0
6/20
02
6/07
/200
2
18/0
7/20
02
30/0
7/20
02
11/0
8/20
02
23/0
8/20
02
4/09
/200
2
16/0
9/20
02
28/0
9/20
02
10/1
0/20
02
22/1
0/20
02
11/3
/202
15/1
1/20
02
27/1
1/20
02
8/12
/200
2
20/1
2/20
02
Date
AQI
Sources of PMSources of PM
vehicular emissionsvehicular emissions industrial emissionsindustrial emissions burning of solid wasteburning of solid waste natural dustnatural dust
The Environmental “Production Function”The Environmental “Production Function”
Partnerships for Clean AirPartnerships for Clean Air
Pakistan EPA setting air quality and Pakistan EPA setting air quality and emissions standardsemissions standards
provincial environmental authorities provincial environmental authorities responsible for implementation of these responsible for implementation of these standards delegatedstandards delegated
integration of air quality management with integration of air quality management with urban planning by municipal authoritiesurban planning by municipal authorities
policies for clean air in the industry, policies for clean air in the industry, energy, fuel and transportation sectors. energy, fuel and transportation sectors.
Updating the Regulatory FrameworkUpdating the Regulatory Framework
Health-Based Air Quality Standards: Health-Based Air Quality Standards: – required as a basis for emission control strategiesrequired as a basis for emission control strategies– specifying specifying limits for key pollutants and monitoring limits for key pollutants and monitoring
methodsmethods– costs and likelihood of achievement informing the costs and likelihood of achievement informing the
standard-setting process. standard-setting process. Vehicle Emission and Fuel Quality Vehicle Emission and Fuel Quality
Standards: Standards: – updated Vehicle Emission Standards for new updated Vehicle Emission Standards for new
registration and in-service vehiclesregistration and in-service vehicles– linked to standards for fuel quality, especially lower linked to standards for fuel quality, especially lower
sulphur diesel and alternate fuelssulphur diesel and alternate fuels
Technical Capacity for Air Quality Technical Capacity for Air Quality ManagementManagement
technical staff required for air quality technical staff required for air quality monitoring, inspection and analysis of monitoring, inspection and analysis of informationinformation
International experience suggests International experience suggests using private or academic institutions using private or academic institutions through out-sourcing some tasks.through out-sourcing some tasks.
Public Information to Support Clean AirPublic Information to Support Clean Air
Publish a daily Air Quality Publish a daily Air Quality Index in major citiesIndex in major cities
– will build support for air quality will build support for air quality improvement initiativesimprovement initiatives
– will enable the issuance of health will enable the issuance of health alarms when necessary. alarms when necessary.