Nathan Hale H.S. West Allis, WINathan Hale H.S. West Allis, WI

17c 17c EuropeanEuropeanAgrarianisAgrarianis

mm

Feudal Common Field Feudal Common Field SystemSystem

The “Little Ice Age”:The “Little Ice Age”:1350-17001350-1700

Medieval “Warm Period”

In the 17c, Europe relied on a very inefficient agricultural system to feed its

population.

Yield Ratio for Grain CropsYield Ratio for Grain Crops(1400-1800)(1400-1800)

Grain Supplies in 16Grain Supplies in 16cc EuropeEurope

Small Town “Farmer’s Small Town “Farmer’s Markets”Markets”

The Village School (17The Village School (17cc))

Country People Playing a Ball Country People Playing a Ball GameGame

A Lace MakerA Lace Maker

The “Putting-Out” SystemThe “Putting-Out” System

Supplemental Income Supplemental Income

Cottage Industries: Cottage Industries: “Putting-“Putting-Out”Out” SystemSystem

Advantages of the Putting-Out Advantages of the Putting-Out SystemSystem1. Peasants could supplement their agricultural

incomes.

Take advantage of winter months when farming was impossible.

2. Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor.

Easier to reduce the number of workers when the economy was bad.

3. Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself.

Peasants acquired future skills.

4. Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth.

Disadvantage of the Putting-Out Disadvantage of the Putting-Out System??System??

When demand rose [which it did in the 18c] this system proved inefficient.

Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce peasant-workers to increase their output.

This dilemma eventually led to the factory system

All the workers were concentrated in one place under the supervision of a manager.

Water or steam power could easily be applied there.

Population Density: 18c Population Density: 18c EuropeEurope

Population Takeoff in Population Takeoff in EuropeEurope

18c18cPopulatioPopulatio

nnGrowthGrowth

RateRate

European UrbanizationEuropean Urbanization

Industry & Population: 18c Industry & Population: 18c EuropeEurope

European Urbanization: 1500-European Urbanization: 1500-18001800

Emancipation of the Peasantry to Emancipation of the Peasantry to 18121812

““Enclosed” FieldsEnclosed” Fields

Robert Bakewell

““Gin Gin Lane”Lane”

William William HogarthHogarth

17511751

"Instead of recommending cleanliness to the poor, we should encourage contrary habits. In our towns we should make the streets narrower, crowd more people into the houses, and court the return of the plague. In the country we should build our villages near stagnant pools, and particularly encourage settlements in all marshy and unwholesome situations. But above all, we should reprobate specific remedies for ravaging diseases: and those benevolent, but much mistaken men, who have thought they were doing a service to mankind by projecting schemes for the total extirpation of particular disorders. If by these and similar means the annual mortality were increased ... we might probably every one of us marry at the age of puberty and yet few be absolutely starved." -- Thomas Malthus

““Apprentices at Their Looms”Apprentices at Their Looms”William Hogarth, 1687William Hogarth, 1687

British Raw MaterialsBritish Raw Materials

Spinning Jenny by Hargreaves (above) and Spinning Mule by Crompton (below)

Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the water frame

A Woosted Mill in A Woosted Mill in Bedworth, England, 1800Bedworth, England, 1800

18c British Port18c British Port

The Growth of England’sThe Growth of England’sForeign Trade in the 18cForeign Trade in the 18c