natalia luzginova - vemet · photo by natalia luzginova. introduction 7 … and lots of energy!...
TRANSCRIPT
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Materials development for fusion application
Natalia LuzginovaMaterials Consultant
22/06/2015 1VeMet-Dag 2015
Metalen onder extreme condities
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Outline
Introduction
The ITER project Main components and materials
Materials selection and challenges
Beyond ITER New materials development
Summary
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Metalen onder extreme condities
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Introduction
References:1. Nuclear Energy Today © OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency 20122. http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/roadmap.htm3. Fusion Electricity - EFDA November 20124. http://www.iter.org
ITER
Fiss
ion
Rea
cto
rsFu
sion
Rea
ctors
DEMO
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Introduction
ITER is a large-scale scientific experiment
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Introduction
ITER is a large-scale scientific experiment
Location: Cadarache, Provence, France
Time frame: first plasma – 2020; first fusion reaction – 2027
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Introduction
ITER is a large-scale scientific experiment
Location: Cadarache, Provence, France
Time frame: first plasma – 2020; first fusion reaction – 2027
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March 2015Photo by Natalia Luzginova
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Introduction
7
… and lots of energy!
deuterium tritium helium neutron
Fusion reaction
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Introduction
ITER is a large-scale scientific experiment
Location: Cadarache, Provence, France
Time frame: first plasma – 2020; first fusion reaction – 2027
The ITER Agreement was signed by China, the European Union, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the United States
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ITER(overview)
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Introduction
Fusion advantages No air pollution or greenhouse gases
No risk of a nuclear accident
No high-level waste
Abundant fuel supply
Fusion challenges Unknown technology
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Outline
Introduction
The ITER project Main components and materials
Materials selection and challenges
Beyond ITER New materials development
Summary
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Main components and materials
Materials for the ITER components have been selected based on Nuclear design codes
Extensive R&D programs carried out by ITER parties
Comprehensive assessments of the various functional, design, safety, operational and technological requirements
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Main components and materials
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Picture from ITER Organization
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Materials selection
ITER vacuum vessel The vacuum vessel is a hermetically-sealed steel
container inside the cryostat that houses the fusion reaction and acts as a first safety containment barrier
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Picture from ITER Organization
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Materials selection
ITER vacuum vessel 316L(N)-IG steel is selected based on more than 30 years
of experience from fast-breeder reactor applications in France and EU
IG – ITER Grade accommodates additional ITER requirements for steel composition Radioprotection (Co, Nb, Ta)
Magnetic permeability < 1.03
Inclusion content (vacuum requirements)
Additional limit for P, S
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Materials selection
Neutron effects on 316L(N)-IG steel have been extensively studied and assessed Strengthening and loss of ductility
Loss of strain hardening
However, at doses up to 1 dpa it is a ductile material
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G. Kalinin, MPH 2005
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Materials selection
Neutron effects on 316L(N)-IG steel have been extensively studied and assessed Fatigue – no effects
Fracture toughness – reduction, but material is still ductile
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Challenges
Nuclear components in the fusion reactors may face repairs or (partial) replacements: Vacuum vessel sectors
In-vessel components
Coolant tubes and piping
Replacement or repair of the failed components Re-welding of irradiated stainless steel
problematic -> cracking in the heat-affected and fusion zones
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Picture from ITER Organization
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Challenges
He is formed in austenitic stainless steels by the reaction of thermal neutrons and alloying elements:
58Ni + n 59Ni + 59Ni + n 56Fe + 4He;10B + n 7Li + 4He
Ni is an alloying element in 316L(N) steel
B is an impurity element coming from scrap material
He is practically insoluble in metal
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Challenges
To minimize the probability of crack
formation during re-welding, it is
recommended* to minimize He
content in the irradiated material
< 0.5 -1 appm for multi-pass welding
< 1 - 3 appm for single pass (thin pipe) low
energy welding
The exact limitation of He content for sound re-
weldability depends on the welding method and material
* V. Barabash, First Joint ITER-IAEA Technical Meeting , 2010, Monaco
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Picture from ITER Organization
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Challenges
Re-welding after irradiation
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* H.T. Lin, et.al., 1990, Met. Trans. A. Regime III - weld solidification
Regime I - heat-up period before temperature reaches the melting point
Regime II - peak temperature period
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Heat Input vs. Helium Content
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*Wang [1996], Asano [1998/2000]; Schuring [2000/2001], van Thoor [2001/2002], Luzginova [2010/2011]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Hea
t In
pu
t (J
/mm
)
Helium contents (appm)
single pass no micro and macro cracks
single pass micro cracks
single pass micro and macro cracks
multipass no micro and macro cracks
multipass micro cracks
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Hea
t In
pu
t (J
/mm
)
Helium contents (appm)
single pass no micro and macro cracks
single pass micro cracks
single pass micro and macro cracks
multipass no micro and macro cracks
multipass micro cracks
multipass micro and macro cracks
0.5 -1 appm for thick plates
1 - 3 appm for thin pipes
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Fusion power plant
References:1. Nuclear Energy Today © OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency 20122. http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/roadmap.htm3. Fusion Electricity - EFDA November 20124. http://www.iter.org
ITER
Fiss
ion
Rea
cto
rsFu
sion
Rea
ctors
DEMO
22/06/2015VeMet-Dag 2015
Metalen onder extreme condities23
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Outline
Introduction
The ITER project Main components and materials
Materials selection and challenges
Beyond ITER New materials development
Summary
22/06/2015 24VeMet-Dag 2015
Metalen onder extreme condities
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Advanced materials
Advanced nuclear systems require high performance materials
Excellent Creep Properties
Corrosion resistance
Radiation Tolerance?
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VHTR – Very High Temperature Reactor
SCWR – Supercritical Water Reactor
GFR – Gas Fast Reactor
LFR – Lead Fast Reactor
SFR – Sodium Fast Reactor
MSR – Molten Salt Reactor25
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Advanced materials
Requirements for materials for fusion application Attractive high temperature physical and mechanical
properties
High radiation resistance
Low activation for recycling potential
Reliable manufacturing processes
New structural materials Basic performance: Reduced activation
ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel
Enhanced performance: Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel
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RAFM steel – 9Cr steelWhy 9Cr steel? --> Minimum of DBTT around 9 wt.% Cr
Tempered martensitic microstructure
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Tavassoli, et.al, JNM, 2014
Schuring, 2000
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RAFM steel – 9Cr steelWhy 9Cr steel? --> Minimum of DBTT around 9 wt.% Cr
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Tavassoli, et.al, JNM, 2014
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RAFM steel – 9Cr steelWhy Ferritic/martensitic structure? --> Good swelling resistance
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P. Yvon, 2009
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RAFM steel – 9Cr steelWhy Ferritic/martensitic structure? --> Good swelling resistance
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Fast fluence (E>1.0 MeV) of 1.5x1027 n/m2 at 533 ºC F. A. Garner, PNNL
P. Yvon, 2009
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RAFM steel – 9Cr steelStarting material is a T91steel (9Cr/1Mo/0.2V/0.08Nb)
W as a solution hardener Ta as a carbide former
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RAFM steel – 9Cr steel
Reduced Activation: Low level waste already
after 80-100 years
R. Lindau et al., Fusion Eng. and Design 75-79 (2005) 989-996
The Eurofer97 specification is a result of 20 years R&D effort
Eurofer97 is manufactured by Böhler
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RAFM steel – Eurofer97 steel
A.-A.F. Tavassoli, 2014
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RAFM steel – Eurofer97 steel
Ferritic/martensitic steel Eurofer97 will be used in the ITER Test Blankets Modules (TBM’s) developed in EU, and it is the main structural material of the Breeding Blankets Modules for DEMO reactor.
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Where is TBM in ITER?Vacuum vessel (stainless steel)
TBM (in green)It is a box built of Eurofer97 steel
zoomed in
ITER Blanket (in yellow) is a layered component, where first layer is Be -facing plasma. The rest of the Blanket is high-strength copper (for heat sink) and then stainless steel (structural material).
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Pictures from ITER Organization
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RAFM steel – Eurofer97 steel
Ferritic/martensitic steel Eurofer97 will be used in the ITER Test Blankets Modules (TBM’s) developed in EU, and it is the main structural material of the Breeding Blankets Modules for DEMO reactor
Limitations The maximum operational temperature for Eurofer97 steel is 550 oC
Possible solution Development of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys
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RAFM steel – ODS steel
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Rainer Lindau, KIT, 2010
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RAFM steel – ODS steel
Combination of nano-sized oxide particles and fine grains is believed to result in improved high-temperature strength/creep properties microstructural stability under irradiation and high resistance to radiation-induced swelling
Iracane et al., Generation IV Systems;
R&D needs and research reactors policy, 2006
Y. de Carlan et al., Mechanical Properties
of Nuclear ODS Alloys, 2012
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RAFM steel – ODS steel
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RAFM steel – ODS steel
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RAFM steel – ODS steel
ODS steels have better high temperature/creep properties There are promising results on microstructural
stability under irradiation
Key technological issues: Industrial scale production and processing of ODS steels
Mechanical properties before, under and after irradiation
ODS steel joining/welding
Interaction with coolant
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Summary
Materials for ITER have been selected based on comprehensive assessment of many different requirements
Fusion power plant will require new material that can withstand harsh fusion conditions
Both RAFM and ODS steels are showing promising results. However, materials R&D is not yet completed
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+31618074914
www.inMaterials.nl
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Thank you for your attention