nasa sp4407history.nasa.gov/sp-4407/vol2/v2intro.pdfnasa sp4407 exploring the unknown selected...

NASA SP4407

EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN

Selected Documents in the History of the U S . Civilian Space Program

Volume 11: External Relationships

John M. Logsdon, Editor with Dwayne A. Day and Roger D. Launius

The NASA History Series

National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Office Washington, D.C. 1996

Library of Congress Cataloguingin-Publication Data

Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space ProgradJohn M. Logsdon, editor ... [et al.] p. cm.-(The NASA history series) (NASA SP: 4407)

Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Organizing for exploration 1. Astronautics-United States-History. I. Logsdon, John M., 1937-

11. Lear, Linda I. , 1940- 111. Series. N. Series: NASASP: 4407. TL789.8.U5E8? 387.8'0973-dc20

1996 9G9066 CIP

For sale by the U S . Government Rnting Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328

ISBN 0-16-048899-0

To the Memory of T. Keith Glennan (1905-1995), James E. Webb (1 906-1 992),

and Hugh L. Dryden (1 898-1 965)

Whose Early Vision of External Relationships Helped Shape the Direction of Space Exploration

Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

Biographies of Volume I1 Essay Authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi

Chapter One

Essay: “The Development of International Space Cooperation,” by John M. Logsdon . . 1

Documents

1-1

1-2 and 1-3

1-4

1-5

1-6

1-7

1-8

1-9

Office of the Press Secretary, Statement by the President, July29,1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator, NASA, to T. Keith Glennan, et al., March 12, 1959; and Richard W. Porter, to Professor Dr. H.C. van de Hulst, President, Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), March 14, 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

T. Keith Glennan, Administrator, NASA, to Professor H.S.W. Massey, United Kingdom Scientific Ministry, July 6, 1959, with attached: H.S.W. Massey, “UK-U.S. Technical Discussions on Space Research, June 25-July 3, 1959,” July 3, 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator, to Sir Harrie Massey, European Preparatory Commission for Space Research, June27,1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

James E. Webb, Administrator, NASA, to Dean Rusk, Secretary of State, May24,1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

James E. Webb, NASA Administrator, to U. Alexis Johnson, Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, May 19, 1966 . . . . . . . . . . 23

Robert J. Allnutt, for A.M. Lovelace, Acting Administrator, NASA, via Margaret Finarelli, NASA Headquarters, to Erik Quistgaard, Director General, European Space Agency, Telegraphic Message, February20,1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

WJ. Mellors, Head, Washington Office, European Space Agency, “Aide Memoire, International Solar Polar Mission (ISPM) ,” February24,1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

vii

1-1 0

1-1 1

“Meeting of NASA Administrator and ESA Director General, 17 June 1982, ESA Head Office,” with attached: “General Principles for NASA/ESA Cooperative Agreements” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Burton I. Edelson, Associate Administrator, Space Science Applications, NASA, and Roger M. Bonnet, Director, Scientific Programme, ESA, “NASA/ESA Space Science Planning Meeting, ESA Head Office-27th-29th June 1983,” June 29,1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1-1 2 George M. Low, Manager, Apollo Spacecraft Program, to Director, Apollo Spacecraft Program, “Flag for Lunar Landing Mission,” January23,1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

1-1 3 Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Acting Administrator, to President Richard Nixon, February 12, 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1-14 thru 1-16 Thomas.0. Paine, NASA Administrator, to the President, August 12, 1969; Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, to the President, November 7, 1969; and Thomas.0. Paine, NASA Administrator, to the President, March 26, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

1-1 7 Secretary of State, Telegram 93721 for U.S. Ambassador, Tokyo, “Space Cooperation with Japan,” January 5,1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

1-18 Arnold W. Frutkin, NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, to Administrator, “Canadian Interest in Remote Manipulator Technology to be Used with the Space Shuttle,” April 3, 1972. . . . . . . . 48

1-19 Peter M. Flanigan, “Memorandum for John Erlichman,” February 16, 1971, with attached: Clay T. Whitehead, “Memorandum for Mr. Peter Flanigan,” February 6,1971 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9

1-20 and 1-21 Memorandum from Edward E. David, Jr., Science Advisor, for Henry Kissinger and Peter Flanigan, “Post-Apollo Space Cooperation with the Europeans,” July 23, 1971, with attached: “Technology Transfer in the Post-Apollo Program” and Henry A. Kissinger, National Security Advisor, to William P. Rogers, Secretary of State, no dates; and George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, to NASA Administrator, “Items of Interest,” August 12, 1971 . . . . . . . . . 52

1-22

1-23

Department of State Telegram, “Johnson Letter to Lefevre,” September7,1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

“Memorandum for Peter Flanigan from the President,” November 24,1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

... vlll

1-24 George M. Low, Excerpts from Personal Notes: No. 63, February 1, 1972; No. 67, March 26, 1972; No. 68, April 17, 1962; No. 69, undated; No. 71, June 3, 1972; No. 72, June 17, 1972 . . . . . . . . 6 3

1-25 thru 1-27 William A. Anders, Executive Secretary, National Aeronautics and Space Council, to The Honorable Peter M. Flanigan, March 17, 1972, with attached: “Position Paper on European Participation in our Post-Apollo Space Program”; William P. Rogers, Secretary of State, Memorandum for the President, “Post-Apollo Relationships With the Europeans,”April 29, 1972; and James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, to Honorable Henry A. Kissinger, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, May 5, 1972, with attached: “NASA’s Comments on Secretary Rogers’ Memorandum of April29,1972” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

1-28

1-29

1-30

1-3 1

1-32

1-33

1-34

1-35

European Space Conference, Committee of Alternates, “Report of the ESC Delegation on discussions held with the US. Delegation on European participation in the Post-Apollo Program, Washington, 1416 June 1972,” CSE/CS (72) 15, June 22,1972, excerpts. . . . . . . . . . 81

Arnold W. Frutkin, Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, NASA, Memorandum to Administrator, “Government Level Negotiations on Sortie Lab,” May 9,1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5

Arnold W. Frutkin, Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, NASA, Memorandum to Deputy Administrator, “International Space Station Approach,” June 7,1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7

Kenneth S. Pedersen, Director of International Affairs, NASA, to Director, Space Station Task Force, “Strategy for International Cooperation in Space Station Planning,” undated [August 19821 . . . . . 90

NASA Fact Sheet, “Space Assistance and Cooperation Policy,” August6,1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

James M. Beggs, NASA Administrator, to Honorable George P. Shultz, Secretary of State, March 16, 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

James M. Beggs, Administrator, NASA, to Kenneth Baker, MP, Minister of State for Industry with Special Responsibility for Space and Information Technology, April 6,1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Dale D. Myers, NASA, and Reimar Leust, European Space Agency (ESA), “Memorandum of Understanding between the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the European Space Agency on Cooperation in the Detailed Design, Development, Operation and Utilization of the Permanently Manned Civil Space Station,” September 29, 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

ix

1-36

1-37

1-38

1-39

1-40

I 4 1

1-42

1-43

I44

1-45

1-46

1-47

1-48

“Draft Proposals for US-USSR Space Cooperation,” April 4,1961 . . . . 143

John E Kennedy, to Soviet Union Chairman Khrushchev, March 7,1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Nikita Khrushchev, to President John E Kennedy, March 20, 1962. . . . 149

“Record of the US-USSR Talks on Space Cooperation,” March 27, 28, and 30, 1962, with attached: Arnold W. Frutkin, Director, Office of International Programs, NASA, ‘Topical Summary of Bilateral Discussions With Soviet Union,” May 1, 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

McGeorge Bundy, Memorandum for the President, July 13, 1962, with attached: George Ball, Under Secretary of State, Memorandum for the President, “Bilateral Talks Concerning US-USSR Cooperation in Outer Space Activities,” July 5,1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

McGeorge Bundy, Memorandum for the President, ‘Your 11 a.m. appointment with Jim Webb,” September 18,1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

National Security Action Memorandum No. 271, “Cooperation with the USSR on Outer Space Matters,” November 12, 1963, with attached: Charles E. Johnson, Memorandum for Mr. Bundy, December 16,1963.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

James E. Webb, Administrator, NASA, to the President, January 31,1964, with attached: “US-USSR Cooperation in Space Research Programs”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, to Academician M.V. Keldysh, President, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, July 31,1970 . . . . . . . . . 182

Glynn S. Lunney, ‘Trip Report-Delegation to Moscow to Discuss Possible Compatibility in Docking,” November 5, 1970 . . . . . . 183

George M. Low, ‘Visit to Moscow, April 1972, to Discuss Compatible Docking Systems for US and USSR Manned Spacecraft,” April 46, 1972, with attached: “Addendum, Moscow Trip, April 46, 1972,” May 30,1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Henry A. Kissinger, to the President, “US-Soviet Space Cooperation,” May 17, 1972, with attached “Draft Agreement”. . . . . . 198

George M. Low, Memorandum for the Record, ‘Visit to Moscow, October 1419, 1973,” November 1,1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

X

1-49

1-50

1-5 1

George M. Low, Deputy Administrator, NASA, to Academician M.V. Keldysh, President, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, March24,1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.P. Aleksandrov, USSR Academy of Sciences, and A.M. Lovelace, NASA, “Agreement Between the USSR Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the USA on Cooperation in the Area of Manned Space Flight,” May 11, 1977 .

George P. Shultz and Eduard Shevardnadze, “Agreement Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes,” April 15, 1987, with attached: “Agreed List of Cooperative Projects” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

214

215

217

1-52 Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘Joint Statement on Cooperation in Space,”June 17,1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

1-53 thru 1-55 “Implementing Agreement Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the Russian Space Agency of the Russian Federation on Human Space Flight Cooperation,” October 5, 1992; Office of the Vice President, The White House, “United States-Russian Joint Commission on Energy and Space-Joint Statement on Cooperation in Space,” September 2, 1993; and “Protocol to the Implementing Agreement Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the Russian Space Agency of the Russian Federation on Human Space Flight Cooperation of October 5, 1992,” December’l6, 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Chapter Two

Essay: “Invitation to Struggle: The History of Civilian-Wtary Relations in Space,” byDwayneA.Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Documents

11-1 Major General L.C. Craigie, Director of Research and Development Office, Deputy Chief of Staff, Materiel, to Brig. Gen. Alden R. Crawford, Air Materiel Command, Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, “Satellite Vehicles,” January 16, 1948, with attached: Memorandum for the Vice Chief of Staff, “Earth Satellite Vehicles,” January 12, 1948, and General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, Vice Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, “Statement of Policy for a Satellite Vehicle” . . . . . . . . 271

xi

11-2 and 11-3 Robert R. Bowie, Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, “Memorandum for Mr. Phleger,” March 28, 1955; and Robert R. Bowie, Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, to Secretary of State, “Recommendations in the Report to the President by the Technological Capabilities Panel of the Science Advisory Committee, ODM (Killian Committee) : Item 2-NSC Agenda 10/4/56,” October 2,1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

I14 Percival Brundage, Director, Bureau of the Budget, to the President, “Project Vanguard,” April 30,1957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

11-5 thru 11-7 Lieutenant General Donald L. Putt, Deputy Chief of Staff, Development, U.S. Air Force, to Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, Director, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, January 31, 1958; Gen. Donald L. Putt, to Commander, Air Research and Develop ment Command, “Advanced Hypersonic Research Aircraft,” January 31,1958; and General Thomas D. White, Chief of Staff, USAF, and Hugh L. Dryden, Director, NACA, “Memorandum of Understanding: Principles for Participation of NACA in Development and Testing of the ‘Air Force System 4641 Hypersonic Boost Glide Vehicle (Dyna-Soar I),”’ May 20, 1958 . . . . . . 280

11-8 T. Keith Glennan, NASA Administrator, and Roy W. Johnson, Director, Advanced Research Projects Agency, “Memorandum of Understanding: Program for a Manned Orbital Vehicle,” November 20,1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

11-9 and 11-10 T. Keith Glennan, Administrator, NASA, and Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army, “Cooperative Agreement on Jet Propulsion Laboratory Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of the Army,” December 3, 1958; and T. Keith Glennan, Administrator, and Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army, “Cooperative Agreement on Army Ordnance Missile Command Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of the Army,” December 3,1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

11-1 1 T. Keith Glennan, Administrator, NASA, and Thomas S. Gates, Acting Secretary of Defense, Memorandum for the President, “Responsibility and Organization for Certain Activities,” October21,1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

xii

11-1 2

11-1 3

11-1 4

11-1 5

T. Keith Glennan, NASA Administrator, “DOD-NASA Agreement- Reimbursement of Costs,” NASA Management Instruction 1052.14, November 17, 1959, with attached: Thomas S. Gates, Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense, and T. Keith Glennan, NASA Administrator, “Agreement Between the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Concerning Principles Governing Reimbursement of Costs,” November 12, 1959 . . . . . . . . . .292

T. Keith Glennan, NASA Administrator, and James H. Douglas, Deputy Secretary of Defense, “Agreement Between the Department of Defense amd the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Concerning the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board,” reprinted in: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Science and Astronautics, Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, “The NASA-DOD Relationship,” 88th Cong., 2d sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964),pp.10-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

“General Proposal for Organization for Command and Control of Military Operations in Space,” with attached: “Schematic Diagrams of Proposed Organization for Command and Control of Military Operations in Space,” no date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

“Military Lunar Base Program or S.R. 183 Lunar Observatory Study,” Study Summary and Program Plan, Air Research and Development Command, Project No. 7987, Task No. 19769, Directorate of Space Planning and Analysis, Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, April 1960, pp. 1-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

11-16 thru 11-19 General Thomas D. White, Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, to General Landon, Air Force Personnel Deputy Commander, and General Wilson, Air Force Development Deputy Commander, April 14, 1960, reprinted in: Defense Space Interests, Hearings Before the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, 87th Cong., 1st. sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961); Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense, to the Secretaries of the Military Departments, et al., “Development of Space Systems,” March 6, 1961, with attached: Department of Defense Directive 5160.32, “Development of Space Systems,” March 6, 1961, reprinted in: Defense Space Interests, Hearings Before the Committee on Science and Astronautics, US. House of Representatives, 87th Cong., 1st. sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961) ; Overton Brooks, Chairman, Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, to the President, March 9, 1961; and President John F. Kennedy, to Overton Brooks, Chairman, Committee on Science and Astronautics, US. House of Representatives, March23.1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

... Xlll

11-20 “Summary Report: NASA-DOD Large Launch Vehicle Planning Group,” September 24, 1962, pp. ii-iv, 1-1-111-13. . . . . . . . . 318

11-21 thru 11-23 James E. Webb, Administrator, to The Honorable Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense, January 16, 1963; James E. Webb, Administrator, Memorandum for Dr. Robert Seamans, Associate Administrator, January 18, 1963; and James E. Webb, Administrator, NASA, and Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense, “Agreement Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Defense Concerning the Gemini Program,” January 21, 1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

11-24

11-25

11-26 and 11-27

11-28

11-29

11-30

Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense, Memorandum for the Vice President, “National Space Program,” May 3, 1963 . . . . . . . 342

W.F. Boone, to Mr. Webb, Dr. Seamans, Dr. Dryden, “DOD-NASA Relations,” July 12,1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

James E. Webb, Administrator, NASA, and Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense, “Agreement Between the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Covering a Possible New Manned Earth Orbital Research and Development Project,” August 17, 1963, with attached: “Procedure for Coordination of Advanced Exploratory Studies by the DOD and the NASA in the Area of Manned Earth Orbital Flight Under the Aegis of the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board”; and Robert S. McNamara, to Honorable James E. Webb, NASA Administrator, Septemberl6,1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering, to Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Associate Administrator, March 19, 1966, with attached: Robert Seamans, Jr., NASA Deputy Administrator, and John Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering, DOD, Memorandum of Agreement, “Establishment of a Manned Space Flight Experiments Board (MSFEB),” no date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, to Honorable Robert C. Seamans, Secretary of the Air Force, April 4,1969, with attached: ‘Terms of Reference for Joint DOD/NASA Study of Space Transportation Systems”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, Memorandum for the Record, “Space Shuttle Discussions with Secretary Seamans,” January 28,1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

XiV

11-3 1

11-32

11-33

11-34

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, “Agreement Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of the Air Force Concerning the Space Transportation System,” NMI 1052.130, Attachment A, February17,1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

William F. Moore, NASA STS Secretary, and Lt. Col. Donald L. Steelman, USAF STS Secretary, “Space Transportation System Committee: Summary of Activities for 1970, June 1971. . . . . .

John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering, to Dr. James C. Fletcher, Administrator, NASA, April13,1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, to NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, “Space Tug Decision,” October 3, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-35 and 11-36 James C. Fletcher, Administrator, NASA, to Honorable James R. Schlesinger, Secretary of Defense, June 21, 1974; and W.P. Clements, Deputy Secretary of Defense, to Honorable James C. Fletcher, Administrator, NASA, August7,1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-37

11-38

11-39

John F. Yardley, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Flight; John J. Martin, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Research and Development); James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator; William P. Clements, Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense, “NASA/DOD Memorandum of Understanding on Management and Operation of the Space Transportation System,” January 14, 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

John J. Martin, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Research and Development); John F. Yardley, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Flight; Robert N. Parker, Acting Director, Defense Research and Engineering, Department of Defense; A.M. Lovelace, NASA Deputy Administrator, “Memorandum of Agreement Between NASA and DOD: Basic Principles for NASA/DOD Space Transportation System Launch Reimbursement,” March 7, 1977. . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . 369

. .378

. .378

. . 380

. . 382

. . 386

George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, Co-Chairman, Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board (AACB) , and Malcolm R. Currie, Director of Defense Research and Engineering, Department of Defense, Co-Chairman, AACB, “Joint NASA/DOD Position Statement on Space Shuttle Orbiter Procurement,” January 23, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

xv

I140 General Robert T. Marsh, Commander, Air Force Systems Command, to General Charles A. Gabriel, Chief of Staff, USAF, August 5,1982, with attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

11-41 Lt. General Richard C. Henry, Commander, Air Force Space Division, to General Robert T. Marsh, Commander, Air Force Systems Command, March 4,1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

11-42 Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, Memorandum for Secretaries of the Military Departments; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staft Under Secretaries of Defense; Assistant Secretaries of Defense; General Counsel, “Defense Space Launch Strategy,” February 7, 1984, with attached: “Defense Space Launch Strategy,” January 23,1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

Charles W. Cook, Executive Secretary, Defense Space Operations Committee, Memorandum for Defense Operations Committee (DSOC) Principals, “DoD Position on Shuttle Issues,” November19,1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

11-43

I144 National Security Decision Directive 164, “National Security Launch Strategy,” February 25,1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Chapter Three

m a y : “The NASA-Industry-University Nexus: A Critical Alliance in the Development of Space Exploration,” by W. Henry Lambright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1

Documents

111-1 T. Keith Glennan, Memorandum from the Administrator, “Functions and Authority-Office of Research Grants and Contracts,” April 6, 1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436

111-2 Walter D. Sohier, NASA Assistant General Counsel, “Legal Framework of NASA’s Procurement Program,” NASA-Industry Bogram Plan Conference, Jul~ 28, 1960 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1960), pp. 105-108.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

111-3 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Science and Astronautics, Subcommittee on Patents and Scientific Inventions, “Property Rights in Inventions Made Under Federal Space Research Contracts,” Hearings on Public Law 85-568, Augusts 19-20, November 30, December 1-5, 1959, Report No. 47, 86th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), 1959, pp. 1-36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442

111-4 and 111-5 T. Keith Glennan, Administrator, Memorandum for Distribution, “Appraisal of NASAs Contracting Policy and Industrial Relations,” February 29, 1960, with attached: “Preliminary Outline of Plan for Appraising NASAs Contracting Policies and Industry Relationships,” February 26, 1960; and McKinsey and Company, Inc., “An Evaluation of NASAs Contracting Policies, Organization, and Performance,” October 1960 (a report prepared under contract for NASA) . . . . . . 472

111-6

111-7

111-8

111-9

111-1 0

111-1 1

James E. Webb, Address at Graduation Exercises, Advanced Management Program, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, December 6, 1966. . . . . . . . . . . 485

James E. Webb, Administrator, Memorandum for the Vice President, May 23,1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492

James E. Webb, Administrator, NASA, Memorandum to NASA Program Offices, Headquarters; Directors, NASA Centers and Installations, July 5, 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494

James E. Webb, Administrator, Memorandum for Dr. Dryden, Deputy Administrator, “University Relationships,” August 4, 1961. . . 495

James E. Webb, Adminiatrator, to Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, President, California Institute of Technology, June 29,1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496

Hugh L. Dryden, ‘The Role of the University in Meeting National Goals in Space Exploration,” NASA and the Universities: Principal Addresses at the General Sessions of the NASA-University Confmence on the Science and Technology of Space Exploration in Chicago, Illinois, November I , 1962 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1962), pp.87-91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

111-12 and 111-13 Edgar M. Cortright, Memorandum for Mr. Webb, “NASA-CIT/JPL Relations as they pertain to the present contractual arrangements of operating conditions and the future role of JPL in the NASA Program,” June 1964; and Arnold 0. Beckman, Chairman, Board of Trustees, California Institute of Technology, to James E. Webb, Administrator, NASA, June 26,1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503

111-14 Raymond Einhorn and Robert B. Lewis, Memorandum to Mr. Hilburn, “Review of Purposes and Application of CIT Fee and Overhead for the JPL Contract,” with summary of report, October20,1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

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111-15 Contract Briefing Memorandum: Contract NAS7-100 With California Institute of Technology, January 12, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . .515

111-16 Office of Technology Utilization, Task Force to Assess NASA University Programs, A Study of NASA University Programs (Washington, DC: NASA Special Publication-185, 1968), pp. 1-8 . . . 520

111-17 and 111-18 Major General Samuel C. Phillips, USAF, Apollo Program Director, to J. Leland,Atwood, President, North American Aviation, Inc., December 19, 1965, with attached: “NASA Review Team Report”; and George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to J. Leland Atwood, President, North American Aviation, Inc., December 19, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

111-1 9 James E. Webb, Administrator, to Dr. Frederick Seitz, President, National Academy of Sciences, December 20, 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . .538

111-20 John E. Naugle, Associate Administrator, NASA, Memorandum to Administrator, “Space Astronomy Institute,” February 4, 1976 . . . 540

I1191 Memphis Norman, Budget Examiner, SET, to Mr. Loweth, “National Academy of Sciences Report Regarding Institutional Arrangements for the Space Telescope,” April 6, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . .541

111-22 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, “Space Telescope Program Review,” 95th Cong., 2d sess., Report No. 85 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978), pp.37,11-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

111-23 and 111-24 R. W. Gutman, Director, General Accounting Office, to Robert A. Frosch, NASA Administrator, November 11, 1977; and Robert A. Frosch, NASA Administrator, to Associate Administrator for Space and Terrestrial Applications, et al., “NASA/University Relations,” May 18, 1978, with attached: “Policy for Academic Involvement in the NASA R&D Program” . . . . 550

111-25 NASA/University Relations Study Group, ‘The Universities and NASA Space Sciences,” Initial Report of the NASA/University Relations Study Group, July 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553

111-26 Section 201 of Title I1 of Public Law 100-147, “National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program,” October 30, 1987 . . . . . . . 565

111-27 NASA Commercial Space Policy, October 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

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111-28 Office of the Press Secretary. ‘The President’s Space Policy and Commercial Space Initiative to Begin the Next Century. ” Februaryll. 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

111-29 Office of the Press Secretary. “NASA Space Launch Policy. ” NSPD.2. September 5. 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

111-30 Executive Office of the President. “ U S . Commercial Space Policy Guidelines. .. NSPD.3. February 11. 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

BiographicalAppendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

The NASA History Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

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Acknowledgments This volume is the second in a series that had its origins almost a decade ago. The initial idea for creating a set of reference works that would include documents seminal to the evolution of the U.S. civilian space program came from then-NASA Chief Historian Sylvia K Kraemer. She recognized that while there were substantial primary resources for future historians and others interested in the early years and evolution of the U.S. civilian space program available in many archives, and particularly in the NASA Historical Reference Collection of the History Office at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., this material was widely scattered and contained a mixture of the significant and the routine. It was her sense that it was important to bring together the “best” of this documentary material in a widely accessible form. The several volumes of this collection, and any long-term value it may have, are the result of that vision. Once Dr. Kraemer left her position as NASA Chief Historian in 1990 to assume broader responsibilities within the agency, the project was guided with a gentle but firm hand by her successor, Roger D. Launius. His contributions have been so substantial that he fully deserves being listed as one of the primary collabo- rators on this volume.

Jannelle Warren-Findley, an independent intellectual/cultural historian, and Linda J. Lear, an adjunct professor of environmental history at George Washington University, approached the Space Policy Institute of George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs with the suggestion that it might serve as the institutional base for a proposal to NASA to undertake the documentary history project. This suggestion found a positive response. The Space Policy Institute was created in 1987 as a center of scholar- ly research and graduate education regarding space issues-and as a resource for those interested in a knowledgeable but independent perspective on past and current space activities. Having the kind of historical base that would have to be created to carry out the documentary history project would certainly enhance the Space Policy Institute’s capabilities, and so the Director of the Institute, John M. Logsdon, joined with Warren-Findley, Lear, and Ray A. Williamson of the congressional Office of Technology Assessment in preparing a proposal to NASA. Much to our delight, we were awarded the contract for the project in late 1988, and the enterprise was officially under way in May 1989.

The undertaking proved more challenging than anyone had anticipated. The combina- tion of getting ourselves started in the right direction, canvassing and selecting from the immense documentary resources available, commissioning essays to introduce the various sections of the work from external authors and writing several essays ourselves, and dealing with conflicting demands on the time of the four principals in the project has led to a delay in publishing the initial volume far beyond what we anticipated when first undertaking the project. The final pieces of the manuscript for Volume I were not delivered to NASA until the end of 1993, and the published volume itself did not appear until late 1995. By that time, both Jannelle Warren-Findley and Linda Lear had long ago moved on to the next steps in their careers, and Ray Williamson, who had taken a nine-month leave from the Office of Technology Assessment in 1990 to work on the project, had returned to his primary job. (However, after the Office of Technology Assessment in 1995 was closed by congressional decision, he returned to the staff of the Space Policy Institute, and he will be deeply involved in preparing subsequent volumes in this series.) This meant that Warren-Findley and Lear did not have the opportunity to make the kinds of contri- bution to the overall series that they had anticipated; nevertheless, without their initiative, the effort would not have been located at George Washington University, and they both

xxi

made crucial contributions to conceptualizing and organizing the work in its early stages and to gathering the material from which the documents to be included in the collection have been selected. For all of that, they deserve high credit.

In its start-up phase, the project profited from the advice of a distinguished advisory panel that met twice formally; members of the panel were always available for individual con- sultation. Included on this panel were: Carroll W. Pursell, Jr., Case Western University (chair); Charlene Bickford, First Congress Project; Herbert Friedman, Naval Research Laboratory; Richard P. Hallion, Air Force Historian; John Hodge, NASA (retired); Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, University of Minnesota; W. Henry Lambright, Syracuse University; Sharon Thibodeau, National Archives and Records Administration; and John Townsend, NASA (retired). Certainly, none of these individuals bear responsibility for the final con- tent or style of this series, but their advice along the way was invaluable.

We owe thanks to the individuals and organizations that have searched their files for potentially useful materials, as well as to the staffs at various archives and collections who have helped us locate documents. Without question, first among them is Lee D. Saegesser of the History Office at NASA Headquarters, who has helped compile the NASA Historical Reference Collection that contains many of the documents selected for inclusion in this work. All those who in the future will write on the history of the US. space program will owe a debt of thanks to Lee; those who have already worked in this area realize his tireless contributions.

Among those who have been particularly helpful in identifjmg documents for inclusion in this volume are: Lorenza Sebesta, European Space Agency History Project, European University Institute; R. Cargill Hall, Air Force History Office; Mark Erikson, Air Force Academy; Roy Houchin, Air Staff History Office; and Bill Burr, National Security Archive. L. Parker Temple I11 and Charles Cook deserve particular thanks for their work on an ear- lier overview of civil-military relations that served as a basis for the essay by Dwayne A. Day that appears in this volume.

Essential to the project was a system for archiving the documents collected. Charlene Bickford, on the basis of her experience with the First Congress Project, advised on our approach to archiving and to developing document headnotes. The archiving system was developed by graduate student John Morris, who also assisted with initial document collection. The documentary archive has been nurtured with fervor by Space Policy Institute research associate Dwayne Day; Dwayne has made many major contributions to all aspects of the project, including the essay on NASA-Department of Defense relations in this volume. Other students who worked on the project in its early years include Max Nelson, Jordan Katz, Stewart Money, Michelle Heskett, Robin Auger, and Heather Young. All were a great help.

Beginning with Linda Lear, a series of individuals struggled to bring editorial consistency to the essays and headnotes introducing the documents included in Volume I, thereby setting the standard for that and subsequent volumes. They included Erica Aungst, Kathie Pett Keel, and Kimberly Carter. Their contributions were essential to the lasting quality of the end product. Alita Black also helped set up the initial indexing system.

John M. Logsdon, George Washington University

*********

There are numerous people at NASA associated with historical study, technical information, and the mechanics of publishing who helped in myriad ways in the preparation of this documentary history. J.D. Hunley, of the NASA History Office, edited and critiqued the text before he departed to take over the History Program at the Dryden Flight Research Center; his replacement, Stephen J. Garber, prepared the biographical appendix and helped in the final proofing of the work. Nadine Andreassen of the NASA History Office performed editorial and proofreading work on the project; the staffs of the NASA Headquarters Library, the Scientific and Technical Information Program, and the NASA Document Services Center provided assistance in locating and preparing for publication the documentary materials in this work. The NASA Headquarters Communications Management Division, under the leadership of Y. Diane Powell, developed the layout and handled printing. Specifically, we wish to acknowledge the work of Jane E. Penn, Patricia Lutkenhouse Talbert, Jonathan L. Friedman, and Kelly L. Rindfusz for their design and editorial work. In addition, Michael Crnkovic and Craig A. Larsen saw the book through the publication process. Thanks are due to all of them.

Roger D. Launius, NASA

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Introduction One of the most important developments of the twentieth century has been the move- ment of humanity into space with machines and people. The underpinnings of that move- ment-why it took the shape it did; which individuals and organizations were involved; what factors drove a particular choice of scientific objectives and technologies to be used; and the political, economic, managerial, and international contexts in which the events of the space age unfolded-are all important ingredients of this epoch transition from an Earth-bound to a spacefaring people. The desire to understand the development of spaceflight in the United States sparked this documentary history series.

The extension of human activity into outer space has been accompanied by a high degree of self-awareness of its historical significance. Few large-scale activities have been as exten- sively chronicled so closely to the time they actually occurred. Many of those who were directly involved were quite conscious that they were making history, and they kept full records of their activities. Because most of the activity in outer space was carried out under government sponsorship, it was accompanied by the documentary record required of public institutions, and there has been a spate of official and privately written histories of most major aspects of space achievement to date. When top leaders considered what course of action to pursue in space, their deliberations and decisions often were carefully put on the record. There is, accordingly, no lack of material for those who aspire to understand the origins and evolution of US. space policies and programs.

This reality forms the rationale for this series. Precisely because there is so much historical material available on space matters, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) decided in 1988 that it would be extremely useful to have a selec- tive collection of many of the seminal documents related to the evolution of the U.S. civilian space program that was easily available to scholars and the interested public. While recognizing that much of the space activity has taken place under the sponsorship of the Department of Defense and other national security organizations, for the U.S. private sec- tor, and in other countries around the world, NASA felt that there would be lasting value in a collection of documentary material primarily focused on the evolution of the U.S. government’s civilian space program. Most of this activity has been carried out under the NASA’s auspices since its creation in 1958. As a result, the NASA History Office contract- ed with the Space Policy Institute of George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs to prepare such a collection. This is the second volume in the documentary history series; at least two additional ones detailing programmatic developments will follow.

The documents collected during this research project were assembled from a diverse number of both public and private sources. A major repository of primary source materials relative to the history of the civilian space program is the NASA Historical Reference Collection of the NASA History Office, located at the agency’s headquarters in Washington, D.C. Project assistants combed this collection for the “cream” of the wealth of material housed there. Indeed, one purpose of this series from the start was to capture some of the highlights of the holdings at headquarters. Historical materials housed at the other NASA installations-as well as at institutions of higher learning, such as Rice University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)-were also “mined” for their most significant materials. Other collections from which documents have been drawn include the Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Carter Presidential Libraries; the papers of T. Keith Glennan, Thomas 0.

Paine, James C. Fletcher, George M. Low, and John A. Simpson; and the archives of the National Academy of Sciences, the Rand Corporation, AT&T, the Communications Satellite Corporation, INTELSAT, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, and the National Archives and Records Administration.

Copies of more than 2,000 documents in their original form collected during this project (notjust the documents selected for inclusion), as well as a database that provides a guide to their contents, will be deposited in the NASA Historical Reference Collection. Another complete set of project materials is located at the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University. These materials in their original form are available for use by researchers seeking additional information about the evolution of the US. civilian space program or wishing to consult the documents reprinted herein in their original form.

The documents selected for inclusion in this volume are presented in three chapters, each covering a particular aspect of the evolution of U.S. space exploration. These chapters address (1) the relations between the civilian space program of the United States and the space activities of other countries, (2) the relations between the US. civilian space program and the space efforts of national security organizations and the military, and (3) NASA's relations with industry and academic institutions. Volume I of this series cov- ered the antecedents to the U.S. space program, the origins and evolution of U.S. space policy, and NASA as an organizational institution. Future volumes will address space science activities, space application programs, human spaceflight, and space transportation activities.

Each chapter in this volume is introduced by an overview essay, prepared either by a member of the project team or by an individual particularly wellqualified to write on the topic. In the main, these essays are intended to introduce and complement the documents in the section and to place them in a chronological and substantive context. In certain instances, the essays go beyond this basic goal to reinterpret specific aspects of the history of the civilian space program and to offer historiographical commentary or inquiry about the space program. Each essay contains references to the documents in the section it introduces, and many also contain references to documents in other sections of the collection. These introductory essays were the responsibility of their individual authors, and the views and conclusions contained therein do not necessarily represent the opinions of either George Washington University or NASA.

The documents appended to each chapter were chosen by the essay writer in concert with the project team from the more than 2,000 assembled by the research staff for the overall project. The contents of this volume emphasize primary documents or long-out-of-print essays or articles and material from the private recollections of important actors in shap- ing space affairs. The contents of this volume thus do not comprise in themselves a com- prehensive historical account; they must be supplemented by other sources, those both already available and to become available in the future. Indeed, a few of the documents included in this collection, particularly in the chapter on civilian-military relations, are not complete; some portions of them were still subject to security classification. As this collection was being prepared, the U.S. government was involved in declassifylng and releasing to the public a number of formerly highly classified documents. As this declassification process continues, increasingly more information on the early history of NASA and the civilian space program will come to light.

The documents included in each chapter are for the most part arranged chronologically, although some thematic organization is used when appropriate. Each document is

assigned its own number in terms of the chapter in which it is placed. As a result, the first document in the third chapter of this volume is designated “Document 111-1.” Each document is accompanied by a headnote setting out its context and providing a background narrative. These headnotes also provide specific information about the people and events discussed. We have avoided the inclusion of explanatory notes in the documents themselves and have confined such material to the headnotes.

The editorial method we adopted for dealing with these documents seeks to preserve spelling, grammar, paragraphing, and use of language as in the original. We have some- times changed punctuation where it enhances readability. We have used ellipses to note sections of a document not included in this publication, and we have avoided including words and phrases that had been deleted in the original document unless they contribute to an understanding of what was going on in the mind of the writer in making the record. Marginal notations on the original documents are inserted into the text of the documents in brackets, each clearly marked as a marginal comment. When deletions to the original document have been made in the process of declassification, we have noted this with a parenthetical statement in brackets. Except insofar as illustrations and figures are neces- sary to understanding the text, those items have been omitted from this printed version. Page numbers in the original document are noted in brackets internal to the document text. Copies of all documents in their original form, however, are available for research by anyone interested at the NASA History Office or the Space Policy Institute of George Washington University.

We recognize that there are significant documents left out of this compilation. No two individuals would totally agree on all documents to be included from the more than 2,000 that we collected, and surely we have not been totally successful in locating all relevant records. As a result, this documentary history can raise an immediate question from its users: Why were some documents included while others of seemingly equal importance were omitted? There can never be a fully satisfactory answer to this question. Our own criteria for choos- ing particular documents and omitting others rested on three interrelated factors:

Is the document the best available, most expressive, most representative reflection of a particular event or development important to the evolution of the space program?

Is the document not easily accessible except in one or a few locations, or is it included (for example, in published compilations of presidential statements) in reference sources that are widely available and thus not a candidate for inclusion in this collection?

Is the document protected by copyright, security classification, or some other form of proprietary right and thus unavailable for publication?

As editor of this volume, I was ultimately responsible for the decisions about which documents to include and for the accuracy of the headnotes accompanying them. It has been an occasionally frustrating but consistently exciting experience to be involved with this undertaking. My associates and I hope that those who consult it in the future will find our efforts worthwhile.

John M. Logsdon Director Space Policy Institute Elliott School of International Affairs George Washington University

Biographies of Volume I1 Essay Authors Dwayne A. Day is a Guggenheim Fellow at the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution and a staff member of George Washington University’s Space Policy Institute in Washington, D.C. He is the author of numerous articles on the development of space policy in the United States in such periodicals as Space Policy, Spaceflight, and Quest: The Magazine of SpaceJight History. He also was a coeditor of Volume I of Exploring the Unknown.

W. Henry Lambright is professor of political science and public administration at the Maxwell School at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. A premier scholar of the management of high technology in the federal government, he is the author of Governing Science and Technology (Oxford University Press, 1976), Shooting Down the Nuclear Plane (Bobbs-Merrill, 1976), Technology Tran+ to Cities (Westview Press, 1979), Presidential Management of Science and Technology: The Johnson Presidency (University of Texas Press, 1985), and Powering Apollo: J a m s E. Webb of NASA (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).

John M. Logsdon is Director of both the Center for International Science and Technology Policy and the Space Policy Institute of George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, where he is also a professor of political science and international affairs. He holds a B.S. in physics from Xavier University and a Ph.D. in political science from New York University. He has been at George Washington University since 1970; he previously taught at The Catholic University of America. Dr. Logsdon’s research interests include space policy, the history of the U.S. space program, the structure and process of government decision-making for research and development programs, and international science and technology policy. He is author of The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest (MIT Press, 1970) and has written numerous articles and reports on space policy and science and technology policy. In January 1992, Dr. Logsdon was appointed to Vice President Dan Quayle’s Space Policy Advisory Board and served through January 1993. He is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics, of the Board of Advisors of The Planetary Society, of the Board of Directors of the National Space Society, and of the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board of the National Research Council. In past years, he was a member of the National Academy of Sciences’s National Academy of Engineering Committee on Space Policy and the National Research Council Committee on a Commercially Developed Space Facility, NASAs Space and Earth Science Advisory Committee and History Advisory Committee, and the Research Advisory Committee of the National Air and Space Museum. He also is a former chair of the Committee on Science and Public Policy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and of the Education Committee of the Interna-tional Astronautical Federation. He is a fellow of the AAAS and the Explorers Club and an associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In addition, he is North American editor for the journal Space Policy.

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Glossary . . . . . . . . . .Associate Administrator . . . . . . . . . .Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board

AAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Astronomical Society ABA . . . . . . . . . . .American Bar Association ABMA . . . . . . . . ACD . . . . . . . . . . .Architectural Control Document AD/DA . . . . . . . . . . . . .Deputy Administrator ADCA

.Army Ballistic Missile Agency

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arms Control and Disarmament Agency . . . . . . . . . . .Air Corps Jet Propulsion

AEC . . . . . . . . . Atomic Energy Commission

AF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Air Force

AFBMD . . . . . . . . . . . . .Air Force Ballistic Missile Division

Arnold Engineering Development Center

. . . . . . .American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

A 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Announcement of Opportunity AOMC . . . . . . APM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Attached Pressurized Module ARDC

Army Ordnance Missile Command

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Air Research and Development Command . . . . . . . .Advanced Research Projects Agency

ASPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Armed Services Procurement Act (of 1947)

ASTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Advanced Space Technology Program or Apollo-Soyuz Test

ATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Applications Technology Satellite

. . . . . . .Baseline Configuration Document . . . . . . . . . . . . .California Institute of Technology

. . . . . . . .American Society of Electrical Engineers

ASPR . . . . . . . . . .Armed Services Procurement Regulation

Project

. . . . . . .astronomical unit

Caltech CCIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Comite Consultatif International des Radiocommunications

(International Radio Consultive Committee) CCSDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems CCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Command and Control Zone CG . . . . . . . . . . . .commanding general

CNES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Centre Nationale des Etudes Spatiales (French Space Agency)

COP . . . . . . . . . .Composite Operations Plan

. . .Central Intelligence Agency . . . . . . .California Institute of Technology

COBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cosmic Background Explorer

COPUOS

COSPAR . . . . . . . . . . . .Committee on Space Research COUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Consolidated Operations and Utilization Plan CRAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Civil Reserve Air Fleet

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (United Nations)

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CSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Command and Service Module CSOC CSTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Civil Space Technology Initiative CUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Composite Utilization Plan CY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .calendar year DD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Defense Directive DDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dwight D. Eisenhower DDTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .design, development, test, and evaluation DEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Defense Early Warning (Line) DMSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DOD/DoD . . . . . . . . . .Department of Defense DOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Department of Transportation DSOC . . . . . . . . . .Defense Space Operations Committee ECS . . . . . . . . . . . .Environment Control System EDRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ESA's Data Relay Satellite (system) EDT . . . . . . . ELDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Launcher Development Organization ELV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Expendable Launch Vehicle

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Consolidated Space Operations Center

. . . . .Eastern Daylight Time

EML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Microgravity Laboratory E.O./EO . . . . . . . . . . . .Executive Order EOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .end of mission EOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .earth orbital shuttle ESA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Space Agency ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Space Conference ESF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Space Foundation ESRO

ET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .External Tank

EVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .extravehicular activity FCDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Federal Civil Defense Authority FPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Federal Procurement Regulations F.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Federal Register

FTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flight Telerobotic System FY .fiscal year GALCIT

GAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General Accounting Office

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Space Research Organization . . . . . . . . . .European Space & Technology Centre

ETR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eastern Test Range

FSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .flight support equipment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California

Institute of Technology

GEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .geosynchronous equatorial orbit GLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gross liftoff weight GMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Geostationary Meteorological Satellite GNP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gross national product GOES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite .

GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Global Positioning System GRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gamma Ray Observatory GSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General Services Administration GSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ground support equipment GSFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Goddard Space Flight Center

GOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Government of Japan

xxxii

HEAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . .High Energy Astronomy Observatory . . . . . . . . .House Resolution

ICD . . . . . . . . . . . Interface Control Document

Evolution Working Group International Geophysical Year

Monitoring Platform

International Telecommunications Satellite (consortium)

Increment Plan

IRBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .intermediate range missile

grate-Transfer-Launch (complex) ITU . . . . . . . . . . . International Telecommunications Union

oint Chiefs of Staff

Requirements Document

LST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Large Space Telescope MCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Multilateral Coordination Board

Mission Control Center Mars Geoscience-Climatology Orbiter Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .MSC Maintenance Depot

xxxiii

. . . . . . . .memorandum of agreement .Manned Orbital Development System

MOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Manned Orbital Laboratory MORL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Manned Orbital Research Laboratory

. .Ministry of State for Science and Technology (Canada) .memorandum of understanding

.Material Review Board

.Mobile Remote Servicer

. . .Minimum Orbital Unmanned Satellite of the Earth

MSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Manned Spacecraft Center or Mobile Servicing Center MSFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Marshall Space Flight Center

. .Manned Space Flight Experiments Board

. .Military Sea Transportation Service (Navy) . . . . . . . .Mississippi Test Facility . . . . . . . .Man-Tended Free Flyer . . . . . . . .North American Aviation

NACA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Academy of Sciences NASA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Aeronautics and Space Administration

. .National Aeronautics and Space Council . . . . . . . . .North Atlantic Treaty Organization

nm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nautical mile NIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Institutes of Health NMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NASA Management Instruction NOAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORAD . . . . . . . . . NOSS . . . . . . . . . . National Oceanic Satellite System NRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Research Council NSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Security Council

. . . . . . . . . .National Security Directive

North American Air Defense

. . . . . . . . . .National Security Decision Directive . . . .National Security Decision Memorandum . . . .National Science Foundation . . . .National Space Policy Directive

NSSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Security Study Directive NSSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National Security Study Memorandum

OART . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of Aeronautical Research and Technology (NASA) OMB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of Management and Budget OMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Orbital Maneuvering System OMSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of Manned Space Flight (NASA) ONR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of Naval Research 00s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .orbit-toarbit shuttle OSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of the Secretary of Defense OSFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of Space Flight Programs (NASA) OSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of Space Science (NASA) OSSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of Space Science and Applications (NASA) OSTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office of Science and Technology Policy (White House) PCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Program Coordination Committee PDRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Program Definition and Requirements Document PMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pacific Missile Range

. . . . . . . . . . .Orbiting Astronomical Observatories

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POIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Payload Operations Integration Center PRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Program Requirements Document

.President’s Science Advisory Committee

.Pioneer Venus Orbiter

.Research and Applications (program)

.research and development

. (Defense) Research and Engineering RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Research Application Module RCA . . . RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reaction Control System RFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .request for proposals

. . . . . . . .Radio Corporation of America

.Remote Manipulator System

.Russian Space Agency

Space and Information Systems Division (North American RTLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .return to launch site S&ID . . . . . . .

SAC . . . . . . . . Strategic Air Command

S C A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shuttle Carrier Aircraft SCF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shuttle Carrier Flight SET . . . SIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Senior Interagency Group (Space) SIRTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility SITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Satellite Instructional Television Experiment SL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spacelab SOH0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Satellite SOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Operations Panel

. . . . . . . .Science, Engineering, and Technology (OMB division)

Space Station Control Board

ST . . . . . . . . . . STA . . . . . . . . .

.Training and Data Acquisition (NASA) . . . . . . .Tactical Air Command . . . . . . .Tactical Air Navigation

. . . . . . .tour of duty

TIROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Television and Infrared Operational Satellite TMIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Technical Management Information System TOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tactical Operations Plan TPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Thermal Protection System TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .television TVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee Valley Authority TWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trans World Airlines UCLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .University of California at Los Angeles UK/U.K. . . . . . . . . . . . .United Kingdom UN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..United Nations UOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .User Operations Panel URA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Universities Research Association, Inc. US/U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . .United States USA/U.S.A. . . . . . . . . . .United States of America ur United Space Alliance USAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .U.S. Air Force U.S.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .US. Code USRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .University Space Research Association USSR/U.S.S.R. . . . . . . .Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VAFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vandenberg Air Force Base VHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .very high frequency VOIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar

WMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .World Meteorological Organization WS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Weapons System WSMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White Sands Missile Range

VSIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vehicle System Integration Activity VTOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vertical takeoff and landing