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ABSTACT

This paper intends to offer the reader an interesting biography about NASA and most of its

space programs. The origins, how it developed and the space missions are presented in three chapters.

The ideas which pervade the study are those of a NASA as the main International Space Station both in

the past as long as the future that eplores and studies The !niverse and all its great mysteries.

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1"TT"

7A rough road leads to the stars.8

7The difficult we do right away, the impossible, taes ust a while longer.8

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INT$"%!CTI"N

It may well be argued that NASA has become the worlds premier agent for eploration,

carrying on in Dthe new oceanD of outer space a long tradition of epanding the physical and mentalboundaries of humanity.

5ifty years ago, however the agency that pushed the frontiers of aeronautics, too us to the

moon, flew the space shuttle, built the International Space Station and revealed the secrets of the

cosmos, was in its birth throes, and fundamental decisions were being made that profoundly shaped all

that was to come.

1a. +en. Charles 5ran Bolden


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/ie all historical events, the birth of NASA must be placed in the contet of its times. 5ollowing

orld ar II, the !nited States was in direct competition with the Soviet !nion >the superpower that in

-EE- disbanded into several sovereign nations including the $ussian 5ederation, 9aFahstan, the

!raine, etc.? for the hearts and minds of people around the world. It was not for the most part a

shooting war, but a 7Cold ar,8 a test of two very different systems of government.

Technology was one means of measuring success and proecting power, and nothing was more

powerful than the intercontinental ballistic missiles >ICB1s? being developed in the wae of orld

ar II to deliver warheads.

-.-.0 BA//ISTIC 1ISSI/#S $#/AT#% T" NASA

It was these missiles that brought human technology to the brin of space, and it was the Soviet

!nion*s launch of Sputni on "ct. ;, -E@, that first put an obect into orbit around #arth. )assing

overhead with its faint radio signal as people watched and listened, the -42Hpound satellite was a

powerful symbol. It was followed in November by the even larger Sputni II, which carried the dog

/aia.

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research into the problems of flight within #arth*s atmosphere and in space. After a protracted debate

over military versus civilian control of space, the act inaugurated a new civilian agency designated the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration >NASA?. The agency began operations on "ct.-, -E@4.

NASA began by absorbing the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics >NACA?,

including its 4.666 employees, an annual budget of -66 million, three maor research laboratories J

the /angley Aeronautical /aboratory in 3irginia, the Ames Aeronautical /aboratory in California, and

the /ewis 5light )ropulsion /aboratory in "hio J and two smaller test facilities. It Guicly incorporated

other organiFations >or parts of them?, notably the space science group of the Naval $esearch

/aboratory that formed the core of the new +oddard Space 5light Center in +reenbelt, 1d., the


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)icture - J NASA*s logo

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The !.S publics perception of the Soviet lead in putting the first man in space, motivated

)resident


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)icture 0 J Neil Armstrong on the 1oon,


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for studying the effects of microgravity, and asolar observatory. NASA planned to have a Space

Shuttle doc with it, and elevate Sylab to a higher safe altitude, but the Shuttle was not ready for flight

before Sylabs reHentry on 206 m2?, which was 26. times bigger than that of the Apollo

Command 1odule.

0.0 5AI/#% 1ISSI"N

%uring the launch of STSH-6, Columbias 04th mission, a piece of foam insulation broe off from

the Space Shuttle eternal tan and struc the left wing. 1ost previous shuttle launches had seen minor

damage from foam shedding, but some engineers suspected that the damage to Columbia was more

serious. NASA managers limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew could not have fied the

problem if it were confirmed.

hen the Shuttle reentered the atmosphere, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate

and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and slowly

brea apart.

After the disaster, Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years, similar

to the aftermath of the Challenger disaster. Construction of the International Space Station was put on

hold the station relied entirely on the $ussian 5ederal Space Agency for resupply for 0E months until

Shuttle flights resumed with STSH--; and ;- months for crew rotation until STSH-0-.

Several technical and organiFational changes were made, including adding a thorough onHorbit

inspection to determine how well the shuttles thermal protection system had endured the ascent, and

eeping a designated rescue mission ready in case irreparable damage was found. #cept for one finalmission to repair the (ubble Space Telescope. SubseGuent missions were flown only to the

International Space Station so that the crew could use it as a Dsafe haven8.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Command_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Command_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Command_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Command_Module


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A manned mission to 1ars has been the subect of science fiction, engineering, and scientific

proposals throughout the 06th century and into the 0-st century. The plans comprise proposals not only

to land on but in the end for settling on and terraforming 1ars, while eploiting its moons )hobos and

%eimos.

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)reliminary wor for missions has been undertaen since the -E@6s, with planned missions

typically taing place -6 to 26 years in the future. The list of manned 1ars mission plans in the 06th

century shows the various mission proposals that have been put forth by multiple organiFations and

space agencies in this field of space eploration.

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and chargeHcoupled device >CC%? detectors, with a total siFe of ' megapiels. Science data, which are

piel sub arrays around each of up to -6,666 target stars per field, are transmitted to #arth every two

wees for analysis. 5ullHframe images with an effective eposure time of two hours are transmitted to

the ground as well, enabling astrophysicists to search the data for an unepected, transient

phenomenon, such as the optical counterpart to a gammaHray burst.

T#SS will carry out the first spaceHborne allHsy eoplanet transit survey, covering ;66 times as

much sy as any previous mission, including 9epler. It will identify thousands of new planets in the

solar neighborhood, with a special focus on planets comparable in siFe to the #arth. T#SS will be in a

special orbit, one that is not too close, and not too far, from both the #arth and the 1oon. As a result,

every two wees T#SS will approach close enough to the #arth for high dataHdownlin rates, while

remaining above the planets harmful radiation belts. This special orbit will remain stable for decades,

eeping T#SS sensitive cameras in a stable temperature range.

C"NC/!SI"NS

Searching through NASA*s history I learned many new and eciting things not only about the

universe but also about our own planet. It is the main space agency in the world and without it we

would not have had many of the technologies and possibilities that we are having today.

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I believe that NASA will continue to develop and in the near future the Guestion that*s been

haunting us since the dawn of civiliFation will be answered that is 7are we alone in the universeL8.

!ltimately thans to NASA we will be able to travel within the Cosmos and find new #arthlie planets

that in the worst case scenario the #arth will end one day and we will be able to coloniFe other planets

and survive.

#ven though in the past there were many failed missions, some of them even ended up with

death, they never gave up because they now that one cannot learn without ever maing a mistae and

that leaving the planet with a space shuttle will not always go as planned.

I will end this conclusion with NASAs visionK 7To reach for new heights and reveal the

unnown so that what we do and learn will benefit all humanind8. To do that, thousands of people

have been woring around the world and off of it for more than @6 years, trying to answer some basic

Guestions. hats out there in spaceL (ow do we get thereL hat will we findL hat can we learn

there, or learn ust by trying to get there, that will mae life better here on #arthL

$#5#$#NC#S

-. +alloway #ilene. 7Sputni and the Creation of NASAK A )ersonal )erspective8 inNASA: 50 Years

of Exploration and Discovery>5aircount, 0664?, pp. ;4H;E. $etrieved 1arch -@, 06-; from

httpKOOwww.nasa.govOeplorationOwhyweeploreOhyPeP0E.html.

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http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/whyweexplore/Why_We_29.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/exploration/whyweexplore/Why_We_29.html


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0. +riffith Alison. 7The National Aeronautics and Space Act8KA Study of the Development of Public

Policy>ashington, %.C., -E'0?. $etrieved April 0, 06-; from

httpKOOwww.nasa.govOeplorationOwhyweeploreOhyPeP0E.html.

2. (unley

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