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What Is All the Fuss About

Nanotechnology?Any given search engine will

produce 1.6 million hits

Nanotechnology is on the way tobecoming the FIRST trillion dollar

market

Nanotechnology influences almost

every facet of every day life such as

security and medicine.



Does Nanotechnology

Address Teaching Standards?

Physical science content standards 9-12

• Structure of atoms

• Structure and properties of matter • Chemical reactions

• Motion and forces

• Conservation of energy and increase in disorder

(entropy)

• Interactions of energy and matter



Does Nanotechnology

Address Teaching Standards?

Science and technology standards

• Abilities of technological design

• Understanding about science and technology

Science in personal and social perspectives• Personal and community health• Population growth• Natural resources• Environmental quality• Natural and human-induced hazards• Science and technology in local, national, and

global challenges



Does Nanotechnology

Address Teaching Standards?History and nature of science

standards• Science as a human endeavor

• Nature of scientific knowledge

• Historical perspective



Does Nanotechnology

Address Teaching Standards?Nanotechnology Idea Standard it can address

The idea of “Nano” – being small Structure of Atoms

Nanomaterials have a high surfacearea

(nanosensors for toxins)

Structure and properties of matter,Personal and Community Health

Synthesis of nanomaterials and supportchemistry (space propulsion)

Chemical Reactions

Shape Memory Alloys Motion and Forces, Abilities of technological design, Understandingabout science and technology

Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Conservation of Energy and increase indisorder (entropy), Interactions of energy and matter, Natural Resources

Nanocoatings resistive to bacteria andpollution

Personal and Community Health,Population Growth, Environmental

Quality, Natural and human-inducedhazards

i



Does Nanotechnology Address

Teaching Standards?Nanotechnology Idea Standard it can address

Nanomaterials, such as MR (magneto-resistive) fluids in security

Science and technology in local,national, and global challenges

Richard P. Feynman’s talk, “There isplenty of room at the bottom”.Feynman had a vision.

Science as a human endeavor, Natureof scientific knowledge, Historicalperspective

Nanocosmetics and nanoclothing Science as a human endeavor, Scienceand technology in local, national, and

global challenges

Nanotechnology and Science Ethics Science and technology in local,national, and global challenges,Science as a human endeavor,Historical perspective, Natural andhuman-induced hazards, PopulationGrowth, Personal and CommunityHealth



An Example of a Nanotechnology

Experiment, Which Addresses

the Standards: Constructing

Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Using

the Dye Extracted From CitrusFour main parts:

1. Nanolayer

2. Dye

3. Electrolyte

4. 2 electrodes



Nanocrystalline Solar Cells: The

MaterialsMaterials:1. (2) F-SnO2glass

slides2. Iodine and Potassium

Iodide

3. Mortar/Pestle

4. Air Gun

5. Surfactant (Triton X

100 or Detergent)6. Colloidal Titanium

Dioxide Powder

7. Nitric Acid

8. Blackberries,

raspberries, green

citrus leaves etc.9. Masking Tape

10. Tweezers

11. Filter paper

12. Binder Clips

13. Various glassware

14. Multi-meter



Preparation of Nanotitanium and

Electrolyte SolutionNanotitanium1. Add 2-ml of 2,4 – Pentanedione (C

5H

8O

2) to 100-ml of

anhydrous isopropanol [ (CH3)2CHOH ] and stir covered for

20 minutes.

2. Add 6.04-ml of titanium isopropoxide (Ti[(CH3)2CHO]

4to the

solution and stir for at least 2 hours.

3. Add 2.88-ml of distilled water and stir for another 2 hours.

4. The solution must then age for 12 hours at roomtemperature.

5. Since you now have a collodial suspension, the solventmust be evaporated off in an oven to collect the powder.

Electrolyte solution1. Measure out 10-ml of ethylene glycol

2. Weigh out 0.127-g of I2 and add it to the ethylene glycol and stir.

3. Weigh out 0.83 g of KI and add it to the same ethylene glycol.

4. Stir and sore in a dark container with a tight lid.



Nanocrystalline Solar Cells

Main component:

Fluorine doped tin

oxide conductive

glass slides

Test the slide with a

multimeter todetermine which side

is conductive



Synthesis of the

Nanotitanium SuspensionProcedure:

• Add 9 ml (in 1 ml increments) of nitric or acetic acid (ph3-4) tosix grams of titanium dioxide in

a mortar and pestle.• Grinding for 30 minutes will

produce a lump free paste.

• 1 drop of a surfactant is thenadded ( triton X 100 or dish

washing detergent).• Suspension is then stored andallow to equilibrate for 15minutes.



Coating the Cell• After testing to determine

which side is conductive,one of the glass slides isthen masked off 1-2 mm onTHREE sides with maskingtape. This is to form a mold.

• A couple of drops if thetitanium dioxide suspensionis then added and distributedacross the area of the moldwith a glass rod.

• The slide is then set aside todry for one minute.



Calcination of the Solar

Cells

• After the first slide has dried the

tape can be removed.

• The titanium dioxide layer needs

to be heat sintered and this canbe done by using a hot air gun

that can reach a temperature of at

least 450 degrees Celsius.

• This heating process should last

30 minutes.



Dye Preparation

• Crush 5-6 fresh berries in a mortar and pestlewith 2-ml of de-ionized water.

• The dye is then filter through tissue or acoffee filter and collected.

• As an optional method, the dye can bepurified by crushing only 2-3 berries andadding 10-ml of methanol/acetic acid/water (25:4:21 by volume)



Dye Absorption and Coating

the Counter Electrode• Allow the heat sintered slide to

cool to room temperature.

• Once the slide has cooled,

place the slide face down in the

filtered dye and allow the dye to

be absorbed for 5 or more

minutes.

•While the first slide is soaking,

determine which side of the second

slide is conducting.•Place the second slide over an open

flame and move back and forth.•This will coat the second slide with a

carbon catalyst layer



Assembling the Solar Cell

• After the first slide hadabsorbed the dye, it isquickly rinsed with ethanol toremove any water. It is thenblotted dry with tissue paper.

• Quickly, the two slides are

placed in an offset manner together so that the layersare touching.

• Binder clips can be used tokeep the two slides together.

•One drop of a liquidiodide/iodine solution is

then added between the

slides. Capillary action will

stain the entire inside of

the slides



Classroom Ideas With the Cell

•Ohm’s law• Electrochemistry

• Verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage law withcells in series.

• Charging capacitors• Measuring current and power density

• Measuring internal resistance

• Powering small “no-load” motors



Using the Cell to Measure the

Time Constant for an RC CircuitMaterials: solar

cell, Logger Pro,

GraphicalAnalysis for

Windows, Vernier

LabPro,

Voltage/Current

probe, Pasco RC

Circuit Board




Time Constant for an RC

CircuitCapacitor Basics:

V(t) = terminal voltage, ε = EMF ( maximum voltage) , t =

time, R = resistance(15KΩ ), C = capacitance(1000µ F)

τ = time constant = RC =(15x103)(1000x10-6)=15 seconds

Equation for discharging a

Capacitor




Time Constant for an RC Circuit

Re-arranging the equation algebraically to represent the

slope formula.

What this basically says is that if you plot the natural log of the

ratio of potentials versus the time the slope will equal the inverse

of the time constant for this particular RC circuit.





The capacitor was first

fully charged then

allowed to discharge.

The EMF wasdetermine to be

The voltage at t=0.

Using the examine function wecan get various voltage and time

data points from the graph.

The natural log function can then

be applied mathematically.





For a normal 1.5

V battery

For the solar cell





For the solar cell

For the battery

Conclusion:

The nanocrystalline solar cell

could easily be used in a

physics classroom to study

capacitors as well as

introduce the idea of

harnessing the sun’s energy

using nanotechnology.



Nanotechnology

Curriculum OverviewSummary of teaching modules in a Teacher’s

Guide for nanotechnology

• Measurement activity called measuring

the visible understanding the invisible

• Understanding surface area kinetics

• Electrical applications of solar cells

• Reading in nanotechnology

• 15 week science ethics forum



Nanotechnology Curriculum

Overview - Reading

Apopka oasis readingcafé

• Michael Crichton’s

“prey”• John Robert

Marlow’s “Nano”



Nanotechnology Curriculum

Overview - ReadingEach activity is accompanied by a nanotechnology articlewhich includes:• Pre-reading activities such as an anticipation guide• Reading strategies such as questioning and prediction verification• Post reading strategies such as the “One Sentence Summary.

N h l



Nanotechnology

and Science

EthicsBased on a course

offered at Yale

Week1. Overview (Feynman’s “There is plenty of room at the

bottom”)

2. From Fenyman to Funding: The Mighty Dollar

3. Super intelligence4. Nanotechnology

5. Life Extension and Cryonics

6. Pharmaceutical Enrichment ( Brave New World)7. Threats to Global Security8. Strategies for Global Security ( I,Robot)9. Automation10. Enhanced humans and Immortality11. Environmental Effects of nanotechnology12. The Gap between science and ethics.



Planned Nanotechnology

ActivitiesActivities:

1. Making magnetic tiles to simulate “self assembly”.

2. Making Ferro Fluids to simulate the manufacture

of projectile repellant materials.3. Using Decanethiol Monolayer on Silver to simulate

nanoparticles that resist stains and water

absorbance.

4. A Microfluidic Nanofilter: Filtration of Gold

Nanoparticles to simulate nanosensors.

5. Residual Stress on Nanolayers due to Thermal

Heating

6. Various Shape Memory Alloy Experiments

7. Various Nanocoating experiments using bacteria



Special Thanks

Dr. Sudipta Seal- Nano Initiative Coordinator for

UCF – NSF REU(RET) Site Funding

Dr. Kumar and Dr. Peterson – UCF Mechanical,

Materials & Aerospace Engineering –NSF RET Site

Funding

Dr. Aldrin Sweeney – UCF College of Education

AMPAC

Karen Glidewell - AMPAC Administrative Offices



For More Information

Please visit:

www.bowlesphysics.com

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