nanotechnology and energy be a scientist – save the world!
TRANSCRIPT
Nanotechnology and EnergyBe a Scientist – Save the World!
Professor Richard E. Smalley1943 - 2005
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996
A 6 week summer project in 1985
2 – page paper in Nature
C60
Buckminster-
fullerene:
Buckyballswith Robert F. Curl and Harold Kroto
National Nanotechnology ProgramWhite House – November 2003
Rick Smalley with his favorite students: anyone, any age!!
What is Nanotechnology?• “Nanotechnology now
represents no less than the next Industrial Revolution.” Red Herring, December 2001
• “Nanotechnology is all the rage… but what the heck is it?” Scientific American,
September 2001
• “Anything is nanotechnology that, under the rubric of nanotechnology, makes money.” Rice Alliance Technology Entrepreneurship Workshop, October 2002
What is Nanotechnology?
Molecular Engineering? Nanobots?
CC6060-wheel-assisted-wheel-assisted motions motions
OC10H21
C10H21O
C10H21O
OC10H21
C10H21O
C10H21O
OC10H21
OC10H21
OC10H21
C10H21O
OC10H21
C10H21O
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OC10H21
C10H21O
OC10H21
C10H21O
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OC10H21
C10H21O
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Pivot &Linear motion
Pivot motion
Pseudo-1D Brownian motionPseudo-1D Brownian motion
No lateralmotion
Y. Shirai, K. Kelly
Synthesis of G4 NanoCar “Z”Synthesis of G4 NanoCar “Z”
Y. Shirai
NH2
Br
I
Br
TMS
R
TMS
TIPS
OC10H21
C10H21O
H
OC10H21
C10H21O
H
C10H21O
OC10H21
OC10H21
OC10H21C10H21O
C10H21O
H
H
OC10H21
C10H21O
OC10H21
C10H21O
OC10H21
C10H21O
C10H21O
OC10H21
OC10H21
OC10H21C10H21O
C10H21O
OC10H21
C10H21O
OC10H21
C10H21OH
H H
H
OC10H21
H H
C10H21O
OC10H21
H
TIPS
C10H21O
OC10H21
H TIPS
C10H21O
H TIPS
OC10H21
C10H21O
TIPS H
C10H21O
OC10H21
OC10H21
OC10H21C10H21O
C10H21O
2
1) Et3N-ICl22) Pd/Cu, TMSA
3) a:OEt2-BF4, tBuONO b:NaI
Pd / Cu, Et3N 1) Pd / Cu, Et3N
R = Br
R = I
tBuLi, ICH2CH2I
1) Pd / Cu, Et3N
2) TBAF, THF
2) K2CO3, MeOH / THF
1) LHMDS, C60
2) TFA
NanoTruck 3
32 % over 3 steps
95 %
84 %
64 %
99 %
58 %
88 %
20 %
Z NanoCar
Pivot & rolling
NanoCollision!
Pivot & rolling
Pivot & rolling
Random Thermal MotionRandom Thermal Motion(Brownian Motion)(Brownian Motion)
NanoCars are mobile at high temperature (~194ºC), and show random thermal motion.
Lateral motion is parallel toLateral motion is parallel toNanoCar chassis.NanoCar chassis.(Pseudo-1D Brownian motion)(Pseudo-1D Brownian motion)Supports the idea thatSupports the idea thatNanoCar is rolling,NanoCar is rolling,not sliding via a stick slip not sliding via a stick slip mechanismmechanism
Y. ShiraiK. Kelly
Nano-Hummer, The New H3
Paul Sakuma/Associated Press
Apple's new Nano music player has several features that are not found in other iPods, such as the ability to display the lyrics of whatever song is now playing.
iPod Nano
If your eyes are good enough to read them!
Reality of Nanotech• Hard drives• Sunscreens• Automotive catalysts• Car bumpers• Paints and coatings• Tennis balls and racquets• Stain-resistant clothing• New cancer therapies
www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts
Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005
Metrics(BY KEYWORD NANO*)
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1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
YEAR
NU
MB
ER
USPTO Patents (x10)
ISI S&T Publications
Funding ($K x 10)D
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PA
UL
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A
* Roco, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2004
** Science Citation Index Expanded, ISI Web of ScienceMurday, NRL #206 10/02
NNI
ON
R P
INS
AR
I
DO
D N
ano
SR
A
Nurturing Nanoscience into Nanotechnology
USA5395/6149/7850
France1317/1561
Germany1949/2282/2429
England906/1000
Italy631/829
Russia854/1025/1128
Singapore209/277/439
Switzerland372/369
Japan2289/3002/3350
Taiwan282/465/706
China2474/3493/4618
India461/650/862
Australia236/348/416
Canada382/545
Mexico166/218
Brazil285/311
Total Worldwide- 18539 /24208 /28177_
Israel273/253
CY2002/03/04 PUBLICATION COUNT(By Keyword Nano*)
Science Citation Index of 5300 Journals
Global Participation in NanoscienceSweden297/320
Korea760/1103/1466
Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005
Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005
Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005
Material or system with at least one constituent or phase exhibiting a scalar dimension between 1-100
nm
Designed through processes that exhibit fundamental control over
the chemical and physical attributes of molecular scale
structures
Can be combined to form larger structures
Nanotechnology*
*Mike Roco, definitions from NNI at www.nano.gov
How small is nano, really?Mountain
1 kmChild1 m
1/1000of mountain
Ant1 mm
1/1000 of child
1/1,000,000 of
mountain
Bacteria1 m
1/1000 of ant1/1,000,000 of child
Sugar Molecule1 nm
1/1000 of bacteria1/1,000,000 of ant
1/1,000,000,000 of child
Nanotechnology
Bulk Gold = YellowNanogold = RedSize
Numbers
Surface Area (S/V)
Quantum Effects
Rx
bulk scaling
atomic
20nm
Nanoshell-Assisted Tumor AblationProfessors Naomi Halas and Jennifer West
Nanoshell-Assisted Tumor Ablation
PI: Dr. Jennifer West (Rice Bioengineering)
Dr. Naomi Halas (Rice ECE )
Dr. John Hazle (MDACC)
Investigating use of Rice invention (nanoshells) for highly specific, minimally invasive cancer therapy
Funded by NSF
Licensed by Nanospectra Biosciences, Inc.
NanoshellsAbsorb in IR
TargetCancer
Cell
Antibody ligands on nanoshells match receptor sites specific to
targeted cancer cells.
External
LaserDemonstrated in Mice
The inside joke is that the treated mice lived much longer than budgeted and
have become a financial and accounting embarrassment.
Effect of Nanoshells on Mouse Tumor
Direction of infrared laser beam
Nanoshell Treatment Increases Survival Time
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Time (days)
% S
urv
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Treatment
Sham
CBEN: www.rice.edu/cben
The future(s) of nanotechnology
Good news futures Bad news futures
Technologies: From Wow to Yuck?
DDT cured malaria
Pesticides improved crop yields
Refrigerants made houses cool
Asbestos improved insulation
Endangered birds
Toxic to animals
Lead to ozone hole
Liability expenses
Benefits Risks
The Public
The future of nanotechnology
DDT cured malaria
Pesticides improved crop yields
Refrigerants made houses cool
Toxic to animals
Human carcinogens
Lead to ozone hole
Nanotechnology ……
Nanotechnology provides us with the ideal opportunity to rewrite
how emerging technologies handle the public question of risk
Nanotechnology for the Long Haul
What will be nanotechnology’s impact on the world’s environment?
Nanomaterials
• Nanostructured Membranes
• Fate and Transport of Nanomaterials
ICON Website
• International partnership which includes many stakeholders• Pooled resources for risk assessment of nanotechnology• Effective risk management policies through standards• Shared risk communication strategies
http://icon.rice.edu/
Nano Coalition Unveils Environmental, Health and Safety Database - ICON Collects Diverse Scientific Findings
Humanity’s Top Ten Problemsfor next 50 years
1. ENERGY
2. WATER
3. FOOD
4. ENVIRONMENT
5. POVERTY
6. TERRORISM & WAR
7. DISEASE
8. EDUCATION
9. DEMOCRACY
10. POPULATION2003 6.5 Billion People2050 8-10 Billion People
“Our Energy will be
primarily from
fossil fuels for the
next 50 years”Lewis NormanHalliburton Energy Services
Energy Industry
Economides, M. and Oligney, R.: The Color of Oil, Round Oak Publishing Company, Inc., Katy, TX, 2000
G180-Oil & Gas 35
World Oil ReservesTop Ten Owner
Companies
Venezuela10%
Abu Dhabi7%
Mexico6%
Libya3%
Nigeria3%
China2%
Iran11%
Kuwait12%
Iraq14%
Saudi Aramco32%
Source: The Oil Daily, 12/23/1999
Total World Oil Reserves: Approximately 1,000,000 million bbls
795,000 million bbls (80 %)
Lewis NormanLewis NormanHalliburton Energy ServicesHalliburton Energy Services
Lewis NormanLewis NormanHalliburton Energy ServicesHalliburton Energy Services
“This galaxy he’s from---ask him if it’s got oil.”
Hubbert’s Peak
Hubbert’s Peak (2001)Hubbert’s Peak (2001)
U.S. Oil Production
WORLD OIL PRODUCTIONWORLD OIL PRODUCTION
Hubbert’s Peak (2001)Hubbert’s Peak (2001)
Recent Newspaper Ad
All I’m saying is now is the time to develop the technology to deflect an asteroid.
STUDYMatthew Simmon’s Presentations on Saudi Arabian Oil
(www.simmons-intl.com)and his new book “Twilight in the Desert”
John Wiley & Sons publishers, May 2005
Also Google “peak oil” and look at sites such as “peakoil.com”
When Saudi Arabia PeaksSo does the World.
GHAWAR, by far the world’s Largest and most prolific oil fieldmay have already peaked.
The days of cheap oil are over.
2 Billion Poor – No Electricity2 Billion Poor – Biomass Heating
http://www.undp.org/energy
Global warming overthe past millennium Very rapidly we have entered
uncharted territory -– what
some call the anthropocene
climate regime. Over the 20th
century, human population
quadrupled and energy
consumption increased
sixteenfold. Near the end of
the last century, we crossed a
critical threshold, and global
warming from the fossil fuel
greenhouse became a major,
and increasingly dominant,
factor in climate change.
Global mean surface
temperature is higher today
than it’s been for at least a
millennium.
Slide from Marty Hoffert NYU
World Energy Millions of Barrels per Day (Oil Equivalent)
300
200
100
01860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100
Source: John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA) ,“Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy” International Geological Congress, Washington DC; July 10,1985. Episodes, vol 12, 257-262 (1989).
Very Conservative!
Uh Oh – China!!
1 Billion + people!
Energy Growth Rate ~10%!!
National Geographic June 2004
From bicycles……. to Buicks!!
Gee, this isn’t my mother-in-law’s Buick!!
A Much Better Use for Oil than Gasoline!
Professor Mark Foster and Family (Univ. of Akron Polymer Science Department) with all their oil-based polymer belongings! -- Nat. Geog. June 2004
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lGas
Fission
Biomas
s
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ic
Solar,
wind, g
eothe
rmal
0.5%
Source: Internatinal Energy Agency
2003
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The ENERGY REVOLUTION (The Terawatt Challenge)
14 Terawatts
210 M BOE/day 30 -- 60 Terawatts450 – 900 MBOE/day
Energy: The Basis of Prosperity 20st Century = OIL 21st Century = ??
Energy-efficient Commuting
National National Geographic Geographic August 2005August 2005
Small Small efficiencies efficiencies matter!matter!
Big Big efficiencies efficiencies matter, too!matter, too!
Boeing 787
Going in the right direction –
Efficiency and economy
Hydrogen – Not a Primary Fuel
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCESAlternatives to Oil
TOO LITTLE• Conservation / Efficiency -- not enough• Hydroelectric -- not enough• Biomass -- not enough• Wind -- not enough • Wave & Tide -- not enough CHEMICAL• Natural Gas -- sequestration?, cost?• Gas Hydrates -- sequestration?, cost?• Clean Coal -- sequestration?, cost?
NUCLEAR• Nuclear Fission -- radioactive waste?, terrorism?, cost?• Nuclear Fusion -- too difficult?, cost?• Geothermal HDR -- cost ? , enough?• Solar terrestrial -- cost ?• Solar power satellites -- cost ?• Lunar Solar Power -- cost ?
165,000 TWof sunlighthit the earthevery day
PV Land Area Requirements
20 TW
3 TW
Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
Solar Cell Land Area Requirements
6 Boxes at 3.3 TW Each = 20 TWe
Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
≥ 20 TWe from the Moon
David Criswell
Univ. Houston
David Criswell
Univ. Houston
“Harvested
Moon”
Energy Nanotech Grand Challengesfrom Meeting at Rice University May 2003
Report available!
1. Photovoltaics -- drop cost by 100 fold.
2. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol.
3. Direct photoconversion of light + water to produce H2.
4. Fuel cells -- drop the cost by 10-100x + low temp start.
5. Batteries and supercapacitors -- improve by 10-100x for automotive and distributed generation applications.
6. H2 storage -- light weight materials for pressure tanks and LH2 vessels, and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system
7. Power cables (superconductors, or quantum conductors) with which to rewire the electrical transmission grid, and enable continental, and even worldwide electrical energy transport; and also to replace aluminum and copper wires essentially everywhere -- particularly in the windings of electric motors and generators (especially good if we can eliminate eddy current losses).
8. Nanoelectronics to revolutionize computers, sensors and devices.
9. Nanoelectronics based Robotics with AI to enable construction maintenance of solar structures in space and on the moon; and to enable nuclear reactor maintenance and fuel reprocessing.
10. Super-strong, light weight materials to drop cost to LEO, GEO, and later the moon by > 100 x, to enable huge but low cost light harvesting structures in space; and to improve efficiency of cars, planes, etc.
11. Thermochemical processes with catalysts to generate H2 from water that work efficiently at temperatures lower than 900 C.
12. Nanotech lighting to replace incandescent and fluorescent lights
13. NanoMaterials/ coatings that will enable vastly lower the cost of deep drilling, to enable HDR (hot dry rock) geothermal heat mining.
14. CO2 mineralization schemes that can work on a vast scale, hopefully starting from basalt and having no waste streams.
Energy Nanotech Grand Challenges
One World Energy Scheme for 30-60TW in 2050:The Distributed Store-Gen Grid
• Energy transported as electrical energy over wire, rather than by transport of mass (coal, oil, gas)
• Vast electrical power grid on continental scale interconnecting ~ 100 million asynchronous “local” storage and generation sites, entire system continually innovated by free enterprise
• “Local” = house, block, community, business, town, …• Local storage = batteries, flywheels, hydrogen, etc.• Local generation = reverse of local storage + local solar and geo• Local “buy low, sell high” to electrical power grid• Local optimization of days of storage capacity, quality of local power• Electrical grid does not need to be very reliable, but it will be
robust• Mass Primary Power input to grid via HV DC transmission lines from
existing plants plus remote (up to 2000 mile) sources on TW scale, including vast solar farms in deserts, wind, NIMBY nuclear, clean coal, stranded gas, wave, hydro, space-based solar…”EVERYBODY PLAYS”
• Hydrogen is transportation fuel • Transition technology – Plug-in Hybrids
The Blackout from Space
Hoax Photo!!
But it does nicely outline the black-out area!
CarbonNanotechnologyLaboratory“Making Buckytubes“Be All They Can Be”
Founded by Rick Smalley in 2003 as a division of CNSTCoordinates SWNT Research with 10 Faculty in 6 Departments
Prof. James M. Tour – DirectorProf. Matteo Pasquali – Co-DirectorDr. Howard K. Schmidt - Executive DirectorDr. Robert H. Hauge - Technology Director
If it ain’t tubes, we don’t do it!
MOLECULAR PERFECTION & EXTREME PERFORMANCEMOLECULAR PERFECTION & EXTREME PERFORMANCE
The Strongest Fiber Possible.Selectable Electrical Properties
Metallic Tubes Better Than CopperSemiconductors Better Than InSb or GaAs
Thermal Conductivity of Diamond.The Unique Chemistry of Carbon.The Scale and Perfection of DNA.The Ultimately Versatile Engineering Material.
Why Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes?
Graphene SheetTexas Chicken Wire
SWNT: ROLLED-UP SHEET OF GRAPHITE
World’s largest SWNT model
22 April 2005, Guinness World Record
Model of a 5-5 SWNT
~65,000 pieces
360 m long, 0.36 m wide
about 100 builders
over 1000 in attendance
“Supremely Silly” (from Rick Smalley)
RAJAT DUGGAL(inside giant SWNT model)
Building a 1000-ft SWNT:
Cost of the parts: $6,000
pRICEless
armchair ( = 30°)
zigzag ( = 0°)
intermediate (0 30°)
– Cylindrical graphene sheet– Diameters of 0.7 – 3.0 nm
• Observed tubes typically < 2 nm
– Both metallic and semi-conductor species possible
– Length to diameter ratio as large as 104 – 105
• can be considered 1-D nanostructures
Types of SWNT
SWNT Quantum WireExpected Features• 1-10x Copper Conductivity• 6x Less Mass• Stronger Than Steel• Zero Thermal Expansion
Key Grid Benefits• Reduced Power Loss• Low-to-No Sag • Reduced Mass• Higher Power Density
SWNT Technology Benefits• Type & Class Specific• Higher Purity• Lower Cost• Polymer Dispersible
• Producing Neat SWNT Fibers• Dry-Spun from Oleum • 6 to 14 Wt. % SWNT Dope• Extruded as 50 µm Dia. Fibers• 109 Tubes in Cross Section • 100 Meters Long
Prototype Wire - SWNT Fibers
Science 305, 1447-1450, 3 September 2004!!!
High Pressure CO (HiPCO) Process
CO + CO 900-1200 C 10-40 atm
Fe, Ni CatalystsCO2 + SWNT + impurities
Rice Univ. Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc.& NASA
NASASuccess Stories
Continuous process10-100’s g/day Small diameters (0.7nm) Company spin-off (CNI)
Tuesday, April 26Tuesday, April 26thth , ,
2005 -- NASA 2005 -- NASA
Announces new $16M Announces new $16M
Grant to Rice Grant to Rice
University and two University and two
NASA Centers –NASA Centers –
Research to develop Research to develop
the Quantum Wirethe Quantum Wire
CNL Actively
CNL Actively building new
building new collaborations
collaborations to fund this
to fund this critical critical research
research program!!!
program!!!
Roadblocks
• Vision without funding is hallucination.• Da Hsuan Feng – UT Dallas
• Vision without hardware is delusion.• Lockheed engineer
From the age of Space to the age of Medicine
New Energy Research Program(Smalley’s Nickel & Dime Solution)
• For FY06-FY10 collect 5 cents from every gallon of oil product Invest the resultant > $10 Billion per year as additional funding in
frontier energy research distributed among DOE, NSF, NIST, NASA, and DoD.
• For the next 10 years collect 10 cents from every gallon; invest the >$20 Billion per year in frontier energy research.
• Devote a third of this money to New Energy Research Centers located adjacent to major US Research Universities, especially Zip
Code 77005.
• At worst this endeavor will create a cornucopia of new technologies and new industries.
• At best, we will solve the energy problem before 2020, and thereby lay the basis for energy prosperity & peace worldwide.
Leadership• President Bush – State of the Union
Address – Jan 31, 2006– “America is addicted to oil”– Replace oil imports from Middle East by
75% by 2025
• DOE Advanced Energy Initiative 22% increase in clean energy research– Zero emission coal– Solar and wind– Clean, safe nuclear– Batteries, Hydrogen, ethanol
• A BIG change from the 2001 Cheney Energy Report – drill our way to independence!
But…
• Are these ideas tough or aggressive enough?• NO!
– Biofuels budget actually smaller than in FY06– No market signal for more efficient vehicles
• Fuel economy standards – regulatory– 40 mpg in 10 years saves 2.5M BOE/day
• Substantial gas tax – market mechanism
• Up to Congress to execute programs– Incentives for alternate fuel production/vehicles– Funding for research initiatives
The biggest single challenge for the next few decades:
ENERGY for 1010 people
• At MINIMUM we need 10 Terawatts (150 M BOE/day) from some new clean energy source by 2050
• For worldwide energy prosperity and peace we need it to be cheap.
• We simply can not do this with current technology.
• We need Boys and Girls to enter Physical Science and Engineering as they did after Sputnik.
• Inspire in them a sense of MISSION( BE A SCIENTIST --- SAVE THE WORLD )
• We need a bold new APOLLO PROGRAM to find the NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
By 2012, if current trends continue, over 90% of all physical scientists and engineers in the worldwill be Asians working in Asia.
PhD Degrees in Science and Engineering
0
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10000
15000
20000
25000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Ph
D p
er
ye
ar
Asians citizensAll fields of Science & Engineering
US citizens, all fields of Science and Engineering, (excluding psychology & social sciences)
US citizens,Physical Sciences and Engineering only
Source: Science and Engineering Indicators, National Science Board, 2002
Education
• American Competitiveness Initiative– Double physical sciences research funding in ten
years (including nanotech, supercomputing, alternative energy sources)
– Permanent R&D Tax Credit– HS Math/Science teacher training (70,000) and add
30,000 M&S professional teachers
• YEA!– But will Congress fund the initiatives?– And will they sustain the funding??
2999
What Can YOU Do Now?
• Learn as much as possible about energy
• Learn as much as possible about nanotechnology
• Encourage kids to study science and engineering!!
Reading Assignments• Twilight in the Desert, Matthew R. Simmons• Winning the Oil Endgame, Amory Lovins• Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert’s Peak, Kenneth S. Deffeyes• Out of Gas, Daniel Goodstein• The End of Oil, Paul Roberts• The Prize, Daniel Yergin• Hubbert’s Peak, Kenneth S. Deffeyes• The Hydrogen Economy, Jeremy Rifkin• Twenty Hydrogen Myths, Amory Lovins (www.rmi.org) • Matt Simmons, web site: (www.simmons-intl.com) • M.I. Hoffert et. al., Science, 2002, 298, 981, • DOE BES Workshop Report on Hydrogen (www.sc.doe.org/bes/hydrogen.pdf) • 2003 State of the Future, (www.stateofthefuture.org)• Nanotechnology and Energy, 2003 Report, (www.cnst.rice.edu)• National Nanotechnology Program, (www.nano.gov)
Rick was a visionary, and his charisma and logic made those he worked with buy into the vision. Rick convinced us that we could be better, stronger and take more chances if we just tried.
I hope that we don’t forget – then his legacy… will make a lasting transformative difference.
-- Robert Curl
October 28, 2005
