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Nanomaterials on energy

applications

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Advantages of nanomaterials

Ver lar e difference in h sical and

chemical properties when the sizes of

materials were down to nanoscale.

AdvantagesZnO nanowire

. arge sur ace area

2. Hi h reactivit

3. Lower costWu, J. J., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91,

093117

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Nanomaterials on energy applications

Fuel Cell

Solar cell

Water Splitting

. . .

?view=preview&image=17&category=3

News Release issued by MIT News Office on July 31, 2008)

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u u

DyeSensitizerSolarCell

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Solar spectrum

www.v cp ycs cs.org

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How dose photons be converted to electrons?

Ec+

Ec

Large h

Thermalization

3kT

2

E

Ev Eg

VB

1. Absorption

2. Electron(

)

and

hole(+)

pair

3. Currentvoltage (Electricity)

Ver sim ledevicearchitecture

compared

to

IC

!

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Solar cell generations

st

Si based solar cell

www.en.wikipedia.org

2n

generationThin film solar cell

www.pinheng-technology.com

3rdgeneration

Or anic solar cell

www.pinheng-technology.com

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1st generation : Si based solar cell

Silicon mineral Si ingots and wafers

oto y nr coros

Shanghai Panmeng Technology Material Co., Ltd

www.samlexsolar.com

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Advantages and disadvantages of Si solar cell

High power conversion efficiency (single

Advantages:

crysta ne ~ po y crysta ne ~ . amorphous Si~10.1%)

single crystalline poly crystalline amorphous

www.g n ec energy.com www. ou en. a ao.com. wwww.hkscipo.com

Disadvantages:

High cost in material and fabrication process

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2ndgeneration : Thin film solar cells

u n a e2, u n 2

High absorption coefficient

Vacuum or non-vacuum rocess

TSMC CIGS

Lower cost compared to Si based PV

Flexcell (Swiss), Nanosolar (U.S.A), Daystar (U.S.A),

Absorption coefficientand material band a

,

China International Container Leasing Co., Limitedwww.solarnenergy.com

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Advantages and disadvantages of thin film solar cells

Advantages: Disadvantages:

g a sorp on coe c en

Ink-jet printing

on am na on rom

fabrication process roll-to-roll fabrication

Low cost substrate (Cu tape)

are me a s e, n, e

Flexible CIGS PV

www.nanotechweb.orgwww.greentechmedia.com

Roll to roll process

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3rdgeneration : Organic solar cells

1.Dye-sensizited solar cell (DSSC)

2.Pol mer solar cell

Organic materials

Solution- rocess

Simpler fabrication process

Lowest cost

spin-coatingwww.worldimprovement.net

www.large.stanford.eduwww.pennenergy.com

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Device structure of DSSC

Dye

2

www.ipc.uni-stuttgart.de

u 3 c s- u 2 2 u 3

Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 6841-6851

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Working principles of DSSC

Grtzel cell

. .

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Products of DSSC

Solar window

www.devindra.org

www.hitechreview.com

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Disadvanta es of DSSC

Li uid electrol te low tem erature and lon term stabilit

High cost, Ru (dye) and Pt (electrode)

Solid-state DSSCPorphyrin

12.3 %

Nadya Anscombe,Nature Photonics 5, 266267 (2011)

Yella, A. et. Al., Science 334, 629 (2011)

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Polymer solar cells

Solid active layer

Light weight and high flexibility

High transparence (active layer~100 nm)

Ink-printing Large area and low cost fabrication

- -

Flexible polymer solar cell

www.nanotechwire.comwww.nanotechwire.com

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Working principle of polymer solar cell

Exiciton diffusion Charge separation Charge transport Charge collection

-

h

Donor LUMO

Donor HOMO

Acceptor LUMO

+

Acceptor HOMO1.Due to the low dielectric constant of molecularsemiconductor

2. Due to the short exciton diffusion length

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Bulk heterojunction structure

electron acceptor material are mixed

Polymer-fullerene

Polymer-inorganicwww.cstf.kyushu-u.ac.jp

P3HT

CdSe nanocrystal

A. J. Heeger et al. A.P. Alivisatos et al., 2002, SCIENCE, 295, 29

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3D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM))

Electron tomo ra h of P3HT TiO h brids

(NP)

5nm x 5nm

2

(NR)

4nm x 20nm

Phase separated domain More dispersed

STEM-HAADF electron tomography

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3D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM))

Electron tomo ra h of P3HT TiO h brids

(NP)

5nmx5nm

2

(NR)

4nm

x

20nm

Welldispersed

STEMHAADFelectrontomography (2resolution)

Phaseseparated

domain

Journal of American Chemical Society, 133,11614, (2011)

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Applications of polymer solar cells

Portable electronics backpacks

www.thebluemarble.orgwww-g.eng.cam.ac.uk

Military tentFrom Konarka Inc.

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Large area fabrication of graphene

~ ~

Bae et al. Nature Nanotechnology 5, 574578 (2010)23

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Semi-transparent polymer solar cell with

70

80

40

50

60

ssion(%)

10

20

30

Transmi

Semitransparent

400 500 600 700 8000

Wavelength (nm)ACS Nano ,5,6564, (2011)

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CNT transparent electrode (by solution process)

GO

SWNT SWNT/GOCarbonnano tube

Substrate

SWCNT

oProtrusion into active layer Planarize the surface

Thin GO

25

Ra = 8.01 nm = 4.92 eV

Ra = 4.20 nm = 4.88 eVGO can planarize the SWNT surface

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Nanocarbon platform for polymer solar cell

Cocktail nanocarbon polymer solar cell !

6

2) SWNT without GO Layer

SWNT with GO La er

-2

0

2

sity(m

A/c

-8

-6

-4

Current

De

PCBM (0D)

-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

-

Voltage (V)

26

CNT (1D)GO (2D)

Energy and Environmental Science, 4,3521 , (2011)

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Quantum dot solar cells

Quantum dot Size and band gap tunable Light weight and flexible

NIR absorption

Large area and low cost . .

www.science.psu.edu

QD solar cell with double layer structure

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QD solar cell with double layer structure(CdTe-CdSe)

Low fabrication cost,

large number of p-n junctions

~3%

Alivisatos, P. et. al., Science, 310, 462.

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Anti-reflection nano-structures in solar cells

Air

Silicon

Silicon nitride

Silicon

Air Air

Single-layer Multi-layer

anti-reflective film antireflective films n re ec ve u s ra e

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-

fter RIE process

Courtesy of Prof. H. L. Chen,

Dept. of MSE, NTU

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SEMima esofcolloidallitho ra h

-

500nm500nm

PSspheresize=350nm RIE:Cl2/O2/SF6 =90/5/5

Etchin time:60s

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Fabrication of anti-eflection nanostructure: Silicon solar cell

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Hydrogen Fuel cell

Assembly fuel cell

Advantages:

nonpolluting

High

conversion

efficiency

renewable

However,noblemetalis

http://www.greenspec.co.uk/fuel-cells.phpPt

Anode: 2H 4H4e

.

Cathode: O24H4e2H2O

Total reaction2H2O2 2H2O

total .

Nanoscale, 2010, 2, 573581

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y rogen ue ce ar

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Direct Methanol Fuel cell

Different shape of nanocrystal catalysts

NanoFlower Sphere

Lim, B. et. al., Nano Lett., 2008,

8, 4043.Zhou, Z. Y., el. al., Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49,

Anode:CH3OHH2OCO26H6e

Cathode:3/2O 6H6e3H O

PtRu catalyst Pt catalyst 411 414Nanowire Nanorod

Total reactionCH3OHH2O3/2O2CO23H2O

Total reaction potential Etotal= 1.19V

Wang, C., et. al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 1 4

i i

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Water splitting H2 production

LightWater splitting

4H+ + 4e- 2H2

H2 production (Fuel cell)

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 253278 | 255

4H2O + 4h+ 2O2+4H+

Nano-photocatalyst

Ph t t l ti ti d i ibl li ht (G Z )(N O ) R O

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Photocatalytic reaction under visible light (Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx)-RuO2

(Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx)-RuO2 Photocatalyst

Under UV light Under Visible light

Maeda, K. et. al., Nature, 2006, 440,295.

Ph t t l ti ti d i ibl li ht (bl k TiO )

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Photocatalytic reaction under visible light (black TiOx)

black TiOx nanocrystals

TiO2 B ac

Xiaobo Chen, et al., Science331, 746 (2011)Time / hour

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ano mater a s an tec no ogy p ay a veryimportant role in the development of new energy in

.

interdisciplinary science including materials, physics,chemistr electric en ineerin biolo .

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Save our planet by Nanos

FromWWF

Thankyou

for

your

attention

!!