name the seven dwarves name the members of the wutang clan take out a piece of paper nah, that’s...
TRANSCRIPT
Name the Seven Dwarves Name the members of the WuTang Clan
Take out a piece of paper
Nah thatrsquos boring
Nah therersquos too many
Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
LAME
Jersey Shore
Name all 8 (season 1 amp 2)SHHHHH no talking
Difficulty of da Taskbull Was the exercise easy or difficultIt depends on what factors
1 Whether you like great reality TV
2 how long ago you or how much you watched the show
3 how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember
4 If you have a real life (I obviously do not)
5 Can you fist pump like a champ
6 Can you handle the GTL (Gym Tanning Laundry)
Now write down the Jersey Shorians
Turn your paper over
Mario Luigi Sal Vinnie Cooki Adrian Pauly D Pauly Shore Danny Mike Joey Freddy Snooki Nikki Ronnie Ray-Ray Jwwoww Jman J Knorsquo Freaky Dicey Ashy Larry Bubba Angelina Sammi Rocky TommyGuido Nino
Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
Mike the Situ Jwoww Pauly D Sammi Ronni SnookiAngelina Vinnie
MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information
As you might have guessed the next topic we are going to examine ishelliphellip
Recall v Recognitionbull With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)
bull With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)
bull Which is easier
Did you do better on the first or second Jersey Shore memory exercise
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
LAME
Jersey Shore
Name all 8 (season 1 amp 2)SHHHHH no talking
Difficulty of da Taskbull Was the exercise easy or difficultIt depends on what factors
1 Whether you like great reality TV
2 how long ago you or how much you watched the show
3 how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember
4 If you have a real life (I obviously do not)
5 Can you fist pump like a champ
6 Can you handle the GTL (Gym Tanning Laundry)
Now write down the Jersey Shorians
Turn your paper over
Mario Luigi Sal Vinnie Cooki Adrian Pauly D Pauly Shore Danny Mike Joey Freddy Snooki Nikki Ronnie Ray-Ray Jwwoww Jman J Knorsquo Freaky Dicey Ashy Larry Bubba Angelina Sammi Rocky TommyGuido Nino
Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
Mike the Situ Jwoww Pauly D Sammi Ronni SnookiAngelina Vinnie
MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information
As you might have guessed the next topic we are going to examine ishelliphellip
Recall v Recognitionbull With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)
bull With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)
bull Which is easier
Did you do better on the first or second Jersey Shore memory exercise
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Jersey Shore
Name all 8 (season 1 amp 2)SHHHHH no talking
Difficulty of da Taskbull Was the exercise easy or difficultIt depends on what factors
1 Whether you like great reality TV
2 how long ago you or how much you watched the show
3 how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember
4 If you have a real life (I obviously do not)
5 Can you fist pump like a champ
6 Can you handle the GTL (Gym Tanning Laundry)
Now write down the Jersey Shorians
Turn your paper over
Mario Luigi Sal Vinnie Cooki Adrian Pauly D Pauly Shore Danny Mike Joey Freddy Snooki Nikki Ronnie Ray-Ray Jwwoww Jman J Knorsquo Freaky Dicey Ashy Larry Bubba Angelina Sammi Rocky TommyGuido Nino
Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
Mike the Situ Jwoww Pauly D Sammi Ronni SnookiAngelina Vinnie
MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information
As you might have guessed the next topic we are going to examine ishelliphellip
Recall v Recognitionbull With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)
bull With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)
bull Which is easier
Did you do better on the first or second Jersey Shore memory exercise
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Difficulty of da Taskbull Was the exercise easy or difficultIt depends on what factors
1 Whether you like great reality TV
2 how long ago you or how much you watched the show
3 how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember
4 If you have a real life (I obviously do not)
5 Can you fist pump like a champ
6 Can you handle the GTL (Gym Tanning Laundry)
Now write down the Jersey Shorians
Turn your paper over
Mario Luigi Sal Vinnie Cooki Adrian Pauly D Pauly Shore Danny Mike Joey Freddy Snooki Nikki Ronnie Ray-Ray Jwwoww Jman J Knorsquo Freaky Dicey Ashy Larry Bubba Angelina Sammi Rocky TommyGuido Nino
Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
Mike the Situ Jwoww Pauly D Sammi Ronni SnookiAngelina Vinnie
MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information
As you might have guessed the next topic we are going to examine ishelliphellip
Recall v Recognitionbull With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)
bull With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)
bull Which is easier
Did you do better on the first or second Jersey Shore memory exercise
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Now write down the Jersey Shorians
Turn your paper over
Mario Luigi Sal Vinnie Cooki Adrian Pauly D Pauly Shore Danny Mike Joey Freddy Snooki Nikki Ronnie Ray-Ray Jwwoww Jman J Knorsquo Freaky Dicey Ashy Larry Bubba Angelina Sammi Rocky TommyGuido Nino
Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
Mike the Situ Jwoww Pauly D Sammi Ronni SnookiAngelina Vinnie
MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information
As you might have guessed the next topic we are going to examine ishelliphellip
Recall v Recognitionbull With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)
bull With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)
bull Which is easier
Did you do better on the first or second Jersey Shore memory exercise
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
Mike the Situ Jwoww Pauly D Sammi Ronni SnookiAngelina Vinnie
MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information
As you might have guessed the next topic we are going to examine ishelliphellip
Recall v Recognitionbull With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)
bull With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)
bull Which is easier
Did you do better on the first or second Jersey Shore memory exercise
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information
As you might have guessed the next topic we are going to examine ishelliphellip
Recall v Recognitionbull With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)
bull With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)
bull Which is easier
Did you do better on the first or second Jersey Shore memory exercise
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Recall v Recognitionbull With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)
bull With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)
bull Which is easier
Did you do better on the first or second Jersey Shore memory exercise
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
1 Encoding
bull The processing of information into the memory system
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
2 Storage
bull The retention of encoded information over time
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
3 Retrievalbull The process of getting the information out
of memory storage
Finding your document and opening it up
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure)
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory
2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory
3 Long-Term Memory
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
1 Sensory Memorybull The immediate initial recording of sensory
information in the memory systembull Stored just for an instant (no more than 4
seconds) and most gets unprocessedExamplesbull You lose concentration in class during a lecturebull Suddenly you hear a significant word (like your
name or a curse word) and return your focus to the lecture
bull You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
2 Short-Term Memory
bull Memory that holds a few items brieflybull Seven digits (plus or minus two)bull The info will be stored into long-term or
forgottenHow do you store things from short-term to long-term
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
17
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
3 Long-Term Memory
bull The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
The Memory Process
1 Encoding
2 Storage
3 Retrieval
Types of Memory
1 Sensory Memory 2 Short-Term Memory
a Working Memory 3 Long-Term Memory
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
20
Stages of the Memory Process
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Encoding
Getting the information in our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
22
Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes 1 sensory memory 2 short-term memory (working memory Baddeley 2002)3 long-term memory
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Fra
nk W
arte
nber
g P
ictu
re P
ress
C
orbi
s
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
23
Flashbulb Memory
Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear strong and persistent memory
However this memory is not free from errors
President Bush being told of 911 attackR
uter
s C
orbi
s
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Flashbulb Memory
Where were you when
1 You heard about 911
2 You heard about the death of a family member
3 Bad car wreck
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
2 ways on HOW we encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
1 Automatic Processingbull Unconscious encoding of incidental informationbull You encode
ndash Space we can see the place on the page of the book When we have problems recalling you can visualize the page
ndash Time unintentionally note the sequence of the dayndash Frequency Knowles yoursquore such a Creeper why are you
stalking me Why are you following me Itrsquos the third time Irsquove see you today
Write down an example you have had with these three the past two days
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
2 Effortful Processing
bull Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
bull Rehearsal is the most common (and useful for psychology tests too)
bull Through enough rehearsal what was effortful becomes automatic
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lack there of)
a The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
bull We encode better when we study or practice OVER TIME
bull DO NOT CRAM
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
List the US Presidents
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
JAdams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley LJohnson
Madison Buchanan TRoosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams AJohnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FDRoosevelt Bush Jr
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
c Serial Positioning Effect
bull Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this
PresidentsRecalled
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Two ways to encode information
1 Automatic Processing
2 Effortful Processing a Next in line effect
b Spacing effect
c Serial position effect
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 Mnemonics
3 Rehearsal
4
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
35
1 Visual Encoding ImageryMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it
Both photos H
oAP Photo
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
36
Visual Encoding2 Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use
vivid imagery in aiding memory
A Method of Loci
B Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
37
A Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammerRug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarageLiving Room
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
38
B Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them
together
List of Items
NewspaperShaving creamPenUmbrellaLamp
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
C Chunking
bull Organizing items into familiar manageable units
bull Often it will occur automatically
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you
1492 1776 1812 1941 how about now
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
40
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it
HOMES = Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses Exponent Multiply Divide Add Subtract
ROY G BIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
41
D Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
42
Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Tricks to Encodebull Remember use imagery mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery
E ldquopeg wordrdquo system (one is a bun two is a shoe orhellip
Beehive is in front of the ashtray and a spoon opens a door Got it
Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No PlumsldquoMercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
3 Types of Rehearsal
A Maintenance rehearsal does not necessarily results in long-term memory involves shallow processingndash involves continuously repeating the to-be-
remembered material
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Coach Knowles is the Greatest
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Types of Rehearsal
bull B Elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing much better long-term memoryndash learner can generate personal examples that
help illustrate concepts or principles
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Elaborative RehearsalSelf-Reference Effect
bull The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves
bull Example Who isAmazing Witty Energetic Stunning Outstanding Manly Effervescent and in other words just AWESOME
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Ways to help us encode information
1 Visual Encoding
2 MnemonicsA Method of LociB Link MethodC ChunkingD HierarchyE Peg Word
3 RehearsalA Maintenance
B Elaborative (Self Reference Effect)
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
1 Meghan Fox
2 Selena Gomez
3 Taylor Swift
4 Beyonce
5 Kim Kardashian
6 Ciara
7 Blake Lively
8 Lady Gaga
9 Nicki Minaj
10 Emma Watson
1 Channing Tatum
2 John Mayer
3 Taylor Lautner
4 Ryan Gosling
5 Josh Hucterson
6 Drake
7 Zac Efron
8 Ryan Reynolds
9 Brody Jenner
10 Ashton Kutcher
Encoding Exercise Celebrities
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Channing Tatum
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Megan
Fox
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
John Mayer
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Taylor
Swift
RyanGosling
Beyonce
RyanGosling
Beyonce
Beyonce
Taylor Lautner
Kim
Kardashian
Drake
Ciara
Ryan Reynolds
Lady
Gaga
Brody
Jenner
Emma
Watson
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Kim
Kardashian
Drake
Ciara
Ryan Reynolds
Lady
Gaga
Brody
Jenner
Emma
Watson
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Drake
Ciara
Ryan Reynolds
Lady
Gaga
Brody
Jenner
Emma
Watson
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Ciara
Ryan Reynolds
Lady
Gaga
Brody
Jenner
Emma
Watson
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Ryan Reynolds
Lady
Gaga
Brody
Jenner
Emma
Watson
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Lady
Gaga
Brody
Jenner
Emma
Watson
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Brody
Jenner
Emma
Watson
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Emma
Watson
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Questions1 What was in Channing Tatumrsquos mouth
2 What color was Megan Foxrsquos dress
3 What were the initials of John Mayerrsquos tattoo
4 Was Taylor Swiftrsquos hair curly or straight
5 What was Ryan Gosling holding in his hand
6 What award show was Beyonce at
7 What symbol was on Taylor Lautnerrsquos shirt
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Questions8 Was Kim Kardashianrsquos hair up or down
9 Did Drake have facial hair
10What symbol was on Ciararsquos hat
11What color was Ryan Goslingrsquos suit
12What was the shape on Lady Gagarsquos glasses
13Was Brody Jenner wearing a tie
14Was Emma Watsonrsquos dress long or short
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
65
Storage Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown
belowSensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
66
Storage Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
67
Whole Report
The exposure time for the stimulus is so smallthat items cannot be rehearsed
R G TF M QL Z S
50 ms (120 second)
ldquoRecallrdquoR T M Z
(44 recall)
Sperling (1960)
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
68
Partial Report
ldquoRecallrdquoPKY
(100 recall)
Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally
thought
50 ms (120 second)
S X TJ R SP K Y
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
69
Time Delay
ldquoRecallrdquoA _ _
(33 recall)
TimeDelay
50 ms (120 second)
A D IN L VO G H
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
70
Sensory Memory
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss
20
40
60
80
Perc
en
t R
ecog
niz
ed
015 030 050 100Time (Seconds)
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
71
Sensory Memories
Iconic05 sec long
Echoic3-4 sec long
Hepaticlt 1 sec long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
72
Storage Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
73
Working Memory
Alan Baddeley (2002) stated working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central
executive
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
74
Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7plusmn2 letters
Working memory the new name for short-term
memory has a limited capacity (7plusmn2 ldquobitsrdquo) and a
short duration (20 seconds)
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
75
Chunking
F-B-I-N-Y-C-C-I-A-U-G-A
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by ldquoChunkingrdquo
FBI NYC CIA UGA
4 chunks
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
76
Storage Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
77
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1000000 billion bits of information
(Landauer 1986)
The Clarkrsquos nutcracker can locate 6000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring
RJ E
rwin Photo R
esearchers
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
78
Memory Feats
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
79
Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding CopyPhonemic
(M for mat)Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7plusmn2
ChunksUnlimited
Duration 025 sec 20 sec Years
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
80
Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
Explicit Memoryfacts (What is your name) and experiences (Dude remember that timehellip) that
one can consciously know and declare (speak out)
Implicit memory involves learning an action (a sport playing a musical instrument) while the individual does not know or declare what she
knows
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
81
Hippocampus
Hippocampus ndash a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories
Cerebellum ndash a neural
center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
82
No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery patient Henry Molaison (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot
make new memories We call this anterograde amnesia
Memory Intact
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
83
Implicit Memory
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact
that he has already played the game
HM is unable to make new memories that aredeclarative (explicit) but he can form newmemories that are procedural (implicit)
CBA
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
84
Stress Hormones amp MemorybullHeightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memoriesbull Continued stress may disrupt memory
Scott Barbour G
etty Images
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
85
Retrieval Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
Spankyrsquos Yearbook A
rchive
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
86
Measures of Memory
In recognition the person must identify an item amongst other choices (A
multiple-choice test requires recognition)
1 Coach Knowles isa Da bomb diggity yob The best teacher EVERc Humorous and wittyd all that AND a bag of
chips (mmmm chips)e Not Coach Martinf All of the above
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
87
Measures of Memory
In recall the person must retrieve information using effort (A fill-in-the
blank test requires recall)
1 Knowles is ______ (Be nice)
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
88
Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material for the second time
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKitehellipSilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day later Saving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50
X 100
X 100
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
89
Priming
Priming - To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations (what they
remind you of) you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
90
Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
bull Seeing this poster
bull Not remember seeing it
bull Later seeing a man and a little girl talking
bull You interpret this as a possible kidnapping
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
91
Context EffectsScuba divers recall more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater (yes underwater) while they recall more words on
land if they learned that list on land (Godden amp Baddeley 1975)
Fred McC
onnaughey Photo Researchers
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
92
Deacuteja Vu Precognition
Reincarnationbull Deacuteja Vu means ldquoIve experienced this
beforerdquobull Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience loaded with similar cues
copy T
he New
Yorker C
ollection 1990 Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbankcom
All R
ights Reserved
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
93
Moods and MemoriesMood-Congruent
bullWe usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood bullEmotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
94
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage or
retrieval
1 Absent-mindedness ndash inattention to details produces encoding failure
2 Transience ndash storage decay over time (unused information fades)
3 Blocking ndash inaccessibility of stored information (tip of tongue)
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
95
Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
We cannot remember what we do not encode
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
96
Which penny is real
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
97
Storage Decay aka Transcience
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay Herman
Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
98
Retrieval Failure aka blocking
Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be
accessed
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon Given a cue (What makes blood cells red) the subject says the word begins
with an H (hemoglobin)
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
99
InterferenceRetroactive (backward acting) interference ndash new information makes recall harder with something you learned earlier
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Interference
bull Proactive (forwarding acting) interference ndash something you learned earlier impacts new learning
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
101
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
How do we solve problems
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
1 Trial and Error
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
2 Algorithmsbull A methodical
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Similar to a flow chartWhat are the benefits and detriments of algorithms
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
105
Algorithms
Algorithms which are very time consuming exhaust all possibilities
before arriving at a solution Computers use algorithms
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach we would face
907208 possibilities
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
3 Heuristics
bull A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlybull A short cut (that can be prone to errors)
Who would you trust to baby-sit your child
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
107
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to
problems
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Put a Y at the end and see if the wordbegins to make sense
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
3a Representativeness Heuristic
bull A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype
bull Can cause us to ignore important information
Below is Linda She loves books and hates loud noises Is Linda a librarian or a beautician
Chances are she is a beautician
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
3bAvailability Heuristic
bull Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory
bull If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on tv and are more available in memory than diseases
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
4 Insightbull A sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem
bull No real strategy involved
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Confirmation Biasbull A tendency to
search for information that confirms onersquos preconceptions
For example if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work you will take notice of admissions during a full moon but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
117
Fixation
Fixation An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective This impedes
problem solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness
The Matchstick Problem How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
118
The Matchstick Problem Solution
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
119
Using these materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
ldquoProblem
Solvingrdquo by M
Scheerer C
opyright copy 1963 by
Scientific A
merican Inc A
ll Rights R
eserved
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
120
Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Mental Set
bull A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
bull May or may not be a good thing
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
122
Functional FixednessA tendency to think only of the familiar functions
of an object
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Overconfidencebull The tendency
to be more confident than correct
bull To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
Considering ldquooverconfidencerdquo would you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
125
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having
overconfidence is having an
exaggerated fear about what may
happen Such fears may be unfounded
The 911 attacks led to a decline in air travel due to fear
AP
Wide W
orld Photos
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Framingbull The way an
issued is posed
bull It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments
How do you think framing played a part in this years election
Example What is the best way to market ground beef mdash as 25 fat or 75 lean
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Belief Bias
bull The tendency for onersquos preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
bull Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa
God is loveLove is blind
Ray Charles is blind
Ray Charles is God
Anonymous graffiti
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
The Ultimate Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-
Belief Perseverance
bull Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
All Chicago Cub fans who still believe that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance
- Name the Seven Dwarves
- Name the cast of Friends Yeah now thatrsquos
- Jersey Shore
- Slide 4
- Now write down the Jersey Shorians
- Jerseyrsquos ldquoFinestrdquo
- Slide 7
- Recall v Recognition
- The Memory Process
- 1 Encoding
- 2 Storage
- 3 Retrieval
- Types of Memory
- 1 Sensory Memory
- 2 Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory
- 3 Long-Term Memory
- The Memory Process (2)
- Stages of the Memory Process
- Encoding
- Information Processing
- Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb Memory (2)
- 2 ways on HOW we encode information
- 1 Automatic Processing
- 2 Effortful Processing
- Things to remember about Encoding (2 Effort Processing or lac
- 2 Effort Processing b Spacing Effect
- List the US Presidents
- The Presidents
- c Serial Positioning Effect
- Two ways to encode information
- Ways to help us encode information
- 1 Visual Encoding Imagery
- Visual Encoding 2 Mnemonics
- A Method of Loci
- B Link Method
- C Chunking
- Chunking
- D Hierarchy
- Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
- Tricks to Encode
- 3 Types of Rehearsal
- Types of Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal Self-Reference Effect
- Ways to help us encode information (2)
- Encoding Exercise Celebrities
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Questions
- Questions (2)
- Storage Retaining Information
- Storage Sensory Memory
- Whole Report
- Partial Report
- Time Delay
- Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memories
- Storage Working Memory
- Working Memory (2)
- Capacity
- Chunking (2)
- Storage Long-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Memory Feats
- Memory Stores
- Storing Implicit amp Explicit Memories
- Slide 81
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Implicit Memory
- Stress Hormones amp Memory
- Retrieval Getting Information Out
- Measures of Memory
- Measures of Memory (2)
- Measures of Memory (3)
- Priming
- Priming ldquoMemoryless Memoryrdquo
- Context Effects
- Deacuteja Vu Precognition Reincarnation
- Moods and Memories
- Forgetting
- Encoding Failure aka absent mindedness
- Which penny is real
- Storage Decay aka Transcience
- Retrieval Failure aka blocking
- Interference
- Interference (2)
- Motivated Forgetting
- How do we solve problems
- 1 Trial and Error
- 2 Algorithms
- Algorithms
- 3 Heuristics
- Heuristics
- Types of Heuristics (That often lead to errors)
- 3a Representativeness Heuristic
- 3bAvailability Heuristic
- 4 Insight
- Obstacles to problem solving
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Confirmation Bias
- Fixation
- The Matchstick Problem Solution
- Candle-Mounting Problem
- Candle-Mounting Problem Solution
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
- Overconfidence
- Exaggerated Fear
- Framing
- Belief Bias
- Slide 128
- Belief Perseverance
-