Name ................................................ Homework 2.1Date due ..........................................

1. A fuel was thought to produce water vapour and carbon dioxide when it burned. Jean set up the apparatus shown below to investigate this.

a) How should Jean test the liquid which formed in U-tube X in order to proved that it is water. ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

b) Name a liquid which should be present in test tube Y in order to show that carbon dioxide was formed when the fuel burned. Explain what would happen to this liquid when carbon dioxide gas is bubbled though it. ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

c) Jean’s teacher suggested that it would be a good idea to repeat the experiment without the burning fuel and with air drawn through the apparatus for the same period of time. Explain why this extra experiment should be carried out. ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

2. James used the same apparatus as in question 1 to investigate the burning of different fuels. His results are shown below.

Fuel Water formed? Carbon dioxide formed? A No Yes B Yes Yes C Yes No

Explain which of the above fuels, A, B or C, wasa) Pure hydrogen?

........................................................................................................................... 1b) Carbon monoxide? ......................................................................................................................... 1

burning fuel

test tube Yliquid collectingin U-tube Y

c) Methane (CH4)? ............................................................................................................................

1

3. Several poisonous gases can be produced as a result of burning fuels.

a) Name a poisonous gas which can be formed as a result of incomplete combustion of petrol in a car engine. .............................................................................................................................................................. 1b) Name a poisonous gas which is the major cause of acid rain and is produced by the burning of coal (and, to a lesser extent the fuels obtained from crude oil). .............................................................................................................................................................. 1c) Describe ways in which the pollution caused by burning petrol in car engines can reduced. In each case describe how the method reduces air pollution. i) ....................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 ii) ....................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

4. When a fuel burns, oxygen reacts with the fuel in an exothermic reaction.

a) What is meant by the term ‘exothermic’? ......................................................................... 1

b) A pupil was given two test tubes. One contained oxygen and the other contained hydrogen. Describe tests which could be used to show which gas was in which test tube. ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................

c) Oxygen and nitrogen are the main components in the air. Draw a labelled pie chart to show the relative amounts of each in the air. (Ignore all the other gases in the air)

1

Name ................................................ Homework 2.2

Date due ..........................................

1. Crude oil is one of our most important raw materials. It has transformed our lives over the last 50 years. In oil refineries, the following groups of hydrocarbons are obtained. Their approximate boiling ranges are also shown.

A B Cpetroleum gas residue heavy gas oil< 40°C > 350°C 300–350°C

D E Fnaphtha kerosene light gas oil40–180°C 180–250°C 250-300°C

a) What is meant by the term ‘hydrocarbon’? ............................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................ 1b) What name is given to the process used to separate the hydrocarbons into different groups? ................................................................................................................................................................ 1c) Which two groups contains hydrocarbons which are less flammable than light gas oil? ................................................................................................................................................................ 2d) Which two groups contains smaller hydrocarbons than those in kerosene?

Total marks = 14

................................................................................................................................................................ 2e) Which group is used to make jet fuel for aircraft? ............................................................... 1

2. a) Write a word equation for the burning of methane.

methane + ........................... ...................................................... + ...................... 1 b) Balance chemical equation for this same reaction

CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O1

3. Coal, oil and natural gas are finite resources. Various estimates of how long these fossil fuels will last have been made. One such estimate is given below:

Fossil fuel. Lifespan / years.Coal 275Natural gas 60Oil 55

a) Present this information in the form of a bar chart.

2

b) What is meant by the term ‘finite resource’?.......................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................. 1c) Describe the processes involved in the formation of coal. ............................................... ............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ 2

4. The first lamps were not electric. As gas called acetylene was burned to produce the light. The acetylene was made by adding water to A solid called calcium carbide. Acetylene gas is insoluble in water. Draw a diagram of the apparatus you would use to prepare and collect a gas jar of the gas acetylene in your chemistry laboratory. Label the diagram.

1Name ................................................ Homework 2.3

Date due ..........................................

1. Draw the extended structural formula for a) 2,4-dimethylheptane. b) 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane.

2

2 Write the systematic names for a) b)

................................................................................ .............................................

.................. 2

3 Each box in the grid below shows the name of the formula of a compound.

A B Cbutane

D E Fethene ethanol

Total marks = 15

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

C HH

H

C

H

H

C

H

CH H

H

C

H

C HH

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

C HH

H

C

H

H

C

H

CH H

H

C

H

C HH

H

C

H

H

H

CH3 CH2 C

CH2CH3

CH2 CH3

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2CH3

CH2 CH3

CH2 CH3

C

H

H

H O H

C

H

H

H O H

C

H

H

H H

C

H

H

H H

C

H

HC

H

C

H

HC

H

HH

C

H

HC

H

C

H

HC

H

HH

Which box (or boxes) showsa) an alkene?

......................................................................................................................... 2b) an alkane?

........................................................................................................................ 2c) an alcohol?

........................................................................................................................ 2

4. The grid below shows some hydrocarbon molecules.

A B C

D E F

a) Which two boxes show compounds which are isomers .........................and........................ 1b) Which box shows a molecule of butane?

....................................................... 1c) Which box shows a substance which could either be an alkene or a cycloalkane?

..........................................1

d) Which two boxes show an alkene?.................................and............................. 1

5. The boiling points of some alkanes are shown in the table below.

Alkane Boiling point / °Cmethane – 164ethane – 88propane – 42butane 0 hexane 69

C

H

HC

H

C

H

HC

H

HH

C

H

HC

H

C

H

HC

H

HH

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

H H

C

H

H

H H

CH3

CH CH

CH3

CH3

CH CH

CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

C3H6

C3H6

a) Draw a line graph of boiling point against number of carbon atoms in the molecule for these alkanes.

2b) Use your graph to estimate the boiling point of pentane. .........................................

1c) Which of these alkanes is liquid at room temperature (20°C)? ................................

1Name ................................................ Homework 2.4

Date due ..........................................

1. Identify the homologous series each of the following molecules belongs to and name the compound shown.a) CH3CH2CH2O-H b) CH3CH2CH3

……………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………..

c) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH d)

……………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………..

e) CH3CH2COOH f) CH3CHCHCH3

……………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………….. 6

Total marks = 18

H C

O

OH

H C

O

OH

2 The alkanes, alkenes and cycloalkanes are different homologous series of hydrocarbons. Alkenes, such as butene, and cycloalkanes, such as cyclobutane, are isomers. a) What is meant by the terms i) homologous series?………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 ii) isomers? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

b) What is the general formula for i) the alkanes? …………………………………………………………. ii) the alkenes? ………………………………………………………….

2

c) Draw and name three isomers of pentene.

3

3. As part of an investigation into the properties of hydrocarbons a pupil is given two bottles labelled as follows:-

‘Heptane - a saturated hydrocarbon’ and ‘Heptene - an unsaturated hydrocarbon’a) Write the molecular formulae for i) heptane ………………………………………….. ii) heptene

……………………………………….. 2b) Draw the extended structural formulae for

heptane heptene

2c) Explain what is meant by the terms

i) saturated ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 ii) unsaturated ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1d) If the bottles had not been labelled, what chemical test could be carried out to decide which bottle contained heptane and which heptene? Remember to give the result of the test with both chemicals. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24. The dienes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons which possess two carbon to carbon double covalent bonds per molecule of diene. The first three members of the diene series have the following molecular formulae:-

C4H6 C5H8 C6H10

a) Are dienes, saturated or unsaturated molecules. Explain your answer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1b) What would be the molecular formula of the diene with 7 carbon atoms?

…………………………………………………………………

1

c) What is general formula for the dienes? ………………………………………. 1

d) Draw a possible structural formula for the diene with formula C4H6

1

Name ................................................ Homework 2.5

Date due ..........................................

1. Two liquid hydrocarbons labelled X and Y are found by experiment to have the same molecular formula C3H6. When shaken with bromine solution X is seen to decolourise it rapidly, Y does not.a) Name hydrocarbons X and Y. X is ……………………………………….……………….. Y is ……………………………………………………. 2b) Draw the extended structural formulae for X and Y.

X Y 2

c) Draw, the extended structural formula of the compound formed when bromine reacts with compound X. Name the compound formed.

22. The following reaction took place in a cracking process.

a) Name compound X and give its full structural formula.

2b) Explain which of the compounds, C4H10 or X, would decolourise bromine solution. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2c) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that could be used in the laboratory to carry out the cracking of C6H14.

Total marks = 25

C6H14 C4H10 + X

C6H14 C4H10 + X

23. During the catalytic cracking of ethane it was found that the products were ethene and a substance Y, which on combustion produced water as the only product.a) Name substance Y.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….1

b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the cracking process. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

4. The following reaction shows what happens to an alkene when it reacts with ozone.

a) Draw the structural formulae of the products you would expect from the following reaction.

+ ozone 2

b) Reaction with ozone and another alkene produces only one product. Draw the structural formula of the alkene which would react in this way.

1

CH

HH C

H

HC

H

CH

CH

HH

CH

HH C

H

HC

H

CH

CH

HH

+

ozone

CH

HH C

H

HC

H

O

CH

HH C

H

HC

H

O

+

O CH

CH

H

H

O CH

CH

H

H

ozon

CH

HH C

H

CH

CH

HCH

HCH

HCH

HH

CH

HH C

H

CH

CH

HCH

HCH

HCH

HH

Total marks = 17

Name ................................................ Homework 2.6

Date due ..........................................

1. Large amounts of the alcohol, ethanol, are made in industry. One way in which this is done is to treat ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst.

a) Give a suitable name for this kind of reaction. …………………………………………………………………… 1b) Name the process used to produce alcohol in alcoholic drinks. ………………………………………. 1

2. Name and draw the structural formula of the ester formed between a) propanol and butanoic acid.

2 b) C4H9OH and CH3CH2COOH

2

3. Using structural formulae write equations for the formation of the esters a) methyl ethanoate.

1 b) butyl ethanoate.

1

4. Name the alcohol and acid used to form the following esters.a) b)

CH3 COOC3H7

CH

HC

H

H

CH

HC

H

H

+

H O H

H O H

CH

HH C

H

HO H

CH

HH C

H

HO H

CH

HH C

H

HCH

HCH

HO C

O

CH

H H

CH

HH C

H

HCH

HCH

HO C

O

CH

H H

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………….. 2

26 A pupil made the ester ethyl propanoate in a test tube and poured the reaction mixture into a beaker containing sodium hydrogen-carbonate solution.a) Name the acid and alcohol used to make the ester. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2b) What two things would the pupil observe when the ester is poured into the sodium hydrogen-carbonate solution? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2c) The pupil heated the reaction mixture using a hot water bath. Why was the reaction mixture not heated directly with a Bunsen flame? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

Total marks = 15

Name ................................................ Homework 2.7

Date due ..........................................

1. A label on a shirt gave the composition of the fibre used in its manufacture asPolyester 25%Cotton 75%

a) Draw a pie chart to show the proportions of polyester and cotton in the shirt.

1

b) Polyester is a synthetic fibre whereas cotton is a natural fibre. State what is meant by synthetic. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12. Most plastics and synthetic fibres are non-biodegradable.a) What does the term non-biodegradable mean? ……………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1b) The fact that plastics are non-biodegradable can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Give one example of this being i) an advantage. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 ii) a disadvantage. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

3. The addition polymer poly(ethene) which we usually call polythene is made from the monomer, ethene.a) What is meant by the terms i) polymer …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 ii) monomer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 b) Give one use of the polymer polythene and a property which allows it to be used in this way. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

4. About one million tonnes of ethene are produced each year in the U.K. Most of this useful alkene is converted into poly(ethene) which is more familiar to people as polythene.a) How are alkenes made from long chain hydrocarbon molecules? ………………………………….. 1b) Explain, using full structural formulae how ethene forms poly(ethene). In your answer you should show how three ethene molecules join together.

1c) Poly(ethene) is a thermoplastic. Explain what this means. ……………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15. In older houses, light fittings such as plugs and sockets are often made of the dark brown thermosetting plastic, Bakelite. In more modern houses, the same fittings are made of the white plastic, urea formaldehyde, which is also thermosetting.a) What is meant by the term ‘thermosetting’? ……………………………………………………………………

CH

HC

H

H

CH

HC

H

H

CH

HC

H

H

CH

HC

H

H

CH

HC

H

H

CH

HC

H

H

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1b) Give another example of a situation where a thermosetting plastic must be used because it would not be possible to use a thermoplastic. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16. Name the toxic gases produced when the following plastics burn a) P.V.C. (Poly vinyl chloride)

……………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 b) Polyurethane.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

7. The polymer poly(propene) is made by the addition polymerisation of propene. The structure of propene is:-

Show, using extended structural formulae, how three propene monomer molecules join together to form part of a polypropene polymer chain.

1

Name ................................................ Homework 2.8

Date due ..........................................

1. A polyamide is a polymer that can be made by reacting a diacid with with a diamine.a) Draw the functional group present in a diacid.

1b) Draw the functional group present in a diamine.

1c) Using two molecules of the diacid and two molecules of the diamine shown below show how part of a polyamide polymer can be formed.

CH

HH

CH

CH

H

CH

HH

CH

CH

H

Total marks = 16

OH CH

HCH

HO H

OH CH

HCH

HO H

NH

HCH

HCH

HCH

HCH

HN

H

H

NH

HCH

HCH

HCH

HCH

HN

H

H

2d) Explain why this type of reaction is called a condensation polymerisation……………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………….1

2. a) Show using two molecules of the diacid and two molecules of the diol how a polyester molecule can be formed using the molecules shown below.

1 b) In the polymer chain you have drawn circle an ester group. 13. The following is part of a protein molecule (the bond angles are not correctly shown). H CH3 CH3

–N–CH–C–N–CH2 –C–N–CH–C–N–CH2–C– O H O H O H

a) Draw the extended structural formula of two amino acids obtained on hydrolysis of this protein.

2b) On diagram above and circle the amide links.

1

4. A B C

NO2–CH2–COOH NH2–CH(CH3)–COOH

OH CH

HCH

HO H

OH CH

HCH

HO H

C

O

OH

C

O

OH

C

O

OH

C

O

OH

CH2C

O

O

CH2

CH3

OH

CH2C

O

O

CH2

CH3

OH

D E F H O

NH2–(CH2) 6–NH2 NH2–CH2–C C–CH2–NH2 O HO

Which

a) two boxes show an amino acid? ..........................and...........................................

b) box shows an ester? .........................................

c) two boxes show a molecule capable of carrying out a condensation reaction at both ends of the molecule? .......………...............and ................……….... 3

Name ................................................ Homework 2.9Date due ..........................................1. Some carbohydrate compounds are shown in the grid.

A B CCellulose sucrose maltose

D E F Glucose starch fructose

a) Identify the substance which gives a blue-black colour with iodine solution. …………….. 1b) Identify the two substances which are monosaccharides. ……………….. and ………………… 1c) Identify the two substances which are isomers with the formula C12H22O11. ……………….. and ………………… 12. The diagram represents the processes by which energy is produced in humans.

Total marks = 13

a) Name the process.………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1 b) Name gases X and Y X …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. The diagram represents the process by which green plants make glucose.

a) Name the process.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

b) Name gases X and Y X ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Y …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 c) Sunlight is essential for this process. Name the substance in green plants which can absorb sunlight.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 d) Name the substance, stored in plants, which is made when glucose molecules join together.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

4. a) Complete the table below.Type of carbohydrate Formula of carbohydrate Example of carbohydrate Monosaccharides glucose

C12H22O11 maltose

starch (C6H10O5)n

3

b) Give tests for the two carbohydrates shown in bold type.i) The test for glucose is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1ii) The test for starch is

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1

5. Foods containing starch have to undergo hydrolysis during the digestion process. In the hydrolysis of starch glucose molecules are produced.a) Why is it essential for starch molecules to be hydrolysed during digestion? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1b) Give two chemicals in the body which bring about the hydrolysis of starch and say where both chemicals are found in the body. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2c) What is meant by the term enzyme?

……………………………………………………………………………………..1

6. A pupil added 1 g quantities of glucose and starch to separate beakers, each containing 100 cm3 of boiling water. She stirred both thoroughly and then allowed them to cool.a) One solution was found to be cloudy. Which was it likely to be? ……………………………………. 1b) Explain clearly any effect that might be seen when the pupil shines a beam of light through each solution. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1Name ................................................ Homework 2.10Date due ..........................................1. Explain, in terms of structure, why fats are solids and oils are liquids at room temperature. ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2. a) Draw the extended structural formula for a molecule of glycerol.

1b) What is the systematic name for a molecule of glycerol............................................................................................................................................................. 1c) Explain why fats are sometimes referred to as triglycerides. ................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... 1c) What do you understand by the term ‘fatty acid’? ........................................................................................................................................................... 1

3. The hydrolysis of a fat produces glycerol and fatty acids. a) What does the term hydrolysis mean? ................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. 1

b) State the ratio of glycerol molecules to fatty acid molecules. .................................................................................................................................................. 1 c) A triglyceride produces only glycerol and palmitic acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, on hydrolysis.

i) Draw the structural formula for the triglyceride.

Total marks = 21

1 ii)Explain whether the triglyceride is likely to be a fat or an oil. ................................... .................................................................................................................................................. 1

Total marks = 10