nada Švob-Đokić-cp in see and management of-2

8/13/2019 Nada vob-oki-CP in SEE and Management of-2

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Cultural Policies inSoutheastern Europe and

Management of Intercultural

Relations

Nada vob-oki

Institute for International Relations, Zagreb,Croatia


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Public policies

Organization, regulation and development of differentspecialized activities, especially those of general socialsignificance

Sector approaches and specialization (education, media,

scientific policies, etc.) Analysis and assessment of the objectives, programs,

plans, modes of decision-making, legal regulation,implementation of plans, institutionalization of an activity,etc.

Continual monitoring of developments within an activity Insights and conclusions as a base of democratic

involvement of the general public

Evaluation


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Cultural policies

Cultural policy always implies the managementof populations through suggested behavior (14) Cultural policy finds, serves and nurtures a

sense of belonging, through educational and

other cultural regimens that are predicated on aninsufficiency of the individual against thebenevolent historical backdrop of the sovereignstate. These regimens are the means of forming

a collective public subjectivity, via what JohnStuart Mill termed departments of humaninterests amenable to government control. (15)


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Cultural policies

culture is the legitimizing ground onwhich particular groups can make aclaim for resources and inclusion in the

national narrative, if only to decenter it.

(15)

(Toby Miler and George Yudice, Cultural Policy, Sage, London &Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, 2002)


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Scope of cultural policies

State levelLegal regulations

Financement

Infrastructure, etc.

Local levels

Civil society


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AgentsState level:

Ministries, councils, commissions, etc.

Local levels:

Districts, regions, cities

All levels:

Civil society organizationsProfessional organizations

Consultants, etc.


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Areas/sectors

Fine Arts

Arts education

Music Labor market / employment

Theatre

Film Culture industries

Publishing, etc.


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Cultural relationsInternal cultural relations (ethnicities,

minorities, cultural interaction)

Inner cultural differences (regions,

class/social differences, technological gaps,

etc.)

External cultural relations (internationalcultural cooperation)

Cultural globalization


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Cultural policies and strategies in the

Southeastern European countries

New Experience: Cultural policies have been developed in the late1970'es and 1980'es, within the frameworks of ideologicalhegemony that particularly stressed equality of nations and nationalminorities, by denying differences as much as possible, and bypromoting specificities as the key element of authenticity.

Constructivist Tendency: The aim of the socialist cultural policieswas cultural change and the creation of a new (integrative) cultureand a new (harmonic) man.

Occasional revival of primordial tendencies (ethnicities, religions)

The conceptual disintegration still marks the period of transition.Cultural policies are fully oriented to the identity issues and changeof identities and they face the issue of cultural diversification as adominant challenge.


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Lack of a general intellectual concept and knowledge ofneighboring cultures

Interest concentrated on local levels of diversification(ethnic, national, but also gender, class, etc.) and onintegration in the mainstream European cultural trends

Mythical originality of the national and ethnic valuesresurges again whenever the observance of the westerntype standards endangers cultural monopolesfunctioning on local levels


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Southeastern European countries have developed the presentcultural policies (and strategies) in the period of 1997-2003 withinthe European Program of National Cultural Policy Reviews,launched by the Council of Europe.

The methodologies have been designed and harmonized as part ofthis program. When applied, they displayed different approaches ofparticular countries to their cultural life and development. Althoughincluded as part of each cultural policy, the treatment of culturaldiversity was also de-standardized and in many cases a-typical

compared with the EU proclaimed standards.

De-standardization is often regarded as a source of originality andauthenticity.


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Mapping multicultural societies in

Southeastern Europe

http:// www.culturalpolicy.net

all Southeastern European countries are multicultural

increased harmonization of relationships among differentcultures could be primarily based on the clearly definednational and individual identities

overlapping identities are a reality in the region

dynamics of identity change should be rationalized and future

oriented multiculturalism has to be accepted as a fact, as a result of the

restructured identities and as a new cultural situation
http://www.culturalpolicy.net/http://www.culturalpolicy.net/


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Cultural policies as a response to

multiculturalism

Marginalization of multiculturalism (e.g., Albania): there are nospecific language, educational or media policies that would providefor particular efforts to approach minorities through cultural policies.

Over-politization of multicultural reality (e.g., Serbia and Monte Negro):political problems exclude acceptance of multiculturalism

Split model (e.g., Slovenia): minorities having the status of traditionalminorities (e.g., Italians, Hungarians) enjoy the legal, educational,media, cultural and all other specific minority treatment. The newminorities (Croats, Bosnians, Serbs, etc.) are not recognized asminorities. Those meeting the legal state provisions may apply forSlovenian citizenship and become full citizens of Slovenia.

Models in the making (e.g., Croatia, Romania): dynamic changes in thetreatment of minorities; strong influences of the EU.

Formal acceptance of the EU standards (e.g., Bulgaria, Greece):demonstrated willingness to accept the proclaimed EU standards,

problems in implementation of the minority policies.

nada Švob-Đokić-cp in see and management of-2

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