n-c-t]-£x hcp kwhmzw - internet archive...400 kvt\lw kzmx{¥yw ]pxnb am\-hn-ix ifpw tzhv_-‘n-ifpw...

aX-\n-c-t]-£X

Hcp kwhmZw

aX-\n-c-t]-£X

Hcp kwhmZw

]utemkv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv

H∂mw-]-Xn∏v : 1996 \hw-_¿

D≈-S°w

1. aX-\n-c-t]-£X {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-a√

2. sk°p-e-dn-khpw `mcX `c-W-L-S-\bpw

3. h¿Ko-bX sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-Øn¬

4. \oXn-bn¬ A[-njvTn-X-amb Hcp cmjv{Sw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°pI

5. \ap-°m-hiyw k¿∆-a-X- kw-{Km-ln-bmb Hcp

hniz-\m-K-cn-IX

8. A`n-Imayw hniz-\m-K-cn-IX Xs∂

kvt\lw kzmX{¥yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX398

1aX-\n-c-t]-£X

{]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-a√aX-ßsf ]p\¿hym-Jym\w sNø-W-sa∂p am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Im¿°p-

t]mepw Ct∏mƒ t_m[y-am-bn-´p-≠v. ]≠v AXp P\sØ ab°n-bn-cp∂ Idp∏v Bbn-cn°mw (A√m-bn-cn°mw). GXm-bmepw am¿IvkpwGwK¬kp-a-S-°-ap≈ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse Nne bqtdm-]y≥am¿aXsØ ab-°p-a-cp-∂m-bm-Wp I≠-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu \q‰m-≠n¬ aXwP\sØ \n¿ho-cy-am-°p∂ ab-°p-a-cp-s∂m-gn®p as‰-¥p-am-Wv. aXw P\-ß-fn¬ arKob hnIm-c-ßƒ DW¿Øp-∂p. sImSpw]I-bpsS hnØphnX-bv°p-∂p. sIm≈bv°pw sIm≈n-h-bv]n\pw t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. cma-s‚bpw A≈m-lp-hn-s‚bpw \ma-Øn¬ P\w \nbaw ssIbn-se-SpØv]pcm-X\ t£{X-ßfpw ]≈n-Ifpw s]mfn-°p-∂p. hn{K-lßƒ XI¿-°p∂p. {iotIm-hn-ep-Iƒ Aip-≤-am-°p-∂p. CXn\p ]n∂n¬ aZy-]-∑m-cp-≠m-Imw. GXm-bmepw Idp-∏p-Xo-\n-I-f-√.

C°m-cy-Øn¬ lnµp-°-fpw ap…oßfpw XΩn¬ henb hyXym-k-sam-∂p-an-s√∂v Atbm-≤ym-kw-`-hhpw AXns\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb Iem-]-ßfpw sXfn-bn-®-Xm-Wv. {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw kn°p-Imcpw CXn-s\√mwH´pw ]nt∂m-´-√. CXmtWm bYm¿∞ aXw? k\m-X\[¿ahpw ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B\pw ]Tn-∏n-®Xv CXmtWm?

cmjv{So-b-°m¿ Atbm-[ym-{]-iv\-Øn¬ CS-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬CsXm∂pw kw`-hn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂nt√? Atbm[y Bcw`w apXte HcpaX-{]-iv\ta Bbn-cp-∂n-√. cmjv{So-b-°m¿ ]mhw lnµp-°sf sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n®p. thm´p-Iƒ°p- th-≠n- am-{Xw. AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-X-ambnD≠mb Iem-]m-·nbpw Bfn-]-S¿Øn-bXp cmjv{Sob KWn-X-ØnseIqépw Ingn-°-ep-am-Wv.

GXm-bmepw CXns‚ ]n∂nse bYm¿∞ hkvXp-X-Iƒ 10 sIm√-Øn-s\-¶nepw ]pd-Øp-h-cn-√. ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ A{XI≠v kwL¿-j`-cn-X-am-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu kXyw ]pd-Øp-h-cm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-XmWp \√Xv.GXmbmepw F\n°p t\cn-́ -dn-hp≈ Nne kw -̀h-ßƒ cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ Cu X°w {]Xn-Imcw ho´m-\p-]-tbm-Kn®p F∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv.

CXmtWm cmjv{Sobw? CXmtWm [¿a-im-kv{X-ßfpw icn-AØpw]Tn-∏-n°p-∂Xv?

cmjv{So-bhpw aXhpw XΩn¬ shdpsX Iqń-°p-g-®-X√ {]iv\-am-bXv. Po¿Wn® aXhpw \mdnb cmjv{So-bhpw HØp-tN¿∂-XmWp Ipg-∏-Øns‚ aqe-Im-c-Ww.

kvt\lw kzmX{¥yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 399

F¥mWv lnµpXzw? F¥mWv C…mw? B¿°p-ap-∂-bn-°m-hp∂-XmWv Cu tNmZy-ßƒ. c≠m-asØ tNmZy-Øn\p t]mepw DØcw\¬IpI Ffp-∏-a-√. ImcWw icn-bpØcw GsX∂ A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymkw Xs∂. BZysØ tNmZy-am-Is´ DØcw Xs∂ Akm-[y-am-°p-∂p.

F¥mWv lnµpXzw? lnµp-Xz-sa∂ hm°p-Xs∂ ̀ mc-Xob kwkvIr-Xn-bn-ep-≈-X-√. ASp-Ø-Im-esØ cmjv{So-b-°m-cpsS krjvSnbmWv Bhm°v. CXn-lm-k-ß-fn¬ F{X sXc-™mepw lnµp-sh∂ hm°p I≠p-In-́ n-√. C¥y F∂ hm°p-t]mepw sltdm-tUm-́ -kns‚ cN-\-I-fn-emWvBZyw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

[¿akw-ln-X-Isf \membn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v. ⁄m\w (tIhe kXy-sØ Adn-bpI), tbmKw (Bfl-⁄m\w t\SpI), {Inb (t£{X-ßfpwhn{K-l-ßfpw \n¿an-°pI), Imcyw (Bfl-\n-b-{¥-Whpw A®-S-°hpw).Cu \mep hißfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ lnµp-Xz-Øn\p \¬Im-hp∂hymJym-\-ßƒ A\-¥-am-Wv. AtX-k-abw GXp hymJym-\hpw GI-]-£o-b-am-Ip-sa∂p Xo¿®-bm-Wv.

F√m aXßƒ°p-ap-]-cn-bmbn Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw \ne-\n¬-∏n\p ]n∂n-ep≈ tIh-e-k-Xy-amWv bYm¿∞ [¿Ω-sa∂v Fs‚kplrØv NXp¿thZn _Z-co-\mYv ]d-bp-∂p. P\-kwLw {]kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂ Zo≥Z-bm¬ D]m-[ym-b-bp-tSbpw hnizmkw CXp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. F\n°pw CXn-t\mSv tbmPn-∏m-Wv. tIhe kXy-tØm-Sp≈_‘-amWv A√msX hc-´p-X-Xz-hm-Z-ß-fn-e√ bYm¿∞ [¿aw IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. Cu ASn-ÿm\ bmYm¿∞yw lnµp-hn\pw ap…o-an\pw_u≤¿°pw ssP\¿°pw {InkvXym-\n°pw inJ¿°p-sa√mw kzoIm-cy-am-I-Ww. aX-hn-izm-kn-I-f-√m-Ø-h¿°p -t]m-epw.

Cu N¿®bn¬ ImX-embn aq∂p Imcy-ß-fmWp \bn-°s∏-tS-≠Xv.

k\m-X-\-[¿a-Øns‚ icn-bmb hymJym\w GXmWv? Zo≥Z-bm¬D]m-[ym-b-bpsS tIh-e-kXy hymJym-\tam, hn. Un. kmh¿°-dpsSlnµp-Xz-hm-Ztam, Fw. Fkv. tKmƒhm-°-dpsS lnµp-cm-jv{S-hm-Ztam?alm-flm-Km‘nbpsS XXz-ßƒ°p k\m-X-\-[¿ahpw tKmƒhm-°-dp-sS kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-sa¥v?

k\m-X-\-[¿aØns‚tbm icn AØn-s‚tbm GsX-¶nepw hymJym-\-ßƒ°v Atbm-[y-bnse ]≈n (AYhm hnhm-Z-a-µncw) s]mfn-®XpwXpS¿∂p tNmc-∏pg Hgp-°n-bXpw \ymbo-I-cn-°m-\m-hptam?

k\m-X-\-[¿aØn\pw C…m-an\pw s]mXp-hmb Nne aqey-ßfpt≠m?

F¥mWv C…mw? F¥m-W-Xns‚ ktµiw, F√m a\p-jycpw Xpey-cm-sW∂ thZm-¥-XXzw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°n-bXv C…m-am-sW∂p kzmanhnth-Im-\-µ≥ ]d-™-Xns‚ kmc-sa-¥mWv? C…m-ans‚ kmcmwiwFs¥∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kp∂n-Ifpw jnbm-°fpw kq^n-Ifpw hlm-_n-


Ifpw tZhv_-‘n-Ifpw s{k¬hn-Ifpw XΩn¬ Hcn-°epw tbmPn-∏p-≠m-hn√. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ C°m-cy-Øn¬ ap√-amcpw aue-hn-amcpw Hcp-]-£hpw hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb ap…oßƒ adp-]£-Øp-am-Wv. Ch¿ Ccp-Iq-ćpw C¥y≥ ap…oßfn¬ \yq\-]-£-am-Wv. km[m-cW ap…ow-P-\-X-bm-hs´ Ch¿°n-S-bn¬ hn`-Pn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°-bm-Wv.

hnizm-k-Øn\v A©p hi-ß-fp-s≠∂v C…mw ]d-bp-∂p. A√mlp,amem-J-am-¿, Jp¿ B≥, ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿, A¥y-hn-[n-\mƒ F∂n-h-bn¬AN-©-e-amb hnizmkw thWw. {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ A©pImcy-ßƒ ˛ GI-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw, \a-kv°mcw, Zm\-[¿Ωw sNø¬,da-km≥ D]-hmkw, lPv A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw thWw. ]m›mXy hnZym-`ymksØ auehn-am¿ FXn¿°m-\p-≈ -Hcp {][m\ ImcWw AXvCu hnizm-k-ßƒ°pw A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ°pw hneßpXSn-bm-tb-°p-sa∂ `b-am-Wv.

]m›mXy k¶¬]-amb aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xsbbpw aue-hn-am¿ Xnc-kv°-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p- Xs∂ ap…ow Ipń-Iƒ°p ]m›mXycoXn-bn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-t\bpw Ah¿ FXn¿Øp. aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xsb FXn¿°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ _n. sP. ]n. tb°mfpw lnµphncmSv k`tb°mfpw ap∂n-emWp aue-hn-am¿. Ah-cpsS IÆn¬ hnZym-k-º-∂cmb ap…oßƒ C…m-anI ]mc-º-cysØ h©n-®-h-cm-Wv. Pman-b-an-enb C…m-anb, Pman-b-an-enb lwZ¿Zv, Aen-KVv k¿h-I-em-imeF∂o D∂X hnZym-`ymktI{µ-ßƒ t]mepw C…m-an\p KpWw sNøp-∂-h-bm-sW∂p aue-hn-am¿°p hnizm-k-an-√.

XmXzn-I-ambn F√m-Øcw ⁄m\hpw B¿Pn-°p∂Xns\ C…mwkzmKXw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ ⁄m\m¿P-\-sa-∂m¬ aX-hn-⁄m\wt\S¬ am{X-am-sW∂p auehn-am¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. B[p-\nI imkv{X-kmt¶-XnIhnZy ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fn-sem-∂mbaX-\n-c-t]-£-Xbpw kzoI-cn-t°-≠n-h-cnt√? C…m-anI hnizm-k-Øn\ptbmPn® coXn-bn¬ B[p-\nI hn⁄m\w ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]‰nb]T-\-{Iaw Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ C…m-anI k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ°p Ign-bptam?

aX-\n-c-t]-£-X- sIm-≠p-am{Xw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-am-hn-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ AXp {]iv\w cq£-am-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-I. \ΩpsS ̀ c-W-t\Xr-Xz-Øn\v CXp-t]-mepw a\-kn-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂nt√?

lnµp-hn-cmSv k`-°mcpw am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Imcpw Hcp Imcyw a\-kn-em-°-Ww. lnµp-Xz-tam, aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xtbm {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm≠v AJ-fiP\m-[n-]-Xy-̀ m-cXw krjvSn-°m-\m-hn-√. hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ambn aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xbv°p ]Icw k\m-X-\-[¿Ω kn≤m-ß-tfbpwC…m-anIXXz-ß-tfbpw {]Xn-jvTn-°-Ww. Cu kn≤m-¥-ßfpw XXz-ßfpw Xpd∂ kulr-Z-]q¿W-amb N¿®-I-fn-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn-b-Ww. aX-


\n-c-t]-£-Xbv°p P\m-[n-]-Xy-`m-cX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-bm-hm≥]‰n-√. ]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\n-°p∂ hnhn[ hnizm-k-ßsf s]mdp-∏n-°p∂ k\m-X-\-[¿a kmcmw-i-am-hWw AXns‚ ASn-Ø-d. bpK-ß-fmbn C¥y-bn¬ \mw AXv {]tbm-Kn-®p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Nne-t∏m-sg√mwZpxJ-I-camb hyXnbm\ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ t]mepw.

(Cw-•ojv teJ-\-Øns‚ X¿÷-a. ae-bmf at\m-ca Zn\-∏-{X-Øn¬{]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv)


2sk°p-e-dn-khpw

`mc-X -̀ -c-W-L-S-\-bpw

sk°p-e-dn-khpw sk°p-e¿ tÃ‰pw kw_-‘n® `mc-Xob N¿®mkwhm-Z-ß-fn¬ \n∂p c≠p Imcy-ßƒ hy‡-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. H∂m-aXvsk°p-e¿ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ]m›mXy kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ]cn-h¿Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xw a\- n-em-°m-hp∂ Hcp {]tXyI A¿∞-am-Wp-≈-Xv. c≠m-aXv sk°p-e-ssd-tk-j≥, sk°p-e-dnkw F∂o ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ "sk°p-e¿' F∂ [mXp-hn\v hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb A¿∞-ßfm-Wp-≈-Xv.

]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ ˛ A-Xm-bXv bqtdm-∏n¬, am≤y-anI Imew(Medieval Period) F∂ {]tXyI khn-tij-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp Ime-L-́ -ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-bn-XmWv. Akm-am-\y-amb HcpkwL-SnX cmjv{Sob kmº-Øn-I-i-‡n-sb-∂ -\n-e-bn¬ am≤y-anIItØm-en°m k`, cmjv{SsØ am{X-a√ kaq-l-Ønse F√m {]ÿm-\-ßtfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-tfbpw (cmjv{So-bhpw, kmº-Øn-I-hpw, A°m-Z-an-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Bbn) \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂p F∂Xv bqtdm-]y≥ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

AXp-t]mse Hcp Ime-L-´tam kw`-h-hn-Im-ktam `mc-X-Øn¬D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´n-√. hnhn[ aX-ß-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ Nn¥-tbbpwÿm]-\-ß-tfbpw kzm[o-\n-®n-cp∂p F∂Xv Chn-sSbpw D≠m-bn.F∂m¬ F√m-‰n-t\bpw Htc ka-bØv \nb-{¥n-bv°p∂ Hcp aX-hn-`m-Khpw `mc-X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´n√. am≤y-an-I-Imew bqtdm-]y≥ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

a\p-jy-Nn-¥bpw a\p-jy-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw Hcp aX-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øp-NmSn kzX-{¥hpw aX-\n-c-t]-£-hp-am-Ip∂{]ÿm-\-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn-\mWv sk°p-essd-tk-j≥ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. B hntam-N\w Nne-t∏mƒ hnπ-h-Øn¬Iq-sSbpw Nne-t∏mƒ]cn-Wm-a-Øn¬Iq-sSbpw BImw.

C¥y-bn¬ sslµ-h-[¿Ωtam a‰p [¿Ω-ß-tfm, Ah-bnse GsX-¶nepw Hcp k{ºZm-btam Cßs\ Nn¥-tbbpw ÿm]-\-ß-tfbpw ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn \nb-{¥n-°p-hm≥ {ian-®n-´p-an-√, km[n-®n-´p-an-√.

`mcX-Øn-te°v sk°p-e-ssd-tk-j≥ IS-∂p-h-∂n-´p-≈Xv bqtdm-]y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ cmjv{So-b-ao-amw-k-tbbpw hnZym-`ym-k-k-{º-Zm-b-tØbpw \mw A\p-[-mh\w sNøp-hm≥ Bcw-̀ n-®-tXm-Sp-Iq-sS-bmWv.]m›m-Xy-kw-kvImc-Øn¬ ItØm-en-°m-k-̀ -bp-sS A[n-Im-c-tI-{µo-I-


c-WsØ XI¿Øv X¬ÿm-\Øv a\p-jy-bp‡n (Human rationality)bpsS t]cn-emWv Hcp apX-em-fn-h¿§w A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-Xv.

a\p-jy-bp‡n ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ AtX sk°p-e-ssd-tk-j≥{]{Inb \ΩpsS cmPyØv Hcp \mj-W¬ tÃ‰n-s\bpw `c-W-h¿K-tØbpw krjvSn-®p. cmjv{S-\n¿Ωm-Ww, ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ, hntZ-i-\bw, B`y-¥-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ F∂nh C{]-Im-c-ap≈ sk°p-e-ssd-tk-j\p hnt[-b-amb Hcp htc-Wy-hn-`mKw cq]w \evIn-b-Xm-Wv.

adp-h-iØv sk°p-e-dnkw Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw F∂ \ne-bn¬aX-ß-fpsS hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. AsXmcp kwL-SnX aX-a-√.\ΩpsS `qcn-]-£-a-X-amb lnµp-a-Xhpw kºq¿Æ-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n°-s∏´ aX-a-√-t√m. kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-tSbpw aqey-ß-fp-tS-bpw Hcp {]Xyb-im-kv{X-k-{º-Zm-b-sa-∂ -\n-e-bn¬ sk°p-ednkw \ΩpsS P\-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ ASn-t®-ev∏n-°m-\m-hn-√ (Hcp aXhpw ChnsS Aßns\ ASn-t®-ev]n-°m≥ km≤y-a√). Hcp cmjv{S-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \ap-°p≈ {]Xn-_-≤X sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-tØm-Sm-sW∂pw A√msX sk°p-e-dnkwF∂ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-tØm-S-s√∂pw CXp-h-sc-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ sIm≠vhy‡-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

cmjv{Shpw P\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ aq∂v _‘-k-ap-®-b-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn-emWv sk°p-e¿tÃ-‰ns‚ \n¿h-N-\w.

(F) kwL-Sn-Xtam hy‡n-K-Xtam Bb aXm-\p-jvTm-\-Øn-\p≈kzmX{¥yw (`-c-W-L-S\ 25˛28 hIp-∏p-Iƒ).

(_n) cmjv{Sw Hcp hy‡n-bpsS aXw Bkv]-Z-am°n A\p-Iq-etam{]Xn-Iqetam Bb hnth-N\w ImWn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI (]oTn-Ibpw 15˛mwhIp∏pw).

(kn) aX-Øn¬\n∂p cmjv{SsØ th¿Xn-cn-°¬. Hcp {]tXy-I-aXsØ ]pe¿Ømt\m aX-Øn-\-IØv {]th-in®v {]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-Xnt\m cmjv{S-Øn\v Ah-Im-i-an-√.

Cu XXzßfpw B[p-\n-I-cmjv{Sw F∂ Bi-bw-t]m-se -Xs∂]m›mXy en_-d¬ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂p t\cn´v ISw-sIm-≠-Xm-Wv.]t£, `mc-Xob-sc-∂ \n-e-bn¬ \mw tZiob cmjv{Ssa∂ ]m›mXyÿm]-\-tØmSpw \ΩpsS tZio-b-cmjv{Sw ̀ cW-L-S-\m-]-c-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-kn-≤m-¥-ß-tfmSpw {]Xn-_-≤-cm-Wv.]t£, `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]oTn-I-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≈ {]Imcw\ΩpsS {]Xn-_-≤X Hcp ]c-am-[n-Im-c-tkm-jy-enÃv sk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªn-°nt\mSmWv (Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, democraticrepublic). Cu A©p ]Z-ß-fp-tSbpw \njvIr-jvS-amb A¿∞w `c-W-L-S-\-bn-seßpw \n¿h-Nn-®n-´n-√. "sk°p-e¿' F∂ ]Z-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ {]tXy-In®pw aXhpw cmjv{Shpw XΩn-ep≈ th¿s]-Sp-Ø-ens‚ XXzw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´n-√ -X-s∂. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp aXsØ


]pe¿Ømt\m ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°mt\m \nIp-Xn-h-cp-am\w D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Iq-sS∂p 27˛mw hIp∏v A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.

Hcp cmjv{Ssa∂ \ne-bn¬ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\m{]Xn-_-≤X Hcp]c-am-[n-Im-c, tkmjy-en-Ãv, sk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªn-°n-t\m-Sm-sW∂pw, sk°p-e-ssd-tk-j≥ {]{In-btbmtSm sk°p-e¿ {]Xy-bim-kv{X-tØmtSm As√∂pw Hcn-°¬°qSn hy‡-am-°n-s°m-≈-s´.

]c-am-[n-Imcw

apI-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn® \mep hnti-j-W-ßƒ°pw hni-Zo-I-cWwBh-iy-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kºq¿Æ ]c-am-[n-Imcw C∂v Hcpcmjv{S-Øn-t‚bpw ]nSn-bn¬ HXp-ßp-∂n-√. X\nsb \nev°m≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ A¬t_-\n-b-bn¬ t]mepw kºq¿Æ ]c-am-[n-Imcw ̀ {Z-ambASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°m≥ km≤yam-tWm-sb∂p kwi-b-am-Wv.{]apJ \yq¢n-b¿ cmjv{S-ß-fn¬ t]mepw CØcw kºq¿Æ- ]-c-am-[n-Imcw e`ya-√. C¥y-bnepw ]c-am-[n-Im-c-sa∂ ]Z-Øn\p hnti-jWwth≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. h¿≤n® tXmXn¬ ]c-kv]-cm-{in-X-amb temI-Øn¬Pohn-°p∂ \ap°p kºq¿Æ kzmX-{¥y-sØ-∏‰n {]kw-Kn-°m≥ {]bm-k-am-Wv. Atß-b‰w \ap°p ]d-bm-hp-∂Xv Hmt´m-Wan (autonomy)Ft∂m Hmt´m ˛ Pj≥ (auto - gestion) Ft∂m am{X-am-Wv. Hmt´m-Pj≥ F∂-Xn\p kzbw \bn-°pI F∂¿∞w. kz¥w Imcy-ßƒ{Iao-I-cn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]°-ep-s≠-∂mWv Hmt´m-W-an-bpsSA¿∞w. FhnsS\n∂p \mw klm-bw- tX-Sp-sa∂pw GXp hyh-ÿ-I-fn-em-W-sX∂pw Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw AXn-epƒs∏-Spw.cmjv{SØn\p \ΩpsS P\-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ ]c-am-[n-Imcw Ah-Im-is∏Sm\m-hn-√. ]c-am-[n-Imcw F∂Xp ̂ yqU¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn-se ]Z-am-Wv. AXp \mw h¿Pn-°-Ww. \mw C\nbpw {_n´ojv km{am-Py-Øns‚Iogn-e-s√∂pw kzX{¥-cm-sW-∂p-am-bn-cn-°Ww \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \°-se-gpXnb-h¿ tkmhdn\n‰n F∂ ]ZwsIm≠p hnh-£n®Xv.F∂m¬ C∂m-Is´ ]c-am-[nImcØnt‚bpw kzmX{¥yØn-t‚bpwkn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ \n∂p aptºm´v ]c-kv]-cm-{in-X-amb kzbw-`-cWcmjv{S-ß-fpsS BtKm-f-k-aq-lØn-te-°p, \oßp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ncn-{X-k-Ω¿±-Øn-emWp \mw. \oXn, kaXzw, ]c-kv]cw {]tbm-P-\{]-Z-ambkl-I-cWw F∂n-h-bpsS \ng-en-emWp ]c-kv]-cm-{in-X-Xzw.

tkmjy-enÃv

tkmjy-enÃv F∂ ]Zw \ΩpsS {]Xn-_-≤-Xsb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv (C∂sØ kmaqly kmº-ØnI bmYm¿∞y-sØ-b√). Cu]Z-Øn\v Kpcp-X-c-amb A¿∞-NypXn kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.\ΩpsS P\-ß-fnse {]mam-Wn-Imwiw kzX{¥ am¿°‰v kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- ̨ -tÃ‰p I¨t{Smƒ kw_-‘n® NnesIbv\o-jy≥ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Iq´n-t®¿°p-sa∂p am{Xw.


ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn tkmjy-en-k-Øn¬ c≠p LS-I-ßfm-Wp-≈Xv:

H∂v: {]Xn-_-≤-Xbpw Hcp at\m-̀ m-hhpw ̨ Hmtcm hy‡nbpw kz¥wem -̀Øn-\p -th-≠n-b-√, F√m-h-cp-tSbpw {]tbm-P-\m¿∞w Xs∂ Xs‚sXmgn¬ kw`m-h\ sNø-Ww. F√m-hcpw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tcbpw Icp-XWw.

c≠v: kzImcy kzØn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-´-√, Dev]m-Z-t\m-]m-[nsb kw_-‘n®v Hcp {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-≠m-I-Ww. Cu c≠p XXz-ßfpw \ΩpsScmjv{Sw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂n-√. h¿K-ku-lm¿Z-Øn-te-°p≈ ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb ASn-hbv]v tkmjy-enÃv kn≤m-¥-ßfpsS AwKo-Im-chpw \n¿h-l-W-hp-am-Wv. bYm¿∞-amb tkmjy-enÃv kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ aX-k-aq-l-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-°m≥ Imcy-an-√. tkmjy-en-k-Øn¬kmaq-ly-\oXn A¥¿ln-X-am-Wv. h¿Ko-b-kw-L-´-\-Øn-\p≈ kn≤u-j[w CXp-X-s∂.

sk°p-e¿

aq∂m-asØ hnti-j-W-amb "sk°p-e¿' \n¿h-Nn-°m≥ G‰hpw{]bm-ktadnb-Xm-Wv. cmjv{S-tØm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS {]Xn-_-≤-XsbBWXp hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ B ]Zw \n¿h-Nn-°m-\p≈ `mc-Xob bXv\-ßƒ C\nbpw hnP-bn-®n-´n-√. ASn-ÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ AXns‚ A¿∞w \ΩpsS Ab¬cm-jv{S-amb ]m°n-ÿm≥C…m-ans\ tÃ‰p-a-X-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xn-s\mcp hyXn-tc-I-amWv C¥y-bpsS \ne-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. AXns‚ cN-\m-fl-I-amb A¿∞w bmsXmcpaX-k-aq-l-Øn-\pw -˛- `q-cn-]-£-am-Is´, \yq\-]-£-am-I-s´- ˛ -{]-tXyI]cn-K-W-\-I-sfm∂pw e`n-°pI-bn-s√-∂p -X-s∂. ]t£ \mw BZywapX¬Xs∂ Cu XXzsØ ewLn®p {]h¿Øn-®p. `qcn-]-£-k-aq-l-Øns‚ aX-kw-kv°mcw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n®pw \yq\-]-£-k-aq-l-ßƒ°v{]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßfpw kwh-c-Whpw Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ {]tXyI \ntbm-P-I-a-fi-e-ßfpw A\p-h-Zn-®p.

C∂p `qcn-]-£-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ]e {]mam-Wn-Icpw sslµ-h -`m-c-X-Øn-\p-th≠n hmZn-°p-∂p-≠v. lnµp-aX ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p A[o-im-[n-Imcw \evIp-∂-Xpw \n¿h-N-\m-fl-I-hp-amb ÿm\w thWsa-∂-h¿ A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p. Cu ho£Ww ̀ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A¥-k-Øbv°p IS-I-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv. ]q¿W-]u-c-∑m-cmbn Cu cmPyØp hkn-°p∂ Alnµp-k-aq-l-ß-fp-sS-b-pw cmPysØ sslµh P\-tIm-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw DØ-a-Xm-e-v-]-cy-ßsf h©n-°p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-am-bn-cn-°p-a-Xv. B \nebv°vsslµ-hm-[o-i-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Hcp cmjv{Sob kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-sb∂ Bi-bsØ lnµp-°fpw a‰p aX-k-aq-l-ßfpw H‰-s°-́ mbn FXn¿tØ aXn-bm-hq. Xo¿Øpw A\o-Xn-]q¿hhpw hnth-N-\m-]-c-hp-am-bn-cn°pw BBi-bw.

h¿Kob kwL-́ -\-Øn\p {]Xn-hn-[n-bmbn \ΩpsS Nne _p≤nPohn-Iƒ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ "imkv{Xob Imemhÿ'bv°mbp≈ Blzm\w


\Ωƒ sNdptØ aXn-bm-hq. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp -Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn®B ]Zw C∂pw Ahy-‡-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. imkv{X-⁄-∑mcpwkm[m-cW P\-ßfpw bmYm¿∞y-tØmSp ]pe¿tØ≠ imkv{Xobat\m-`m-h-amWp hnh-£nX-sa-¶n¬, AXns‚ XXz⁄m\-]-c-amb\ymbo-I-cWw, imkv{Xw kw_-‘n®p ]cym-]vX-amb Z¿i-\-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. B[p-\nIimkv{Xw {]mtbm-KnI hn⁄m-\-Øns‚Hcp apJym-bp-[-am-sW∂pw F∂m¬ ka-kvX-bm-Ym¿∞y-sØbpw ssI-Imcyw sNøm≥ AXp ka¿∞-a-s√-∂p-amWv C∂p an° imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cnepw imkv{XZm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cnepw hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. bmYm¿∞yw kw_-‘n® \ΩpsS Z¿i-\-Ønepw D®m-c-W-ØnepwIebpw kmln-Xyhpw kwkv°mcw samØ-Ønepw B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øn-\v- A-\p-]qc-I-ambn h¿Øn-°-Ww. \√-sX¥v? \oXn-]q¿h-I-am-b-tXXv? hmkvXhtaXv? F∂n-h-bpsS Z¿i-\obX kw_-‘n® Bg-Øn-ep≈ \ymbbp-‡-Nn¥ imkv{Xob \ymb-bp-‡-Xbv°p ]n≥_-e-am-I-Ww-. imkv{Xob Imem-h-ÿ-bpsS h‡m-°ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw imkv{Xob\ymb-bp-‡-X-bpsS ]¶v Aan-X-ambn s]men-∏n®p Im´p-I-sb∂ sX‰n-epw, h¿Ko-b-kw-L-´-\-Øns‚ \mcm-b-th-cmbn aXm-[n-jvTnX \ne-]m-Sns\ s]m¥n®p ImWn-°p-I-sb∂ sX‰nepw sN∂phogm-dp-≠v.

h¿Ko-bXbv°p FXn-cmb kacw Hcp _lp-apJ ka-c-am-bn-cn-°Ww-˛ -im-kv{Xob at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bpw, Ie, kmln-Xyw,kwkvImcw F∂n-h-bn-eq-sSbpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, h¿Kob kulm¿Zw,kXy-kvt\l kzmX-{¥y-ß-fn-ep≈ am\-knI sFIyw F∂n-h-bn-eq-sSbpw B kacw XpS¿∂p \S-°-Ww.

Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ sk°p-e-dn-ksØ ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf \mw am\n-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂, Hcp sk°p-e¿ cmjv{SØn¬ AXv ASn-t®-ev∏n-®p-Iq-sS∂p \mw Hm¿Øn-cn-°-Ww.-sk-°p-e-dnkw c≠p auenI {]ta-b-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv- ̨ -c≠pwXpey-\n-e-bn¬ Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-Wv. H∂m-asØ {]tabw: ]t©-{µnb-ßƒ°v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-amb temIw am{XamWp \ne-hn-ep≈ temIw.c≠m-a-tØXv: ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ hnI-kn-∏n® hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb\ymb-bp-‡X, bmYm¿∞ysØ a\- n-em°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøp-hm\pw XnI®pw ka¿∞-am-Wv.

Hcp A¿≤-a-Xm-flI {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amWv sk°p-e-dnkw. hfsck¶p-Nn-Xhpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-am-W-Xv. t{]c-W-bn-eqsS AXns\ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m≥ AXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v- ̨ -kz¥w ho£Wwt{]c-W-bn-eqsS {]tLm-jn-°p-hm≥ aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse Xs∂.

sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-Øn¬ sk°p-e-dn-khpw aXm-fl-I-Xbpw Hcpt]mse BZ-c-Wo-bamWv. F∂m¬, Hcp cmjv{Ssa∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw`c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-ambn sk°p-e-dn-k-sa∂ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn\p {]Xn-


⁄m-_-≤-cm-sW∂p hmZn-°p-∂Xp ̀ mcXw Hcp lnµp-cm-jv{S-am-sW∂phmZn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse h©-\m-fl-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.

Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, sk°p-e¿ {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ en_-d¬ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cpw, am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Ifpw Hs° h¿KobkwL´\-ß-tfbpw aX-k-aq-l-ßƒ°p {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ thW-sa∂p Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂h-tcbpw Hcp-t]mse FXn¿°p∂ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-ambn ssItIm¿Øp kl-I-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bmWp th≠-Xv.

P\m-[n-]Xyw

CtXmsS \Ωƒ ̀ c-W-L-S-\-bnse \mem-aXp hnti-j-W-Øn-te°phcp-∂p- ˛ -P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-cw. BZysØ {]tbmKw ""]c-am-[n-Imc P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªnIv'' F∂mbn-cp∂p. 1977 P\p-hcn 3˛se 42-˛mw t`Z-K-Xn-bn¬ AXv ""]c-am-[n-Imc tkmjy-enÃv sk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªn°v'' F∂p am‰n. Utam-{Ikn F∂m¬ A[n-Imcw P\-ß-fpsS Ic-ß-fn¬ F∂¿∞w. C∂p \ΩpsS dn∏-ªn-°n¬ CXn-tesd Hcp hntcm-[m-`m-k-an-√. thmń-eqsS P\-ßƒ KWy-amb A[n-Imcw {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ A[n-Imcw Ah¿°p Xo¿Øpw A{]m-]y-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. Xßƒ hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ A\yh¬°-cn-°-s∏-́ -Xmbn P\-ßƒhniz-kn°p∂p. cmjv{Sob]m¿ń-Iƒ thm´p-I-tfmSp {]XnIcn-°p-∂p-≠v.]t£, AXp an°-t∏mgpw hn`m-Ko-btam {]mtZ-inItam Bb A`y¿∞-\-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. thm´p-Iƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\p aXtam {]mtZ-in-I-XztamD]m-[n-bm-°p-tºmƒ \mw sk°p-e¿ XXz-ßfpw P\m-[n-]Xy XXz-ßfpw D√w-Ln-°pI Xs∂ sNøp-∂p.

{]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm£-amtbm aX-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cmjv{Sob I£n-Iƒ cq]-h-ev°-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ \ntcm-[n-®n-ń-√. thm´p \¬Im≥ h¿Ko-btamaX-]-ctam Bb Iqdn-t\mSv A`y¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw \ntcm-[n-®n-ń√.Hcp]t£ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp `c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-KXn Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. sk°p-e¿, P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂o hnti-j-W-ß-sfhni-Zo-I-cn®pw cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ aX-Øns‚ Zpcp-]-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-®pw-sIm-≠p≈ t`Z-K-Xn. Cu hyhÿ \njv]-£-ambn ]men-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈Xpw h¿Kob Nmbvhp-I-fn¬ \n∂p kzX-{¥-hp-amb PpUo-jy-dnbpwFIvkn-Iyq-óhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

\yq\]-£-ßƒ°p≈ {]tXy-Im-\p-Iq-ey-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp hm°v. CuB\p-Iq-eyßƒ Xmev°m-en-Ihpw tkm]m-[n-Ihpw Bbn-cn-°m-\mWvBZyw Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂-Xv. P\-ßƒ th≠-hn-[-Øn¬ Imcy-ßƒ {Kln-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Cu B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ ]n≥h-en-°phm-\p≈ {iawh¿Kob-kw-L-´-\-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°n-tb-°mw. Cu hyh-ÿ-I-fpsSXmev°m-en-I-kz-`mhw kZm apºn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. C∂sØ \ne-bn¬ Xmev°m-en-I-ambn Ah-bpsS Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏-‰nbpw AtX-


kabw sk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-jv{S-Øn¬ BXy-¥n-I-ambn Ah-bpsSAkmw-K-Xy-sØ-∏-‰nbpw \yq\-]£ I£n-I-tfbpw `qcn-]£ I£n-I-tfbpw XpS¿∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

hnhn[ aX-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS kzØ-h-Im-ihpw hnhm-lhpw kw_-‘n® {]tXyI N´-ßƒ°pw CXv _m[-I-am-°-Ww. ]cn-]-Iz-ambsk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªn-°n¬ Hcp s]mXp knhn¬tImUv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Cß-s\-sbmcp \nb-a-tØm-Sp≈ {]Xn-_-≤X ssI-hn-SmsX \mw P\-ßsf ˛ \yq-\-]£ kaq-l-ß-tfbpw `qcn-]£ kaq-l-ß-tf-bpw- ˛ -Xp-S¿∂p ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-Ww. Hcp s]mXp knhn-¬tImUv \S-∏n-em-°p-tºmƒ h¿KobkwL-́ -\-ßƒ D≠m-tb-°m-sa∂hkvXpX Xev°mew \ΩpsS {]h¿Ø\sØ \nb-{¥n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

F∂n-cn-°nepw, BXy-¥n-I-ambn sk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªn-°n\p am{Xta \nb-a-k-am-[m\w ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p-sh∂v\yq\-]-£-ßfpw ̀ qcn-]-£-ß-fp-amb aX-k-aq-l-ßƒ a\- n-em-°-Ww.aX-]-c-amb in£-Wtam {]tXyI aX-ßƒ t]m-eptam ASn-t®ev∏n-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂ t_m[hpw D≠m-I-Ww.

hnhm-lw, hnhm-l-tam-N\w XpS-ßnb hy‡n-K-X-ß-fmb Imcy-ß-fn¬ aX-]-chpw [m¿Ωn-I-hp-amb in£Ww \S-∏m-°¬ AXXp aX-k-aq-l-Øns‚ I¿Ø-hy-am-Wv; Hcp sk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ Npa-X-e-b√. s]mXp-[m¿Ωn-IX ssIImcyw sNømt\ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ \nb-a-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hq. a\p-jy-Po-h\pw kzØn\pwt\¿°p≈ A{I-a-ßƒ XS-bm\pw hg°pw kwL-´-\-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°m\pw kulm¿±hpw \oXnbpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw ]pe¿Øn ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m\pw dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ \nb-a-ßƒ \ap-°m-h-iy-am-Wv.

hnZym-`ymkw cmjv{S-Øns‚ IpØ-I-bm-°p-∂-Xn\p P\m-[n-]Xy-XXzw FXn-cm-Wv. kzm`m-hn-Ihpw ]cym-]vX-hp-amb coXn-I-fn¬ kz¥whnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\p {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ P\-ßƒ°v Ah-ImiwD≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]t£, \nc-£-c-Xtbm A⁄m\tam A\m-tcm-KytamAh¿°v hn[n-°-s∏-´-X-√. CsXms° C√mbva sNøm≥ cmjv{S-Øn\vDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v.

aX-k-aq-l-ßfpw sk°p-e¿ {]Xy-b-imkv-{X-°mcpw hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ßƒ \S-Øp∂ hnjbw {]tIm-]-\-tl-Xp-I-am-Wv. Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°pI P\m-[n-]Xyhncp-≤-am-bn-cn-°pw. cmjv{S-Øns‚hnZym-̀ ymk kwhn-[m\w {]Xybimkv{X-L-S-I-ßƒ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-∂-Xm-hmw. Nne-t∏mƒ h¿Kob LS-I-ßƒ AXn\p \ndw ]nSn-∏n-®p-sh∂pw hcmw. Ch-sbm∂pw P\-ß-fpsSta¬ ASn-t®-ev]n-°pIbp‡-a-√. \yq\-]£ kaq-l-ßƒ°pw ̀ qcn-]£ kaq-l-ßƒ°pw Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ (F-√m-h¿°pw {]th-i\ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≈-h) \S-Øm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂ XXzw AwKo-I-cn®pIgn-


™m¬, cmjv{S-Øn\p ]mTy-]-≤Xn kw_-‘n®p ]cn-an-X-amb Nne\nb-{¥-W-ßƒ thWw. CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ h¿Kob Iem-]-Ønt\mhntZz-j-Ønt\m hnØp ]mhp-I-bn-s√∂pw Ipń-I-fpsS a\- n¬ h¿Ko-b-amb B[n-]-Xym-i-b-ßƒ IpØn-h-bv°p-I-bn-s√∂pw t\m°m≥cmjv{S-Øn\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ kºq¿Æ-amb A[n-Im-c-ßƒ \yq\-]-£-k-aq-l-Øn\pw `qcn-]£kaq-l-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-√.

Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ hnj-bhpw hnIm-c-ßsf {]tIm-]n-∏n-°p∂ hnj-b-am-Wv. F√m ]uc-∑mcpwsImSp-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿ-amb \nIp-Xn-Iƒ ̀ mKn-I-ambn F√m-h-cp-tSbpwhnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ sNehp hln-°m≥ th≠n-bm-Wv. aX-k-aq-l-ßƒ\S-Øp∂ hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ cmjv{S-Øns‚ hnZym-̀ ymk[¿Ω-ßƒ `mKn-I-ambn \n¿h-ln-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew, Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p cmjv{S-Øns‚ ̂ ≠n¬ \n∂v B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb [\-k-lm-b-Øn\v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. AtX-k-abw `c-W-L-S\mhncp-≤tam, P\m-[n-]Xyhncp-≤tam Bb kn≤m-¥-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v,Ah \yq\-]£kaq-l-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-bmepw ̀ qcn-]£kaq-l-ßƒ\S-Øp-∂-Xm-bmepw, [\-k-lmbw \ntj-[n-°-Ww. a‰p aX-k-aq-l-ß-sf-∏‰n Bt£-]w, hntZz-jw, AkXyw F∂nh {]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßfpw C°q-´-Øn¬s]-Spw; Aß-s\-sbmcp L´-Øn¬ Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fn-se aX-t_m-[\w kwhn-[m\w sNøm≥ cmjv{S-Øn\p IS-a-bp≠v.P\m-[n-]XyXXzw ChnsS hfsc temehpw {]t£m-`tl-Xp-I-hp-ambHcp I¿Ø-hysØbmWv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nne-t∏mƒ h¿KobkwL´\ßƒ°pw A{I-a-ßƒ°pw AXp hgnacp∂n-́ p-sh∂pw hcmw.

sXc-s™-Sp∏v {]Nm-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS {]h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-tSbpw sNehv ̀ oa-ambn h¿≤n®psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂XpwCh-bpsS \√ ]¶pw h≥InS tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Ifpw Un^≥kv tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿amcpw knhn¬ tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿amcpw hln-t°≠n hcp∂psh∂XpwP\m-[n-]Xy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°p Xpc¶w hbv°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.Chbv°p cmjv{S-Øns‚ ̀ c-W-b-{¥-Øn-t∑¬ P\m-[n-]Xyhncp-≤-ambA[n-Imcw \¬Ip-∂p. an°-t∏mgpw CXv Zcn-{Z-cp-tSbpw Zp¿_e-cp-tSbpwXmev]-cy-ßƒ°p hncp-≤-am-bmWp sN∂psIm≈p-I. `c-W-L-S\-{]Imcw \mw ]pe¿Øm≥ _m≤y-ÿ-amb kmaq-ly\oXnsbt∏mepwAXv XInSw adn-°p-∂p.

C∂p \ΩpsS cmPyØp sk°p-e-dn-k-Øns‚ `mc-Xo-bm¿∞wkw_-‘n®p \S-°p∂ kwhmZw sk°p-e-ssd-tk-j≥, sk°p-e-dnkw,sk°p-e¿ tÃ‰v F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ A¿∞hyXymkw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ ]cm-P-b-Øm¬ hnI-e-am-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. tkmjy-en-Ãv,Utam-{Im-‰nIv, sk°p-e¿ tÃ‰v F∂ bYm¿∞ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂v""sk°p-e¿'' ]ZsØ th¿Xn-cn®v H‰-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {iahpw


AXns\ hnI-e-am-°p-∂p≠v. "sk°p-e¿' kn≤m¥w Hcp imkv{XobImem-h-ÿbv°pth≠n-bp≈ At\z-j-W-ambn C\w Xncn-®Xpwsk°p-e-dn-ksØ h¿Kob Iem-]-Øn\p adp-a-cp-∂mbn \n¿t±-in-®XpwB hnI-e-Xbv°p am‰pIq´p-∂p. \ΩpsS ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb {]Xn-_-≤-X-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ sk°p-e¿ F∂ ]Z-Øn\p aX-hp-ambnHcp _‘hpans√∂pw AXp aX-hn-cp-≤-am-sW∂pw hyh-l-cn-®Xpw hn\-bm-bn.

h¿Kobsshcw, Ass\-Iyw, kwL-́ -\w F∂n-h-bvs°-Xn-cmbn hym]-Ihpw sshhn-[y-an-b-∂-Xp-amb Hcp N¿®m-thZn kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bmWvC∂sØ Bh-iyw. P\-ß-fpsS s]mXp-i-{Xp-hns\ t\cn-Sm≥ sk°p-e¿ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-fp-tSbpw hnhn[ aX-ß-fp-tSbpw k∑-\- p≈A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v H∂n®p {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.

(Cw-•ojv teJ-\-Øns‚ ]cn-`m-j. ]cn-`m-j-I≥: Fw. Ipcy≥)


3h¿Ko-bX

sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-Øn¬Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hn-s\-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿ F√m Xe-ap-d-bnepw ]nd-

hn-sb-Sp-°p-∂n-√ ̨ \Ωp-tS-Xp-t]mse P\-s∏-cp∏w [mcm-f-ap≈ cmjv{S-Øn¬t]mepw. \ΩpsS A]-cym-]vX-X-Iƒ Fs¥ms°bmsW-¶nepws\lvdp cmjv{S-Øn\p apºn¬ h®n-´p≈ I¿Ø-hy-ß-fn¬ NneXv \mwGs‰-SpØp \n¿hlnt® aXn-bm-hq.

C¥y-bn¬ \mw ssIImcyw sNtø≠ ZpjvI-c-amb taJ-e-I-fnsem-scÆw, \ΩpsS P\-ßƒ A\p-h¿Øn®phcp∂ hn`n∂ aX-ßfpw cmjv-{Shpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-Wv. Ign™ \mep Zi-I-ß-fnse A\p-`-h-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ s\lvdp-hn-t‚bpw SmtKm-dn-t‚bpw Km‘n-Pn-bp-tSbpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-tSbpw Bi-b-ßƒ \mw hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≈ {]Imcw `mcXw sk°p-e¿tÃ‰v BWv. F∂m¬ AXn\p Xmßm≥ ]‰mØ Xc-Øn-ep≈ A¿∞-ßƒ sIm≠v B ]ZsØ \mw ̀ mc-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. s\lvdpPoh-t\mSncn-°p-tºmƒ C∂p \ap°p t\cn-tS≠nhcp∂ coXn-bn¬^≠-sa‚-enksa∂ {]iv\sØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Hcp atX-Xc cmjv{S-Øn¬ cmjv{Shpw cmjv{Sob LS-\bpw ̂ ≠-sa‚-en-ksØ Fßs\ ssIImcyw sNøp-sa-∂-Xns\∏‰n At±lwhni-Z-amb X{¥-ß-sfm∂pw sa\-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂n-√.

^≠-sa‚-en-k-Øn\p adp-a-cp-∂mbn sk°p-e-dnkw NnIn’mhn[n-bmbn Ipdn-°p∂ \ne-]mSv Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ sX‰m-sW∂v Rm≥hn\-b-]q¿∆w A`n-{]m-b-s∏´psIm≈-s´. {]iv\-]-cn-lmcw thsd-bm-Wv.Fs‚ ho£-W-Øn¬, ^≠-sa‚-enkw ˛ {InkvXo-b-am-bmepw C…m-an-I-am-bmepw, sslµ-h-am-bmepw, kn°p-Im-cp-tSXmbmepw ˛ A[n-I-]¶pw [m¿Ωn-I-ambn Zp¿_-eamb Hcp cmjv{Sob kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬sk°p-e-dn-k-Øn\p Iev]n-°p∂ Aan-X-amb Du-∂-en-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈{]Xn-I-c-W-amWv. \ΩpsS cmjv{S-Øns‚ BZy-Z-i-bn¬ s\lvdp cmjv{S-Øns‚ kmc-Yn-bmbn `c-W-N{Iw Xncn® \mfp-I-fn¬ At±lw hn`m-h\wsNbvX Xc-Øn-ep≈ sk°p-e-dn-k-Øn\p GXm-s≠mcp A¿∞-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Zp¿_e-cp-tSbpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-tSbpw t£a-Øn¬ X\n-°p≈ BImw£ {]Xn-̂ -en-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ sk°p-e-dn-kw. A∂sØ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ s\lvdp-hns‚ sk°p-e¿ kn≤m¥w`oj-Wn- D-b¿Øp-∂-Xmbn aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿°p t]mep-w tXm∂n-bn-√.

C∂v ÿnXn ]msS amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. cmjv{Sob kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS[m¿ΩnI X¥p-°ƒ Kpcp-X-camwhn[w Zp¿_e-ambn. tZiob \b-Øns‚


Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬ t]mepw ̨ \n¿h-lWZi-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp-Itb th≠˛ Zcn-{Z¿°pw a¿±n-X¿°pw \oXn-In-́ p-sa∂ bmsXmcp Dd∏pw P\-ßƒ°n-√m-sX-bm-bn.

P\m-[n-]Xyw \ΩpsS \m´n¬ C∂pw Icp-Øp-‰-Xm-sW-∂-Xn¬\ap°`n-am-\n°mw. Ipd™]£w U¬ln-bn-se-¶nepw arKob a¿±-\-ßƒ°n-c-bm-ImsX s]mXp{]t£m-`-W-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m\pw Xß-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ cmjv{S-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn\p ka¿∏n-°m\pw P\-ßƒ-°n∂pw ss[cy-ap-≠v, km≤y-X-bp-ap-≠v. ChnsS Fs¥-¶nepw km[n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ kwL-Sn-X-amb i‡n{]I-S\w th≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-WnXp hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWp h¿Ko-b-Xbpw ̂ ≠-sa‚-en-khpw Xg®p-hf-cp-∂-Xv. h¿Ko-bX, ̂ ≠-sa‚-en-kw, {]mtZ-inI Xmev]-cy-ßƒ CXn-s‚-sbms° ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhn[ {Kq∏p-Iƒ kwL-Sn®p i‡nkzcq-]n-°p-∂p. tZiob kzXzw sNdnb sNdnb {Kq∏p-Iƒ°p hgnamdp-∂p. Cu {Kq∏p-Iƒ kwL-Sn®v cmjv{S-Øn¬ \n∂p _ew {]tbm-Kn®pBh-iy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ DZy-an-°p-∂p.

h¿Ko-b-Xbv°p adp-a-cp-∂mbn sk°p-e-dnkw {]kw-Kn-°p-∂Xv \njv--̂e-ambn tXm∂p-∂p. {]iv\w hmkvX-h-Øn¬ aX-a-√, P\m-[n-]Xykaq-

l-Ønse A\o-Xn-bmWv. Ahn-sS-bmWp tcmK-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\p sX‰p]‰n-bXv. aX-am-bn-cp∂p {]iv\-sa-¶n¬ \n¿a-XXztam \mkvXn-I-Xztam ]cn-lm-c-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ {]iv\w \oXn e`n-°p-∂ns-√-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ (i‡n{]I-S\w IqSmsX), ]cn-lmcw ]cm-Xn-°m-c\pw a¿±n-X\pw\oXn e`y-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. At∏mƒ aXhpw `mjbpw {]mtZ-in-I-Xz-hp-sams° {Kq∏pXmev]-cy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ _e-{]-tbmKw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kuI-cy-]q¿h-amb D]m-[n-bmbnØocp-∂p.

`c-W-L-S\b\pkcn®v `mcXw ]c-am-[n-Imc tkmjy-enÃv sk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªnIv BWv. sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-sa∂ k¶ev]wtkmjy-enÃv P\m-[n-]Xy kz`m-h-tØm-Sp≈ Ahn-`mPy_‘-Øn¬\n∂p th¿s]-Sp-Øn ImWm\m-hn-√. P\m-[n-]Xy tkmjy-enÃvA√mØ Hcp sk°p-e¿ cmjv{Sw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ Hcp \oXo-I-c-W-hp-an-√, am¿§-hp-an-√. A\o-Xn-]q¿h-amb sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-Øn-\p P\-ßfpsS Iqdp t\Sm-\m-hn-√. \nbahyh-ÿ-bn¬ kmaqly\oXn Dd∏p-\evImØ Hcp cmjv{S-Øn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw {Kq∏n-khpw h¿Ko-b-Xbpw ^≠-sa‚-en-khpw {]mtZ-in-I-hm-Zhpw Xe-s]m-°pw.

Hcp tkmjy-enÃv cmjv{S-Øn¬ [\-Øns‚ ssIImcy I¿ØrXzwP\-ßƒ HsØm-cp-an-®m-Wv. B Ah-ÿ-bn¬ F√m-h¿°pw P\m-[n-]Xy\oXn Dd∏p\evIm-\m-hpw. C∂p \ΩpsS cmjv{Sob kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬ P\-ß-fmWp [\w Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿. ]t£ AXv ssI-Imcyw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿°v henb ]s¶m-∂p-an-√.


kzmX{¥yw In´nb kµ¿`-Øn¬ cmjv{Sw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn® hn`-P\-{]iv\-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Ønte sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-w F∂ Bibwa\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bq. Hcp `mKw C…m-anI cmjv{S-Øn\pth≠nhmZn-®-t∏mƒ at‰ ̀ mK-Øn\p lnµp-a-X cmjv{S-sa∂ {]tem-̀ \w BI¿-j-I-ambn tXm∂n. F¶nepw aXm-flI cmjv{S-sa∂ Bibw h¿Pn®psk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-sa∂ k¶ev]w A∂v AwKo-I-cn-®-tXmsS `mcXwcmjv{Sob]IzX {]Z¿in-∏n-®p.

At∏mƒ sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-sa∂ BibØn\p, cmjv{Sw Hcp{]tXyI aXsØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°pIbns√∂ A¿∞-am-Wp-≈-Xv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ aX-Øn-t‚tbm PmXn-bp-tStbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬cmjv{Sw hnthN\w ImWn®pIqSm -Xm-\pw.

\n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse Cu kn≤m¥w ]nev°m-eØvewLn-°-s∏-́ p. ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ ko‰p kwh-c-W-Øn-eq-tSbpw PmXnaXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tPmen°pw kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Iƒ°pw tIzm´m \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-tSbpw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°v {]tXy-Im-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-®-t∏m-gmWv CXv kw`-hn-®-Xv.

lcn-P-\-ßƒ°p≈ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Ah¿ lnµp-a-X-Ønepw kn°p-a-X-Ønepw hniz-kn-s®-¶n¬ am{Xta e`y-am-Iq F∂p \n›-bn-®-t∏mgpw`c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ewLn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. lcn-P-\-ßƒ C…m-an-tet°m {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-tet°m aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p∂ ÿnXn sk°p-e¿ kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ hy‡-amb ewL\w Xs∂.

A[-xÿn-X-cmb \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°p {]tXyI ]cn-c£ A\p-h-Zn-®-X√ sX‰v. \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v CØcw ]cnc£ \evIW-sa-∂XvP\m[n]XyØns‚ auenIXXz-amWv. \yq\-]-£-ßfpsS auen-I-mh-Im-i-ßsf _m[n-°p-∂Xpw ̀ qcn-]-£-Øns‚ Xme-v]-cy-ßƒ°p am{XwA\p-Kp-Whp-amb Xocpam-\ß-sf-Sp-°phm≥ `qcn-]£sØ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ Hcp P\m-[n-]Xycmjv{Sw Hcn-°epw hmkvXh-Øn¬ P\m[n-]Xycmjv{Sambncn°pIbn√. P\m[n-]Xy cmjv{S-Øn¬ ̀ qcn-]£ Xocp-am\-XXzsa∂ t]mse Xs∂ auenIamWo kn≤m-¥w. \yq\-]-£ßsf`qcn]£Øns‚ ZbmZm£nWyßƒ°p hn´psImSp°m\mhn√.

A[-xÿn-X-cmb \yq\-]-£Øn\p e`n-t°≠ {]tXy-Im-\p-IqeywHcp {]tXyI aX-hn-`m-K-Ønse AwK-Xz-tØmSv sI´-s∏´ \ne-bn-em-Ip-tºmƒ sk°p-e¿ cmjv{S-sa-∂ kn≤m¥w Xs∂ [zwkn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

aX-\yq-\-]£ß-fpsS kwh-c-Whpw tIzm´mbpsa∂ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ̀ c-W-L-S\ A\p-h-Zn-bv°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Imew Ign-™pIqSn-sb-∂-XmWv C¥y-bn-¬ C∂p- \ap°p t\cn-Sp∂ Zpc-\p-`-hw.Cu L´-Øn¬ `c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v \nbaw am‰p-∂-Xn\p \mw DZy-


an-°p-tºmƒ `c-W-L-S\ A\p-h-Zn®p \yq\-]-£-ßƒ A\p-`-hn®psIm≠n-cn-°p∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ ]n≥h-en-°-W-sa-∂ {]iv\w \sΩXpdn®pt\m°p-∂p. X∑qew C°m-cy-Øn¬ `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXnsNøpI cmjv{So-b-ambn A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn-´mWv ImWp-∂-Xv.

aXw kw_-‘n®p s\lvdp-hn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ [mc-W-Iƒ Pohn-Xm-¥y-tØm-S-SpØp hnπ-hm-flI-amw-hn[w amdn-b-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂p. BZy-amZyw aXsØ Hcp {]Xn-tema i‡n-bm-bmWv At±lw I≠-Xv.imkv{Xw cN-\m-flIi‡n-bm-Wv, aXw t\sc adn-®pw. ap∏-Xp-I-fpsSA¥y-Øn¬ C¥y≥ kb≥kv tIm¨{K-kn¬ s\lvdp C{]-Imcw{]kw-Kn®p:

""cmjv{S-aoamwk Fs∂ kmº-ØnIimkv{X-Øn-te°p \bn-®p.F√m {]iv\-ßƒ°pw Pohn-X-Øn\p Xs∂bpw imkv{Xob kao-]\wthW-sa∂v Aßs\ Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n. ]´nWn, Zmcn-{Zyw, ipNn-Xz-an-√m-bva, \nc-£-c-X, A‘-hn-izm-kw, \n¿÷o-h-amb Hcp aX]mc-ºcyw,hºn® hn`-h-ßƒ ]mgm-°¬, hn`h kar-≤-amb Hcp cmPyØv Bfp-Iƒ ]´nWn InS-°p∂ Ah-ÿ ˛ Cu {]iv\-ß-sfms° ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ imkv{X-Øn\p am{Xta Ignbq.''1

s\lvdp-hns‚ a\- n¬ imkv{Xw Cc-´-i-‡n-bm-Wv ˛ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-sa∂ \ne-bnepw, ]mc-º-cy-Øn-\pw aX-]-c-amb{]Xn-temaXbv°pw FXn-cmb kmaq-lyi‡nsb∂ \ne-bnepw.imkv{X-tØm-Sp-≈, s\lvdp-hns‚ {]Xn-_-≤X kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw hymh-km-bn-Ihpw Im¿jn-I-hp-amb Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. B {]Xn-_-≤X imkv{Xob lyqa-\n-k-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.BZy-Ime IrXn-bmb ""UnkvI-hdn Hm^v C≥Uy''bn¬2 s\lvdp CXn-s\-∏‰n Zo¿L-ambpw hmNm-e-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn°p-∂p.

BZy-Im-eØp s\lvdp-hn\p aX-Øns‚ t\¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ at\m-`mhw Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ C{]-Imcw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p:

""km[m-cWKXn-bn¬ aXw ssZh-Øn\p th≠ntbm ]c-am-flm-hn\pth≠ntbm D≈ Hct\z-jWambnØocp-∂p. aX-hn-izmkn kaq-l-Øns‚ \∑-tb-°mtfsd kz¥w c£-bn¬ {i≤ Du-∂p∂p. kwL-SnX aXw A\nhm-cy-ambpw \n£n]vX Xmev]-cy-ambn amdp-∂p. Aßs\AXv A\n-hm-cy-ambn ]cn-h¿Ø-\-tØbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-tbbpw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]Xn-tema i‡n-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.''3

sk°p-e-dn-k-tØmSpw imkv{Xob lyqa-\n-k-tØm-Sp-ap≈ s\lvdp-hns‚ {]Xn-_-≤X, aX-samcp {]Xn-tema i‡n-bm-sW∂ [mc-W-bn¬A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. Cu ho£-W-Øn¬ Pohn-Xm-¥y-tØm-S-SpØv am‰wh∂-Xmbn ImWmw. 1958 ̨ ¬ {]Ya auem\m BkmZv {]`m-jWw (C¥yC∂pw \msfbpw) \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ C¥y-bpsS aX-ss]XrIØn¬


IqSpX¬ cN-\m-fl-I-amb aqeyw At±lw Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. C¥y-bpsS AXyp¬IrjvS ̀ qX-Im-e-Øn\v At±lw \tam-hmIw A¿∏n-®p:

""hodpw hocyhpw At\z-j-W-Xz-c-bp-ap≈ Hcp P\-X, kzX-{¥-ambAt\z-jW_p≤n-s°mcp A`n-hm-RvO, C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw]pcm-X-\-Im-eØp Xs∂ Ah¿ ]cn-]-Izhpw kln-jvWpX hf¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp \mK-cn-I-Xbv°p km£yw hln-®p. Pohn-Xhpw AXns‚BÀm-Zßfpw `mc-ßfpw kzoI-cn®psIm≠v Ah¿ BXy-¥n-Ihpwkm¿∆-{Xn-I-hp-am-b-Xn-\p-th≠n tXSn Ae™psIm≠n-cp-∂p.... \-ΩpsShwiw _p≤-s\bpw D]-\n-j-Øp-°-sfbpw ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-tfbpwhnkva-cn-°p∂]£w F¥p kw -̀hn-°p-sa∂p Rm≥ ]et∏mgpw Nn¥n-°m-dp-≠v. Zo¿L-Im-e-ambn A´n-]n-Sn®p t]m∂Xpw bpKm-bp-K-ß-fmbnAXn\p sshinjvSyw \evIn-bn-cp-∂Xpw Bb ASn-ÿm-\-kz-̀ m-h-ßƒ\jvS-s∏´, thcp-Iƒ {Zhn® Hcp hwi-ambn AXp ]cn-W-an-°pw. C¥yC¥y-b-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cpw.''4

h¿Ko-b-X, aX-au-en-IX F∂o {]iv\-ßƒ°v c≠p hn[-Øn-emWv]cn-lm-c-ap-≈-Xv. sk°p-e-dn-ksØ adp-a-cp-∂mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ \n∂p XnI®pw hn`n-∂-am-W-Xv.

H∂m-a-tØXv G‰hpw {][m-\-am-Wv. IqSp-X¬ kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd∏p\evIp∂ Hcp kaqlw ˛ k¶p-Nn-Xhpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw aXm-fl-Ihpwh¿Ko-b-hp-amb Iqdp-I-fn¬ \n∂p hnap-‡-amb tI{µ-t\-Xr-Xz-tØmSpIqSnb Hcp kaq-lw. {Kq∏p i‡n IqSmsX Xs∂ \oXn- e-`n-°p-sa∂pP\-ßƒ°v Dd-∏p-≠m-bm¬ cmjv{So-b-ambn {Kq∏p-i‡n kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS Bhiyw C√m-Xm-Ipw.

c≠m-asØ am¿§w, C¥y-bnse F√m aX-ß-fnepw {]_p-≤hpwA`n-⁄-hp-amb aX-t\-XrXzw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F√m aX-Øn\pwk¶p-Nn-Xhpw X\-Xp-amb kzXz-ho-£-Whpw AtX-k-abw D¬-IrjvShpw IqSp-X¬ am\-hn-I-hp-amb Xpd∂ ho£-Whpw D≠v. Cuhncp≤i‡n-I-fpsS A\p-cRvP-\hpw ]p\¿hym-Jym-\hpw kz¥w aX-ss]-Xr-I-sØ-∏-‰nbpw \mw Pohn-°p∂ temI-Øns‚ kz`m-hsØ-∏‰nbpw \√ Adn-hp≈ Hcp aX-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \nt∂ D≠m-hp-I-bp≈p.\n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ \ΩpsS aX-t\-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ ]cn-io-e\w hfsc k¶p-Nn-Xhpw kz¥w aX-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ t{kmX p I≠p am{Xw \n¿_-‘n°pw-hn[w ]cn-an-X-hp-am-bn-t∏m-bn.

sslµh t£{X-ßƒ ]s≠-∂-tØ-°m-fp-]-cn-bmbn C∂v aX-kwL-S-\bv°pw aXm-flI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p-ap≈ tI{µ-ß-fmbn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

bp‡n-Nn-¥-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb \√ hnZym-̀ ym-khpw C∂sØ temI-Øns‚ bmYm¿∞y-ß-sf-∏‰n Ah-Km-lhpw t\Snb H´-t\Iw ]qPm-cn-Iƒ t£{X-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂-tXmsS [nj-Wm-im-en-Ifpw am\-hnI


aqey-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cp-amb Hcp ]pXn-b-bn\w sslµhaXw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev°pw. ap…nw tZhm-e-b-ß-fnepw {InkvXob k`-I-fnepw kn°vKpcp-Zzm-c-I-fnepw AXp-Xs∂ kw -̀hn-°-Ww. Cu hn[-Øn¬ aXw AXn-¬Øs∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p≈ Icp-Øp‰ i‡n-bm-bn-Øo-cpw. h¿Ko-b-X-tbbpw ^≠-sa‚-en-k-tØbpw sNdp-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

C¥y-bnse F√m aX-ß-fnepw {]_p-≤-cmb sshZn-I-K-W-Øns‚]cn-io-e-\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw ]n¥p-W-bv°m\pw klm-bn-°m\pw ˛\nb-{¥n-°m-\-√ ˛ tÃ‰n\p Ign-bpw. Aßs\ h¿Ko-b-Xbv°pw aX-Øns‚ Zp¿hn-\n-tbm-K-Øn\pw FXn-cm-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ aX-t\-Xr-XzsØ Xs∂ AWn-\n-c-Øm-\m-hpw. CXm-bn-cp∂p Atim-Is‚ ]cn-t{]-£y-hpw.

s\lvdp C∂v Pohn-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cu ho£-W-Ønse kXyw a\- n-em-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1958-˛se auem\m BkmZv {]`m-j-W-Øn¬At±lw ]d-™p:

""aXw Bh-iy-am-sW-¶nepw As√-¶nepw, DØ-a-amb Hcm-Z¿i-Øn-ep≈ hnizmkw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv ̨ \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn\p kmc-kØ \evIm\pw \sΩ H∂n®p\n¿Øm\pw. `uXn-Ihpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb ssZ\wZn\m-h-iy-ßƒ°p-a-∏pdw \ap-s°mcp Dt±iyt_m[wIqSntb Xocp.''5

1. J. S. Bright (ed) Before and After Independence - A Collection of the MostImportant Speeches delivered by Jawaharlal Nehru, 1922-1950, 2 Vols, NewDelhi, Indian Printing Works, no date, p. 292.

2. Calcutta, Signet Press, 1946. See especially the concluding peroration on pp.680-681.

3. J. Nehru, An Autobiography, London, The Bodley Head, 1955, p. 377.4. J. Nehru, A Toynbee and E. R. Attlee, India and the World, Allied Publishers,

New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, no date, p.45. op. cit. p. 8.

(Cw-•ojv teJ-\-Øns‚ ]cn-`m-j. ]cn-`m-j-I≥: Fw. Ipcy≥)


4\oXn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb

Hcp cmjv{Sw

]p\x-ÿm-]n-°pIh¿§o-b-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm\w aXtam?

]cn-lmcw aX\nc-t]-£-Xtbm?

h¿Ko-b-Xbv°v ImcWw aX-am-sW∂ Nn¥ ]e-cp-tSbpw a\- n-ep≠v. aXsØ, kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂v _ln-jv°-cn-®m¬ kaqlw t\sc-bm-bn-s°m≈pw F∂ A`n-{]mbw Nne k¿°m¿ {]ko-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ t]mepw ImWp-∂p-≠v.- sk≥{S¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ πm\nwKv IΩo-j≥ {]kn≤oIcn-°p∂ ""tbmP\'' F∂ amkn-I-bpsS Hcp e°w apgp-h≥ Cu A`n{]mbw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n πm\nwKv IΩo-j≥Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. B A`n-{]m-bsØ Gsd-°psd ]n≥Xm-ßn-s°m≠v, ̀ mc-X-Ønse ]e \√ imkv{X-⁄-∑mcpw teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

B e°-Øns‚ apJy-Nn¥ Cw•o-jn¬ “Why live with nonsense?”(A¿∞-cm-ln-Xy-tØmSv F¥n\v kl-Po-hn-°-Ww) F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.A¿∞-cm-ln-Xy-sa∂ ]Zw-sIm≠v aX-sØ-X-s∂-bmWv hnh-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v e°w apgp-h≥ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\- n-em-Ipw. AXns‚H∂mw `mK-Øns‚ io¿jIw ""aXsØ AdÃv sNøpI'' (Arrest Reli-gion!) F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. B e°-Øn¬ teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xnb ]n.- F≥.-l-kvI-dn-s\bpw Fw.- Pn.- sI.- ta-t\m-s\bpw t]mep≈ ]e kp{]kn-≤cpw Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv tbmPn-®n-s√-¶n-epw, aX-Xo-jvW-X-bnemWvh¿Ko-b-X-bpsS thcv F∂ A`n-{]mbw Ah-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fnepw {]Xn-^-en-®n-cp-∂p.

aXsØ cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ D]-tbmKn°ptºm-gm-Wv, h¿Ko-bX Fs∂m-∂v D¤q-X-am-Ip-∂Xv F∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿°v Adn-bmw. Hcp {]tXyIhn`m-K-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°v, kaq-l-Ønse a‰v hn`m-K-ß-fpsSXmev]-cy-tØ-°mƒ ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-hm-\pw, B Xmev]-cy-ßƒkwc-£n-°m≥ th≠n ka-c-Øn-\n-d-ßp-hm\pw, a‰p hn`m-K-ß-fptSta¬A{I-a-hpw, kΩ¿±hpw sNep-Øp-hm-\pap≈ {]h-W-X-bv°mWv \mwh¿Ko-b-X-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXv Hcn-°epw aX-Øns‚ \√ hi-ßƒkwc-£n-°p-hm-\-√. {]XypX aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS kzImcyXmev]-cy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ th≠n am{X-am-Wv. F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw auen-I-amb D]-tZiw ""temIm kakvXm kpJnt\m `h¥p''˛ temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m a\p-jycpw kzmX-{¥y-tØmSpw kpJ-tØmSpw IqSn Pohn-


°-W-sa-∂m-Wv. h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS {]tXy-I-X, aXm-\p-bm-bn-XzsØ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS D¬°¿j-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°msX, kzImcy Xmev]-cy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂-Xp-am-Wv.

kz¥-a-XsØ Bflm¿∞-ambn kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw AtX-k-a-bw-Xs∂, a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS Dev°¿j-Øn-\m-bn, A£oW]cn-{iaw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp∂ At\Iw kplr-Øp-°ƒ F√m aX-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. Ah-cpsS aX-Xo-£vW-X-bpw, A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS \ymb-amb Xmev]-cy-ß-fp-ambn kwL¿j-sam-∂p-an-√. Aß-s\-bp≈ aX-Xo-£vW-X-h¿Ko-b-X-bn-te°v hgn \bn-°p-∂Xpan√.

1978-̨ ¬ sk≥{S¬ Kh¨sa‚ v G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb ssat\m-dn-‰okv IΩo-js‚ {][m\ Dt±iyw \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS \ymb-amb Xmev]-cy-ßsfkwc-£n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. {]kvXpX IΩo-js‚ \n¿tZ-i-ß-fn¬{][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv sk°p-e¿ ]mc-º-cysØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, tZiobsFIyw (National Intergration) ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pwth≠n-bp≈ Hcp Ipcn-ipbp≤w Xs∂ \S-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.1984˛¬ {][m-\-a{¥n Cµn-cm-Km‘n sNbvX Hcp {]kw-K-Øn¬ ]d-™Xv ""`mc-X-Øns‚ B`y-¥c kpc-£n-XXzw kpÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬Aßs\ Hcp Ipcn-ipbp≤w Bh-iy-amWv'' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv{][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbn h∂ {io.- cm-Pohv Km‘n \yq\-]£ kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn Hcp ]Xn-\-©n\ ]c-n]mSn Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw `mcX-Ønse hnZym-`ymk]≤-Xn-bn¬ s]mXp-sh, sk°p-e¿ aqey-ßsft{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-W-sa∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu A`n-{]m-bKXnbn¬ ImWp∂ Hcp {]tXyI XXzw {Kq∏vsFU‚n-‰nsb ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ th≠n, Hcp hiØv \mj-W¬ sFU‚n-‰nbpw adp-h-iØv hy‡n-bpsS sFU‚n-‰nbpw IqSp-X¬ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ CXp-h-sc-bp≈ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn¬H∂pw Cu c≠v ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßfpw hf-sc-b-[nIw hnPbw ssIh-cn-®n-´p≠v F∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√.

`mc-X-Ønse h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS ]pd-In-ep≈ h≥i‡n hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±-am-sW∂v hmZn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ipsd-sbms° ]c-am¿∞-ap-≠v. \ΩpsS cmPyØv h¿Kob hntZzjw \´p-h-f¿Øp∂Xn\pw AXn-¬\n∂v kwL¿j-ßƒ kwPm-X-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]m°n-ÿm≥ am{X-a√ a‰v ]e h≥InS cmjv{S-ßfpw Imcy-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p≠v F∂p-≈-Xn\v C∂v [mcmfw sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. ]t£ Imivao-cnse h¿KobkwL¿jw apgp-h\pw ]pd-ta-\n∂v Df-hm-°nbXmsW∂v ]d-™m¬hne-t∏m-hn-√. Ign™ Aº-tXmfw h¿j-ß-fm-bn-´p≈ ̀ mcX k¿°m-cns‚ _p≤n-tam-i-ßƒ B h¿§o-b kwL¿j-Øns‚ {][m\-Im-c-Wßfn-sem-∂m-Wv. h¿Ko-b kwL¿jw Df-hmIpw F∂v ̀ b-ap≈ HcpkwL-sØ, X{¥-ßfpw D]m-b-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-Xn-


\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂v am{X-a√ Aß-s\-bp≈ ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ sIm≠v \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v tI{µ-k¿°m-cn-t\m-Sp≈ DØ-a-hn-izmkw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-tXmsS h¿Ko-b-Xbv°v _ew h¿≤n-°p-I-bp-amWv bYm¿∞Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

1947 ˛¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ ]c∂ h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS hnjw Ipd-s®-¶n-ep-sam-s° ian-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ph-l¿em¬ s\{lp-hns‚ ""sk°p-e¿ tÃ‰v(Secular State) F∂ Bibw klm-bn®p F∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an-√. F√m-h¿°pw Hcp-t]mse \oXn e`n°pw F∂p≈ hnizmkw `mc-X-P-\-X-bpsS Hcp henb hn`m-K-Øn\v s\lr Kh-s◊‚n-s\-°p-dn®v D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]tXy-In®pw \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ Ah-Imi kwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈Hcp {]tXyI {i≤ s\{lp Kh-s◊‚n\pw s\{lp IpSpw-_-Øn\pwD≠m-bn-cp-∂p F∂Xv kΩ-Xn-t°≠ Imcy-am-Wv. s\{lp-hns‚ ImeØvXs∂ AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn Hcp \o°w k¿Zm¿ ]t´¬, tKmhnµ h√`]m‚ v apX-emb {]K-ev`-cmb `mc-Xob t\Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v D≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXns\ kss[cyw sNdpØp\nev°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp hy‡nhnem-k-am-bn-cp∂p s\{lp-hn-t‚-Xv. \yq\-]£ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ sk≥{S¬ Kh¨sa‚ v kwc-£n-®p-sIm-≈pw, tI{µ-k¿°m-cn¬\n∂v \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v \oXn e`n-°p-sa∂ hnizmkw \yq\-]-£-ß-fn¬ Df-hm-°n-b-Xnepw B hy‡nhnem-k-Øn\v {][m-\-amb ]¶p-≠v.`mjm-[n-jvT-nXtam aXm-[n-jvTn-Xtam Bb bmsXmcp h¿Ko-b-Xbv°pws\{lp Iq´p\n¬°n-s√∂v P\-ß-ƒ°v ]cs° t_m[yw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.A°m-eØv `mc-X-Øn¬ h¿Ko-b kwL¿jw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p.s\{lp-hns‚ Ime-Øn\v tij-amWv Xt±-ihpw `qcn-]£ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp-Xcw {]tXyI h¿Ko-bX `mc-X-Øn¬ Xe-s]m-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. ap…ow-ßƒ°pw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw ]pdwtemIØp \n∂pw [\-k-lmbw e`n-°p∂p Fs∂m-cmtcm]Ww ̀ qcn-]£ aX-hn-`m-K-Ønse Nne ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-°m¿ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ CS-bm-bn. AtXmsS lnµp-a-X-Øn¬ Xs∂-bp≈ ]nt∂m-°hn`m-K-ßƒ°v {_m“W ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v Nne Nn¥-Ifpw]c-∂p. DØ-tc-¥y-bnse lnµn-ta-J-e-bnse ta[m-hn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v ̀ mc-X-Øns‚ hS°p ]Sn-™mdpw hS°p Ing-°pw, sX°p-ap≈ At\IwZi-e£w P\-ßƒ°v {]Xn-tj[hpw Bcw-`n-®p.

CXn-s‚-sb√mw ]pd-In-ep≈ kp{]-[m\ bmYm¿∞y-ß-ƒ c≠m-Wv.s\{lp-hns‚ Imew Ign-™-tXmsS cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXpXmev]-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n i‡n-tbmsS \nesIm≈p∂ Hcp tI{µ t\XrXzw C√m-sX-bm-bn. {ioaXn Cµn-cm-Km‘n t]mepw cmjv{Sob Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n IpSpw-_-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂pw X\n°v e`n-®n-cp∂ Bi-b-ßsf _en-I-gn®v `qcn-]£ hn`m-K-Ønse Nne h¿Kob t\Xm-°-fp-ambn clky DS-º-Sn-Iƒ D≠m-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS tI{µ k¿°m-cn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ `mc-Xob P\-X-bpsS DØa hnizm-k-Øn\v kmc-amb


tIm´w X´n. tI{µ-Øn¬ \n∂v F√m-h¿°pw \oXn e`n-°p-sa∂v Aev]-sa-¶nepw {]Xo-£-bp-≈-t∏mƒ h¿Ko-b-Xbv°v henb ]n≥_ew In´p-I-bn-√. F∂m¬ tI{µw Xs∂ {]tXyI hn`m-K-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-ßƒkwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ne-sIm≠v Ign-bp-tºmƒ ̀ mjm-[n-jvTn-X-ambpw,aXm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bpap≈ h¿Ko-b-X-Iƒ Xe-s]m-°n-Øp-S-ßp-sa-∂p≈Xvkzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. C∂sØ h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS {][m\ ImcWw tI{µ-Øn¬ \n∂pw \oXn Hcp-t]mse e`n-°p-sa-∂p≈ DØ-a-hn-izmkw C√m-sX-t]mbXmWv. \oXn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp cmjv{Sw ̀ mc-X-Øn¬]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-I-bmWv ]cn-lm-c-am¿Kw F∂v i‡-ambn hniz-kn-°p∂ Hcm-fmWv Rm≥. tZio-b-hn-Imc sFIy-Øn\pw sk°p-e¿ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ t{]m’m-l-\-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ Ipcniv bp≤-ßƒh¿Ko-b-Xbv°v ]cn-lm-c-a-s√∂v F\n°v DØa hnizm-k-am-Wv.

C∂sØ h¿§ob kwL¿j-ßƒ°p ]n∂n-ep≈ c≠m-asØ{][m\ Imc-Ww, hntZ-i-\-b-Øn¬ \ap°v ]‰n-bn-´p≈ Nne t]mcm-bva-I-fm-Wv. \ΩpsS hntZ-i-\bw s\{lphns‚ ImeØv Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv, \ΩpsS B`y-¥c \b-tØ-°mƒ \oXn-bp-‡-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Rm≥ B-flm¿∞-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. \ntbm-sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-k-Øns‚ i‡n 1945 apX¬ temI-hym-]Iambn hf¿∂v hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn ss[cy-tØmSpw i‡n-tbmSpwIqsS \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Hcp A¥m-cm-jv{Sob hn`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥.1947˛¬ `mc-X-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, tkmhn-b‰vbqWn-b≥ hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-®n-´p≠v F∂v F√m-h¿°pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. \ΩpsS kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿnXn Aev]-sa-¶nepw B¥-coI kzmX{¥yw D≈-Xm°n Xo¿°p-hm≥ th≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ°v i‡n-bmb FXn¿∏mWv {_n´¨, P¿Ω\n, Ata-cn° apX-emb cmjv{S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \Ωƒ°v e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnIhn⁄m\w Bh-iyw-t]mse Ic-ÿ-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-amb Dcp-°ns‚Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ t]mepw hne-ßp-X-Sn-bmbmWv BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ßƒ \n∂n-´p-≈-Xv. Ah-cpsS Dev]-∂-ßfpsS A\p-t`m-P-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp henb Itºm-f-am-bn-´mWv `mc-XsØ Ah¿ A°mewapX¬ Ct∂mfw I≠p-h-∂n-́ p-≈-Xv. Hcp Ão¬an¬ XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v Ata-cn-°bpw P¿Ω-\nbpw Cw•≠pw Hcp-t]mse klmbw \ntj-[n® kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ Hcp Ão¬ an¬ D≠m-°p-hm≥\sΩ klm-bn-®-Xv. AsX-Øp-S¿∂p am{X-amWv ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fpwKXy-¥-c-an-√msX Ipsd-sbms° kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m-\obw ]I¿∂p-X∂v Ipd-sbms° \sΩ klm-bn-°m≥ apXn¿∂-Xv. CXp-X-s∂-bmWvs]t{Smƒ Kth-j-W-Ønepw \ΩpsS A\p-`-hw.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS hntZ-i-\bw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚hntZ-i-\-b-tØmSv ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw tbmPn°m≥ XpS-ßn. tkmhnb‰p


bqWn-b-\n¬ A`y-¥-c-am-bn-́ p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ãmen-\nÃv ta[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚{]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipsd-sbms° \Ωƒ°v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂pF¶nepw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ FXn¿∏n\v ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°m-sX,tkmhnb‰v bqWn-bs\ \ΩpsS {][m\ klm-bn-bmbn \mw kzoI-cn-®-Xv ]m›mXycmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ kΩ¿±-tØbpw NqjW hy{K-X-tbbpw sNdpØp\n¬°p-hm≥ \Ωƒ°v kzbtah Ign-hn-√m-ØXpsIm≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

tkmhnb‰v bqWn-bs‚ ]n≥Xm-ß-temSpw klm-b-tØmSpw IqSn,]m›mXy apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS temI-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\p≈]cn-{i-a-Øn\v \msamcp {][m\ hne-ßp-X-Sn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. AtXm-Sp-IqSn ̀ mc-XsØ Ań-a-dn-°p-hm-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬\n∂v [mcm-f-am-bn-́ p≠mbn. ̀ mc-Xob sslµh ̀ qcn-]-£-hp-ambn \yq\-]-£-ßsf kacw sNøn-°p-hm-\pw, lnµn-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn\v FXn-cm-bn,Xan-gv\mSp t]mse-bp≈ sX°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ i‡-amb Hcpaqhvsa‚ v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw cl-ky-Øn¬ hntZ-i-k-lm-b-ap≠mbn F∂p-≈Xv sXfn-bn-°m≥ A{X Ffp-∏-a-s√-¶nepw Duln-s®-Sp-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap-≈-X-√. Ata-cn-°bn¬ {]kn-U‚ v sdbvKÄ[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn, sshkv{]-kn-U‚ v tPm¿Pv _pjns‚t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kn.- sF. F. t]mse-bp≈ clky kwL-S-\-I-fpsSB`n-ap-Jy-Ønepw A´-nadn {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ {]kcw \ΩpsS \mń-ep-≠m-bn. Ign™ Ccp-]Xv h¿j-ß-tfm-f-ap≈ \ΩpsS h¿Kob Ie-l-ß-fn¬ hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fpsS De stabilization tactics Hcp {][m\ ]¶mWvCt∏mgpw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv. AsXm-∂p-IqSn Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v{]kn-U‚ v ¢n‚Wpw Xøm-dm-sW∂v At±lw Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p. ]m°n-ÿm≥ Imivao-cn¬ D≠m-°p∂ {]iv\-ßƒ Cu BtKmf hym]-I-amb Ań-adn {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Hcp {][m-\-apJw am{X-am-Wv. De stabili-zation tactics s‚ Hcp {][m\ XXzw AXn¬ Ata-cn-°bv°pw a‰v]m›mXy cmPy-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ]¶v Ign-bp-∂{X Hfn®ph®n-´v, ]m°n-ÿm-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ a‰v cmjv{S-ß-sfbpw `mc-X-Øn¬ Xs∂-bp≈{]tXyI i‡nhn`m-K-ß-sfbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ChnsS h¿KobIem-]-ßƒ Df-hm-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv \mw IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX \ΩpsSh¿KobXm{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ \mj-W¬ C‚-t{K-j\pw sk°p-e¿ {]n≥kn-∏nƒkn\pw th≠n-bp≈ Ipcniv bp≤w sIms≠m∂pw \S-°p-I-bn-√.

`mc-X-Øn¬ B¥-cnI Ie-l-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-hm-\p≈ _mly-i‡n-I-fpsS ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ sNdpØp\n¬°p-hm≥ C∂v tkmhn-b‰vbqWn-b≥ t]mep≈ Hcp h≥i-‡n-bpsS klmbw e`y-a-√. kmº-Øn-I-ambn BtKm-f- I-tºmf hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Hc-hn-̀ mPy LS-I-ambnIgn-™n-cn-°p∂ `mc-X-Øn\v Cu kΩ¿≤sØ sNdp-°m≥ kmº-Øn-I-amtbm ssk\n-I-amtbm i‡nbn√. ]m›mXy cmPy-ßƒ \ΩpsS


a≤y-Øn¬ A´n-adn {]ÿm-\-ßƒ aptºm´psIm≠p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ GI-am¿§w \ΩpsS P\-ßƒ Xs∂ AXns\ sNdp-°pI F∂p-≈-XmWv. F∂m¬ P\-ßƒ°pw hy‡n-Iƒ°pw Nn√d B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ sImSpØv Ahsc hio-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]≤-Xn-bm-Wn-t∏mƒ D≈Xv.Aß-s\-bp≈ ]≤-Xnsb sNdp-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp hntZ-io-b-\bw Df-hm-°p-hm≥ \Ωƒ°v kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ssk\n-I-ambpw i‡n-bn-√.

Nn√d {]tem-̀ -\-ßƒ°p- th≠n h¿Ko-bX krjvSn-°p-hm-\p≈ {]h-WX \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ ]e hy‡n-Iƒ°pw {Kq∏p-Iƒ°pw D≠v. CXv]cn-l-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ GI-am¿§w, \oXn-bp-‡-amb Hcp kmº-ØnIcmjv{Sob hyh-ÿnXn `mc-X-Øn¬ sI´-ns∏-Sp-°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv.AXv km[n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc h¿Ko-bX ̀ mcX-Øn¬ CS-bv°nsS Xe-s]m-°n-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-sa-∂p-≈Xv \mw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp \·-bm-Ym¿-∞yw BWv.

h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS aqe-Im-cWw aX-a-√, aXsØ cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒkzIm-cy-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°p- th-≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xp-a-√.Cu cmPyØv km[m-c-W-°m-c\v \oXn e`n-°p-sa∂v DØ-a-t_m≤ywhcpI am{X-amWv h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS ]cn-lm-cw. h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS auenIImcWw A\oXn \nd™ Hcp hyh-ÿn-Xn-bm-Wv. B hyh-ÿn-XnsbASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn hyXym-ks∏-Sp-ØmsX h¿Ko-bX amdn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂vtXm∂p-∂n-√.

aX-ku-lm¿±sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv XnI®pw A`n-Im-ay-amWv. aXsØ cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ th≠n \nb-a-ßƒ D≠m-°p-hm≥ \ap°v km[n-®mepw B \nbaßsf \S-∏n¬hcp-Øp-hm≥ \Ωƒ°{X Ffp-∏-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√.

aX-ku-lm¿±w hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ h¿Ko-bXAtijw Xe-s]m-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm\pw Hcp sNdnb \n¿tZiw Cu kZ- n\v apºmsI Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Rms\s‚ eLp {]kwKw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\mWv Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw XΩn¬ th¿s]-Sp-ØpI (Seperation of Religionand Politics), ̀ mcXwt]mse ̀ qcn-]£w t]cpw aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn-´p≈Hcp cmPyØv {]mh¿Øn-I-am-Ip-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√.

aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw XΩn¬ ""th¿s]-Sp-Ø¬'' A√ \Ωƒ°m-hiyw. `mcXw t]msebp≈ cmPy-Øv, aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw XΩn¬,k¿Km-fl-I-amb Hcp _‘w ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-Wm-h-iyw. CXv sk°p-e¿ {]n≥kn-∏n-fn\v hntcm-[-am-sW-¶nepw a\p-jy-\-∑bv°v Bh-iy-amWv.

C∂v ]c-kv]cw kwL¿j-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ aX-t\-Xm-°ƒ°v, Hcp-an®v IqSn kwkm-cn-°-phm-\p≈ thZn H∂pw C√. kwL¿j-Øn-encn-°p∂ aX-ßƒ am{X-a√, a‰v aX-ßfpw Hcp s]mXp-th-Zn-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v Xs∂ klm-bn-°-Ww. B≠n¬ Hcn-°tem c≠p


{]mhiytam ktΩ-fn-°p∂ Hcp ""aX-]m¿e-sa‚ v'' ChnsS D¤q-X-am-IWw. AXn\v Kh¨sa‚ v ap≥ssI FSp-°-Ww. Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcp]m¿e-sa‚n¬ aX-t\-Xm-°ƒ am{X-a√, ]ptcm-K-a\ Nn¥-bp-≈h-cmbnF√m aX-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ hy‡n-Ifpw kw_-‘n-°-Ww. Cß-s\-bp≈]m¿e-sa‚n¬ Hcp aXhpw a‰v aX-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ kΩ¿±w sNep-ØmØHcp kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°-Ww. Cu aX-]m¿e-sa‚ v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ B≠n¬ Hcn-°tem c≠p {]mh-iytam Hcp-an®v IqSn-bn v́ h¿KobkwL¿j-sØ-∏‰n am{X-a-√, cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-t£-a-Øn-\m-h-iy-ambF√m Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw KmV-ambn Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw A`n-{]mbw cq]-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. Ht∂m ct≠m BgvN-sb-¶nepw Cu aX-]m¿e-sa‚ v IqS-Ww. AXnse hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn\v klm-b-I-ambn ka-{K-amb ]T-\-ßƒ ap≥Iqń D≠m-I-Ww. Cu aX-]m¿e-sa‚n\v Hcpdnk¿hv ^≠v IqSn D≠m-I-Ww. AXv IqSmsX Hcp {S_nƒ jqńwKvhnwMv IqSn D≠m-IWw. kwL¿jw D≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Cu ""{S_nƒ jqńwKv hnwMv'' t\ctØ Xs∂ kµ¿in®v cay-X-bpsS ]mX-Iƒ krjvSn-°-Ww.

Ct∏mƒ Kh¨sa‚ v Hcp ""sat\m-dn-‰okv IΩo-j≥'' D≠m-°n-bn-´p≠v. AXn¬ GXm\pw hy‡n-Iƒ am{Xta D≈q. am{X-hp-a√ `qcn-]£ kaq-l-Øns‚ {]m[n-\n-Xy-hp-an-√. F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw {]mXn-\n-Xy-ap-≈Xpw P\-ßƒ _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xp-amb A™q-tdmfw AwK-ßƒ Cu ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ D≠m-I-Ww. AXn\v Hcp sk{I-´-dn-tb‰pw_UvP‰pw Kth-jW hn`m-Khpw {]mh¿ØnI hn`m-Khpw F√mw D≠m-IWw. CXv k¿°m¿ hnNm-cn-s®-¶nte \S-°p-I-bp-≈p. aX-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h≥ t£a-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v Cu ]m¿e-sa‚ v hnth-I-_p-≤n-tbmsS{]h¿Øn-°-Ww. aX-t\-Xm-°-∑msc ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p∂ ÿm]\ß-fnepw Cu ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ {i≤ sN√-Ww. k¶p-Nn-X-amb a\-ÿnXnCu ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ DZn-®p-b-cm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n a\p-jy-cm-insbapgp-h-\mbn kvt\ln-°p∂ aX-t\-Xm-°sf hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww.

aX-ß-fpsS B¥-cnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ ssII-SØWsa-∂√ Cu \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. t\sc-a-dn®v aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ Xs∂ ]c-kv]c DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw Bfl-\n-b-{¥-Whpw ]cn-io-en-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp thZn-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww Cu ]m¿e-sa‚ v.

AXns‚ {]mtbm-KnI \n¿t±-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Zo¿L-ambn N¿®sNøp-hm≥ Chn-sS-bp-t±-in-°p-∂n-√. h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ tZiobXtbm, hy‡n-hn-em-ktam am{Xw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øm¬t]mcm. aq∂v Imcyß-fmWv Rm≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv:

1. kaq-l-Øn¬ \oXn h¿≤n-°-Ww. F√m-h¿°pw \oXn e`n°pwF∂ t_m≤yw P\-a-[y-Øn¬ s]mXpsh D≠m-I-Ww.


2. _mly-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±-ßfpw Ań-adn {]ÿm-\-ßfpwkw_-‘n®v th≠{X sXfnhv tiJ-cn®v A¥m-cmjv{S A`n-{]mb afi-e-ß-fn¬ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw Cß-s\-bp≈ Ań-adn {]ÿm-\-ßƒ°vFXnsc \ΩpsS P\-ß-sfbpw temI-P-\-X-sbbpw AWn-\n-c-Øp-IbpwsNø-Ww.

3. aX-t\-Xm-°fpw Hmtcm aX-Øn-sebpw a\p-jym-\p-`m-hn-I-fmbNn¥-I-∑mcpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp kZ v Kh¨sa‚ v klm-b-tØmsSF∂m¬ Kh-s◊‚ns‚ \nb-{¥Ww IqSmsX DS-se-Sp-°-Ww.

Cu aq∂v Imcy-ß-fnepw F√m aX-ßfpw ap≥ssI FSpØv {]h-¿Øn-°p-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂p-≈-XmWvh¿Ko-b-X-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ aX-ß-fpsS {][m\ Npa-X-e.

(t{]m Hmdn-bt‚ ût≠-js‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Xncp-h-\¥-]pcwbqWn-th-gvkn‰n sk\‰v lmfn¬ 1995 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛\v \S∂ ""hf-cp∂ h¿Ko-bX Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ'' F∂ skan-\m-dnse apJy{]`m-j-Ww)


5\ap-°m-hiyw k¿∆-a-X-

kw-{Km-ln-bmb

Hcp hniz-\m-K-cn-IX

ae-bmfn kplr-Øp-°-sf, tIcf ktlm-Z-c-ßsf,

F. sI. Pn. ]T\ Kth-jW tI{µ-Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Ign-™-h¿jw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp h®v {]Xo-£-bn-e-[nIw hnP-b-I-c-ambn\S∂ tIcfm ]T\ tIm¨{K-kns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn tImgn-t°mSv tIfpG´≥ ]T-\-tI{µ-Øn¬ h®p \S-°p∂ Cu {XnZn\ skan-\m-dn¬ Rm≥kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xv AXoh Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-tØmSpw {]tXyI {]Xo-£-tbm-Sp-am-Wv.

"aX-\n-c-t]£ tIcfØntebv°v' F∂ skan-\m-dns‚ hnjbwF\n-bv°{X kpJ-am-bn v́ tXm∂n-bn-√. "tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp aX\nct]£cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn-te°v' F∂v ]d-™n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Iptd-°qsSkzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f- k-aq-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw]q¿Æ-ambn aX-\n-c-t]-£-am-Ip-sat∂m BI-W-sat∂m F\n-bv°-`n-{]m-b-an-√. "aXw tIc-fo-b -k-aq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-bnepw hnIm-k-Ønepwhenb ]¶p hln-®p' F∂v skan\m¿ £W-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p-≠-t√m. `mhn-bn¬ tIc-f kaq-l-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn¬ aXw Hcp]¶pw hln-°-cp-sX∂v F\n°v Nn¥n-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap≠v.

"Hcp sk°p-e¿ tÃ‰n\p' th≠n Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc a‰p-≈-h-scmØv]cn-{i-an-°m≥ Rm≥ Xøm-dm-Wv. ]t£, Hcp "sk°p-e¿ skmssk‰n'As√-¶n¬ Hcp "sk°p-e¿ kwkvImcw' F∂ e£yw Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kzoIm-cy-a-√. XnI®pw aX-\n-c-t]-£-amb Hcp tIcfwFs‚ e£y-ß-fn-sem-∂-√. Imc-W-ßƒ ]n∂mse hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≈mw.

1. kaq-lhpw cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿn-Xnbpw (Society and Polity)Hcp kaq-l-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb kwkvIm-chpw ]mc-º-cyhpw D≠v.

aXw C√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿°pw aXm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°pw kl-I-cn®v{]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw Hcp-an®p Pohn-°m\pw km[y-X-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°Wwkaq-lw. kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v aX-tØtbm aX-hn-tcm-[-tØtbm ]q¿Æ-ambn \njvIm-k\w sNøp-hm≥ km[y-a-√. sshhn[yw kaq-l-Øns‚kº-Øm-Wv. -sF-I-cq]yw kwkvIm-c-Øn\pw kaq-l-Øn\pw tNcm-ØXpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ {Inbm-fl-IX \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.

kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v aXsØ _ln-jvI-cn-°m-\p≈ {iaw tkmhnb‰v


bqWn-b-\nepw ssN\-bnepw \S-s∂-¶nepw hnP-bn-®n-́ n-√. aXw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Hcp Ahn-̀ mPyLS-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS ̀ mc-X-Øn¬ Iebpw\mSy-im-kv{Xhpw inev]-I-ebpw kwKo-Xhpw F√mw aX-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wt√m Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´p-≈-Xv.

AXp-sIm≠v kaq-l-sØbpw cmjv{So-b-hyhÿn-Xn-tbbpw Iq´n-°p-g-bv°p-∂Xv XnI®pw A\m-im-ky-am-bn-cn°pw. cmjv{So-b- hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-bp-≠m-h-Ww. ]t£, kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-ØnepwkwkvIm-c-krjvSn-bnepw aX-Øn\v ]¶v H∂p-a-cp-sX∂v iTn-°p-∂XvauVy-am-bn-cn°pw.

2. aXhpw cmjv{So-b -hy-h-ÿn-Xnbpw

Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂n-S-tØmfw cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿn-XnI-sfm∂pw, Cu ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠p hsc aX-\n-c-t]-£-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-√. BZysØ `mc-Xob N{Ih¿Øn N{µ-Kp]vX aucy≥ (BCE: 322-298) aXhntcm-[n-b√m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman Atim-I≥(BCE: 269-232) ZnKvhn-P-b-tØ-°mƒ [¿Ω hnP-b-Øn-\mWv {]m[m\ywsImSp-Ø-Xv. sslµh, _u≤, ssP\ [¿Ω-ßsf At±lw Hcp-t]mset{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. "aXw' Fs∂mcp hm°v C∂sØ A¿∞-Øn¬ A∂vC√m-bn-cp∂p. [¿Ωw F∂ ]Z-Øn\v Hcp {]tXyI aXw F∂pw A∂vA¿∞w C√m-bn-cp-∂p. F√m aX-ß-fnepw ImWp∂ H∂m-bn-cp∂p[¿Ωw.

Atim-Is‚ ̀ q]m-e\w [¿Ω-\n-c-t]£a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. {]Xyp-X, [¿Ωkwÿm-]-\m-fl-Iam-bn-cp∂p. [¿Ωw F∂ ]Z-Øn\v Atim-Is‚ inem-{]-Jym-]-\-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ A¿∞w, GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI aX-sa-∂-√, {]XypX F√m aX-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ [¿Ω-X-Xz-ßƒ F∂p Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. _p≤, ssP\, sslµh aX-ß-fn-ep≈ F√m \√ XXz-ß-tfbpw Dƒ°m-gvN-I-tfbpw At±lw Hcp-t]mse t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p.Ah-bn-ep≈ sX‰p-I-tfbpw Zpjvt{]-c-W-I-tfbpw Hcp-t]mse \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. _p≤ [¿Ω-Øn\v At\Iw {]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Atim-I≥ \¬In-sb-¶nepw AXp-t]mse ssP\[¿Ω-sØbpw {_m“W [¿Ω-sØbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p.

C∂p \ap-°nXv a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ {]bm-k-ap-f-hm-°p-∂Xv "[¿Ωw'F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ aqeym¿∞-Øn¬ h∂p IqSnb A¿∞ hyXn-bm-\-ß-fm-Wv. [¿Ωw F∂m¬ AkvXn-Xz-Øn\v \nZm-\-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv, D¨asbXmßn-\n¿Øp∂ auen-Im-Sn-ÿm\w F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]pcm-X-\-Im-e-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ A¿∞w. C∂sØ ka-Im-eo\ ̀ mj-bn¬ ]d-™m¬AkvXn-Xz-Øn\v \nZm-\-am-bn-´p≈ imkv{X-\n-b-a-ßfpw (natural laws),[m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßfpw (\oXn As√-¶n¬ moral laws F∂v C∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv) Hcp-an-®pƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw F∂m¬ AXn-t\-°mfpw hym]-I-ambA¿∞-ap-≈-Xp-amb Hcp ]Z-{]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p "[¿Ωw.'


kXy-sØbpw \oXn-sbbpw Hcp-an-®pƒs°m-≈p∂ [¿Ω-amWv Hcpkaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw hy‡n-bp-sSbpw AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ \nZm\w, B{i-bw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ [¿Ω-\n-c-t]-£-amb tIc-f-Øn-\p-th≠n [¿Ω-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cmcpw ]cn-{i-an-°p-Itbm Nn¥n-°pI t]meptam sNøp-I-bn-√t√m. {]XypX Hcp [¿Ωm-[n-jvTnX tIcfØn\p- th≠n-bmWv\mw F√m-hcpw Xs∂ B{K-ln-t°-≠Xpw {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xpw.

"aX-\n-ct]£ tIcfw' F∂m¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw [¿Ω-\n-c-t]£ tIc-f-a-√t√m. [¿Ω-\n-c-t]£ tIcfw F∂v ]d-™m¬ A[¿Ωm-[n-jvTnXtIcfw F∂mhpw hnh-£. AX-√t√m \ΩpsS e£yw.

[¿Ωm-Sn-ÿm-\-an-√msX ÿmbn-bmb Hcp kaqlw km≤y-a-√.D¨abpw \∑bpw, AXm-bXv kXyhpw \oXnbpw ˛ ip≤ Pe-Øn¬ssl{U-P\pw HmIvkn-P\pw Hcp-an®v ImWp-∂-Xp-t]m-se ̨ Ahn`m-Py-ambn k¶-en-X-am-hp-∂-XmWv [¿Ωw. AXp-sIm≠v aX-\n-c-t]£w F∂]Z-{]-tbmKw sIm≠v [¿Ω\nc-t]£w F∂v Bcpw A¿∞-am-°-cpXv.{]tXy-In-®v, DØ-tc-¥y≥ `mj-I-fn¬ "aXw' F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v \mwhnh-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v "[¿Ωw' F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp∂ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬.

3. tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX aX-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn-s‚bpwaX-ku-lm¿±-Øn-s‚bpw kl-h¿ØnXzw

Ncn{Xw t\m°p-tºmƒ \mw ImWp-∂Xv `mc-X-Øns‚ a‰p `mK-ß-fn-te-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn hnhn[ [¿Ω-ßsf AYhm hnhn[ aX-ßsfkt¥m-j-tØmSpw kln-jvWp-X-tbmSpw kzmKXw sNøp-Ibpw aX-]o-U-nX¿°v A`bw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp k¿∆- \m-K-cnIkwkv°m-c-amWv (Cosmopolitan Culture) \ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. ̀ mc-X-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \n∂pw shfn-bn¬ \n∂pw h∂n-́ p≈ F√m aX-ß-tfbpwkzmKXw sNøp∂ Hcp kwkv°m-c-am-bn-cp∂p \Ωp-tS-Xv. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ {_m“-W-a-X-tØmSvadp-X-en®p Xs∂-bmWv _n. -kn. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv.Atim-I≥ _n. kn. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ _p≤-[¿aw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v _p≤- `n-£p-°ƒ°v klmbw \evIn-b-t∏mƒ _p≤- an-j-W-dn-am¿ tIc-f-Ønepw h∂p. henb kzmK-X-am-Wv Ah¿°n-hnsS e`n-®Xv.Ah-cpsS XW¬]‰n DØ-tc-¥y-bnse aX-]o-U-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw c£-s]Sm≥ ]e ssP\ -ap-\n-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn-e-`bw tXSn. A∂p {_m“-W-aXw tIc-f-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂n-t´-bn-√m-bn-cp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬_p≤a-X-Øn\pw ssP\-a-X-Øn\pw tIc-fo-b-cpsS CSbn¬Øs∂henb {]Nmcw e`n®p. ChnsS A∂p \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS aX-hp-ambn ({]mY-anI Z¿i\w) bmsXmcp kwL¿j-Øn-s‚bpw Bhiyw h∂n-√.

am{X-a-√, ssP\, -_p≤ Nn¥-I-∑m-cn¬ IqSn `mc-X Z¿i-\-Øns‚ASn-ÿm\ Nn¥-I-fn¬ ]eXpw tIc-f-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂p. kmwJy


Nn¥, tbmK-im-kv{Xw, Bbp¿thZw F∂n-hbpw F√m [¿Ωßƒ°pwkmam-\y-\nZm-\-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ {]N-cn-bv°p-Ibpw hnI-kn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. ssih- a-Xm-\p-bmbn Bbn-cp-∂ -tijw _p≤-aXw Ah-ew-_n® Aiz-tLmj (50 BC - 100 AD) s‚ XXz-Z¿i\w H∂mw iXm-_vZ-Ønte tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p. ]n∂oSv hfsc Ign-™mWv {_m“-W-[¿ΩwChnsS {]th-in-®Xpw {]N-cn-®Xpw. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS {]mY-an-I-Z¿i-\-tØm-sSm∏w _p≤-[¿Ωw, ssP\-a-Xw, kmwJy-Z¿i-\w, tbmK-im-kv{Xw, Bbp¿thZw F∂n-h-sb-√m-amWv tIc-f -kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ambn H∂mw \q‰m-≠n-\p -apºv Xs∂ Bhn-jv°-cn-®-Xv.

A°m-e-ß-fn¬Øs∂ `mc-X-Øn\v ]pd-Øp≈ c≠v kwkv°m-c-ß-fp-ambpw tIc-f-Øn\v Xpd-∂ -_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p; {][m-\-ambpwhmWn-Py- am¿K-Øn¬°q-Sn. H∂v sN\-bp-am-bp≈ kº¿°hpw at‰Xv\ΩpsS kvss]kkv (Spices), abn¬, Ipcßv (H-cp-]t£ kz¿ÆwIqsS) I®-hSw sNøm≥ hcp∂ a[y-]q¿h-tZ-isØ kwkv°m-c-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w. item-tam≥ cmPm-hns‚ Ime-Øn\v ({In. ap. ]ØmwiXm-_vZw) apºp Xs∂ kpdn-bm-°mcpw s^mbv\o-Iy-°mcpw I∏-ep-I-fn¬ ChnsS h∂v tIc-f-°-c-bnse tNc-]p-{X-∑m-cp-ambn hmWn-Py-k-º¿°w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v blq-Z -]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v (I Kings 9:28; I Kings 10:22). F{_m-b- `m-j-bn¬ Ipc-ßn\vsImSp-°p∂ "sIm]n' F∂ t]cpw abn-en\v \¬Ip-∂ "Xp°n' F∂t]cpw tNc-\m-´n¬ \n∂p-≠m-b-Xm-Im-\mWv hgn F∂v ]fin-X-∑m¿kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p.

ssN\okv kwkv°m-c-hp-ambp≈ _‘w hgn ssN\-bnse aX-ß-tf-sX-¶nepw ChnsS {]N-cn-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ a[y-]u-c-kvXy-tZ-iØv bl-qZ -a-X-Øn\v ]oU\w D≠m-b-t∏mƒ Ahcpw h∂vA`bw tXSn-bXv tIc-f-°-c-bn-ep-≈-h-cn-em-Wv. {InkvXp-hn\v Ht∂mct≠m iXm_vZw apºv Xs∂ blq-Z-aXw tIc-f-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ncn-°m-\mWv hgn. AtX-Øp-S¿∂mWv tXmam -«o-lm-bpsS ImeØv{InkvXp-aXhpw ChnsS kwÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv.

CXn-s\m-s° -tijw {_m“-W-aXw ChnsS h∂p. GXm≠v \memw\q‰m-≠n\v tijw. AtX -Xp-S¿∂v ssih-kn-≤m¥w apX-embn C∂p\mw lnµp-a-X-Øns‚ hn`m-K-ß-sf∂v Nn¥n-°p∂ a‰p- a-X-ßfpw h∂p-tN¿∂p. Ah-km\w F´mw iXm-_vZ-Øn¬ h∂-Xm-Wv C…mw. AXpwDØ-tc-¥y-bn-se-t∏mse IS-∂m-{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ IqSn-b-√, {]XypX a[y-]u-c-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fp-am-bp≈ hmWnPy kº¿°-Øn¬°q-Sn-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ IS-∂-Xv.

C{Xbpw aX-ssh-hn-[yhpw AtX kabw aX-ku-lm¿±hpw ]pe¿-Øp∂ kaqlw `mc-X-Øntem temIØntem as‰-hn-sSbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. Hcp ImeØv aX-ß-fpsS then-tb‰w At\I-i-X-h¿j-ßƒ \ne-sIm≠ Imivao-cntem ]©m_ntem A^vKm\n-


ÿm-\ntem C{Xbpw aX-ssh-hn-≤yhpw aX-ku-lm¿≤hpw Htc ka-bØv \ne-\n-∂-Xmbn Adn-hn-√. B `mK-ß-fnepw blq-Z-a-Xhpwss{IkvX-h- a-Xhpw _p≤ -a-Xhpw C…mapw {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nepw H∂v as‰m-∂ns\ ]pd-¥-≈p-I-b-√msX kl-h¿ØnXzw ioen-°m≥ {ian-®-Xmbn Adn-hn-√.

tIc-f-Øn¬ c≠m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw h¿j-ßfmbn \ne-\n∂ Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bmWv aXsshhn-[y-Øn-t‚bpw aX-ku-lm¿≤-Øn-t‚bpw Cukl-h¿Øn-Xzw. CXv tIc-f-Øns‚ hneXocmØ ss]Xr-I-am-Wv. CXv\mw If™p-Ip-fn-°-cp-Xv. cmjv{So-b -th-en-tb-‰-Øn¬ aXnad∂v tIc-f-Øns‚ Cu A\¿L ss]XrIw aX-cm-jv{So-b-ambn A[x-]-Xn-°m≥\mw Hcn-°epw A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.

4. aX-\n-c-t]-£- cm-jv{S-ßƒ: Ncn-{X-Øn-te°vHcp Xncn-™p-t\m´w

]sØm-ºXmw iXm_vZw hsc-bp≈ temI-N-cn-{X-Øn-te°v \mwXncn™p t\m°p-tºmƒ aX-\n-c-t]-£-cmjv{S-ßƒ GsX-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. aX-\n-c-t]-£-ambn hf¿∂p hnI-kn® Hcpkwkv°m-chpw temI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ImWp-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√.

Ipsd DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ FSp-°mw. tdmam km{amPyw XnI®pw tdma≥tZh-∑m-cpsS Bcm-[-\-bnepw Ah¿°p≈ ssZ\w-Zn\ _enb¿∏-W-ß-fnepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm ÿeØv Cu _en-b-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ X°-k-a-bØv \S-Øp-I-sb-∂Xv knhn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ∑m-cpsSNpa-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tZh-∑m-cpsS temI-hp-ambn _en- aq-e-ap≈ _‘w]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw Aßs\ km{am-PysØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈{][m\ Npa-X-e N{I-h¿Øn°p Xs∂bmbn-cp-∂p. AXyp-∂X ]mew]Wn-°m-c≥ (Supreme pontiff) F∂ kw⁄bpw N{I-h¿Øn-°p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-SmWv tdmam k`-bpsS A[n-]-\mb ]m∏m Bt]tcs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. \oXn-bnepw \nb-a-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb tdmamkm{amPyw {InkvXym-\n-Isf AXn-Zm-cp-W-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°m≥ apXn¿∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Imc-Ww, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ tZh-∑m¿°v _en-b¿∏n-°m≥hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ tdmam km{am-Py-Øns‚ [m¿an-Im-Sn-ÿm-\sØ \in-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

5. "sk°p-e¿' F∂ Bibw ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥-bn¬

`mcX kwkv°m-c-Ønepw `mc-Xob `mj-I-fnepw X’-a-an-√mØCu sk°p-e¿ Nn¥m-KXn ]m›mXy-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Fß-s\-bp-≠m-sb∂v Aev]w Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv \ap°v s]mXp-th {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. bqtdm-]y≥ Ncn-{X-Øn-ep-≠mb Nne {]tXyI ]cnWm-a-ß-fpsS]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ASpØ ImeØv am{X-amWv sk°p-e¿ Nn¥m-KXnDb¿∂v h∂n-´p-≈-Xv.


bqtdm-]y≥ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶-e\w ]e-hn-[-Ønembn-cp∂p. ]pcm-X\ tdmam-km-{am-Py-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B km{am-Py-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-\m-h-iy-amb hnhn[LS-I-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ ssIk¿ As√-¶n¬ Fw]-ddpsS ÿm\w, tdma≥tk\, tdma≥ knhn¬ k¿hokv (Curia), tdma≥ \nb-a-kw-ln-X -ap-X-em-b-h-tbm-sSm∏w {][m-\-am-bn-cp-∂p tdmam tZh-∑msc {]km-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p -th-≠n-bp≈ _en-Ifpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpw. Cu _en-IfpwA¿®-\-Ifpw \n¿_m[w XpS¿∂p-sIm≠p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Npa-Xekp{]ow t]m≠n-̂ mb N{I-h¿Øn-bnepw AXp-t]mse Hmtcm knhn¬DtZym-K-ÿ-\nepw \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AXp Ign-™p-≠mb (330- ˛ 1453 F.-Un.) ss_kmss‚≥ km{am-Pyhpw Hcp {InkvXob N{I-h¿Øn°v hnt[-b-ambn {InkvXp-a-XsØkm{am-Py-Øns‚ HutZym-Kn-I-aX-am°n Xo¿°p-I-bpw, Kh¨sa‚ns‚hnizm-k-tØmSv tbmPn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-hsc \njvI-cpWw ]oUn-∏n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

F´mw iXm-_vZ-Øn-\p -tijw bqtdm-∏n-ep-≠mb Nm¿e-ta-™ns‚(Charlemagne) "tlmfn tdma≥ Fw]bdpw' (800 ˛ 1806) ]q¿Æ-ambpwHcp aXm-[n-jvTnX cmjv{S-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-cmPyw thZ-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS \n¿tZi-{]Im-cw ̀ qan-bn¬ ÿm]n-°m≥ _m[y-X-bp≈ Bfm-bm-Wv Nm¿e-ta™v Xs∂-Øs∂ I≠-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw iXm-_vZ-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ 1806 ˛¬ s\t∏mfn-b-\mWv AXns\ Xń-Øm-sg-bn-´-Xv.

knhn¬]h¿ thZ-im-kv{X-Øn\v Iogm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ AtX XXzwD]-tbm-Kn®v "tlmfn tdma≥ Fw]-b-dn\v' _Z-embn C‰-en-bnepw {^m≥-knepw t]∏¬ tÃ‰vkv cq]wsIm≠p. am¿]m-∏m-am¿ t\cn´v cmPyw`cn-®p. ]e cmPm-°-∑m¿ ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-embn tdmamk`bv°v Zm\w \¬-Inb hkvXp-°-fmWv tdmam-]m∏m Cßs\ t\cn v́ ̀ cn-®-Xv. Hcp ImeØvbqtdm-∏ns‚ aq∂n-sem-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ t]∏¬ tÃ‰vkv, C∂v hØn-°m≥ te‰-d¬ Nm∏¬, ImÃ¬, tKmt≠mƒt^m-bnse ]m∏m-bpsSsIm´mcw F∂nh am{X-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-cWw 16˛mw iXm-_vZ-Øn¬ h∂-tXmsS bqtdm-∏nse tIm≠n-\‚¬ tÃ‰vkv, aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ c≠p tNcn-I-fmbnXncn-™p. s{]m´-Ã‚ v tÃ‰vkpw ImØ-enIv tÃ‰vkpw XΩn-ep≈bp≤w hfsc \mƒ \o≠p \n∂p bqtdm-∏n≥ apgp-h≥ hym]n-®p. A∂vbqtdm-∏nse F√m cmjv{S-ßfpw aXm-[n-jvTnX cmjv{Sß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.H∂p-In¬ s{]m´-Ã‚ v As√-¶n¬ ImØ-enIv. 30 h¿jsØ ]S-sh-ń\v tijw Ccp-tN-cn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-c-RvP-\-°-cm¿ 1648 ˛¬DS-se-Sp-Ø-tXm-sS-bmWv C∂sØ sk°p-e¿ tÃ‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm\wD≠mIp-∂Xv. "sk°p-e-ssd-tk-j≥' F∂ ]Z-{]-tbm-Khpw BZy-ambnD≠m-Ip-∂Xv 1648 ˛se shÃv tên-b≥ DS-ºSn (Treaty of Westphalia)


tbmsS-bm-Wv. ‘Cuius regioeius religio’ -̨ "cmP-aXw cmPy-aXw', Hcp cmPysØcmPmhv s{]m´-Ã‚ v BsW¶n¬ Ahn-SsØ P\-ß-sf-√m-hcpw s{]m´-Ã‚ v Bbn-s°m-≈-Ww. cmPmhv ItØm-en-°-\m-sW-¶n¬ P\-ßfpwItØm-en-°-cm-I-Ww. CXmWv XXzw. CXns‚ ]q¿W \ntj-[-am-bn-´mWv "sk°p-e¿ tÃ‰vkv' ]n∂oSv DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. "sk°p-e-ssdtk-j≥' F∂ ]Z-Øn\v A∂v shÃv -t -̂en-b≥ DS-ºSn sImSpØ A¿∞wk -̀bpsS apX¬ As√-¶n¬ "F¢o-kn-bm-Ãn-°¬ t{]m∏¿ń'bmbn InS-∂n-cp∂ At\I hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ k`m \nb{¥-W-Øn¬ \n∂v th¿s∏-SpØn Hcp s{]m´-Ã‚ v cmPm-hnt\m ItØm-en°m cmPm-hnt\m sImSp-°p∂ {]{I-nb-bv°m-bn-cp∂p. 17˛mw iXm-_vZw hsc bqtdm-∏nse Hcpcmjv{Shpw aX\nc-t]-£-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. {]XypX XnI®pw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m›mXy tkmjy-enÃp ]nXm-hmb km‚ v kntam-Wns‚(1760˛1825) A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Hcp kaq-l-Ønse G‰hpw kp{]-[m-\-amb LSIw aX-am-Wv. ]sØm-ºXmw iXm-_vZ-Øn¬ Ata-cn°kµ¿in® Ase-Ivknkv Un. tSmt°-hn¬ (Alexis de Tocqueville: 1805-1859) Cu A`n-{]m-b-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂p -am-{X-a-√, Ata-cn-°-bn¬sUtam-{Ikn thcq-∂n-b-Xns‚ {][m\ Imc-Ww, Chm-©-en-°¬ t{]m -́Ã‚n-k-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ch-cpsS c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw Nn¥m-K-Xnsb hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v kp{]-kn-≤ am\-h-im-kv{X-Im-c≥ Enile Duskhein (1858-˛1917) aX-tØbpw kaq-l-tØbpw c≠v bmYm¿∞y-ß-fmbn ImWp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ sX‰m-sW∂vhmZn-®p. aX-am-Ip∂ kna‚n-√msX, kwkv°mcw sIń-∏-Sp-°p-hmt\km≤y-a√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Zp¿°v ssl-ans‚ hmZw. AXn-am\p-jn-I\mbHcp Cuiz-cs\ hn`m-h\w sNøn-s√-¶n¬Øs∂ kaq-lsØ Iqń-∏n-Sn-bv°p-hm\pw AXns‚ hnizm-k-kw-ln-Xsb \ymbo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw (Forligitinizing society) Hcp knhn¬aXw (hy-‡n-bpsS aX-a-√, kaqlw kzoI-cn-bv°p∂ Hcp aXw) Bh-iy-am-sW∂v dqt m (J. J. Rousseau) hmZn®p.

aX-sa∂pw, ssZh-imkv{Xw, sa‰m-^n-knIvkv F∂pw Hs° ]d-bp-∂Xv a\p-jys‚ _mey-Z-i-bnse A]q¿Æ Nn¥-I-fn¬s∏-́ -Xm-bn-cp∂pF∂pw, Ahsb adn-I-S∂v imkv{X-Øns‚ Ak-∂nKv≤ ⁄m\-Øn¬a\p-jy≥ Dd®p \n¬°-W-sa∂pw hmZn® BKÃp tIm¨Sv (AugusteConte 1798 -˛ 1857) Xs‚ ]n¬°m-e-Øp≈ Nn¥-bn¬ Hcp aX-am-\-hn-IX As√-¶n¬ am\-hn-I-a-X-an-√msX kaq-lsØ Iqń-∏n-Sn-°p-hm≥km≤y-a-s√-∂m-Wv hmZn®Xv. tlKepw Cu A`n-{]m-b-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿, epUvhnKvt^mb¿ _mJv, -am¿Ivkv, GwK¬kv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ aXw kaq-l-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v hne-ßp-X-Sn-bm-sW∂pw Nqjn-X- a-\p-jys\ \njv{In-b-\m-°p∂ab-°p-a-cp-∂m-sW-∂pw, a\p-jy≥ ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂-tXmsS aXw a\pjyNcn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v Xntcm-[m\w sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-sa∂pw ]Tn-∏n-®p.


D≈-sX-¥mWv? ASn-ÿm\ tNmZyw

B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øns‚ then-tb-‰-Øn¬ aXhpw sa‰m-^n-knIvkpw ]mc-º-cy-hp-sams° Xms\ Xntcm-[m\w sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-sa∂ 19˛mw iXm-_vZ-Ønse hmZ-K-Xn°v C∂v _e-£bw h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-bp-‡n-bp-tSbpw imkv{X-Øn-t‚bpw km≤y-X-I-fpsS ]cn-anXn ImWm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp∂ Hcp bqtdm-]y≥ kaq-l-amWv aX-Øn-s‚bpw ]mc-º-cy-Øn-t‚bpw kzm`m-hnI Xntcm-[m-\s-Ø-∏‰n C{X-b-[nIw D¬]-Xn-jvWpXzw ImWn-®-Xv. B D¬]-Xn-jvWp-Xz-Øns‚ then-tb-‰-Øn-emWv am¿Ivkpw GwK¬kpw bqtdm-∏n¬ Pohn-®Xpw Nn¥n-®-Xp-sam-s°.

am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ A\p-[m-h-I-\-s√-¶nepw Hcp Ffnb kplrØvF∂ \ne-bn¬ F\nbv°v Fs‚ CS-Xp-]£ ktlm-Z-c-ß-tfmSvA`y¿∞n-°m-\p-≈Xv, am¿Ivkn-b≥ ̂ ≠-sa‚-en-khpw a‰p ̂ ≠-sa‚-en-k-ß-sf-t∏mse Xs∂ A{X hfsc imkv{Xo-b-amb Hcp \ne-]m-S-s√∂v a\-kn-em-°n, a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS ""A\p-`h''Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp ]pXnb auenI Nn¥m-KXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-hm≥ \mw F√m-hcpw Xøm-dm-I-W-sa-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ ]gb ^≠-sa-‚¬ Hm¨tSm-fPn C∂sØ _p≤n-Po-hnbvt°m kam-[m\ {]h¿Ø-It\m AtX]Sn -kzoIm-cy-a-√.

D≈-sX-¥mWv? CXmWv ASn-ÿm\ tNmZyw. am‰¿- ˛ -C≥ -˛ -tam-j≥ Ft∂m am‰¿ ˛ F\¿Pn C≥ t{]mkkv Hm^v Ub-e-‰n-°¬Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v Ft∂m Hs° C∂v ]d-™m¬ tim`n-bv°n-√. imkv{X-Z¿i\ (Philosophy of Science) hpw bmYm¿∞y {]Xy-£Xm Nn¥bpw(the nature of reality perception) Ign™ A≥]Xv h¿j-ß-ƒ sIm≠v]pXnb Dƒ°m-gvNIfn-te°v \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

D≈-sX-¥mWv? AXns\ Fßs\ Adnbmw? F∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°vC∂v B[p-\nI imkv{X-Ønepw B[p-\nI Z¿i-\-Ønepw kam-[m-\-an√ F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv \mw h∂p tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]m›mXyNn¥m-coXn am{Xw kXym-t\z-jW am¿§-ambn Icp-Xp-∂-h¿°v hf-sc-b-[nIw \ncmi P\n-∏n-bv°p∂ Hcp ÿnXn-hn-ti-j-am-Wn-sX∂v {]tXy-In®pw B[p-\n-tIm-Øc (Post Modern) Nn¥m-co-Xn-bn¬ hnf-ßn-°m-Wmw.

]t£, ̀ mc-Xobcmb \mw F¥n\v ]m›mXy Kth-jWcoXn am{X-amWv kXym-t\z-jW am¿§w F∂v iTn-bv°p∂p? \ΩpsS {]mNo\]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ _lp-hn-[-ß-fmb kXym-t\z-jW coXn-Iƒ \ap°vA\m-bm-tk\ {]m]y-ß-fm-bn-´p-≠-t√m. D¨a F¥mWv F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v \ΩpsS kmwJy -Z¿i-\hpw tbmK-Nn-¥bpw Hs° -\¬Ip∂kam-[m-\-ßƒ \ap°v {]tXyIw {it≤-b-am-Wv. {ioi¶-cs‚ thZm¥wam{X-a√ \ap°p Xpd-∂p -In-S-°p∂ hgn. \mKm¿÷p-\s‚ am≤y-anIZ¿i-\hpw ssP\-a-X-Ønse At\-Im¥ hmZ-hp-sams° Cu


tNmZyØn\v kam-[m\w \¬Ip-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ah-bn-te-sX-¶n-ep-sam-∂ns\ `mc-X-Ønse HutZym-KnI Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-bmbn\mw kzoI-cn-bv°-W-sa-∂√ Chn-SsØ hmZw.

]t£, c≠v Imcy-ßƒ Xo¿®-bmWv. H∂m-aXv Nn¥mk-c-Wn-I-fn¬C{X-am{Xw sshhn-[yhpw hnim-e-X-bp-ap≈ Hcp kml-Ncyw ]m›mXykwkv°m-c-Øn¬ e`y-a-√. F√m Zm¿i-\nI {]iv\-ßƒ°pw a\p-jy-a-\- p-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ kam-[m-\-ßƒ an°-hmdpw F√mw Xs∂ `mc-Xob ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep-≠v. CXns\ H∂v ]cn-tim-[n-bv°pI-t]mepwsNømsX sk°p-e¿ t]mep≈ D]-c-n-πh Nn¥m-co-Xn-I-fn¬ \mw sN∂vIpSpßp-∂Xv F{X ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amWv! tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-e-£yhpw cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿnXn e£yhpw "sk°p-e¿' F∂ Hcp Nn¥m-coXn-sIm≠v ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂-Xv, \ΩpsS kwkv°mcsshhn-[y-Øn\v F{Xtbm A\\p-tbm-Py-amWv?

hniz-\m-K-cn-I-Xbpw aXhpw

tIc-f-Øn¬ \ap°v Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-b-√, ]pcm-X\Imew apX-ep≈ Cosmopolitan hniz\mK-cn-I-X-bm-Wv. B hniz-\m-K-cn-I-X-bn¬ aX-Øn-\p≈ ]¶n-s\-∏‰n Nne {][m\ XXz-ßƒ am{XwAh-X-cn-∏n-bv°p-hmt\ ChnsS ka-b-ap-≈p.

1. hniz-\m-K-cnIX aX-_-≤-hp-a-√, aX-\n-c-t]-£-hp-a-√.

2. GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI aX-Øn\v hniz-\m-K-cn-I-X-bn¬ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-hm≥ km≤y-a-√.

3. hniz-\m-K-cn-IX temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m aX-ß-tfbpw _l-pam-\n-bv°p-Ibpw Hcp aX-tØbpw A[n-t£-]n-bv°p-Itbm \oXn-I-cn-bv°p-Itbm sNøm-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.

4. aX-hn-tcm-[-Øn\v AXm-bXv sk°p-ednkØn\v Hcp aX-Øns‚F√m e£-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. hniz-\m-K-cn-I-X-bn¬ a‰p aX-ß-tfm-sSm∏wkl-I-cn-bv°p-I-b-√msX sk°p-e-dn-k-Øn\v (sk-°p-e-dnkw F∂aX-Øn-\v) k¿°m¿ Hcp ap≥Xq-°hpw sImSp-Øp-Iq-Sm.

5. Hcm-fpsS aXm-\p-bm-bn-Xz-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Hcp `mc-Xob ]uc\vbmsXmcp {]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey-ßtfm kmº-ØnI klm-b-ßtfm\¬In-°q-Sm. k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb ]nt∂m-°-m-hÿsb am{Xw Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-IWw.

6. aXm-[n-jvTn-X-amb cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-Iƒ hniz-\m-K-cnIXbn¬D≠mbn-°q-Sm. GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI aX-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-Øn-\p -th≠n Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿´nbpw \ne-sIm≠p IqSm.

7. F∂m¬ F√m hniz-a-X-ß-fp-tSbpw [m¿ΩnI aqey-ßsf Hcp-an®v Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp hniz-[m¿Ωn-I-X-bm-bn-cn-°Ww GXv hniz-\m-


K-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw \nZm-\hpw ASn-ÿm-\-hpw.

Rm≥ FSpØp ]d-b-s´, tIc-f-Øn-se-∂-t]mse ̀ mc-X-Ønepw a‰pcmPy-ß-fnepw \ap-°m-h-iy-am-bn-´p-≈Xv aX-\n-c-t]-£ -k-aq-ltamsk°p-e¿ kaq-ltam A√; {]XypX aX-ssh-hn-[ysØ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw F√m aX-ßƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse kz¿§m-flI kzmX-{¥y-ap-≈Xpw,F∂m¬ Hcp {]tXyI aX-Øn\pw ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°m-Ø-Xp-ambHcp hniz-\m-K-cn-I-X-bm-Wv.

c≠m-a-Xv, auen-I-amb as‰mcp Imcyw IqsS Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm≠vRm≥ Cu eLp-{]_‘w Ah-km-\n-∏n®p sIm≈mw.

sk°p-e¿ kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ {][m\ _e-lo-\-X-sb-¥mWv?Cuiz-cs\ \ntj-[n-bv°p∂p F∂-X√. \ΩpsS C{µn-b-ßƒ°v tKmN-c-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\-∏p-dØv bmYm¿∞y-sam∂pw Cs√∂pw, Aßs\ Ds≠-¶n¬ AXv \sΩ _m[n-°p-∂n-s√∂pw D≈ Nn¥-bm-Wv. D◊sb∂p]d-™m¬ C°m-Wp-∂-sXm-s°-Ø-s∂-bm-sW-∂pw, \ΩpsS ]t©-{µn-b-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hnI-k-\-amb kmt¶-Xn-tIm-]m-[n-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®vI≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m-hp-∂Xv am{Xta kwKX-bm-Ym¿∞y-am-bn-́ p≈p F∂pwD≈ hmZ-Øn\v imkv{X-Øntem Z¿i-\-Øntem ASn-ÿm-\-sam-∂p-an√.

kmwJy- Z¿i-\-Ønse Dƒ°m-gvN-Isf Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠p Xs∂`K-h-ZvKoX (8.18) ]d-bp-∂Xv C{µn-b-tKmN-c-am-b-Xv, AXm-bXv hy‡-am-bXv F√mw, C{µn-b-tKm-N-c-a-√mØ Ahy-‡-Øn¬ \n∂v {]k-cn-bv°p-∂Xv am{X-amWv F∂pw, {_“-\ni hcp-tºmƒ hy‡-am-b-sX√mwAhy‡w F∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-te°v ]p\¿hn-ebw sNøp-sa-∂p-amWv.

Ahy-‡mZv hy‡bx k¿∆mx{]Z-h¥y lcm-KtacmXvZym-Kta {]eo-bt¥Xss{X-hm-hy‡ kw⁄-tI.

AXm-bXv "hy‡w' manifest reality AXn¬Øs∂ \nesIm-≈p∂H∂-√, {]tXy-In®v Ahy-‡-am-b-Xns‚ AXm-bXv Unmanifest reality bpsSHcp {]kcw am{X-am-sW∂mWv ̀ mc-Xob ]mc-ºcyw. B[p-\nI kwkv-°mcw hcp-∂-Xp-hsc temI-Ønse F√m ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw ]Tn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv, ZrjvS-am-b-Xn\v AZr-jvS-am-b-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm\w IqSmsX \ne-\n¬°p-hm≥ km[y-a-s√-∂p-am-Wv. t\sc adn®v sk°p-e-dn-k-Øns‚Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn¬, ZrjvS-am-bXv AXn¬Øs∂ ]q¿Æ-am-sW∂pw AXn\v\nZm-\-amb Hcp AZr-jvS-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-t°-≠p∂ Bh-iy-ta-bn-s√-∂p-am-Wv.

F¥m-Wp-≈Xv? ZrjvS-am-bXv D◊-bmWv F∂v sk°p-e-dnkw ]d-bp-∂p. F√m ZrjvS-Øn-s‚bpw ]nd-In¬ AXn\v \nZm-\-amb HcpAZrjvS-ap-s≠-∂pw, ZrjvS-Øn\v AXn¬Øs∂ \ne-\n¬°m≥ km≤y-


a-s√∂pw ]pcm-X\ ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw ]d-bp-∂p.

Cu {]iv\-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipd-s®m∂v KmV-ambn Nn¥n-®-tijwthWw, \ΩpsS e£yw aX-\n-c-t]£ tIc-f-tam, k¿∆-a-X-kw-{Km-ln-bmb Hcp hniz-\m-K-cn-I-Xtbm F∂v Xocp-am-\n-bv°p-hm≥.

(F. sI. Pn. ]T\ Kth-jW tI{µ-Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ tIcf]T\ tIm¨{K-kns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn tImgn-t°mSv tIfp G´≥ ]T-\-tI{µ-Øn¬ h®p \S-∂ {XnZn\ tZiob skan-\m-dnse DZvLm-S\{]kwKw. Nn¥, 1995 sk]v‰w-_¿ 1)


6A`n-Imayw hniz-\m-K-cn-IX

Xs∂tImgnt°m´p \S∂ aX-\n-c-t]£ tIc-f-Øn-te°v F∂ skan-

\mdn¬ hmbn-°m≥th≠n Rm≥ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp∂ DZvLm-S\ {]kw-K-Øns‚ Hcp ̀ mKØv am¿IvknÃv ̂ ≠-sa‚-enkw F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Fs‚ ]cm-a¿i-Øn¬ {io. C. Fw. Fkv. Xs‚ adp-]Sn tZim-`n-am-\n-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-t√m.

""bYm¿∞-Øn¬ am¿IvknÃv ^≠-sa‚-enkw Fs∂m-∂n√.{InkvXo-bcpw A√m-Ø-h-cp-amb aX-]-fin-X-∑m¿ kz]v\w ImWp∂""kz¿§-cmPy'' (I-ayq-WnÃv kaq-lw) sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-amWv am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ A¥xkØ. AXns‚ {]tbmKw HmtcmcmPyØpw Hmtcm ImeØpw Hmtcm Xc-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw.''

am¿Ivknkw Fß-s\-bmWv Bbn-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂p≈ {io. C.Fw. F ns‚ A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv Rm≥ ]q¿Æ-ambn tbmPn-°p-∂p.\oXnbpw im¥n-bp-ap≈ Hcp \√ a\p-jy-k-aqlw Hmtcm cmPyØpwkr„n-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ th≠n aX-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw aX-hn-tcm-[n-Ifpw Hcp-an®v kl-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-tØmSpw Rm≥]q¿Æ-ambpw tbmPn-°p-∂p.

Rm≥ am¿IvknÃv ̂ ≠-sa‚-enkw F∂ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn®vhnh-£n®ncp-∂Xv {]tXy-In®pw ̂ ≠-sa‚¬ Hmt≠m-f-Pn-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. ^≠-sa‚¬ Hmt≠m-f-Pn-bnse {][m\ tNmZyw"F¥mWv D≈Xv?' F∂mWv. Ne-\m-fl-I-amb ]Zm¿∞w (Matter inmotiion) am{X-ta-bp-≈p-sh∂v Hcp Ime-Øv am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Im¿ hmZn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ ]Zm¿∞hpw Du¿÷hpw XΩn-ep≈ At -̀Zy-amb_‘-sØ-°p-dn®v B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw \ap°p \¬Ip∂ Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fn¬ ]Zm¿∞hpw Du¿÷hpw Htc bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ c≠p apJ-ßƒ am{X-amWv F∂v t_m[y-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXpsIm≠v ASp-Ø-Im-eØv tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nse A°m-Z-an-I-fnepw a‰pw F¥m-Wp-≈Xv F∂ tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ kam-[m\w ""sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-ambn hnI-kn-°p∂'' ]Zm¿∞- ˛ -Du¿÷w (matter - energy in process of dilecticaldevelopment) F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

F¥m-Wp-≈Xv F∂ tNmZy-Øns‚ Hcp D]-tNm-Zy-ambn Rm≥ D∂-bn-°p∂ tNmZyw "C{µn-b-tKm-N-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xp am{Xta Dt≈m?' F∂-Xm-Wv. sk°p-e¿ Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn¬ C{µn-b-tKm-N-c-am-bn-́ p-≈-Xns\ hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm-\p≈ D]m-[n- am{Xw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øn¬ D≈p


F∂pw AXn-\-∏p-d-Øp-≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ D]m[n C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Aßs\ Nn¥n-t°≠ Bh-iyta C√m-sb-∂p-am-bn-cp∂phmZw. F\n°v Fs‚ am¿IvknÃv kplr-Øp-°-tfmSp tNmZn-°m-\p-≈Xv, \nß-fp-tSbpw hnizmkw CXp- X-s∂-tbm, F∂mWv?

a\p-jys‚ bp‡n-Nn¥ _mly-tem-I-Ønse hkvXp-°sf ]Tn-°m\pw Ah-bpsS ]cn-kv]-c-_-‘-ßsf a\pjy-{]-tbm-P-\-Øn-\mbnD]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm\pw DX-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-Nn-¥-bn¬ CuD]-I-c-W-Nn¥ am{X-am-Wp-≈-sX∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. a\p-jym-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jym-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw A¿∞-sa-¥mWv F∂p Nn¥n-°p-hm≥IqsS a\p-jy-bp-‡n°v km[n-°-Ww. A°m-cy-Øn¬ B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw \sΩ hf-sc-sbm∂pw klm-bn-°p-I-bn-√. a\p-jym-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw a\p-jym-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw A¿∞w tXSp-hm-\p≈ D]-I-cWwam¿Ivkn-k-Øn¬ "sFUn-tbm-fPn' AYhm {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw BsW-∂p- tXm-∂p∂p. Cu {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-sW∂v am¿Ivknkw ]e-t∏mgpw hmZn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn-te-°p≈hgn A{X Xs∂ sXfn™√ InS-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚ Bhn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬ imkv{Xhpwbp‡nbpw am{X-a√ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS A`n-\n-th-i-ßƒ IqsS henbHcp ]¶p hln-°p-∂p-≠v. Nqj-Whpw a¿±-\-hp-an-√m-Ø, \oXn-bn¬A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp a\p-jy-k-aq-lsØ \ap°v e£y-ambn ImWn-®pXcp-∂Xv bp‡nbpw imkv{Xhpw am{X-a√ a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-°n-S-°p∂ Nne auenI A`n-\n-th-i-ßƒ BWv. Cu auenIA`n-\n-th-i-ß-fpsS D¤hw aX-Øn-em-sW∂v Rm≥ hmZn-®m¬ {io.C. Fw. Fkv. AXp kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-√.

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS kmaq-ly-e-£y-sØ-∏‰n am¿IvknÃp-Imcpw{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw XΩn¬ Aev]-samcp A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≈Xv ̀ mhn-bn¬ Hcp {InkvXy≥- ˛ -am-¿IvknÃv Ub-tem-Kn\v hnj-b-am-t-°-≠-XmWv. h¿K-k-a-c-an-√m-Ø, A\o-Xnbpw A{I-a-hp-an-√m-Ø, \oXn-bnepwkam-[m-\-Ønepw A[-njvTn-X-amb F√m a\p-jy-s‚bpw A¥ ns\]m-en-°p∂ Hcp kaqlw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Xs∂ sI´n-∏-Sp-°m-sa∂vam¿Ivkn-Ãp-Iƒ hmZn-°p-∂p.

{InkvXym-\n-I-fm-Is´, Ncn-{X-ap-≈n-S-sØ√mw a\p-jy-\p≈ \ntj-[m-flI {]h-W-X-Ifpw \ne-\n¬°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v F√mwXnI™ Hcp kaqlw Ncn-{X-Øn\v A∏p-d-Øp -am-{Xta km[n-°-bp≈qF∂pw, Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \ap°v e£y-am-°m-hp-∂Xpw Ncn-{Xm-XoX kaq-l-tØmSv F{X-am{Xw ASp-Øp-h-cmtam A{Xbpw ASpØp-h-cpIF∂XmsW∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂p.

a\p-jy-\n-ep≈ kzm¿∞-{]-h-W-X-Isf ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn AXnPohn-


°

n-c-t]-£x hcp kwhmzw - internet archive...400 kvt\lw kzmx{¥yw ]pxnb am\-hn-ix ifpw tzhv_-‘n-ifpw...

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