myers’ psychology for ap* david g. myers *ap is a trademark registered and/or owned by the college...

Myers’ Psychology for AP*

David G. Myers

*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek

Germantown High SchoolWorth Publishers, © 2010

Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion:

Motivation

Unit Overview• Motivational Concepts• Hunger• Sexual Motivation• The Need to Belong

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction

• Motivation

Motivational Concepts

Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology

• Instinct (fixed pattern)–Instincts in animals–Instincts in humans

Drives and Incentives• Drive-reduction theory

–Homeostasis–Need –Drive–Drive reduction

Drives and Incentives• Incentive

–Positive and negative

Optimum Arousal

• Arousal–Optimum level of arousal

A Hierarchy of Motives

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs–Variations in the hierarchy

A Hierarchy of Motives

Hunger

The Physiology of Hunger

• Contractions of the stomach–Washburn study

The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain

• Glucose• Insulin• Hypothalamus

–Lateral hypothalamus• orexin

–Vetromedial hypothalamus

The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain

• Appetite hormones–Ghrelin–Obestatin–PYY–Leptin

• Set point• Basal metabolic rate

The Psychology of HungerTaste Preferences: Biology and Culture

• Taste preferences–Genetic: sweet and salty–Neophobia–Adaptive taste preferences

The Psychology of HungerEating Disorders

• Eating disorders–Anorexia nervosa–Bulimia nervosa–Binge-eating disorder

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Obesity and Weight Control

• Historical explanations for obesity

• Obesity–Definition–Statistics–Obesity and life

expectancy

Obesity

Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity

• Social effects of obesity• Weight discrimination• Psychological effects of obesity

Weight Discrimination

Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity

• Fat Cells


• Set point and metabolism


• The genetic factor• The food and activity

factor–Sleep loss–Social influence–Food consumption and

activity level

Obesity and Weight ControlLosing Weight

• Realistic and moderate goals• Success stories• Attitudinal changes

Sexual Motivation

The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle

• Sexual response cycle–Excitement phase–Plateau phase–Orgasm–Resolution phase

• Refractory period

The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior

• Effects of hormones–Development of sexual characteristics–Activate sexual behavior

• Estrogen• Testosterone

The Psychology of Sex

• External stimuli• Imagined stimuli

–Dreams–Sexual fantasies

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy

• Ignorance• Minimal communication about birth

control• Guilt related to sexual activity• Alcohol use• Mass media norms of unprotected

promiscuity

Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections

• Statistics of STIs• Teen abstinence

–High intelligence–Religious engagement–Father presence–Participation in service learning programs

–xxx

Sexual Orientation

• Sexual orientation–Homosexual orientation–Heterosexual orientation

• Sexual orientation statistics

Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation

• Origins of sexual orientation studies–Fraternal birth order effect

• Same-sex attraction in animals• The brain and sexual orientation• Genes and sexual orientation• Prenatal hormones and sexual

orientation

The Need to Belong

The Need to Belong

• Aiding survival• Wanting to belong• Sustaining

relationships• The pain of ostracism

–ostracism

The End

Teacher Information• Types of Files

– This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint.

• Animation– Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the

slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible.

• Adding slides to this presentation– Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching

style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

Teacher Information• Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can

be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).– Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3)

can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.

– Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation.For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

Teacher Information• Continuity slides

– Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.

• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. • By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might

come next” in the series of slides.

• Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent KorekGermantown High SchoolGermantown, WI [email protected]

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Definition Slide

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Definition Slides

Motivation

= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct

= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Drive-reduction Theory

= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis

= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive

= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

Hierarchy of Needs

= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Glucose

= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Set Point

= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate

= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Anorexia Nervosa

= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Bulimia Nervosa

= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Binge-eating Disorder

= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

Sexual Response Cycle

= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period

= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Estrogens

= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Testosterone

= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Sexual Orientation

= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

myers’ psychology for ap* david g. myers *ap is a trademark registered and/or owned by the college...

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